US20100215634A1 - Visfatin therapeutic agents for the treatment of acne and other conditions - Google Patents

Visfatin therapeutic agents for the treatment of acne and other conditions Download PDF

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US20100215634A1
US20100215634A1 US12/652,798 US65279810A US2010215634A1 US 20100215634 A1 US20100215634 A1 US 20100215634A1 US 65279810 A US65279810 A US 65279810A US 2010215634 A1 US2010215634 A1 US 2010215634A1
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seq
sirna
visfatin
nucleic acid
pharmaceutical composition
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Tamar Tennenbaum
Liora Braiman-Wiksman
Revital Mandil-Levin
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Healor Ltd
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Healor Ltd
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Assigned to HEALOR LTD. reassignment HEALOR LTD. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE LST NAME OF ASSIGNOR MANDEL-LEVIN, REVITAL TO MANDIL-LEVIN, REVITAL PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 023916 FRAME 0790. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT OF PATENT RIGHTS FROM TAMAR TENNENBAUM, LIORA BRAIMAN-WIKSMAN AND REVITAL MANDIL-LEVIN TO HEALOR LTD. Assignors: BRAIMAN-WIKSMAN, LIORA, MANDIL-LEVIN, REVITAL, TENNENBAUM, TAMAR
Publication of US20100215634A1 publication Critical patent/US20100215634A1/en
Priority to US14/474,142 priority patent/US9393284B2/en
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to compositions and methods for treating acne and other conditions such as dry or oily skin, associated with altered skin sebum levels.
  • Acne vulgaris one of the most treated skin condition in the United States and other countries. Acne vulgaris is a commonly referred to simply as “acne” even though many other different and clinically distinct forms of acne are know. Acne affects many adolescents and adults.
  • a sebaceous plug may be formed when a combination of dead keratinocyte cells from the upper cornified layers of the skin and sebum block the opening of these skin pores. Bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes ( P. acnes ) can then proliferate in skin pores occupied by a sebaceous plug. Meanwhile, the resulting plug of cells and sebum may adhere to the walls of the skin pore leading to the formation of an even larger plug in the pore and the subsequent widening of the pore.
  • Acne can produce scarring and is regarded as unesthetic and unattractive. As a result, the other effects of acne are often psychological, such as reduced self-esteem. To complicate matters, acne usually appears during adolescence, when many individuals already tend to be very socially insecure. Early and aggressive treatment is, therefore, advocated to lessen the physical and psychological impact of acne on individuals.
  • a fourth strategy is to inhibit the production, or effects, of extracellular inflammatory mediators (such as cytokines and inflammatory cells) to produce an anti-inflammatory effect. Importantly, the majority of these treatment strategies suffer from limited efficacy or undesirable side effects.
  • Isotretinoin and vitamin A derivatives represent one such category of compositions.
  • Isotretinoin reduces sebaceous gland size by decreasing the proliferation of basal sebocytes, decreasing sebum production by up to 90% and inhibiting sebocyte differentiation.
  • Isotretinoin is available in dosage forms suitable for either topical or oral administration. Oral administration of isotretinoin has revolutionized the treatment of severe acne. This is because isotretinoin is the first drug able to alter follicular keratinization, alter sebum production, decrease the follicular bacteria population and produce anti-inflammatory effects. Unfortunately, isotretinoin is a known teratogen and can cause birth defects.
  • isotretinoin treatment A number of other serious side effects are also associated with isotretinoin treatment. These side effects include psychiatric disorders, such as depression and psychosis, as well as intracranial hypertension, acute pancreatitis, increased blood lipid levels, hearing impairment, hepatotoxicity and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Benzoyl peroxide and related compounds represents a second category of compositions used to treat acne.
  • Benzoyl peroxide is one of the most commonly used agents for the treatment of topical acne.
  • Benzoyl peroxide has strong anti-microbial properties, weak anti-inflammatory properties and weak anti-comedone properties.
  • Benzoyl peroxide for acne treatment is provided in dosage forms such as creams, gels, foams, soaps or washes for topical application. These formulations typically contain from 2.5% to 10% benzoylperoxide.
  • a number of side effects are also associated with benzoyl peroxide treatment including contact sensitivities such as burning, itching, peeling and swelling of the skin.
