US20100221338A1 - Coated Tablets Of 6-(5-Chloro-2-Pyridyl)-5-[(4-Methyl-1-Piperazinyl)Carbonyloxy]-7-Oxo-6,7-Dihydro-5H-Pyrrolo[3,4-b]Pyrazine And Methods For Measuring Effectiveness Of Coating - Google Patents

Coated Tablets Of 6-(5-Chloro-2-Pyridyl)-5-[(4-Methyl-1-Piperazinyl)Carbonyloxy]-7-Oxo-6,7-Dihydro-5H-Pyrrolo[3,4-b]Pyrazine And Methods For Measuring Effectiveness Of Coating Download PDF

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US20100221338A1
US20100221338A1 US12/695,701 US69570110A US2010221338A1 US 20100221338 A1 US20100221338 A1 US 20100221338A1 US 69570110 A US69570110 A US 69570110A US 2010221338 A1 US2010221338 A1 US 2010221338A1
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United States
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composition
coating
methyl
oxo
carbonyloxy
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US12/695,701
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Inventor
Richard Hsia
Cai Gu Huang
Konstantinos E. Saranteas
Tushar K. Misra
Philip J. Bonasia, JR.
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Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Sepracor Inc
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Priority to US12/695,701 priority Critical patent/US20100221338A1/en
Assigned to SEPRACOR INC. reassignment SEPRACOR INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SARANTEAS, KONSTANTINOS E., BONASIA, PHILIP J., JR., HUANG, CAI GU, MISRA, TUSHAR K., HSIA, RICHARD
Publication of US20100221338A1 publication Critical patent/US20100221338A1/en
Assigned to SUNOVION PHARMACEUTICALS INC. reassignment SUNOVION PHARMACEUTICALS INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SEPRACOR INC.
Priority to US14/243,146 priority patent/US9114086B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
    • A61K9/2806—Coating materials
    • A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/286—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2866—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4985—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/14—Heterocyclic carbon compound [i.e., O, S, N, Se, Te, as only ring hetero atom]
    • Y10T436/145555—Hetero-N
    • Y10T436/147777—Plural nitrogen in the same ring [e.g., barbituates, creatinine, etc.]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to coated oral solid dosage forms and to methods for testing the effectiveness of the coating on said solid dose.
  • Eszopiclone also known as (S)-zopiclone or (S)-(6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine), is formulated as the free base and is sold as LUNESTA®. It is used to treat different types of sleep problems, such as difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty in maintaining sleep during the night, and waking up too early in the morning. Most people with insomnia have more than one of these problems. See, e.g., WO 93/10787; Brun, J. P., Pharm. Biochem. Behav.
  • Racemic zopiclone rac-(6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine), also formulated as the free base, has been sold in Europe for many years to treat different types of sleep problems.
  • the active ingredient eszopiclone in its free base form has a very strong bitter taste.
  • XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic
  • the present invention provides a composition which is capable of masking the taste of (6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine) or (S)-(6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine), or a salt thereof.
  • the present invention provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition
  • a process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising providing from 0.5 to 5 mg of (6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine) or (S)-(6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine) or a salt thereof in the from of a tablet; and spray-coating the tablet with an aqueous dispersion comprising a cellulose derivative to provide a coating comprising about 2% to about 10% by weight of the composition.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a method for determining the presence of exposed core material in a coated solid oral dosage form comprising a core and a coating.
  • the method comprises the following steps: (a) providing ex vivo a dissolution medium; (b) bringing the coated solid oral dosage form into contact with the dissolution medium; and (c) measuring a concentration of the core material dissolved in the dissolution medium within 5 minutes, or even within 60 seconds, of bringing the coated solid oral dosage form into contact with the dissolution medium.
  • the method uses liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). The method may be used to determine trace amounts of a core material on the surface of a coated solid oral dosage form, to detect film coating defects, or to predict unpleasant taste of film coated tablets.
  • the invention is also directed towards a method for treatment, prevention, or amelioration of a sleep disorder in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a composition described above.
  • the invention further includes a method for treatment, prevention, or amelioration of anxiety in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a composition described above.
  • the invention provides a use of a composition described above in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention or amelioration of a sleep disorder.
  • the invention provides a use of a composition described above in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention or amelioration of anxiety.
  • FIG. 1 depicts conventional dissolution profiles of 3 mg Lunesta® (eszopiclone free base) tablets in various dissolution media.
  • FIG. 2 depicts conventional dissolution profiles of 3 mg eszopiclone maleate tablets in various dissolution media.
  • FIG. 3 depicts instantaneous dissolution profiles of 3 mg commercial Lunesta® tablets with standard coating (Opadry II, ⁇ 4.5% weight gain).
  • FIG. 4 depicts instantaneous dissolution profiles of 3 mg eszopiclone tablets with Opadry TM coating (about 3.3% weight gain).
  • FIG. 5 depicts instantaneous dissolution profiles of 3 mg eszopiclone tablets with Opadry TM coating (about 8% weight gain).
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration as a solid dose comprising a therapeutically effective amount of (6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine) or (S)-(6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine), or a salt thereof, coated with a water-soluble polymeric coating, the polymeric coating comprising about 2% to about 10% by weight of the composition.
  • the coating comprises an amount between about 3% to about 8% by weight of the composition, or preferably an amount between about 4% to about 7% by weight of the composition, or more preferably an amount between about 4% to
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition as described above wherein the coating comprises at least one cellulose derivative.
