US20110000205A1 - Method and device for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy - Google Patents

Method and device for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110000205A1
US20110000205A1 US12/675,791 US67579108A US2011000205A1 US 20110000205 A1 US20110000205 A1 US 20110000205A1 US 67579108 A US67579108 A US 67579108A US 2011000205 A1 US2011000205 A1 US 2011000205A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
agent
phase
vapor phase
condenser
liquid phase
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Abandoned
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US12/675,791
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English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Hauer
Jörg Lengert
Markus Neefischer
Reinhold Striegel
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Assigned to SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAUER, THOMAS, NEEFISCHER, MARKUS, STRIEGEL, REINHOLD, LENGERT, JORG
Publication of US20110000205A1 publication Critical patent/US20110000205A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/06—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids
    • F01K25/065—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using mixtures of different fluids with an absorption fluid remaining at least partly in the liquid state, e.g. water for ammonia

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and apparatus for conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy.
  • a method such as this and an apparatus such as this are known, for example, from WO 2005/100755 A1.
  • these circuits use a two-substance mixture (for example of ammonia and water) as the agent, with the different boiling and condensation temperatures of the two substances and the non-isothermal boiling and condensation process of the mixture resulting from this being exploited in order to increase the efficiency of the circuit in comparison to a Rankine circuit.
  • a two-substance mixture for example of ammonia and water
  • a Kalina circuit such as this normally comprises at least one pump for increasing the pressure of the agent, a heat exchanger for producing a vapor phase of the agent by heat transfer from an external heat source, for example a geothermal liquid or industrial waste heat, and an expansion device, preferably a turbine, for expansion of the vapor phase and conversion of its thermal energy to mechanical energy.
  • the expanded agent is then condensed in a condenser with the aid of a coolant.
  • a separator can be arranged in the circuit between the heat exchanger and the expansion device, by means of which any liquid phase of the agent which is still present in the event of any partial vaporization of the agent in the heat exchanger can be separated from the vapor phase before being supplied to the expansion device.
  • the separated liquid phase can then be combined with the expanded vapor phase by means of a mixing device which is arranged in the circuit between the expansion device and the condenser.
  • Further heat exchangers can be provided in order to transfer heat from the expanded agent to the agent before it is supplied to the heat exchanger.
  • a Kalina circuit with an ammonia-water mixture as the agent and which is known from EP 0756069 B1 additionally has a distillation unit, which is arranged in the circuit between the condenser and the pump, for separation of a weak ammonia liquid from the agent flow. This weak ammonia liquid is supplied to the agent that has been expanded in the turbine, before this agent is supplied to the condenser.
  • the agent may contain a continuously increasing proportion of the liquid phase in a line connection between the expansion device and the condenser.
  • feeding a liquid phase of the agent, which for example has been separated before the expansion device, into the expanded vapor phase leads to an increase in the proportion of the liquid phase in the agent before it is supplied to the condenser.
  • the increasing proportion of the liquid phase leads to “demixing” of the substance mixture and to the formation of an inhomogeneous, partially demixed two-phase flow in the line connection.
  • the agent comprises an ammonia-water mixture
  • this results in an inhomogeneous, partially demixed, two-phase flow in the line connection, comprising a saturated vapor which is rich in ammonia and a condensate with little ammonia.
  • the condenser is partially flooded with condensate with little ammonia, and the ammonia vapor fills only the remaining residue of the heat exchanger.
  • the flooded component reduces the effectiveness of the condenser.
  • the condensation pressure of the vapor which is rich in ammonia and which (for example comprises 95% ammonia) is considerably higher than that of a homogeneous water-ammonia mixture. The higher the condensation pressure is in the condenser, the shallower, however, is the pressure gradient to be dissipated across the turbine. In consequence, the circuit generates less mechanical and/or electrical power, with a poorer efficiency.
  • a method can be developed so as to make it possible to avoid such efficiency losses.
  • a method for conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy using an agent which comprises a substance mixture having at least two substances which have different boiling and condensation temperatures, wherein the agent which is expanded in an expansion device is supplied as a two-phase flow with a liquid phase and a vapor phase to a condenser, in which it is condensed may comprise the step of mixing the liquid phase with the vapor phase in the two-phase flow before or during the condensation of the agent in the condenser.
  • the liquid phase for mixing in the two-phase flow, can be separated from the vapor phase, and the separated liquid phase is then combined with the vapor phase again, wherein the separated liquid phase is preferably sprayed into the vapor phase for combination.