  • Anti-androgens and related compounds represent a third category of compositions used to treat acne.
  • Androgens are steroidal sex hormones such as testosterone associated with the development of male characteristics.
  • Inocoterone acetate, spironolactone, cyproterone acetate, flutamide and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride, are examples of anti-androgens used to treat acne.
  • the female steroidal sex hormone estrogen is another example of an anti-androgen.
  • Anti-androgens bind androgen receptors in the body and inhibit their biological activity or produce biological effects opposite to those of androgens (such as estrogen). Treatment with anti-androgens inhibits the production of sebum to help control acne.
  • anti-androgen treatment by oral administration, or other routes is typically restricted to female patients. This is because male patients receiving anti-androgens can develop female secondary characteristics such as breast enlargement and may suffer a loss of male secondary sex characteristics. This loss of male secondary sex characteristics can include the loss of muscle mass, reduced activity of the male organs and reduced sexual desire. Altogether, this means there are serious limitations and side-effects associated with anti-androgen based acne treatment.
  • Antibiotics and other anti-microbial compounds represent a fourth category of compositions used to treat acne.
  • antibiotics used to treat acne include clindamycin and erythromycin which can be administered orally, or topically, to reduce the population of bacteria on skin surfaces and within the pores.
  • Antibiotics can decrease the numbers of P. acnes bacteria and other bacteria to reduce the production of potentially pore clogging fatty acids, such as the propionic acid produced by P. acnes bacteria, on the skin surface. This means that antibiotics can have both an anti-comedogenic effect (such as preventing the formation of “blackheads” and “whiteheads”) and can also help control the onset of inflammation resulting from the rupture of pore walls and the localized bacterial infection associated with this.
  • a major limitation to the use of antibiotics to treat acne is an increase in the number of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains, including antibiotic resistant P. acnes strains, now in circulation.
  • sebum production plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acne. Sebum production is known to promote the formation of comedones and increased sebum production is one of the early events that can contribute to the onset of acne.
  • Sebum is a mixture of relatively nonpolar lipids (such as oils, waxes and fats) which are mostly synthesized within the sebaceous glands. Secreted sebum provides a water-repellent, hydrophobic coating for the exterior surface of the skin. Thus, sebum normally helps lubricate and protect the skin.
  • Sebum is secreted by the sebaceous gland.
  • the sebaceous glands are connected to hair follicles in the skin.
  • the number of sebaceous glands in the skin remains approximately constant throughout the life of an individual, but the size of these glands tends to increase with age.
  • Human sebaceous glands are a holocrine secreting tissues present in essentially all areas of the skin except for the palms and soles.
  • Holocrine secretions such as sebum, result from the lysis of secretory cells in a gland. Holocrine secretions are first produced inside the secretory cells present in a gland. These secretory cells then rupture to release (secrete) the contents of these cells into the lumen, or interior space, of a gland.
  • sebocytes In sebaceous glands, the cells responsible for the secretion of sebum are known as sebocytes. Sebocytes in the sebaceous gland fill with lipids and the other components of sebum. Sebocytes filled with these sebum components eventually lose their integrity and rupture. This causes the secretion of sebum by a sebaceous gland. Sebocytes filled with sebum have a characteristic, bubble-shaped cell morphology.
  • sebum secretion occurs in many people starting at about 9 years of age and continues to increase up to 17 years of age at which point the adult level of sebum secretion is typically reached. This period of increased sebum production is when most cases of acne occur.
  • Sebum production also plays an important role in other conditions such as seborrhea (an abnormally increased secretion and discharge of sebum) as well as conditions in which dry and chapped skin develop.
  • Visfatin is an adipokine which is secreted by mature adipocytes. Visfatin is also called pre-B cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF), Nampt and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase. Visfatin was initially reported as being secreted from visceral fat and was later reported to be secreted from subcutaneous adipocytes of the hypodermis.
  • the hypodermis is a fat containing tissue located below the skin. The hypodermis also contains blood vessels and the basal (bottom) portion of hair follicles. Visfatin is also expressed by cells such as neutrophils and in tissues such as the liver, heart and muscle.
