US20100226995A1 - Microencapsulated bioactive agents for oral delivery and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Microencapsulated bioactive agents for oral delivery and methods of use thereof Download PDF

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US20100226995A1
US20100226995A1 US12/718,424 US71842410A US2010226995A1 US 20100226995 A1 US20100226995 A1 US 20100226995A1 US 71842410 A US71842410 A US 71842410A US 2010226995 A1 US2010226995 A1 US 2010226995A1
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delivery vehicle
polymeric
alginate
bioactive agent
molecules
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Daniel R. DeBrouse
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TAMARISK TECHNOLOGIES GROUP LLC
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TAMARISK TECHNOLOGIES LLC
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Priority claimed from US11/938,638 external-priority patent/US20090123537A1/en
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Priority to US12/718,424 priority Critical patent/US20100226995A1/en
Assigned to TAMARISK TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C. reassignment TAMARISK TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DEBROUSE, DANIEL R.
Publication of US20100226995A1 publication Critical patent/US20100226995A1/en
Assigned to DELIVRX, INC. reassignment DELIVRX, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TAMARISK TECHNOLOGIES, L.L.C.
Priority to US14/051,939 priority patent/US9278077B2/en
Assigned to TAMARISK TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, LLC reassignment TAMARISK TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DELIVRX, INC.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/5005—Wall or coating material
    • A61K9/5021—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/5036—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums, alginate; Cyclodextrin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/02—Halogenated hydrocarbons
    • A61K31/035—Halogenated hydrocarbons having aliphatic unsaturation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/05—Phenols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/12—Ketones
    • A61K31/122—Ketones having the oxygen directly attached to a ring, e.g. quinones, vitamin K1, anthralin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/365—Lactones
    • A61K31/375—Ascorbic acid, i.e. vitamin C; Salts thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/745—Bifidobacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/747—Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/28—Insulins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/44—Oils, fats or waxes according to two or more groups of A61K47/02-A61K47/42; Natural or modified natural oils, fats or waxes, e.g. castor oil, polyethoxylated castor oil, montan wax, lignite, shellac, rosin, beeswax or lanolin

Definitions

  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) relates generally to pharmaceutical and nutriceutical products, and, and more particularly to improved encapsulated pharmaceutical and nutriceutical bioactive agents and methods of their production and methods of their use.
  • an orally consumed pharmaceutical or nutriceutical bioactive material it is often desirable for an orally consumed pharmaceutical or nutriceutical bioactive material to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the wall of the small intestine or large intestine.
  • the delivery vehicle which contains the bioactive agent must be able to pass intact through the stomach and must remain intact in the lumen of the small intestine in order to be passed through the intestinal mucosa and deliver the bioactive agent into the blood stream.
  • Enteric coatings are frequently used to encapsulate oral dosage forms to prevent damage to the active substance contained in the oral preparation by acids and enzymes in the stomach.
  • Enteric coatings are used for example for preventing gastric enzymes from reacting with or destroying the active substance, preventing dilution of the active substance before it reaches the small intestine, ensuring that the active substance is not released until after the preparation has passed the stomach, and preventing damage to the bioactive agent because of the low pH in the stomach.
  • Enteric coatings can also be used for avoiding irritation of or damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach caused by substances contained in the oral preparation, and for counteracting or preventing formation or release of substances having an unpleasant odor or taste in the stomach. Finally, such coatings can be used for preventing nausea or vomiting on intake of oral preparations.
  • the lumen of the small intestine and the blood vasculature of the intestinal mucosa are ideal dissolution targets for a wide variety of bioactive pharmaceutical and nutriceutical compounds, presuming one is able to overcome its characteristics of impermeability through the intestinal wall. It is to providing such encapsulated pharmaceutical and nutriceutical bioactive materials for optimal delivery to and absorption into the small intestine that the present invention is directed.
  • FIG. 1 is a structural representation of the L-guluronic acid (G) and D-mannuronic acid (M) residues which comprise an alginate molecule.
  • FIG. 2 is a structural representation of an alginate molecule having repeating alternate guluronic and mannuronic dimer units.
  • FIG. 3 is a structural representation of a carrageenan molecule.
  • FIG. 4 is a structural representation of the repeating agarabiose dimer unit of agar agar.
  • FIG. 5 is a structural representation of the repeating unit of xanthan gum.
  • FIG. 6 is a structural representation of lycopene.
  • FIG. 7 is a structural representation of beta-carotene.
  • FIG. 8 is a representation of an aqueous sodium alginate gel.
  • FIG. 9 is a representation of the sodium alginate gel of FIG. 8 combined with transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules.
  • FIG. 10 is a representation of the enhanced gel aggregates of FIG. 9 sodium alginate molecules have been mixed with a bioactive agent encapsulated by the enhanced soluble alginate gel.
  • FIG. 11 is a representation of the encapsulated bioactive agent-gel aggregates of FIG. 10 which have been converted to a solidified delivery vehicle by exposure to a calcium source.
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram of an apparatus for the conversion of an isoprenoid to its derivative hydrogen halide by exposure to gaseous HCl produced from a reaction of sulfuric acid with sodium chloride.
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram showing how lycopene (an isoprenoid) is covalently linked via a carboxyl group to the alginate backbone of the delivery vehicle.
  • FIG. 14A is a diagram showing one embodiment of the chlorination of a lycopene molecule by HCl.
  • FIG. 14B is a diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the chlorination of a lycopene molecule by HCl.
  • FIG. 14C is a diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the chlorination of a lycopene molecule by HCl.
  • FIG. 14D is a diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the chlorination of a lycopene molecule by HCl.
  • FIG. 14E is a diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the chlorination of a lycopene molecule by HCl.
  • FIG. 14F is a diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the chlorination of a lycopene molecule by HCl.
  • FIG. 14G is a diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the chlorination of a lycopene molecule by HCl.
  • FIG. 14H is a diagram showing an alternative embodiment of the chlorination of a lycopene molecule by HCl.