  • the cellulose derivative can be selected from the group consisting of a cellulose ether and a cellulose ester.
  • the coating comprises at least one of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose or mixtures thereof.
  • the coating comprises Opadry® tm (Colorcon, West Point, Pa.). In yet other embodiments, the invention provides that the coating comprises at least one taste modifying agent.
  • Other exemplary coatings include Opadry® II in conjunction with Opadry® Clear (Colorcon, West Point, Pa.).
  • the solid dose is a tablet.
  • the composition is capable of masking the taste of (6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine) or (S)-(6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine), or a salt thereof, for at least about 10 seconds, or preferably at least about 20 seconds, or more preferably at least about 30 seconds.
  • the invention provides a composition capable of masking the taste of eszopiclone for about 20 seconds, or for about 30 seconds, or for about 45 seconds.
  • the coating comprises at least a cellulose ether, an emulsifier and a plasticizer.
  • Plasticizers can be added to the coating formulations to modify the physical properties.
  • a plasticizer can be used to modify the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer to make it more usable.
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • the Tg is the temperature at which an amorphous polymer (or the amorphous regions in a partially crystalline polymer) changes from a hard and relatively brittle condition to a viscous or rubbery condition.
  • Plasticizers function by decreasing the Tg of the polymer so that under ambient conditions the films are softer, more pliable and often stronger, and thus better able to resist mechanical stress.
  • Non-limiting examples of plasticizers include polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 200 to 8000, glycerin, propylene glycol, glycerin triacetate, acetylated monoglyceride, triethylcitrate, tributylcitrate, acetyltrithylcitrate, acetyltributylcitrate, diethyl phthalate, and mineral oil.
  • An emulsifier, or emulsifying agent can be used to facilitate actual emulsification during manufacture of the coat, and also to ensure emulsion stability during the shelf-life of the product.
  • emulsifiers for example, naturally occurring materials and their semi synthetic derivatives, such as the polysaccharides, as well as glycerol esters, cellulose ethers, sorbitan esters and polysorbates can be used as emulsifiers.
  • emulsifiers that can be used in the present invention include polysorbate, polyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, Tween 80, and sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • One or more emulsifiers can be present in an amount up to about 2% by weight of the coat composition and preferably from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight of the coat composition. Any of the pigments heretofore used in making coating dispersions for coating tablets and the like can be incorporated in the coating.
  • the invention provides that the coating comprises about 5-25% titanium dioxide, about 25-70% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, about 0-10% polyethylene glycol and about 0-2% polysorbate, respective weight to weight. In other embodiments, the invention provides that the coating comprises about 10-20% titanium dioxide, about 50-70% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, about 0-5% polyethylene glycol and about 0-1% polysorbate, respective weight to weight.
  • the coating is an immediate release coating.
  • enteric coatings, and coatings for modifying the rate of release can be used.
  • coatings can comprise hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate, ethylcellulose, gelatin, pharmaceutical glaze, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate, methacrylic acid copolymer, methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, shellac, sucrose, titanium dioxide, wax, or zein.
  • the coating material can further comprise anti-adhesives, such as talc; plasticizers (depending on the type of coating material selected), such as polyethylene glycol, castor oil, diacetylated monoglycerides, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, glycerin, propylene glycol, triacetin, triethyl citrate; opacifiers, such as titanium dioxide; and/or coloring agents and/or pigments.
  • anti-adhesives such as talc
  • plasticizers depending on the type of coating material selected
  • plasticizers such as polyethylene glycol, castor oil, diacetylated monoglycerides, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, glycerin, propylene glycol, triacetin, triethyl citrate
  • opacifiers such as titanium dioxide
  • coloring agents and/or pigments such as titanium dioxide.
  • the coating can include one or more materials suitable for the regulation of release or for the protection of the formulation.
  • coatings are provided to permit either pH-dependent or pH-independent release, e.g., when exposed to gastrointestinal fluid.
  • multiple active agents can be formulated into a single unit dosage form.
  • a pH-dependent coating serves to release the first active agent, second active agent, or both in the desired areas of the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract, e.g., the stomach or small intestine, such that an absorption profile is provided which is capable of providing at least about twelve hours and preferably up to twenty-four hours of therapeutic benefit to a patient.
  • GI gastro-intestinal
  • the coating is designed to achieve optimal release regardless of pH-changes in the environmental fluid, e.g., the GI tract. It is also possible to formulate compositions which release a portion of the dose in one desired area of the GI tract, e.g., the stomach, and release the remainder of the dose in another area of the GI tract, e.g., the small intestine.
  • the first therapeutic agent is released in one area of the GI tract and the second therapeutic agent is released in a second area of the GI tract.
  • the first and second therapeutic agents are released in nearly equal amounts at the same location in the GI tract.
  • a coating can also contain suitable quantities of other materials, e.g. diluents, lubricants, binders, granulating aids, colorants, taste modifying agents and glidants that are conventional in the pharmaceutical art.
  • the coating comprises at least one “taste modifying agent.”
  • taste modifying agent is intended to refer to an agent capable of masking and/or changing the taste of the active ingredient.
  • taste modifying agents can include one or more sweetening agents, flavoring agents and/or cooling agents.
  • the sweetening agent can be a sugar or may be a sugar substitute or mixtures thereof.