  • Visfatin is thought to be a visceral fat-derived hormone and has been reported by a Japanese group to mimic the biological activity of insulin both in vitro ( ⁇ in glass) on cultured cells and in vivo ( ⁇ in the living) by lowering plasma glucose levels in mice.
  • This Japanese group later retracted their entire paper reporting these findings from the journal Science.
  • the physiological role of visfatin is also unclear because the visfatin plasm concentration is 40-100 fold lower than that of insulin.
  • Visfatin has also been reported to have enzymatic activity and can catalyzes the condensation of nicotinamide with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide mononucleotide.
  • the synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide is one step in the biosynthesis of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
  • visfatin may play a role in the pathogenesis of acne and other conditions, such as dry or oily skin, related to sebum production.
  • compositions and methods that modulate visfatin activity to help treat acne and other conditions related to sebum production.
  • compositions comprising a visfatin active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can comprise diluents or adjuvants.
  • a delivery peptide is used either with, or without, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier but in combination with the visfatin active agent.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of treating a sebum over-production condition in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin antagonist, to a subject with a sebum over-production condition; whereby the sebum over-production condition is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of treating acne vulgaris in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin antagonist, to a subject with acne vulgaris; whereby the acne vulgaris is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of treating a sebum production deficiency condition in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin agonist, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin agonist, to a subject with a sebum production deficiency condition; whereby the sebum production deficiency condition is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of increasing the sebum production of a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin agonist composition, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin agonist, to the skin of a subject; whereby the sebum production of the subject is increased.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of decreasing the sebum production of a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist composition, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin antagonist, to the skin of the subject, whereby the sebum production of the subject is decreased.
  • siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sebum-overproduction condition.
  • siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of acne, seborrhea, seborrhoeic dermatitis, a sebaceous cyst and sebaceous hyperplasia.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of FK-866 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sebum-overproduction condition.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of FK-866 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of acne, seborrhea, seborrhoeic dermatitis, a sebaceous cyst and sebaceous hyperplasia.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of APO866 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sebum-overproduction condition.
  • APO866 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of acne, seborrhea, seborrhoeic dermatitis, a sebaceous cyst and sebaceous hyperplasia.
  • siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
  • a visfatin agonist comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sebum production deficiency condition.
  • a visfatin agonist comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a xerosis condition associated with at least one selected from the group consisting of chapping, dermatitis, psoriasis, diabetes, renal failure, renal transplantation, hemodialysis, vitamin A deficiency and angular cheilitis.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for treating a sebum over-production condition in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist to a subject with a sebum over-production condition; whereby the sebum over-production condition is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for treating acne vulgaris in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist to a subject with acne vulgaris; whereby the acne vulgaris is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for treating a sebum production deficiency condition in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin agonist to a subject with a sebum production deficiency condition; whereby the sebum production deficiency condition is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for increasing the sebum production of a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin agonist to the skin of a subject; whereby the sebum production of the subject is increased.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for decreasing the sebum production of a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist to the skin of the subject, whereby the sebum production of the subject is decreased.
  • FIG. 1 shows visfatin expression is restricted to the sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 2 shows visfatin is expressed in sebum-accumulating cells of the sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 3 shows visfatin increases the number of bubbled shaped, sebocyte cells in sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 4 shows topical treatment with visfatin induces maturation and lipid accumulation in the sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 5 shows topical treatment with a visfatin antagonist siRNA suppresses sebum production in the sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 6 shows topical treatment with a visfatin antagonist siRNA suppresses sebum production in the sebaceous glands.
  • visfatin active agent includes without limitation any molecule that positively or negatively modulates, by any mechanism, the activity of a visfatin protein either directly or indirectly.
  • examples of such visfatin active agents include, for example, both visfatin agonist and visfatin antagonists molecules such as those described herein.
  • visfatin agonist includes without limitation a molecule that partially or completely increases, by any mechanism, the activity of a visfatin protein.
  • a visfatin agonist may be a molecule that is capable of, directly or indirectly, substantially increasing or stimulating visfatin mediated signal transduction.
  • a visfatin agonist may also be a molecule that is capable of, directly or indirectly, substantially increasing or stimulating an enzymatic activity of a visfatin protein such as the catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide mononucleotide.