  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) contemplates a novel oral dosage form (oral delivery vehicle) for the trans-intestinal mucosal delivery of pharmaceutical and nutriceutical bioactive agents (also referred to herein as bioactive compounds).
  • the oral dosage form of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) inhibits degradation of the bioactive compound within the stomach and within the lumen of the intestine by encapsulation within a polymeric shell, preventing its dissolution until after passing through the mucosal wall of the small and/or large intestine.
  • the enzymatic degradation of the delivery vehicle containing the bioactive compound is substantially inhibited (resisted) until after absorption of the delivery vehicle into blood vessels of the intestinal mucosa. It is a particular object of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) to provide a new and improved method for enterically or intestinally encapsulating pharmaceutical and nutriceutical bioactive agents for oral administration of the encapsulated bioactive agents.
  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) relates to the production of a delivery vehicle for oral administration of a protected biologically active (bioactive) agent for subsequent delivery into the small intestine (and more particularly across and into the mucosa thereof) of a mammal.
  • the delivery vehicle bestows protection by encapsulating the bioactive agent, preventing its disintegration and thus dissolution, until the encapsulated agent passes into the mucosal wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream thereof.
  • the bioactive agent is thus preferably protected from enzymatic degradation via the polymeric capsule of the vehicle until after absorption at the intestinal mucosa.
  • transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules also referred to herein as transmucosal delivery enhancing agents
  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) is directed in one embodiment to a process for the encapsulation and subsequent delivery of a water or lipid soluble biologically active agent (bioactive agent) to a mammalian intestinal mucosa, particularly that of humans.
  • the process for forming the delivery vehicle i.e., the oral dosage form
  • the process for forming the delivery vehicle generally includes the steps of forming an aqueous suspension or oil emulsion (optionally including an emulsifier) of the bioactive (pharmacological or nutriceutical) agent, and encapsulating the suspension or emulsion with a polymeric shell having transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules which are covalently linked to the polymer shell and which extend there from.
  • the polymeric shell comprises an alginate such as sodium, potassium, or calcium alginate (and optionally contains another polymer such as, but not limited to, carrageenan, xanthan gum, and/or agar-agar) and preferably the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecule comprises isoprenoid or fatty acid “spikes” which are covalently linked to the alginate molecule preferably via carboxyl or hydroxyl groups of the alginate molecule.
  • alginate such as sodium, potassium, or calcium alginate
  • another polymer such as, but not limited to, carrageenan, xanthan gum, and/or agar-agar
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecule comprises isoprenoid or fatty acid “spikes” which are covalently linked to the alginate molecule preferably via carboxyl or hydroxyl groups of the alginate molecule.
  • the micro encapsulated bioactive agent may either be solidified through the addition of calcium ions in an atomization process, and thus used in the production of powder-filled capsules or tablets, or the microencapsulated bioactive agent may be left non-solidified and used directly as a wet gel capsule formulation.
  • the jejunum region of the small intestine in particular is typically a preferred region for disintegration of an oral dosage form of many bioactive materials for two primary reasons.
  • the small intestine is specialized for the digestion and subsequent absorption of digestive end products.
  • the small intestine maintains a large surface area conducive to absorption, greatly increasing the probability of drug diffusion therein.
  • Premature disintegration in the stomach exposes many bioactive agents to a potentially degradative environment thereby resulting in an inadequate absorption thereof for therapeutic value.
  • dosage disintegration within the large intestine may result in the excretion of a majority of the dosage form as waste, as is the primary function of the colon.
  • the oral dosage form of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) is resistant to gastric disintegration, but is readily dissolvable in the lumen small intestine as discussed in more detail below.
  • This embodiment of the oral dosage form comprises an encapsulating formula designed to deliver both water-soluble and lipid soluble drugs intact to the small intestine, particularly the jejunum. Once passing through the duodenum, this embodiment of the delivery vehicle of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) readily disintegrates upon contact with digestive enzymes in the small intestine, thereby releasing its solubilized bioactive agent.
  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) relates to the formulation and production of a delivery vehicle containing a water soluble lipid soluble pharmacologically or nutriceutically bioactive agent, for oral delivery and transmucosal passage in the small intestine of a mammal.
  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) preferably comprises the preparation of an emulsion or suspension containing the bioactive agent or agents, and optionally water, glycerin, an emulsifier, propylene glycol or vegetable oil, pH modulator, or protease inhibitor then maintaining the emulsion at a temperature between 0° C. and 150° C. for encapsulation into either a spherical beadlet, biofilm or capsule shell or other dosage form according to methods disclosed herein.
  • encapsulation formulations contemplated herein are suitable for the encapsulation and subsequent intestinal delivery of a broad spectrum of hydrophobic and hydrophilic biologically active, therapeutic or nutritionally-useful molecules such as, but not limited to, those described elsewhere herein.
  • Pharmacological bioactive agents which may be contained within the delivery vehicle of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) generally include, but are not limited to, antibiotics, antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-tumor agents, polypeptides, steroidal agents, anti-sense agent, RNA agents and DNA agents.
  • Nutriceutical bioactive agents which may be used include, but are not limited to, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, phototropic agents and anthocyanins.
  • An initial step in the process of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) comprises suspending or emulsifying the bioactive agent in one or more types of water or oil bases, optionally with a thickener or stabilizer, and a pH modulator or protease inhibitor, or any combination thereof.
  • a thickener or stabilizer optionally with a thickener or stabilizer, and a pH modulator or protease inhibitor, or any combination thereof.
  • Any combination of the following pharmaceutical grade reagents may be used, for example, for a water emulsion of the bioactive agent; distilled deionized water, glycerin, TweenTM, propylene glycol, or any other of a number of suitable water soluble mediums.
  • oils from the following list may be suitable to form an oil emulsion where desired, including but not limited to, soybean oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, canola oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, corn oil and/or vegetable oil or other oils from vegetable materials.
  • the suspension or emulsion preferably comprises a thickener or stabilizer such as a gum, resin, or gum-resin.
  • a thickener or stabilizer such as a gum, resin, or gum-resin.