  • Useful sweeteners include, but are not limited to, sugars such as sucrose, glucose (corn syrup), dextrose, invert sugar, fructose, and mixtures thereof; saccharin and its various salts such as the sodium or calcium salt; cyclamic acid and its various salts such as the sodium salt; the dipeptide sweeteners such as aspartame, alitame, neotame; sucralose, natural sweeteners such as dihydrochalcone compounds; glycyrrhizin; Stevia rebaudiana (Stevioside); sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, sorbitol syrup, mannitol, xylitol and the like, synthetic sweeteners such as acesulfame-K and sodium and calcium salts thereof and the like, hydrogenated starch hydrolysate (lycasin); protein based sweetening agents such as talin ( thaumaoccous danielli ) and/or any other pharmacologically
  • flavoring agents that can be used include those known to the skilled artisan, such as natural and artificial flavoring agents. These flavorings may be chosen from synthetic flavor oils and flavoring aromatics, and/or oils, oleo resins and extracts derived from plants, leaves, flowers, fruits and so forth, and combinations thereof.
  • Representative flavor oils include: spearmint oil, cinnamon oil, peppermint oil, wintergreen, eucalyptus clove oil, bay oil, thyme oil, cedar leaf oil, oil of nutmeg, oil of sage, and oil of bitter almonds.
  • vanilla, chocolate, coffee, cocoa and citrus oil including lemon, orange, grape, lime and grapefruit and fruit essences including apple, pear, peach, strawberry, raspberry, cherry, plum, pineapple, apricot and so forth
  • flavoring agents such as eucalyptol, thymol, camphor, methyl salicylate, benzaldehyde, ginger and the like
  • acidulants such as citric acid, malic acid and the like.
  • Flavorings such as aldehydes and esters including cinnamyl acetate, cinnamaldehyde, citral, diethylacetal, dihydrocarvyl acetate, eugenyl formate, p-methylanisole, and so forth may also be used.
  • Agents which can provide a sensation of heat may also be used. These include but are not limited to capsicum, capsaicinoids, pipperine, gingerols, isothiocyanates, and materials such as chili pepper, horseradish, ginger, black pepper and the like.
  • any flavoring or food additive such as those described in Chemicals Used in Food Processing, publication 1274 by the National Academy of Sciences, pages 63-258, may be used. These flavorings can be used individually or in admixture.
  • cooling agents include, but are not limited to, menthol, substituted p-menthanes, e.g., hydroxymethyl and hydroxyethyl derivatives, menthyl succinate (PHYSCOOL), menthyl lactates (e.g.
  • N,N-dimethyl menthyl succinamide substituted-p-menthane-3-carboxamides, such as N-ethyl-p-menthane-3-carboximide (WS-3), N,2,3-trimethyl-2-isopropyl butamide (WS-23); acyclic carboxamides, substituted cyclohexanamides, substituted cyclohexane carboxamides, substituted ureas and sulphonamides, and substituted menthanols; 3-1-menthoxy propan-1,2-diol, menthoxypropane diol, menthone glycerol ketals, p-menthane-3,8-diols, 2-mercapto-cyclo-decanone, 2-isopropanyl-5-methylcyclohexanol (ISOPREGOL); isopulegol, cubebol, incilin, xylitol and others compounds known for their cooling effects
  • compositions of the invention contemplate both the racemic mixture (also known as zopiclone), and in certain embodiments, contemplate a single enantiomer, e.g., the S-enantiomer (eszopiclone).
  • zopiclone not otherwise modified or restricted will include not only a stereoisomeric mixture, but also individual respective stereoisomers substantially free from other stereoisomers.
  • zopiclone can encompass non-racemic mixtures of stereoisomers of the same compound (e.g., about 90, 80, 70, or 60 weight percent of one enantiomer and about 10, 20, 30, or 40 weight percent of the opposite enantiomer); and mixtures of different racemic or stereomerically pure compounds (e.g., about 90, 80, 70, or 60 weight percent of one compound and about 10, 20, 30, or 40 weight percent of another).
  • Eszopiclone is the S-(+)-optical isomer of the compound zopiclone, which is described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • compositions of the invention can be prepared by techniques known in the art.
  • the reader is referred to Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1995), Chapters 92 and 93, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Racemic zopiclone is commercially available and can be made using various methods, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,862,149 and 4,220,646. Eszopiclone can be made as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,926.
  • Analytical methods described herein can be used for determining the presence of exposed core material in a coated solid oral dosage form.
  • dosage forms comprise at least a core and a coating, and may comprise additional elements.
  • the core material to be assayed may be an active ingredient or any other component of the core that happens to be of interest. Usually the component of most interest will be the active ingredient, but the method can be applied to other components such as binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, etc.
  • the core will be a tablet core obtained by compression.
  • the coating will usually be in the form of a film, which may be applied according to methods well known in the art, such as spray coating. Such techniques are described in standard textbooks, such as Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 19 th Ed.
  • coatings are commonly from 20 micron to 200 microns thick and comprise from 1 to 10% by weight of the total weight of the coated dosage form. Because thickness varies over a tablet (particularly if embossed), coating is usually measured by weight gain and not by thickness.
  • Core material can arrive on the surface of a coated tablet either at the time of film coating (e.g. by dust deposition) or subsequent to coating (e.g. by film defects). The core material may also break through the film coating when the dosage is administered and the film is breached, either according to design or by film failure. In any of these circumstances, it may be desirable to monitor the presence of minute amounts (i.e. solutions ⁇ 999 nM or ⁇ 99 nM) of core material in “instantaneous” dissolution. As used herein instantaneous refers to times less than 60 seconds following exposure of the coated dosage form to a dissolution medium.