  • a visfatin agonist may increase the activity of a visfatin protein comprising the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7, or homologs of these, produced by cells.
  • a visfatin agonist may increase the visfatin activity in the cells, or tissues, of a subject (skin) when the number of visfatin protein molecules present in the cell, or tissues, are increased relative to some initial state.
  • a visfatin agonist can comprise the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7, or homologs of these, which have been delivered to cells or a tissue.
  • Visfatin agonists may also operate by other mechanisms including, for example, gene activation through recombination to produce constitutively activated, or inducibly activated genomic or visfatin agonist coding DNAs (such as gene knock-in, promoter hijacking or other gene methods).
  • Visfatin agonists such as compounds or molecules, useful in the methods of the disclosure may comprise, for example, small organic molecules, peptide chains (such as proteins), antibodies, antibody fragments, polynucleotides or combinations of these.
  • Agonists useful in the methods of the disclosure may also be nucleic acid molecules.
  • polynucleotide molecules such as double and single stranded plasmid DNA vectors, artificial chromosomes, or linear nucleic acids or other vectors that encode a visfatin agonist (such as peptide chain), or function as a visfatin agonist, may be used in the methods of the disclosure to administer an agonist to a subject.
  • visfatin antagonist includes without limitation a molecule that partially or completely inhibits, by any mechanism, an activity of a visfatin protein.
  • a visfatin antagonist may be a molecule that is capable of, directly or indirectly, substantially counteracting, reducing or inhibiting visfatin mediated signal transduction.
  • a visfatin antagonist may also be a molecule that is capable of, directly or indirectly, substantially counteracting, reducing or inhibiting an enzymatic activity of a visfatin protein such as the catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield nicotinamide mononucleotide.
  • a visfatin antagonist may partially, or completely, inhibit the activity of a visfatin protein comprising the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 7, or homologs of these, produced by cells.
  • Visfatin antagonists such as compounds or molecules, useful in the methods of the disclosure may comprise, for example, small organic molecules, peptide chains, antibodies, antibody fragments, polynucleotides or combinations of these.
  • a visfatin antagonist can inhibit the expression of a visfatin protein by, for example, RNA interference.
  • Visfatin antagonists may also operate by other mechanisms include, for example, gene inactivation through recombination to inactivate genomic DNAs (such as gene knock-out, promoter hijacking or other gene mutagenesis methods) and gene transcript inactivation using anti-sense RNAs.
  • Antagonists useful in the methods of the disclosure may also be nucleic acid molecules.
  • Such nucleic acid molecules may be interfering nucleic acid molecules such as short interfering RNAs or antisense molecules that are antagonists of an activity of visfatin.
  • polynucleotide molecules such as double and single stranded plasmid DNA vectors, artificial chromosomes, or linear nucleic acids or other vectors that encode an antagonist (such as peptide chain or RNA), or function as an antagonist, may be used in the methods of the disclosure to administer an antagonist to a subject.
  • Visfatin active agent may also be referred to as visfatin modulating agents.
  • delivery peptide includes without limitation a peptide chain that delivers, or increases the delivery of, an active agent to a tissue in a patient on the administration of a composition containing the active agent and the delivery peptide. Delivery of an active agent to a tissue in a patient can be assessed by comparison of the amount, or magnitude of the biological effects of, an active agent present in a tissue when a composition containing a active agent and a delivery peptide is administered to a tissue in a patient and the amount of active agent, or the magnitude of its effects, when a composition that contains the active agent but does not contain the delivery peptide is administered. Delivery peptides may be, for example, cationic, lipophilic peptide chains.
  • Such peptide chains may comprise side chain groups that have a positive charge at a particular pH or are coupled to chemical groups or compositions (such as ion exchange resins) which have a positive charge under particular conditions.
  • Such peptide chains may also comprise a lipophilic portion, or chemical group, that is hydrophobic in character.
  • Such lipophilic portions may be covalently attached lipid groups such as fats, waxes, sterols including fatty acids, triglycerols, cholesterols, fat soluble vitamins and the like.
  • a cationic, lipophilic peptide chain is an amino terminally myristoylated peptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27.