  • suitable gums, resins, and gum-resins which may be used alone or in combination include, but are not limited to, cellulose gum, pectin and its resins, locust bean gum, resins and derivatives, xanthan gum and resins, carrageenan and derivatives, sodium salt of carrageenan, gellan gum and resins, whey protein gum and resins, agar agar, propylene glycol, alginate derivatives and resins, gum Arabic and resins, guar gum and resins, gum tragacanth, and gum ghatti.
  • Gums are understood herein to comprise water-soluble materials while resins are soluble in non-aqueous solvents or oils.
  • the emulsion may comprise an emulsifier such as Tween 20®, or others known in the art.
  • emulsifiers which may be used include but are not limited to non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants such as are commercially available, for example from Sigma Aldrich Co.
  • Specific examples include, but are not limited to, 2-Cyclohexylethyl p-D-maltoside, Brij 30®, Brij 56®, Brij 72®, Decyl ⁇ -D-maltopyranoside, Diethylene glycol monodecyl ether, Diethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, Diethylene glycol monopentyl ether, Ethylene glycol monodecyl ether, Ethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, Heptaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, N-Decanoyl-N-methylglucamine, N-Nonanoyl-N-methylglucamine, N-Octanoyl- ⁇ -D-glucosylamine, Nonyl ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside, Octaethylene glycol monodecyl ether, Octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether, Pentaethylene glycol monodecyl ether, Poly
  • Other compounds which may be added include, but are not limited to, glycyrrhizinate, glycyrrhizinic acid, sucrose fatty acid ester, glycerin, glycerol fatty acid ester, adipic acid, polyethylene glycol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium caprate, and sodium deoxycholate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride or any combination thereof.
  • the delivery vehicle in a preferred embodiment of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s), includes a transmucosal delivery enhancing molecule, which may be, but is not limited to, (1) medium or long chain fatty acids such as linoleic acid, (2) isoprenoids, (3) vitamins or (4) signal peptides.
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules may be added in combination (i.e. various compounds) or individually (i.e. a single compound).
  • the dosage form contemplated herein may comprise a pH modulating agent, as noted above.
  • an acid e.g., citric acid
  • citric acid is preferred at a level of around 0.006 g/kg.
  • a pH modulator provides the benefit of reversible pH inhibition of intestinal luminal enzymatic activity thus mitigating bioactive agent cleavage prior to absorption within the intestine.
  • isoprenoid-type transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules used herein include, but are not limited to, lycopene, limonene, gamma-tocotrienol, geraniol, carvone, farnesol, geranylgeraniol, squalene, and other linear terpenoids, carotenoids, taxol, vitamin E, vitamin A, beta-carotene, Coenzyme Q 10 (ubiquinone), astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, citranxanthin, beta-choro-carotene, and canthraxanthan.
  • Transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules for use within the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) also include long and medium chain fatty acids, including linoleic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, for example, and generally fatty acids with a chain length varying from 6-28 carbon atoms.
  • long chain fatty acids especially fusogenic lipids (unsaturated fatty acids and monoglycerides such as oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, monoolein, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine) provide useful carriers to enhance transmucosal delivery of the bioactive agents contemplated herein.
  • Medium chain fatty acids (C6 to C12) and may also be used to enhance transmucosal delivery of the vehicle of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s).
  • Other medium and long chain fatty acids that can be used as translocation enhancers herein include, but are not limited to myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, and docasahexaenoic acid.
  • Examples of naturally-occurring fatty acids which may be used in the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) include but are not limited to C8:0 (caprylic acid), C10:0 (capric acid), C12:0 (lauric acid), C14:0 (myristic acid), C16:0 (palmitic acid), C16:1 (palmitoleic acid), C16:2, C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:1 (oleic acid), C18:1-7 (vaccenic), C18:2-6 (linoleic acid), C18:3-3 (alpha-linolenic acid), C18:3-5 (eleostearic), C18:3-6 (delta-linolenic acid), C18:4-3, C20:1 (gondoic acid), C20:2-6, C20:3-6 (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid), C20:4-3, C20:4-6 (arachidonic acid), C20:5-3 (eicosapenta
  • Highly preferred unbranched, naturally occurring fatty acids are those with from 14 to 22 carbon atoms.
  • sodium salts of medium and long chain fatty acids are effective transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules.
  • Transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules contemplated herein also include signal peptides.
  • a protease inhibitor may be included in the delivery vehicle contemplated herein as well.
  • protease inhibitors include, but are not limited to, AEBSF-HCl, Amastatin-HCI, (epsilon)-Aminocaproic acid, (alpha)1-Antichymotrypsin from human plasma, Antipain-HCL, Antithrombin III from human plasma, (alpha)1-Antitrypsin from human plasma, (4-Amidinophenyl-methane sulfonyl-fluoride), Aprotinin, Arphamenine A, Arphamenine B, Benzamidine-HCl, Bestatin-HCl, CA-074, CA-074-Me, Calpain Inhibitor I, Calpain Inhibitor II, Cathepsin Inhibitor Z-Phe-Gly-NHO-Bz-pMe, Chymostatin, DFP (Diisopropylfluoro-phosphate), Di
  • the emulsion or suspension used in the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) may also contain small quantities of butylated hydroxy toluene, glycerine, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, lecithin, antioxidants, tocopherol, docosahexaenioic acid, and pirotiodecane in addition to coloring agents, solubilizers and extenders.
  • the aqueous and/or oil emulsion or suspension may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable solid or liquid filler or diluent.
  • a water-containing liquid carrier can contain pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as acidifying agents, alkalizing agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, buffering agents, chelating agents, complexing agents, solubilizing agents, humectants, solvents, suspending and/or viscosity-increasing agents, tonicity agents, wetting agents or other biocompatible materials such as known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a tabulation of ingredients listed by the above categories can be found in the U.S. Pharmacopeia National Formulary, 1990, pp. 1857-1859 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers of the bioactive agents include but are not limited to sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution,
  • wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions, according to the desires of the formulator.