  • the method comprises the following steps: (a) providing ex vivo a dissolution medium; (b) bringing the coated solid oral dosage form into contact with the dissolution medium; and (c) measuring a concentration of the core material dissolved in the dissolution medium within 60 seconds of bringing the coated solid oral dosage form into contact with the dissolution medium. Steps (a) to (c) may be repeated, whereby a plot of concentration vs time is obtained. The steps may be repeated so that multiple instances of measuring the concentration of core material occur within the 60-second time frame. The steps may also be repeated so that, although one or more measurements of concentration occur within 60 seconds, the plot of concentration vs time extends beyond the 60-second time frame.
  • the relationship between time and concentration of the core material may be determined by (a) repeatedly bringing a single coated solid oral dosage form into contact with the dissolution medium in a single vessel at defined intervals; (b) repeatedly bringing a single coated solid oral dosage form into contact with the dissolution medium in a series of vessels at defined intervals; or (c) bringing a series of coated solid oral dosage forms into contact with the dissolution medium in a series of vessels at defined intervals.
  • the dissolution medium is mammalian saliva or a chemically comparable solution containing amylase.
  • the saliva may be human saliva.
  • the saliva may be present at a concentration between 3% and 10% v/v, and the remainder of the dissolution medium may be water or an aqueous solution.
  • the saliva or solution is present at a concentration of around 5%.
  • the invention provides a method for treating, preventing or ameliorating various disorders using composition as described above. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating and/or preventing sleep disorders.
  • Insomnia is characterized by difficulty in sleeping or disturbed sleep patterns. Insomnia can be of a primary nature with little apparent relationship to immediate somatic or psychic events, or secondary to some acquired pain, anxiety or depression.
  • the invention provides a method for treating or preventing a sleep disorder, including primary insomnia and sleep-awake rhythm disorders (e.g., work-shift syndrome, time-zone syndrome (jet-lag)), in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a composition as described above, such that administration of the composition treats the sleep disorder.
  • a sleep disorder including primary insomnia and sleep-awake rhythm disorders (e.g., work-shift syndrome, time-zone syndrome (jet-lag))
  • a sleep disorder including primary insomnia and sleep-awake rhythm disorders (e.g., work-shift syndrome, time-zone syndrome (jet-lag)
  • the invention provides a method for treating or preventing anxiety in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a composition as described above, such that administration of the composition treats the anxiety.
  • anxiety refers to an anxiety disorder.
  • anxiety disorders treatable by the compositions and methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to: panic attack, agoraphobia, acute stress disorder, specific phobia, panic disorder, psychoactive substance anxiety disorder, organic anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
  • Anxiety as referred to herein also includes situational anxiety (e.g., as experienced by a performer prior to a performance).
  • racemic zopiclone can be utilized herein in the same manner as described for the S-isomer eszopiclone.
  • eszopiclone can provide advantages over use of the racemic zopiclone and thereafter use of eszopiclone will be preferred for many applications.
  • treating refers to administering a compound described herein to a subject with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect a disease, the symptoms of the disease or the predisposition toward the disease.
  • “An effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound, which confers a therapeutic effect on the treated subject.
  • the therapeutic effect can be objective (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or feels an effect). Effective doses will also vary depending on route of administration.
  • the terms “prevent,” “preventing,” “prevention,” and “prophylactic” refer to the prevention of the onset, recurrence or intensification of a disorder disclosed herein.
  • the terms “prevent,” “preventing,” “prevention,” and “prophylactic” include ameliorating and/or reducing the occurrence of symptoms of a disorder disclosed herein.
  • the term “preventing” as used herein refers to administering a medicament beforehand to forestall or obtund an attack. The person of ordinary skill in the medical art (to which the present method claims are directed) recognizes that the term “prevent” is not an absolute term.
  • coated compositions described above have exhibited improved taste characteristics relative to the uncoated compound, as demonstrated in the examples which follow.
  • compositions and dosage forms described herein comprise one or more active ingredients.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms typically also comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or diluents.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to a component that is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and other mammals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and is commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt means any non-toxic salt that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound or a prodrug of a compound of this invention.
  • compositions comprising an effective amount of zopiclone, eszopiclone or salt thereof and an acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and, in the case of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, not deleterious to the recipient thereof in amounts typically used in medicaments.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that can be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
  • ion exchangers alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin
  • serum proteins such as human serum albumin
  • buffer substances such as phosphat
  • Preparative methods include the step of bringing into association with the molecule to be administered ingredients such as the carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • ingredients such as the carrier that constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers, liposomes or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product.
  • compositions, shape, and type of dosage forms will typically vary depending on their use. Ways in which specific dosage forms encompassed by this invention will vary from one another will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, op. cit.
  • Typical pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprise one or more excipients.
  • Suitable excipients are well known to those skilled in the art of pharmacy, and non-limiting examples of suitable excipients are provided herein.
  • the suitability of a particular excipient can also depend on the specific active ingredients in the dosage form. For example, the decomposition of some active ingredients can be accelerated by some excipients such as lactose, or when exposed to water.
  • This invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms that contain little, if any, lactose other mono- or di-saccharides.
  • lactose-free means that the amount of lactose present, if any, is insufficient to substantially increase the degradation rate of an active ingredient.
  • Lactose-free compositions of zopiclone can comprise excipients that are well known in the art.
  • lactose-free compositions comprise active ingredients, a binder/filler, and a lubricant in pharmaceutically compatible and pharmaceutically acceptable amounts.
  • Preferred lactose-free dosage forms comprise active ingredients, microcrystalline cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, and magnesium stearate.
  • This invention further encompasses anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising active ingredients, since water can facilitate the degradation of some compounds.