  • a delivery peptide may also form micelles or other structures that results in delivery, or increases the delivery of, an active agent to a tissue in a patient.
  • a delivery peptide may also be a carrier, that can be chemically coupled to an active agent or mechanically associated with an active agent (such as by encapsulation), to deliver an active agent to a tissue in a patient.
  • Such delivery peptides which are carriers may comprise organelle targeting signals, molecules that are endocytosed and the like.
  • RNA as used herein includes without limitation a short interfering nucleic acid sequence that mediates the cleavage of a target gene transcript.
  • Short interfering RNAs may be double stranded or of the short hairpin type. Double stranded siRNAs may be comprised of two individual, antiparallel, annealed RNA strands or annealed nucleic acid strands which contain both RNA and DNA (such as 5′-tttuuuuu-3′ annealed to 5′-ttttuuuuu-3′ or 5′-tttt-3′ annealed to 5′-uuuu-3′).
  • siRNAs of the short hairpin type may be comprised of a single RNA strand or a single RNA:DNA hybrid strand capable of forming a stem-and-loop structure or other secondary structure effective as an siRNA.
  • siRNAs may comprise other modifications such as nucleoside analogs, backbone modifications, and other modifications that still permit the modified siRNA nucleic acid to mediate the cleavage of a target gene transcript.
  • sebum over-production condition includes without limitation a condition in which a large amount of sebum is produced by a subject which results in a pathological condition or undesirable condition.
  • sebum over-production conditions include acne, seborrhea, seborrhoeic dermatitis, a sebaceous cyst and sebaceous hyperplasia and related conditions.
  • such related conditions may include, for example, acne vulgaris, acne artificialis, bromide acne, acne cachecticorum, acne ciliaris, acne cosmetica, cystic acne, acne fulminans, acne generalis, halogen acne, acne hypertrophica, iodide acne, acne medicamentosa, acne nonatorum, pomade acne, acne punctata, acne pustulosa, acne rosacea, steroid acne, chloracne, tropic acne, acne varioliforms and acne urticata.
  • subject includes without limitation an animal belonging to any genus for which treatment of a sebum over-production condition, sebum production deficiency condition, an increase in sebum production or a decrease in sebum production is indicated.
  • a subject is a human such as a human patient.
  • administering includes without limitation providing a composition to at least one tissue, such as the skin, of a subject. Such compositions may be administered to a subject corporeally or extra-corporeally. Extra-corporeal administration of a composition to a tissue of a subject occurs when a portion of a tissue, such as blood or bone marrow, is removed from the body of a subject, contacted with a composition that has been provided and a portion of the tissue contacted with the composition is then returned to body of a subject. Topical administration and intradermal administration are forms of corporeal administration.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a composition includes without limitation those doses of a composition that, in a given individual subject, produce a response that results in improvement, or treatment, of one or more symptoms of a sebum over-production condition, sebum production deficiency condition, an increase in sebum production or a decrease in sebum production in a subject.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a composition may be a dose of an active agent, such as a visfatin active agent, that improves or treats the symptoms of an acne such as acne vulgaris.
  • Therapeutically effective amounts, or doses, appropriate for an individual subject can be readily determined using routine clinical techniques well known by those of skill in the art (such as dose response plots). Such doses may include, for example, from 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12 g to 100 g of a visfatin agonist, or a visfation antagonist, per kg of the body weight of a subject.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art can determine an effective amount of a composition by histology, H & E staining, keratin 14 staining, or immunochemistry or by observing abscess formation and other by routine experimentation easily performed by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • compositions of the disclosure can comprise therapeutically effective amounts of the components of these compositions.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the active agent such as a visfatin active agent
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing it is administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • the composition can be administered by topical application in a solution, ointment, gel, cream or any local application (such as subcutaneous injection).
  • the active agent may be in the form of a pharmaceutical composition and may also be administered by way of a drug eluting device, such as gauze, a patch, pad, or a sponge.
  • compositions should be administered as frequently as necessary and for as long of a time as necessary to treat a sebum over-production condition, sebum production deficiency condition, or to cause an increase in sebum production or a decrease in sebum production in a subject, as indicated, to achieve the desired endpoint, for example, until the condition, such as acne, completely resolves.