  • the pressure of the separated liquid phase before being sprayed in, can be increased to a value which is higher than the pressure of the vapor phase.
  • the separation of the liquid phase from the vapor phase can be carried out immediately before the condenser.
  • the mixing process can be carried out immediately before or in the condenser.
  • the agent may pass through at least the following method steps in a closed circuit after the condensation: —increasing the pressure of the agent, —producing a vapor phase of the agent by heat transfer from an external heat source, and—expanding the vapor phase and converting its thermal energy to mechanical energy.
  • a liquid phase of the agent before the expansion of the vapor phase of the agent, can be separated from the vapor phase, and the vapor phase can be supplied again after it has been expanded.
  • a geothermal fluid, industrial waste heat or waste heat from an internal combustion engine can be used as the external heat source.
  • a mixture of ammonia and water can be used as the agent.
  • an apparatus for conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy using an agent which comprises a substance mixture with at least two substances which have different boiling and condensation temperatures, having a condenser for condensation of the agent, wherein the agent, which is expanded in an expansion device, is in the form of a two-phase flow with a liquid phase and a vapor phase before it is supplied to the condenser may comprise a mixing device for mixing the liquid phase of the two-phase flow with the vapor phase of the two-phase flow before or during the condensation of the agent in the condenser.
  • the mixing device may have a separator for separation of the liquid phase from the vapor phase, and has at least one nozzle for spraying the separated liquid phase into the vapor phase.
  • the mixing device may have a pump, by means of which the pressure of the separated liquid phase can be increased to a value which is higher than the pressure of the vapor phase.
  • the separator can be arranged immediately before the condenser in the flow direction of the agent.
  • the at least one nozzle can be arranged immediately before or in the condenser in the flow direction of the agent.
  • the agent can be carried in a closed circuit in the apparatus, which closed circuit has at least the following components after the condenser in the flow direction of the agent: —a pump for increasing the pressure of the agent; —a heat exchanger for producing a vapor phase of the agent by heat transfer from an external heat source, and—an expansion device, in particular a turbine, for expansion of the vapor phase and conversion of its thermal energy to mechanical energy.
  • the circuit additionally may comprise a separator, which is arranged between the heat exchanger and the expansion device, for separation of a liquid phase of the agent from a vapor phase, and a combination means, which is arranged between the expansion device and the mixing device, for combination of the separated liquid phase and the expanded vapor phase.
  • the external heat source can be a geothermal flow, industrial waste heat or waste heat from an internal combustion engine.
  • the agent can be a mixture of ammonia and water.
  • FIG. 1 shows a circuit according to one particularly embodiment
  • FIG. 2 shows one example of demixing of a two-substance mixture in a line connection
  • FIG. 3 shows a mixing device with spraying in jointly for a plurality of condensers
  • FIG. 4 shows a mixing device with spraying directly into the condensers
  • FIG. 5 shows a mixing device with separate spraying in for each individual condenser.
  • the liquid phase can be mixed with the vapor phase very easily by separating the liquid phase from the vapor phase in the two-phase flow and then combining the separated liquid phase with the vapor phase again.
  • the separated liquid phase is in this case preferably sprayed into the vapor phase.
  • Particularly good mixing of the liquid and the vapor phases can in this case be achieved by increasing the pressure of the separated liquid phase to a value which is higher than the pressure of the vapor phase, in order to spray it in.
  • the separated liquid phase is therefore supplied to the vapor phase at an increased pressure.
  • separation of the liquid phase from the vapor phase is preferably carried out immediately before the condenser, in order to avoid the two-substance mixture demixing again on its way to the condenser.
  • the mixing process itself can likewise be carried out immediately before the condenser, or else directly in the condenser.
  • the agent advantageously passes through at least the following method steps in a closed circuit after the condensation:
  • the agent can in this case be vaporized completely by the heat transfer (that is to say only a vapor phase exists), or can be only partially vaporized (that is to say a vapor phase and a liquid phase exist).
  • the liquid phase of the agent before the expansion of the vapor phase, the liquid phase of the agent is advantageously separated from the vapor phase, and the vapor phase is supplied again after it has been expanded. The liquid phase therefore bypasses an expansion device for expansion of the vapor phase.
  • the agent can be supplied to the condenser directly or via one or more intermediate heat exchangers, which transfer the heat from the expanded vapor phase to the agent before its at least partial vaporization.