  • water e.g., 5%
  • water is widely accepted in the pharmaceutical arts as a means of simulating long-term storage in order to determine characteristics such as shelf-life or the stability of formulations over time. See, e.g., Jens T. Carstensen, Drug Stability: Principles & Practice, 2d. Ed., Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y., 1995, pp. 379 80.
  • water and heat accelerate the decomposition of some compounds.
  • the effect of water on a formulation can be of great significance since moisture and/or humidity are commonly encountered during manufacture, handling, packaging, storage, shipment, and use of formulations.
  • Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms that comprise lactose and at least one active ingredient that comprises a primary or secondary amine are preferably anhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity during manufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected.
  • anhydrous pharmaceutical composition should be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrous compositions are preferably packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials), blister packs, and strip packs.
  • compositions and dosage forms that comprise one or more compounds that reduce the rate by which an active ingredient will decompose.
  • compounds which are referred to herein as “stabilizers,” include, but are not limited to, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, pH buffers, or salt buffers.
  • compositions that are suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, but are not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets and capsules.
  • dosage forms contain predetermined amounts of active ingredients, and can be prepared by methods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art. See generally, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 19th ed., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1995).
  • Oral dosage forms can be prepared by combining the active ingredient(s) in an intimate admixture with at least one excipient according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
  • Excipients can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration. Examples of excipients suitable for use in solid oral dosage forms (e.g., powders, tablets, capsules, and caplets) include, but are not limited to, starches, sugars, micro-crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents.
  • a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding.
  • Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredients in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient.
  • Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers, disintegrants, and lubricants.
  • Binders suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910), microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.
  • fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.
  • the binder or filler in pharmaceutical compositions of the invention is typically present in from about 50 to about 99 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form.
  • Disintegrants can be used to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment. Tablets that contain too much disintegrant may disintegrate in storage, while those that contain too little may not disintegrate at a desired rate or under the desired conditions. Thus, a sufficient amount of disintegrant that is neither too much nor too little to detrimentally alter the release of the active ingredients should be used to form solid oral dosage forms of the invention.
  • the amount of disintegrant used varies based upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Typical pharmaceutical compositions comprise from about 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant, preferably from about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant.
  • Disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, agar-agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre-gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixtures thereof.
  • Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel (AEROSIL 200, manufactured by W.R. Grace Co. of Baltimore, Md.), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica (marketed by Degussa Co. of Plano, Tex.), CAB-O-SIL (a pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold by Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and mixtures thereof. If used at all, lubricants are typically used in an amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms into which they are incorporated.
  • AEROSIL 200 a syloid silica gel
  • a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica marketed by Degussa Co. of Plano, Tex.
  • CAB-O-SIL a pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold by Cabot Co. of Boston, Mass.
  • Eszopiclone, zopiclone, and the maleate besylate, L-malate, mesylate, (R)-mandelate, succinate, citrate, fumarate, D-malate, D-tartrate, sulfate or L-tartrate salts thereof can, for example, be administered with a dosage ranging from about 0.001 to about 0.2 mg/kg of body weight, alternatively dosages between 0.1 mg and 15 mg/dose, or according to the requirements of the particular therapy.
  • the methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated effect.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 6 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion.
  • the amounts and specific types of active ingredients in a dosage form can differ depending on factors such as, but not limited to, the route by which it is to be administered to patients.
  • the doses depend on the effect sought and the treatment period; taken orally, they are generally between 0.5 and 15 mg per day for an adult.
  • unit dosages containing 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg or 3 mg of eszopiclone or its salt will be suitable.
  • the unit dosages of the eszopiclone salts can be adjusted to contain the molar equivalent of 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg or 3 mg of eszopiclone freebase.
  • the invention in another aspect, relates to a novel instantaneous dissolution method that is accurate, reproducible and practical for both measuring the active ingredient on the tablet surface and for evaluating the effectiveness of film coatings.
  • This method allows for the rapid and accurate determination of the concentration of the active ingredient—or other constituent of the core in a coated oral dosage form—present in a trace level by utilizing early dissolution solutions containing aqueous human saliva solution. Additionally, the results obtained from instantaneous dissolution method correlate well with the results of human taste panel studies, and thus are useful for predicting the outcome of these studies.
  • the dissolution diluents e.g., 5% human saliva solution in water
  • the dissolution diluents can be prepared by mixing thoroughly about 50 mL of normal human saliva and about 950 mL of water in a suitable container. About 5 mL of the 5% human saliva solution is then pipetted into several scintillation vials (approximately 20 mL volume). This procedure has been employed with tablets coated with about 2-4% coating by weight
  • the dipping experiment described above may be carried out by immersing the tablet in the basket in dissolution diluents (e.g., about 5% human saliva solution in water) in vial 1, moving the basket up and down for about 2-5 seconds at a speed of approximate 1 dip every two seconds; remove the basket from the diluent; take a sample of the diluent; re-immerse the tablet in the same vial.
  • dissolution diluents e.g., about 5% human saliva solution in water
  • the experiment similarly to collect samples until the tablet disintegrates or the preselected time course is completed, whichever comes first.
  • a new tablet is used in each vial. The experiment is repeated as described for additional nine or ten tablets (total of 10 tablets).
  • the concentration of active ingredient, e.g., eszopiclone, in the sample solutions is then determined using LC/MS/MS (ESI mode, positive MRM scan type).
  • the dissolution instantaneous profile of the tablets is constructed by plotting logirthamic concentration of eszopiclone versus time in seconds.