  • a suitable course of treatment utilizing the compositions and methods according to this disclosure.
  • sebum production deficiency condition includes without limitation a condition in which a low amount of sebum is produced by a subject which results in a pathological condition or undesirable condition.
  • sebum production deficiency condition include xerosis ( ⁇ dry skin) conditions associated with chapping, dermatitis, psoriasis, diabetes, renal failure, renal transplantation, hemodialysis, vitamin A deficiency and angular cheilitis.
  • drug eluting scaffold includes without limitation a stationary material capable of releasing a physiologically active molecule.
  • Drug eluting scaffolds may comprise stationary phase materials which may be insoluble, soluble, non-bioabsorbable, or bioabsorbable.
  • homolog as used herein includes without limitation protein sequences having between 85% and 100% sequence identity to a reference sequence.
  • homologs of the Homo sapiens visfatin protein shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 would include those proteins with an amino acid sequence having between 90% and 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. Percent identity between two proteins can be determined by pair wise alignment using the default settings of the AlignX module of Vector NTI v.9.0.0 (Invitrogen Corp., Carslbad, Calif.).
  • peptide chain includes without limitation a molecule that comprises at least two amino acid residues linked by a peptide bond to form a chain. Large peptide chains of more than 50 amino acids may be referred to as “polypeptides” or “proteins.” Small peptide chains of less than 50 amino acids may be referred to as “peptides.”
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes without limitation one or more compatible solid or liquid filler diluents or encapsulating substances which are suitable for administration to a human or other animal.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include water, petroleum jelly, petrolatum, mineral oil, vegetable oil, animal oil, organic and inorganic waxes, such as microcrystalline, paraffin and ozocerite wax, natural polymers such as xanthanes, malt, talc, gelatin, sugars, cellulose, collagen, starch, or gum arabic, synthetic polymers, alcohols, polyols, phosphate buffer solutions, cocoa butter, emulsifiers, detergents such as the TWEENsTM and the like.
  • the carrier may be a water miscible carrier composition that is substantially miscible in water such as, for example, alcohols.
  • Water miscible topical pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can include those made with one or more ingredients described above, and can also include sustained or delayed release carriers, including water containing, water dispersible or water soluble compositions, such as liposomes, microsponges, microspheres or microcapsules, aqueous base ointments, water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions, gels or the like. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • compositions of the disclosure may be included in the pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier for use in the compositions of the disclosure.
  • drugs useful in the treatment of acne such as antibiotics, isotretinoin, vitamin A derivatives, benzoyl peroxides, and anti-androgens may be included in the compositions of the disclosure.
  • Local anesthetics such as NOVOCAINETM, lidocaine, or others may also be included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Adjuvants may also be included in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Additives such as benzyl alcohol and other preservatives can be included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as well. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize other pharmaceutically acceptable actives and additives suitable for inclusion in the compositions of the disclosure.
  • a visfatin agonist may be recombinantly expressed.
  • Recombinant expression by transformation of a host cell with recombinant DNA may be carried out by conventional techniques which are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the host cell may be a prokaryotic, archael, or eukaryotic cell.
  • the isolation and purification of recombinantly expressed polypeptides such as recombinant visfatin proteins can carried out by techniques that are well known in the are including, for example, preparative chromatography and affinity purification using antibodies or other molecules that specifically bind a given polypeptide.
  • Such proteins can be synthesized by such commonly used methods as t-BOC or FMOC protection of alpha-amino groups. Both methods involve stepwise syntheses whereby a single amino acid is added at each step starting from the carboxy terminus of the peptide (Coligan et al., Current Protocols in Immunology, Wiley Interscience, 1991, Unit 9).
  • Peptides of the disclosure can also be synthesized by the well known solid phase peptide synthesis methods described in Merrifield (85 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2149 (1962)), and Stewart and Young, Solid Phase Peptides Synthesis, (Freeman, San Francisco, 1969, pp.
  • the peptides can be deprotected and cleaved from the polymer by treatment with liquid HF-10% anisole for about 1 ⁇ 4-1 hours at 0° C. After evaporation of the reagents, the peptides are extracted from the polymer with a 1% acetic acid solution which is then lyophilized to yield the crude material. This can normally be purified by such techniques as gel filtration on Sephadex G-15 using 5% acetic acid as a solvent.