  • antioxidants examples include water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol and the like; and metal-chelating agents such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid and the like.
  • the amount of active ingredient that can be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the particular mode of administration.
  • emulsions or suspensions of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) may be prepared by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a combination of appropriate water or oil base, depending on the chemical characteristics of the bioactive agent are combined with bioactive agent at a rate of, for example, 5-100 times the bioactive weight amount.
  • a typical antibiotic e.g., cephalosporin
  • Tween 20® with a small added amount of glycerin.
  • a polymeric encapsulating material as described herein can be added in combination with a translocation delivery enhancing molecule, such as linoleic acid or an isoprenoid such as lycopene or other compounds as described and contemplated herein.
  • a pH modulator optionally can be added as well.
  • This mixture can then be vortexed or sonicated or otherwise combined for some period of time at a temperature ranging from 0-28° C.
  • a stabilizer such as a gum (such as xanthan gum), may be added.
  • the emulsion or suspension of the bioactive agent can then be encapsulated within the biofilm polymeric outer membrane of the invention by any of a number of possible processes such as, but not limited to, those described herein.
  • the encapsulated bio-active agent material is preferably cured to a moisture (water) content ranging from ⁇ 0.01-5% depending upon the transmucosal delivery site and bioactive agent for encapsulation. Colorants or vitamin or mineral enhancers may be added to the capsule membrane as well.
  • a powder form of a bioactive agent may be encapsulated in another example of an intestinal delivery membrane by a further process of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s).
  • an emulsion of agar agar, glycerin, carrageenan, sugar and water can be homogenized to a gel as described above for the standard gel polymer, however here the gel polymer would be molded and cured in a manner allowing for the preparation of a capsule shell which could be pulled apart for the packaging of a bioactive powder and then its two parts put back together producing a viable intestinal targeting disintegration tablet.
  • the encapsulated bioactive agent can be disposed in a gel cap or capsule shell and/or poured or molded in a manner for the formation of a thin sheet or biofilm for processing into small cube sheets about 0.5 square inches for the delivery of its bioactive agent in the mammalian mouth whether on top of the tongue, under, or between the cheek and gums.
  • Various methods exist in the art which may be used in the practice of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) to introduce the bioactive emulsion into either liquid, gel, solid or film form.
  • the final bioactive micro-beadlets, gel caps, capsules or biofilm delivery vehicles may then be packaged within a number of suitable containment systems for shelf storage prior to the oral administration to the mammalian subject.
  • transmucosal transfer are generally limited to passive diffusion, facilitated passive diffusion, active transport and pinocytosis or some combination thereof.
  • ceftriaxone for many therapeutic agents these molecular limitations are far too difficult to overcome.
  • effective oral vehicles for the protective transport and disposition directly into the bloodstream of therapeutic proteins, DNA, or RNA are not available.
  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) thus constitutes a novel oral delivery vehicle able to protect its contents from degradation during its passage through both the gastric and intestinal fluids and through the intestinal mucosa for disposition within the blood serum thereof.
  • transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules e.g., isoprenoids or fatty acids
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules e.g., isoprenoids or fatty acids
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules which coat and extend from the encapsulation polymeric shell in the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) become encapsulated by intestinal lipids in the intestine, enabling the encapsulated bioactive agent to be taken up through the intestinal mucosa without first being degraded within the lumen of the intestine.
  • transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules e.g., the isoprenoid or fatty acid groups
  • the oral delivery vehicle of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) substantially releases the encapsulated bioactive agent within the blood serum within 15 minutes after deposition therein.
  • encapsulated methylene blue within the transport system of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) showed zero disintegration within gastric and intestinal fluids, and 100% disintegration within 15 minutes of entering blood serum through the intestinal mucosa.
  • calcium alginate obtained for example by reaction of sodium alginate with a calcium salt such as CaCl 2
  • a calcium salt such as CaCl 2
  • a minor portion of the shell comprising calcium alginate (and/or other polymers contemplated herein) further comprises quantities of one or more other natural gums for cross-linking and thickening, such as, but not limited to, carrageenan, agar agar, guar gum and/or xanthan gum.
  • the polymeric shell component of the delivery vehicle is initially made using sodium alginate (or potassium alginate) as the polymer base building block which is then, in one embodiment, converted to a more stable calcium form through ionic exchange as described below.
  • the exchange of sodium (or potassium) by calcium particularly enhances multiple cross-linkage formation between molecules of alginate enabling precipitation.
  • the alginate portion preferably ranges from 5%-99.5% by weight in the final oral dosage form while the other gums (e.g., carrageenan, agar-agar, guar gum or xanthan gum), may optionally make up 0.1-5% of the final dosage form.
  • the sodium (or potassium) alginate is left in a gel form rather than in a precipitated form.
  • the sodium, potassium, or calcium alginate polymer used, as above, may have a molecular weight ranging from 10,000-600,000 daltons, or preferably 100,000-400,000 daltons, or more preferably 300,000-320,000 daltons, and still more preferably 305,000 daltons.
  • Sodium alginate is typically obtained by extraction from brown algae and is widely used within the food industry to increase product viscosity and as an emulsifying agent.
  • Sodium alginate has an empirical formula of NaC 6 H 7 O 6 having a molecular structure as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 .
  • Alginates are linear unbranched polymers containing ⁇ -(1 ⁇ 4)-linked D-mannuronic acid (M) and its epimer ⁇ -(1 ⁇ 4)-linked L-guluronic acid (G). D-mannuronic acid residues are enzymatically converted to L-guluronic after polymerization.
  • Alginates are not random copolymers but, according to the algal source, comprise blocks of similar alternating residues, each of which have different conformational preferences and behavior.
  • the alginate polymer may comprise, for example, homopolymeric blocks of consecutive G-residues, or consecutive M-residues, or alternating M- and G-residues or randomly organized blocks of G- and M-residues.
  • the M/G ratio of alginate from Macrocystis pyrifera is about 1.6 whereas that from Laminaria hyperborea is about 0.45.