  • a geothermal fluid, industrial waste heat or waste heat from an internal combustion engine is preferably used as the external heat source.
  • the apparatus for conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy using an agent which comprises a substance mixture with at least two substances which have different boiling and condensation temperatures, comprises a condenser for condensation of the agent, wherein the agent, which is expanded in an expansion device, is in the form of a two-phase flow with a liquid phase and a vapor phase before it is supplied to the condenser, and a mixing device for mixing the liquid phase of the two-phase flow with the vapor phase of the two-phase flow before or during the condensation of the agent in the condenser.
  • the mixing device advantageously has a separator for separation of the liquid phase from the vapor phase, and advantageously has at least one nozzle for spraying the separated liquid phase into the vapor phase.
  • the mixing device has a pump, by means of which the pressure of the separated liquid phase can be increased to a value which is higher than the pressure of the vapor phase, particularly good mixing of the two phases can be achieved when it is sprayed in.
  • the separator is arranged immediately before the condenser in the flow direction of the agent, it is possible to avoid the two-substance mixture demixing again on its way to the condenser.
  • the at least one nozzle may itself likewise be arranged immediately before or else in the condenser in the flow direction of the agent.
  • the agent can be carried in a closed circuit in the apparatus, which closed circuit has at least the following components after the condenser in the flow direction of the agent:
  • An apparatus 1 as shown in FIG. 1 for conversion of thermal energy to mechanical energy comprises a circuit 2 in which a pump 3 for increasing the pressure of the agent, a heat exchanger 4 for producing a vapor phase of the agent by heat transfer from an external heat source 5 , a turbine 6 for expansion of the vapor phase of the agent and conversion of its thermal energy to mechanical energy, a mixing device 7 for mixing a liquid and a vapor phase of the agent and a condenser for complete condensation of the agent with the aid of a coolant 9 are arranged successively as major components in the flow direction of an agent.
  • the external heat source 5 is a geothermal fluid, industrial waste heat or waste heat from an internal combustion engine.
  • the turbine 6 drives a generator, which is not illustrated but converts the mechanical energy to electrical energy.
  • the agent comprises a substance mixture having at least two substances which have different boiling and condensation temperatures.
  • the following text is based on the assumption that a mixture of ammonia and water is used as the agent.
  • the circuit 2 comprises a separator 15 , which is arranged between the heat exchanger 4 and the turbine 6 , for separation of a liquid phase of the agent from the vapor phase, and a combination means 16 , which is arranged between the turbine 6 and the mixing device 7 , for combination of the separated liquid phase and the expanded vapor phase.
  • the agent is exclusively in the form of a liquid after the condenser 8 .
  • the liquid agent is raised to a higher pressure by means of the pump 3 and is then at least partially vaporized in the heat exchanger 4 , that is to say the agent exists in a vapor phase and possibly a liquid phase with little ammonium after the heat exchanger.
  • the liquid phase which may possibly still be present is separated from the vapor phase in the separator 15 .
  • the vapor phase is expanded in the turbine 6 , and its thermal energy is converted to mechanical energy.
  • the mechanical energy can then be used further, for example for electricity generation.
  • the vapor phase, which has now been expanded, is combined again with the liquid phase, which was possibly previously separated, in the combination means 16 .
  • the proportion of liquid in the ammonium-water mixture will increase in the line connection 10 between the turbine 6 and the condenser 8 , with demixing taking place into saturated vapor 11 which is rich in ammonia, and condensate 12 with little ammonia (see FIG. 2 ).
  • the condenser 8 would therefore be supplied with an inhomogeneous, partially demixed agent flow. This would result in the condenser 8 being partially flooded with the condensate 12 with little ammonia, with the saturated vapor 11 which is rich in ammonia filling the rest of the condenser.
  • the flooded component would decrease the effectiveness of the condenser and would therefore increase the condensation pressure, since the condensation pressure of the saturated vapor which is rich in ammonia (approximately 95% ammonia) is considerably higher than that of a homogeneous water-ammonia mixture. As the condensation pressure rises in the condenser, however, the pressure gradient to be dissipated across the turbine decreases, and therefore the mechanical and/or electrical power which can be produced also decreases.
  • the circuit 2 has a mixing device 7 .