  • Lyophilization of appropriate fractions of the column will yield the homogeneous peptide or peptide derivatives, which can then be characterized by such standard techniques as amino acid analysis, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, molar rotation, and solubility based methods.
  • Peptides can also be synthesized by any biological method, such as by recombinant expression of the protein in mammalian cells, insect cells, yeast and bacteria and cell free systems such as in vitro ( ⁇ in glass) transcription and translation systems. Protein expression can be optimized for each system by well-established methods. Protein can be purified by standard methods (Frederich M. Ausubel, et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Interscience, 1989). For example, the protein can be expressed in bacteria as GST-fusion protein and purified by glutathione agarose beads (Sigma) as described (Erangionic and Neel, Analytical Biochemistry, 210:179, 1993).
  • the protein can be expressed as a secretory product in mammalian cells and purified from conditioned medium (Cadena and Gill, Protein Expression and Purification 4:177, 1993).
  • Peptides prepared by the method of Merrifield can be synthesized using an automated peptide synthesizer such as the Applied Biosystems 431A-01 Peptide Synthesizer (Mountain View, Calif.) or using the manual peptide synthesis technique described by Houghten, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 82:5131 (1985).
  • Peptides may also be synthesized by, using covalent modification, liquid-phase peptide synthesis, or any other method known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Peptides can be synthesized using amino acids or amino acid analogs, the active groups of which are protected as necessary using, for example, a t-butyldicarbonate (t-BOC) group or a fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl (FMOC) group.
  • t-BOC t-butyldicarbonate
  • FMOC fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl
  • Amino acids and amino acid analogs can be purchased commercially (Sigma Chemical Co.; Advanced Chemtec) or synthesized using methods known in the art.
  • Amino acids in the peptides disclosed herein can be modified by amino acid substitution of one or more of the specific amino acids shown in the exemplified peptides.
  • An amino acid substitution change can include the substitution of one basic amino acid for another basic amino acid, one hydrophobic amino acid for another hydrophobic amino acid or other conservative substitutions.
  • Amino acid substitutions can also include the use of non-naturally occurring amino acids such as, for example, ornithine (Orn) or homoArginine (homoArg) for Arg.
  • Peptides can also be modified by the covalent attachment of other molecules or reaction of a functional group present in a peptide.
  • modifications include the attachment of polyethyleneglycol molecules, lipid, carbohydrate, or other molecules.
  • a specific example of such a modification is myristoylation such as amino terminal myristoylation.
  • standard state includes without limitation a temperature of 25° C. +/ ⁇ 2° C. and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.
  • concentrations of the solutions, suspensions, and other preparations described herein and expressed on a per unit volume basis (such as mol/L, M, units/ml, ⁇ g/ml and the like) or on a percentage by weight relative to the total weight of a composition are determined at standard state.
  • standard state is not used in the art to refer to a single art recognized set of temperatures or pressure, but is instead a reference state that specifies temperatures and pressure to be used to describe a solution, suspension, or other preparation with a particular composition under the reference standard state conditions.
  • the volume of a solution may be, in part, a function of temperature and pressure.
  • compositions suitable for administration in the methods of the disclosure may be provided in the form of solutions, ointments, emulsions, creams, gels, granules, films and plasters. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other forms of the disclosed compositions suitable for administration to a subject.
  • composition comprising a visfatin active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • composition further comprises a delivery peptide.
  • compositions wherein the visfatin active agent is a visfatin agonist.
  • compositions comprising from about 0.001 to about 10% by weight of the visfatin agonist.
  • compositions comprising about 1% by weight of the visfatin agonist, about 95% by weight water, about 0.2% by weight montan wax, about 0.2% by weight bee wax, about 0.2% by weight sorbitol, about 0.2% by weight shea butter, about 1% by weight borage oil, about 1% by weight calendula oil, about 0.2% by weight Hamamelis extract and about 0.1% by weight castor oil.
  • compositions wherein the visfatin agonist comprises at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • composition wherein the visfatin agonist comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • composition which is a cream is Another embodiment of the disclosure.