  • the dissolution diluents e.g., 5% human saliva solution in water
  • the dissolution diluents can be prepared by mixing thoroughly 50 mL of normal human saliva and 950 mL of water in a suitable container. About 5 mL of the 5% human saliva solution is then pipetted into several scintillation vials (approximately 20 mL volume). This procedure has been employed with tablets coated with 3-8% coating by weight.
  • the concentration of core material e.g., eszopiclone, the active ingredient in the sample solutions
  • concentration of core material e.g., eszopiclone
  • LC/MS/MS ESI mode, positive MRM scan type
  • Suitable dissolution diluents include water, aqueous solutions, co-solvent solutions of water and organic solvents, human saliva solutions, solutions that mimic human saliva (particularly aqueous saline with amylase), buffer solutions, 0.01-0.1 N HCl solutions and any other solutions which are able to dissolve the active ingredient and disintegrate the tablets in the instantaneous dissolution systems.
  • LC/MS/MS procedure includes: centrifuge samples from above instantaneous dissolution solution at 6000 ⁇ g for 5 minutes (if sample appears cloudy) to obtain clear solution; take out supernatant or clear solution and load into HPLC auto samplers.
  • the concentration of the active ingredient is above the upper calibration range (100 ng/mL)
  • the sample solution will go through further dilution, for instance, by pipetting 100 ⁇ L of the centrifuged sample solution into 4.9 mL of sample diluents; If dilution sample is still above the calibration range, a serial dilution can be made with the dilution solution containing Internal Standard. Final diluted sample concentration should fall into the calibration range.
  • HPLC/MS/MS includes two parts: one part is HPLC, which is for separation the active ingredient from the sample matrix; the second part is mass spectroscopy (MS) or tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) is for the detection of the active ingredient.
  • MS mass spectroscopy
  • MS/MS tandem mass spectroscopy
  • ACE guard column ACE guard column cartridge, 2.1 mm ID, C8 (ACE-122-0102GD) Analytical Column: ACE C8, 5 ⁇ m, 5 cm ⁇ 2.1 mm (MAC-MOD ACE-122-0502) Mobile Phase: A: Water/0.05% Formic Acid; B: Acetonitrile Auto Sampler Temp.: 5° C. Column Temperature: 25° C.
  • a conventional dissolution of 3 mg eszopiclone free base tablets or 3 mg eszopiclone maleate at physiological temperature (37° C.) can be tested in dissolution media at various pH values using Hanson Research SR8-Plus Dissolution Apparatus and C-Technologies Fiber Optic UV Probes at 305 nm (excipients subtracted at 410 nm).
  • the typical dissolution media include 0.1N HCl, pH 4.5 acetate buffers, pH 5.5 phosphate buffer, pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. A standard dissolution protocol was used.
  • the reference standard solution (0.006 mg/mL of eszopiclone free base) is prepared by weighing a known amount ( ⁇ 20 mg) of the free base into a 100 mL volumetric flask. 10 mL of acetonitrile is added into the flask and sonicated until the solids dissolve completely. The solution is cooled to room temperature and made up to the 100 mL mark using dissolution medium and mixed well. From this stock solution, 3 mL is diluted to 100 mL using dissolution media. A volume of 500 mL of the dissolution medium is transferred to each of the 6 vessels in the dissolution apparatus and warmed to a temperature of 37° C.
  • the Fiber Optic probes are immersed in each of the dissolution vessels and readings for the blank are taken for all the probes in the dissolution media. The readings for the standard are recorded for each of the individual vessels. The probes are then washed with the media and then inserted back into their respective vessels. One tablet is transferred into each vessel. The dissolution program is started immediately and readings are taken at 305 nm for 60 min (every 1 min for 20 min and then every 10 min).
  • the conventional profiles of eszopiclone free base tablets and eszopiclone maleate tablets are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , respectively.
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 illustrate that the conventional dissolution method is useful to measure the dissolution profile of tablets over 45-60 minutes ranges and with a detection limit at ⁇ g/mL to mg/mL levels.
  • the instantaneous dissolution method disclosed herein is able to measure the dissolution profiles of film coated tablets over 2-30 seconds, 2-60 seconds, or 2-120 seconds ranges and with a detection limit below 999 ng/mL.
  • the current invention is related to the use of the instantaneous dissolution method to predict the outcome of the clinical human taste studies or correlate the data from clinical human taste studies.
  • the clinical human taste studies are also referred as “Lick and Roll” testing.
  • a typical procedure of the “Lick and Roll” testing includes a 2-part study in healthy subjects who are trained sensory panelists. Six tablet coating options are blinded and tested though the study is open-label, so that the panelist know all tablets are active. Taste panelists measure the onset of bitterness of the tablet variables using the intensity scale of the Flavor Profile method of descriptive sensory analysis (Keane, 1992). Seven points are used between 0 to 3 category scale where 0 is none and 3 is strong intensity.
  • the panelists evaluate the tablets by licking the tablet surface (“Lick Test”) following a fixed sequence of the surface geometry, band and two faces, with six replicated evaluations at each geometry. The panelists record the number of licks required to reach a moderate intensity 2 of bitterness in every evaluation.
  • the panelists evaluate the tablets by rolling tablets gently in the oral cavity (“Roll Test”), with three replicated evaluations. The panelists record the number of seconds required to reach a moderate intensity 2 of bitterness in every evaluation. The details of results are described in Example-5 of this application.
  • Preparation of Coating Suspension Purified water is mixed with a water-soluble polymeric coating at room temperature (20° C.-25° C.) in a vortex.