  • the mixing device 7 comprises a separator 20 for separation of the liquid phase with little ammonia from the vapor phase which is rich in ammonia, and a nozzle 21 for spraying the separated liquid phase into the vapor phase, wherein the separator 20 and the nozzle 21 are arranged successively in the connecting line 10 , between the turbine 6 and the condenser 8 and after the combination means 16 , in the flow direction of the agent.
  • the liquid phase which is separated in the separator 20 is supplied via a bypass line 14 to the nozzle 21 .
  • a pump 22 and a control valve 23 are connected in the bypass line 14 .
  • the pump 22 makes it possible to increase the pressure on the separated liquid phase which carried in the bypass line 14 to a value which is higher than the pressure of the vapor phase after the separator 20 .
  • the amount of liquid phase supply to the nozzle 21 can be controlled by means of the control valve 23 .
  • the separator 20 is arranged immediately before the condenser 8 in the flow direction of the agent, in order to avoid demixing of the agent again on the rest of its way to the condenser 8 .
  • the nozzle 21 can be arranged immediately before or in the condenser 8 , in the flow direction of the agent.
  • the separator 20 therefore separates the vapor phase which is rich in ammonia, from the liquid phase, with little ammonia.
  • the liquid phase, with little ammonia is passed to the nozzle 21 via the bypass line 14 .
  • the pump 22 increases the pressure of the liquid phase with little ammonia to a value which is higher than the pressure of the vapor phase which is rich in ammonia.
  • the liquid phase with little ammonia is thus sprayed at an increased pressure into the vapor phase, which is rich in ammonia in the nozzle 21 .
  • This once again results in a homogeneous ammonia-water mixture being able to be produced and being able to be supplied to the condenser 8 , which mixture actually condenses at a lower pressure than the vapor phase, which is rich in ammonia, assuming that the cooling temperature in the condenser remains constant.
  • the pressure gradient to be dissipated across the turbine rises, and the circuit can therefore produce more electrical power, at a higher efficiency.
  • a mixing device 7 can be provided with a single separator 20 and a single nozzle 21 for all the condensers 8 .
  • the separator 20 and the nozzle 21 are then preferably arranged immediately before the condensers 8 .
  • the liquid phase is therefore sprayed jointly into the vapor phase for all the condensers 8 .
  • a mixing device 7 when there are a plurality of condensers 8 which are connected in parallel in the flow direction of the agent, it is also possible to provide a mixing device 7 with a single separator 20 and in each case one or more nozzles 21 for each of the condensers 8 .
  • the separator 20 is arranged immediately in front of the condensers 8 , and the nozzles 21 are arranged in the condensers 8 .
  • the liquid phase is therefore sprayed directly into the condensers 8 .
  • the supply of the liquid phase to the nozzles 21 can be controlled by means of a joint control valve 23 .
  • the nozzles 21 can also be arranged immediately before the respective condensers 8 , that is to say the spraying-in process is carried out separately for each individual condenser 8 .
  • supply of the liquid phase to each of the nozzles 21 can be controlled by means of a separate control valve 23 for each of the condensers 8 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
US12/675,791 2007-08-31 2008-08-21 Method and device for converting thermal energy into mechanical energy Abandoned US20110000205A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007041458.9 2007-08-31
DE102007041458 2007-08-31
PCT/EP2008/060921 WO2009027302A2 (fr) 2007-08-31 2008-08-21 Procédé et dispositif visant à convertir de l'énergie thermique en énergie mécanique

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US20110000205A1 true US20110000205A1 (en) 2011-01-06

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US (1) US20110000205A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2188500A2 (fr)
KR (1) KR20100074166A (fr)
CN (1) CN101842558A (fr)
AU (1) AU2008291094A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2479727C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2009027302A2 (fr)

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US20110011089A1 (en) * 2009-07-17 2011-01-20 Lockheed Martin Corporation Working-Fluid Power System for Low-Temperature Rankine Cycles
US8578714B2 (en) * 2009-07-17 2013-11-12 Lockheed Martin Corporation Working-fluid power system for low-temperature rankine cycles
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US20120279220A1 (en) * 2011-05-02 2012-11-08 Harris Corporation Hybrid imbedded combined cycle
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CN101842558A (zh) 2010-09-22
WO2009027302A3 (fr) 2010-03-25
KR20100074166A (ko) 2010-07-01
RU2479727C2 (ru) 2013-04-20
EP2188500A2 (fr) 2010-05-26
AU2008291094A1 (en) 2009-03-05
WO2009027302A2 (fr) 2009-03-05

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