  • the encapsulation shell of the oral dosage form of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) may comprise amounts of other carbohydrate gum polymers, which cause thickening and/or cross-linking of the alginate molecules including carrageenan, xanthan gum, guar gum, and agar agar as described below.
  • Carrageenan is a generic term for several polysaccharides extracted from a type of red seaweed, which is abundant along the Irish coastline. Carrageenan differs from agar in that it has have sulfate groups (—OSO 3 ) in place of certain hydroxyl groups. Carrageenans are linear polymers of about 25,000 galactose derivatives with regular but imprecise structures, dependent on the source and extraction conditions. More specifically, Carrageenan consists of alternating 3-linked- ⁇ -D-galactopyranose and 4-linked- ⁇ -D-galactopyranose units. Carrageenan is a large highly flexible molecule which coils forming a helical structure, giving the molecule the ability to form a variety of different gels at room temperature. Carrageenan is used primarily within the food industry as a thickening and stabilizing agent. In one example, Carrageenan has the molecular structure shown in FIG. 3 .
  • Agar-agar is extracted from the cell membranes of some species of red algae, particularly those from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria . Historically agar-agar has chiefly been used as an ingredient in desserts, especially in Japan. Agar-agar comprises a mixture of agarose and agaropectin.
  • Agarose is a linear polymer, of molecular weight about 120,000, based on the -(1->3)- ⁇ -D-galactopyranose-(1->4)-3,6-anhydro- ⁇ -L-galactopyranose unit, the major differences from carrageenans being the presence of L-3,6-anhydro- ⁇ -galactopyranose rather than D-3,6-anhydro- ⁇ -galactopyranose units and the lack of sulfate groups.
  • Agaropectin is a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules that occur in lesser amounts. Their structures are similar but slightly branched and sulfated, and they may have methyl and pyruvic acid ketal substituents. The molecular structure of agarabiose disaccharide units is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • Xanthan gum is prepared through an aerobic submerged fermentation from Xanthomonas campestris .
  • Xanthan gum has a ⁇ -D-glucose backbone like cellulose, but every second glucose unit is attached to a trisaccharide comprising of mannose, glucuronic acid, and mannose.
  • the mannose closest to the backbone has an acetic acid ester on carbon 6, and the mannose at the end of the trisaccharide is linked through carbons 6 and 4 to the second carbon of pyruvic acid.
  • This polysaccharide is used as a food additive primarily for product thickening and dispersion.
  • Xanthan gum has the molecular structure shown in FIG. 5 .
  • Lycopene is an isoprenoid pigment responsible for the bright red color of tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables. As a carotene, lycopene is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of many carotenoids, such as a beta carotene. Lycopene is a symmetrical tetraterpene assembled from 8 isoprene units ( FIG. 6 ). Beta-carotene, another isoprenoid compound used herein as a transmucosal delivery enhancer, is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • Sodium alginate (and potassium alginate) has the unusual ability to form a gel upon agitation within cold water which will not solidify upon standing (represented schematically in FIG. 8 ).
  • the gels thus formed have a high encapsulation affinity, meaning the ability of the alginate molecule to surround and wind itself around another molecule (represented schematically in FIG. 9 ).
  • the alginate polymer is able to encapsulate many classes or types of molecules, including, but not limited to, therapeutic or nutraceutic agents such as antibiotics, antivirals, oncological agents, anti-lipids, antihypertensives, cardiac drugs, antidiabetic agents, vitamins, minerals, proteins, peptidomimics, and RNA or DNA molecules.
  • the encapsulated bioactive agent of the present ly claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) may be selected, for example, from anabolic agents (e.g., boldandiol, ethylestrenol, mibolerone, nandrolone, oxymetholone, stanozol, and testosterone); antibacterial/antibiotics (e.g., aminoglycosides including: amikacin, apramycin, dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, spectinomycin, vancomycin; cephalosporins including: cefaclor, ceftazidime, cephalexin, cephalothin; clindamycin; chlorhexidine, fatty acid monoesters, such as glycerol monolaurate; fluoroquinolones including enroflaxacin, ciprofloxacin; macrolides including erythromycin, lincomycin, tylosin;
  • acetaminophen non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs e.g., beclomethasone, budesonide, dexamethasone, flumethasone, flunisolide, fluticasone, isoflupredone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone
  • anti-thrombotics e.g., acetylsalicylic acid
  • anti-tussives e.g., narcotic analgesics, dextromethorphan, and phlocodine
  • bronchodilators e.g., atropine, albuterol, clenbuterol, pirbuterol, salmeterol, fenote
  • pyrimidine nucleosides including idoxyuridine, and trifluridine; purine nucleosides including: vidarabine, and acyclovir; ribaviran, amantadine, interferon and its inducers, and other miscellaneous anti-virals, for example, thiosemicarbazones, zidovine, and benzimidazoles); sympathomimetics (e.g., epinephrine); cardiovascular agents (e.g., calcium channel blockers: diltiazem, nifedipine, and verapamil); anti-arrhythmics (e.g., aiprenolol, amiodarone, bretylium, diltiazem, flecamide, isoproteronol, lidocaine, metoprolol, nadolol, procainamide, propranolol, quinidine, timolol, and verapam
  • acetylcholine carbachol, pilocarpine, physotigmine, isofluorophate, echothiophate, and prolidoxime
  • mydriatics e.g., epinephrine, and phenylephrine
  • mydriatics/cycloplegics e.g.
  • prostaglandins e.g., cloprostenol, dinoprost tromethamine, fenprostalene, and fluprostenol
  • muscle relaxants e.g., aminopentamide, chlorphenesin carbamate, methocarbamol, phenazopyridine, and tiletamine
  • smooth muscle stimulants e.g., neostigmine, oxytocin, and propantheline
  • serotonin e.g., ammonium chloride, ascorbic acid, and methionine
  • vitamins/minerals e.g., Vitamins A, B, C, D, K, and E.