  • the ratio of solids to water in the coating suspension (solid content) is about 2% to about 20% (wt/wt), preferably about 3% to about 15% (wt/wt), and more preferably about 7% to about 13% (wt/wt).
  • Mixing occurs at a vortex speed of 500 to 1000 rpm, for a period of time ranging from 20 to 60 minutes.
  • a sample of the coating suspension is removed and a viscosity measurement is taken.
  • the mixture is then de-aerated by mixing at a low speed in the vortex for at least 60 minutes.
  • the 18 kg of core tablets were loaded into a 24-inch O'Hara Labcoat Model IIX pan, which has 4 mixing baffles, a peristaltic pump, 96440-25 Masterflex tubing, 2 Spraying Systems guns (SUV113A), VF-3578-SS or VF-3578-316SS nozzles and VA113293-60-316SS or CO-VF-3578-SS air caps, for coating.
  • the two spray guns were set to 35 g/min (70 g/min total spray rate). After 100 minutes, the desired 4.5% coating weight gain was achieved.
  • the spraying conditions were as follows:
  • the final coated tablets were evaluated by recording the weight of a sample of 100 tablets, grinding the 100 tablets in a mortar and pestle and determining the loss on drying of the sample using a Mettler Moisture Balance (5 g sample size, 105° C., 5 mg within 50 seconds free switch off mode). The coating uniformity of the coated tablets was evaluated using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy.
  • the Flavor Profile is an art-recognized descriptive sensory analysis method used to measure the type and intensity of attributes in products and ingredients. [see Keane, P. The Flavor Profile Method. In C. Hootman (Ed.), Manual on Descriptive Analysis Testing for Sensory Evaluation ASTM Manual Series: MNL 13. Baltimore, Md. (1992).] It is based on the concept that flavor consists of identifiable taste, odor (aroma), and chemical feeling attributes, plus an underlying complex of attributes not separately identifiable. The method consists of formal procedures for describing and assessing the flavor of a product in a reproducible manner.
  • Tablet coatings were measured six times per surface, on both the band and the face of each tablet, by each sensory panelist. After each lick, the panelist waited several seconds to perceive any bitterness. The bitterness intensity results were obtained by using the Flavor Profile intensity scale (shown below), and the number of licks to a moderate (2) bitter intensity was recorded.
  • the data set was analyzed using repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the band and face data were analyzed separately.
  • a Bonferroni pairwise comparison test was used to determine significant differences between sample types.
  • the coating types were found to have significant differences in mean licks to bitter breakthrough, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • coating samples sharing the same vertical line are not statistically different.
  • Group III Opadry tm (4.5% coating, TM), Opadry II (7.5% coating, OC) and Opadry II plus Opadry Clear (4.5% coating and 1-2% coating, respectively; CC) required a greater number of licks to bitter breakthrough than the other groups.
  • Group II Opadry II double dedusted (4.5% coating, DD) and Opadry II non-dedusted (4.5% coating, ND). Dedusting showed no effect on reducing bitter breakthrough.
  • Tablets of other strengths can be prepared by altering the ratio of active ingredient to pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, the compression weight, or by using different punches.
  • the dissolution media used were (a) pH 1 0.1N HCl prepared by mixing 50 mL of conc HCl in 6 L of water; (b) pH 4.5 acetate buffer (20 mM) prepared by dissolving 5.88 g of sodium acetate trihydrate in 6 L of water and adjusting the pH to 4.5 with acetic acid; (c) pH 5.5 phosphate buffer (20 mM) prepared by dissolving 16.3 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 6 L of water and adjusting the pH to 5.5 with NaOH; (d) pH 6.8 phosphate buffer (20 mM) prepared by dissolving 16.3 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 6 L of water and adjusting the pH to 6.8 with NaOH. A standard dissolution protocol was used.
  • the standard solution (0.006 mg/mL of eszopiclone free base) was prepared by weighing a known amount ( ⁇ 20 mg) of the free base into a 100 mL volumetric flask. 10 mL of acetonitrile was added into the flask and sonicated until the solids dissolved completely. The solution was cooled to room temperature and volume made up to the 100 mL mark using media and mixed well. From this stock solution, 3 mL was diluted to 100 mL using media. A volume of 500 mL of the dissolution medium is transferred to each of the 6 vessels in the dissolution apparatus and warmed to a temperature of 37° C.
  • the Fiber Optic probes are immersed in each of the dissolution vessels and readings for the blank are taken for all the probes in the dissolution media. The readings for the standard are recorded for each of the individual vessels. The probes are then washed with the media and then inserted back into their respective vessels. One tablet was transferred into each vessel. The dissolution program was started immediately and readings were taken at 305 nm for 60 min (every 1 min for 20 min and then every 10 min). The dissolution profiles of 3 mg Commercial Lunesta Tablets in various media are shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the dissolution media used were (a) pH 1 0.1N HCl prepared by mixing 50 mL of conc HCl in 6 L of water; (b) pH 4.5 acetate buffer (20 mM) prepared by dissolving 5.88 g of sodium acetate trihydrate in 6 L of water and adjusting the pH to 4.5 with acetic acid; (c) pH 5.5 phosphate buffer (20 mM) prepared by dissolving 16.3 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 6 L of water and adjusting the pH to 5.5 with NaOH; (d) pH 6.8 phosphate buffer (20 mM) prepared by dissolving 16.3 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 6 L of water and adjusting the pH to 6.8 with NaOH. A standard dissolution protocol was used.