  • sodium alginate in itself is very effective in molecular encapsulation activity
  • an even higher encapsulation affinity to the bioactive agent therein can be obtained through the addition of 0.1 to 1% to 2% to 3% to 4% to 5% or more of a thickening agent or cross-linking agent such as carrageenan, xanthan gum, and/or agar-agar to the alginate.
  • a thickening agent or cross-linking agent such as carrageenan, xanthan gum, and/or agar-agar
  • the helix-helix aggregates thus formed are not capable of transporting the bioactive agent intact through both the gastric and intestinal fluids for direct transmucosal transport disposition through the intestinal mucosa into the blood serum. This is due to the fact that in the gel state the sodium alginate encapsulation shell is in a water soluble form.
  • the helix-helix aggregates which securely encase the bioactive agent must next be converted to an insoluble state. This is done through ionic exchange.
  • the sodium (or potassium) of the alginate aggregates is replaced by calcium.
  • This reaction occurs rapidly at room temperature (e.g., 20-25° C.) or below resulting in the formation of helix-helix loaded aggregates which rapidly separate from the aqueous medium in the form of a rubbery powder precipitate.
  • the resulting aggregate powder is then dried to a moisture content of ⁇ 5%, and preferably ⁇ 1%, forming an encapsulated product which is substantially 100% resistant to gastric fluid (i.e., enterically resistant) but is still extremely susceptible to intestinal disintegration.
  • gastric fluid i.e., enterically resistant
  • the encapsulated aggregates typically break down within 15 minutes upon entering the intestinal pool thus releasing 100% of the bioactive agent.
  • This system in itself is a valuable transport vehicle for those therapeutic agents requiring intestinal disposition for example, probiotics (microorganisms) and vaccines.
  • calcium plays another key role in the molecular configuration of the oral dosage form.
  • it causes cross-linkage of neighboring polymer molecules through calcium cross-linking.
  • the resulting stability of the delivery system is set in a three dimensional substantially-spherical configuration which serves not only to hold microorganisms or bioactive agents more securely, but in the protection of the bioactive or microorganism from oxidative degradation, UV degradation, moisture degradation in addition to a vast number of other environmental stresses.
  • those bioactive agents whose optimal benefit would be achieved through direct disposition within the blood stream require an additional component capable of enabling transmucosal delivery of the dosage form into the blood serum of a patient through a naturally occurring transport gateway.
  • a transmucosal delivery enhancing molecule comprising one or more fatty acids, isoprenoid compounds, vitamins, signal peptides, or other molecules capable of interacting with the natural lipids present in the intestinal pool or mucosa or with any of a number of bilayer transport proteins and/or systems.
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules are covalently linked to the alginate backbone of the transport system thereby protruding from the surface of the dosage form as a “spike” capable of interacting with the natural lipid uptake mechanism responsible for the transmucosal transport of lipids into the blood serum.
  • FIG. 8 Shown in FIG. 8 is a representation of an alginate comprising alginate molecules 10 in gel form, prior to treatment.
  • FIGS. 9 , 10 and 11 show representations of various stages of the components of the bioactive agent transport vehicles comprising transmucosal delivery “spikes” thereon.
  • FIG. 9 Shown in FIG. 9 is a representation of the alginate gel of FIG. 8 after it has been mixed with a transmucosal delivery enhancing molecule, for example an isoprenoid such as beta-carotene or lycopene, or a fatty acid such as linoleic acid to form an enhanced alginate mixture.
  • a transmucosal delivery enhancing molecule for example an isoprenoid such as beta-carotene or lycopene, or a fatty acid such as linoleic acid to form an enhanced alginate mixture.
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules 20 become covalently conjugated to the alginate molecules 10 , such as via carboxyl or hydroxyl groups thereof and form “spikes” (represented as “ 20 ” in FIG. 9 ) which extend from the enhanced alginate gel.
  • Another aggregating enhancing polymer may also be added to this enhanced alginate composition such as described above, for example carrageenan, xanthan gum, or agar agar.
  • the enhanced alginate gel of FIG. 9 is then combined and mixed with the bioactive agent 30 desired to be encapsulated to form the soluble gel encapsulated bioactive agent 40 in one embodiment of the dosage form of the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s), which exists in a water soluble gel form as shown in FIG. 10 .
  • this gel form is enclosed within a capsule for oral consumption and passage of the bioactive agent 30 through the stomach to the small intestine.
  • the encapsulated bioactive agent formed from the enhanced soluble gel is subjected to a step wherein the sodium atoms of the sodium alginate molecules are substantially replaced by calcium atoms wherein the encapsulated bioactive agents precipitate to form solidified particles 50 ( FIG. 11 ), and wherein the encapsulated bioactive agent aggregate 50 has the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules ( 20 ) extending from the surface thereof.
  • this precipitated microencapsulated bioactive agent ( 50 in FIG. 11 ) has revealed a portion of the conjugated “spike” molecule 20 (e.g., the isoprenoid) is actually internalized bestowing resistance to intestinal disintegration.
  • the bioactive transport vehicle in its transmucosal specific configuration, whether in the soluble gel (sodium) alginate form or the precipitated (calcium) alginate form, the bioactive transport vehicle is even insoluble in the harshest of organic solvents and must be enzymatically digested with serum lipases for HPLC analysis of bioactive concentrations. In essence this comprises a delivery vehicle which is resistant to both gastric and intestinal disintegration and capable of delivering virtually 100% of the bioactive agent directly into the blood serum of the intestinal wall.
  • the serum-specific microencapsulate Upon entering the blood serum, by route of the natural lipid uptake mechanism of the intestine, the serum-specific microencapsulate generally disintegrates within 15 minutes.
  • the soluble gel transport vehicle, ( FIG. 10 ) or the solid vehicle ( FIG. 11 ) also delivers a dose of a therapeutically or nutriceutically important molecule, such as the isoprenoid.
  • a therapeutically or nutriceutically important molecule such as the isoprenoid.
  • lycopene is the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecule
  • lycopene is released in its biologically active form upon lipase digestion of the vehicle within the serum.
  • An isoprenoid is easily conjugated to the alginate backbone of the transport vehicle by first converting it to its alkylhalide derivative.
  • the isoprenoid is prepared for conjugation so the alginate molecule by converting it to an alkylhalide derivative, such as by addition of hydrogen chloride to one of the unsaturated portions of the isoprenoid molecule (as shown in FIGS. 14A-14H , for example).
  • the conversion is not limited to a chloride derivative and any halide (e.g., chloride, bromide, iodine) can be used.
  • the reaction takes place rapidly at room temperature and addition follows Markovnikov rule, the hydrogen of the acid attaches to the carbon bearing the greatest number of hydrogens.
  • the halide derivative can then be covalently conjugated to the alginate molecule, for example by the reaction mechanism shown in a non-limiting embodiment in FIG. 13 .
  • the halide derivative of the isoprenoid is generated it is reacted with sodium alginate at a suitable temperature, such as 40° C. (or from 30° C. to 50° C.), for example, for a suitable period such as 20 minutes.
  • a suitable temperature such as 40° C. (or from 30° C. to 50° C.)
  • the isoprenoid-alginate conjugate gel is then used as encapsulation polymer in the manufacture of a serum-specific therapeutic transport vehicle 40 as shown in FIG. 10 , and then as discussed elsewhere herein may be further treated with calcium chloride to form a solid precipitate 50 ( FIG. 11 ).
  • the isoprenoid-alginate can be mixed with, for example, carrageenan, xanthan gum, and/or agar-agar, and water and any other component useful as a thickener or cross-linking agent in the encapsulation of a particular bioactive agent and homogenized into a gel.
  • carrageenan, xanthan gum, or other component or agar agar may occur before the bioactive agent is added and the mixture is again homogenized to a homogeneous gel state.
  • the bioactive agent may then be encapsulated by the combined polymer mixture.
  • the gel may then be used in this form, in a dosage form or may be then loaded in an atomizer and spray atomized into a pool of aqueous calcium chloride solution (or other solution which may serve a similar purpose) at an appropriate temperature, for example at or below room temperature.
  • aqueous calcium chloride solution or other solution which may serve a similar purpose
  • microencapsulated sphere or particle 50 results ( FIG. 11 ).
  • the microencapsulated sphere or particle thus produced precipitates to the surface of the aqueous collectant and is then filtered off and dried, preferably to a moisture content of ⁇ 1.0%, for example, or to an anhydrous state as explained in further detail below.
  • the microencapsulated composition thus formed may then be incorporated into a capsule, tablet, or powder or other form for oral dosage or into the matrix of a functional food or beverage, to list but a few possibilities.
  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) is directed in particular to an oral polymeric delivery vehicle for transmucosal delivery of a bioactive agent in a mammalian subject which comprises a bioactive agent which is encapsulated by a polymeric coating, wherein the polymeric coating comprises molecules of an alginate and transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules, wherein the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules are covalently conjugated to the alginate molecules, wherein the polymeric delivery vehicle is resistant to degradation within the stomach and within the lumen of the small intestine, and wherein the polymeric delivery vehicle is capable of transmucosal passage across the intestinal mucosa into the intestinal bloodstream wherein the polymeric delivery vehicle comprising the alginate molecules and transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules covalently conjugated thereto is degraded to release substantially all of the bioactive agent into the intestinal bloodstream.
  • the alginate may comprise sodium alginate, potassium alginate, and/or calcium alginate.
  • the alginate molecules may be cross-linked.
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules may comprise at least one of an isoprenoid compound, a vitamin, a signal peptide, or a fatty acid having 6-28 carbon atoms.
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules may comprise at least one of lycopene, limonene, gamma-tocotrienol, geraniol, carvone, farnesol, geranylgeraniol, squalene or other linear terpenoids, a carotenoid, taxol, vitamin E, vitamin A, beta-carotene, Coenzyme Q 10 (ubiquinone), astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, citranxanthin, beta-choro-carotene, and canthroaxanthan.
  • the polymeric delivery vehicle may further compriseat least one of a gum, a gum resin, a resin, glycerin, high fructose corn syrup, and a fruit or vegetable juice.
  • the polymeric delivery vehicle may compriseat least one of the group comprising cellulose gums, pectins, pectin resins, locust bean gums, locust bean resins, xanthan gums, xanthan gum resins, carrageenans, sodium salts of carrageenans, gellan gums, gellan gum resins, whey protein gums, whey protein resins, agar agar, propylene glycol, Arabic gums, Arabic gum resins, guar gum, guar gum resins, gum tragacanth, and gum ghatti.
  • the aqueous base may comprise water, and at least one of glycerin, a surfactant, or propylene glycol.
  • the oil base may comprise at least one of soybean oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, safflower oil, canola oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, corn oil, and/or vegetable oil.
  • the absorbent factor may comprise at least one of glycyrrhizinate, glycrrhetinic acid, sucrose fatty acid ester, glycerin, glycerol fatty acid ester, adipic acid, polyethylene glycol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium caprate, and sodium deoxycholate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride or any combination thereof.
  • the bioactive agent may comprise at least one of an antibiotic, an antiviral agent, a protease inhibitor, a polypeptide, a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-tumor agent, an anti-sense drug, insulin, an RNA, a DNA, an immunosuppressant, a vaccine, a protein, a microorganism, a peptidomimetic, or nutriceutical.
  • the aqueous or oil base may comprise ⁇ 1% to 80% of the composition by weight.
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules may comprise ⁇ 0.5% to 30% of the vehicle by weight.
  • the pH modulator and/or protease inhibitor may comprise ⁇ 0.5% to 10% of the vehicle by weight.
  • the polymeric coating may range in the size of 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m in diameter.
  • the polymeric delivery vehicle may have a gel consistency or a solid consistency.