  • the standard solution (0.006 mg/mL of eszopiclone free base) was prepared by weighing a known amount ( ⁇ 20 mg) of the free base into a 100 mL volumetric flask. About 10 mL of acetonitrile was added into the flask and sonicated until the solids dissolved completely. The solution was cooled to room temperature and made up to the 100 mL mark using media and mixed well. From this stock solution, 3 mL was diluted to 100 mL using media. A volume of 500 mL of the dissolution medium is transferred to each of the 6 vessels in the dissolution apparatus and warmed to a temperature of 37° C.
  • the Fiber Optic probes are immersed in each of the dissolution vessels and readings for the blank are taken for all the probes in the dissolution media. The readings for the standard are recorded for each of the individual vessels. The probes are then washed with the media and then inserted back into their respective vessels. One tablet was transferred into each vessel. The dissolution program was started immediately and readings were taken at 305 nm for 60 min (every 1 min for 20 min and then every 10 min). The dissolution profiles of 3 mg eszopiclone maleate tablets are shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the instantaneous dissolution profile of eszopiclone tablets was obtained in 5% human saliva solution in water using an HPLC/MS/MS method.
  • the 5% human saliva solution in water was prepared by mixing thoroughly 50 mL of normal human saliva (pooled, special screening by Biochemed) and 950 mL of water (Milli-Q) in a suitable container.
  • the concentration of Eszopiclone in the samples was determined using LC/MS/MS (ESI mode, positive MRM scan type).
  • the dissolution profile of Lunesta® tablets was obtained by plotting logirthamic concentration of eszopiclone against time in seconds, as shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 .
  • the instantaneous dissolution profile of Lunesta® (Eszopiclone) tablets was obtained in 5% human saliva solution in water using an HPLC/MS/MS method.
  • the 5% human saliva solution in water was prepared by mixing thoroughly 50 mL of normal human saliva (pooled, special screening by Biochemed) and 950 mL of water (Milli-Q) in a suitable container.
  • the scintillation vials were labeled using (i.e. 10-1, 10-2 and so on up to 10-6) accordingly.
  • the experiment was continued similarly in a fresh vial till the tablet disintegrated, in separate vials containing the dissolution diluents (e.g., 5% human saliva solution), or till the tablet disintegrates, whichever comes first, in separate vials containing the dissolution diluents (e.g., 5% human saliva solution).
  • the concentration of active ingredient, e.g., eszopiclone, in the samples was then determined using LC/MS/MS (ESI mode, positive MRM scan type).
  • the dissolution instantaneous profile of Lunesta® tablets was constructed by plotting logirthamic concentration of eszopiclone against time in seconds, as shown in FIG. 5 or FIG. 6 .
  • the mean number of licks of the tablet bands ranged from 2.92 licks for Formulation UC to 8.38 licks for Formulation OC, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.63 licks.
  • the mean lick values on the face were similar to the band with one transposition—Formulation TM requiring the most licks to bitter breakthrough, with a smaller 95% confidence interval of 0.56 licks.
  • the mean roll values ranged from 12.4 to 23.2 seconds with Formulation UC requiring the least time and Formulation OC tablets requiring the most.
  • the roll test data are highly correlated with the lick test data.

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US20090209546A1 (en) * 2007-12-19 2009-08-20 Sepracor Inc. L-Malate Salts of 6-(5-Chloro-2-Pyridyl)-5-[(4-Methyl-1-Piperazinyl)Carbonyloxy]-7-Oxo-6,7-Dihydro-5H-Pyrrolo[3,4-b]Pyrazine
US20090215784A1 (en) * 2007-12-19 2009-08-27 Sepracor Inc. Maleate Salts of 6-(5-Chloro-2-Pyridyl)-5-[(4-Methyl-1-Piperazinyl)Carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-Pyrrolo[3,4-b]Pyrazine
US20100009995A1 (en) * 2007-12-19 2010-01-14 Sepracor Inc. Maleate Salts of 6-(5-Chloro-2-Pyridyl)-5-[(4-Methyl-1-Piperazinyl)Carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihydro-5H-Pyrrolo[3,4-b]Pyrazine
US20100009994A1 (en) * 2007-12-19 2010-01-14 Sepracor Inc. L-Malate Salts of 6-(5-Chloro-2-Pyridyl)-5-[(4-Methyl-1-Piperazinyl)Carbonyloxy]-7-Oxo-6,7-Dihydro-5H-Pyrrolo[3,4-b]Pyrazine
US20110009416A1 (en) * 2009-07-07 2011-01-13 Sepracor Inc. PH INDEPENDENT FORMULATIONS OF 6-(5-CHLORO-2-PYRIDYL)-5-[(4-METHYL-1-PIPERAZINYL)CARBONYLOXY]-7-OXO-6,7-DIHYDRO-5H-PYRROLO[3,4-b]PYRAZINE
US20110053945A1 (en) * 2007-12-19 2011-03-03 Sepracor Inc. Salts of 6-(5-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-[(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)carbonyloxy]-7-oxo-6,7-dihy-dro-5h-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine
US12474320B2 (en) * 2024-03-11 2025-11-18 Huazhong University of Science and Technology (GOVERNMENT) Method for calculating the optimum dosage of the two-component synchronous rejuvenator for aged SBS-modified asphalt

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AU2010208240A1 (en) 2011-09-22
CN104316631A (zh) 2015-01-28
WO2010088385A1 (en) 2010-08-05
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US20140271858A1 (en) 2014-09-18
EP2391354A1 (en) 2011-12-07

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