  • the presently claimed and disclosed inventive concept(s) is directed to a method of forming an oral polymeric delivery vehicle for transmucosal delivery of a bioactive agent, comprising providing an aqueous alginate gel comprising alginate molecules; providing transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules comprising isoprenoid molecules or medium or long chain fatty acid molecules; combining and mixing the aqueous alginate gel with the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules under temperature conditions such that the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules become covalently conjugated to the alginate molecules to form a polymeric coating mixture; and combining and mixing the polymeric coating mixture with a bioactive agent wherein the bioactive agent becomes encapsulated by the polymeric coating to form the polymeric delivery vehicle containing the bioactive agent, and wherein the polymeric delivery vehicle is substantially resistant to degradation within the stomach and intestinal lumen and is able to be passed into the intestinal mucosa before degradation of the polymeric coating and release of the bioactive agent into the intestinal mucosal
  • the transmucosal delivery enhancing molecules may comprise at least one of lycopene, limonene, gamma-tocotrienol, geraniol, carvone, farnesol, geranylgeraniol, squalene and other linear terpenoids, carotenoids, taxol, vitamin E, vitamin A, beta-carotene, citranxanthin, beta-choro-carotene, and canthraxanthan.
  • the method may comprise mixing the polymeric coating mixture or the encapsulated delivery vehicle with at least one of carrageenan, xanthan gum or agar agar.
  • the method may further comprise combining the polymeric delivery vehicle with a cross-linking agent to form a solid polymeric delivery vehicle.
  • the cross-linking agent may be calcium chloride, calcium acetate, or aluminum sulfate.
  • lycopene crystals obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, 1 mol of lycopene is reacted with one mol of HCl, thus adding one hydrogen atom and one chlorine atom to a terminal end unsaturation of the lycopene molecule.
  • HCl aqueous HCl
  • lycopene may be classified chemically as a conjugated diene.
  • hydrogen halide we expect a regioselective, following the Markovnikov rule, mechanism in which the hydrogen of the acid will attach itself to the carbon that already holds the greater number of hydrogen.
  • this rule will apply and therefore we can accurately predict the principle products of this reaction. Without wishing to be bound by theory, we will explore this more closely by taking a look at the reaction mechanism.
  • the lycopene molecule is highly unsaturated, comprising 13 carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • the molecule is classified as a hydrocarbon with the carbon-carbon double bonds comprising its centers of reactivity.
  • the double bond consists of a strong bond and a weak bond. We may therefore expect a reaction to involve a breaking of this weaker bond of the double bond. The double bond is broken and two strong single bonds are formed in its place. Therefore we know the type of reaction the double bond undergoes is an addition reaction. In an addition reaction, reagent is simply added to substrate.
  • reaction vessel In a 250 ml reaction vessel dissolve 1.0 g of lycopene in 100 ml of hexane and add 25 ml of methanol. Stir the mixture mildly until all the lycopene is dissolved. Next, using the HCl generator, add 20.0 g of NaCl to the generator and 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid to the separatory funnel of the generator. Run the bubbler into the reaction vessel and begin releasing eh H 2 SO 4 dropwise into the NaCl. Allow the reaction to run to completion with periodic swirling of the reaction vessel. Upon completion of the reaction collect the precipitated lycopene chloride by vacuum filtration and wash the solid 3 times with distilled water.
  • Lycopene-Alginate 97.4 (for example, as prepared in Example 2.
  • Distilled water 100.0 ml In a 5 gallon container add 1.5 gallons of distilled water, 97.4 g of lycopene alginate and 1.0 g of xanthan gum. Homogenize this mixture to a complete gel. Next weigh 23.0 g of calcium chloride into a 250 ml beaker and to this add 100 ml of distilled water. Allow the calcium salt to dissolve completely before proceeding.
  • another isoprenoid or fatty acid compound can be use for conjugation to the alginate, as contemplated and described elsewhere herein. Allow the solution to cool to room temperature. Once cooled to room temperature, add 6.68 kg of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and again using the high shear pump blend the product to a homogeneous gel comprising the ascorbic acid encapsulated by the BCC-alginate polymer (gelation is complete when there is an absence of clumps or particulates). Next, using the homogenizer as a transfer pump, transfer the encapsulated vitamin C into 5-gallon atomizer pails, and load one 5-gallon pail at a time onto the atomization unit.
  • ascorbic acid vitamin C
  • the homogenizer as a transfer pump, transfer the encapsulated vitamin C into 5-gallon atomizer pails, and load one 5-gallon pail at a time onto the atomization unit.
  • Another isoprenoid or fatty acid compound can be use for conjugation to the alginate, as contemplated and described elsewhere herein. Allow the solution to cool to room temperature. Once cooled to room temperature, add 2.25 kg of pregnenolone and again using the high shear pump blend the product to a homogeneous gel comprising the pregnenolone encapsulated by the BCC-alginate polymer (gelation is complete when there is an absence of clumps or particulates). Next, using the homogenizer as a transfer pump, transfer the encapsulated pregnenolone to three 5-gallon atomizer pails, (4.2 gallons/pail) and load one 5-gallon pail at a time onto the atomization unit.

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US10945953B1 (en) 2019-09-12 2021-03-16 Nulixir Inc. Controlled release core-shell particles and suspensions including the same
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JP2019518797A (ja) * 2016-06-27 2019-07-04 タマリスク、テクノロジーズ、グループ、リミテッド、ライアビリティ、カンパニーＴａｍａｒｉｓｋ Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ Ｇｒｏｕｐ Ｌｌｃ ペプチドおよびタンパク質の送達のための医薬製剤
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RU2598722C2 (ru) * 2010-11-16 2016-09-27 Провими Норт Америка, Инк. Кормовая добавка для сельскохозяйственных животных с кишечнорастворимым покрытием, содержащая метабисульфит натрия, для детоксикации вомитоксина
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CN114990099A (zh) * 2015-05-11 2022-09-02 迈彼欧提克斯制药有限公司 用于使益生菌在使细菌于肠道中定植用途的固体颗粒上生长成益生菌生物膜的系统和方法
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CN112931907A (zh) * 2021-04-06 2021-06-11 大连工业大学 一种基于分离乳清蛋白提高虾青素释放率的微球制备方法

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