  • compositions wherein the visfatin active agent is a visfatin antagonist and the delivery peptide is an amino terminally myristoylated peptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 27.
  • compositions wherein the visfatin antagonist is at least one siRNA targeting a nucleic acid encoding a protein comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • siRNAs can target a nucleic acid selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • Double stranded type siRNAs including short hairpin type siRNAs, may be constructed using the following principles.
  • the sequence targeted by an siRNA is 21 nucleotides in length and should avoid regions within 50-100 base pairs of the start codon and the termination (stop) codon, avoid intron regions, avoid stretches of 4 or more bases (such as 5′-aaaa-3′,5′-ccc-3′ and the like), avoid regions with GC content greater than 30% or less than 60%, avoid repeating sequences, avoid low complexity sequences, avoid single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites.
  • SNP single nucleotide polymorphism
  • a BLAST algorithm based homology search such as a BLASTN algorithm based search, should then be conducted with candidate siRNAs to identify candidates with low, or now homology to other genes or sequences. This helps avoid off-target effects.
  • a negative control RNA version of each candidate siRNA should be constructed in which the nucleic acid sequence of the candidate siRNA is scrambled. The negative control RNA should have the same length and nucleotide composition as the siRNA but have at least 4-5 bases mismatched to the siRNA. It may be confirmed by a BLAST algorithm based homology search that the negative control RNA does not have homology to other genes.
  • the candidate siRNA such as an siRNA which is a visfatin antagonist, can then be confirmed to be an siRNA in controlled assays if it decrease the levels of the targeted gene transcript either, in vivo ( ⁇ in the living) or in vitro ( ⁇ in glass), or the levels of a protein encoded by the targeted gene relative to the negative control RNA.
  • siRNAs can also be constructed according to the Dharmacon algorithm, Ambion algorithm or other similar algorithms for siRNA design which are well known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Such algorithms are readily accessible via the internet or commercially available software packages. Alternatively, siRNAs that have been previously identified may be used in the methods of the disclosure or included in the compositions of the disclosure.
  • compositions comprising at least one siRNA selected from the group consisting of a first siRNA, a second siRNA, a third siRNA and a fourth siRNA; wherein the first siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20, the second siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 22, the third siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 23 and SEQ ID NO: 24, and the fourth siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26.
  • siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20
  • the second siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:
  • compositions comprising at least one siRNA selected from the group consisting of a first siRNA, a second siRNA and a third siRNA; wherein the first siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10, the second siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14, and the third siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • compositions further comprising an aqueous carrier and DMSO.
  • aqueous carriers examples include distilled water, buffered solutions such as PBS and gels comprising water.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of treating a sebum over-production condition in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin antagonist, to a subject with a sebum over-production condition; whereby the sebum over-production condition is treated.
  • Another embodiment of the disclosure is a method wherein the sebum over-production condition is selected from the group consisting of acne, seborrhea, seborrhoeic dermatitis, a sebaceous cyst and sebaceous hyperplasia.
  • the visfatin antagonist comprises at least one siRNA targeting a nucleic acid encoding a protein comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the siRNA is at least one selected from the group consisting of a first siRNA, a second siRNA, a third siRNA and a fourth siRNA; wherein the first siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20, the second siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 21 and SEQ ID NO: 22, the third siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 23 and SEQ ID NO: 24, and the fourth siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 25 and SEQ ID NO: 26.
  • the first siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 19 and SEQ ID NO: 20
  • the second siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO:
  • the siRNA is at least one selected from the group consisting of a first siRNA, a second siRNA and a third siRNA; wherein the first siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 and SEQ ID NO: 10, the second siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 14, and the third siRNA is a double stranded nucleic acid comprising the sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 17 and SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • visfatin antagonist comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of FK-866 and APO866.
  • FK-866 is a visfatin antagonist, also known as K 22.175 or N-[4-(1-benzoyl-4-piperidinyl)butyl]-3-(3-pyridinyl)-2E-propenamide, and is a highly specific, noncompetitive inhibitor of visfatin which causes gradual NAD + depletion.
  • FK-866 has a molecular formula of C24H29N3O2 and a formula weight of 391.5.
  • FK-866 is available from Caymen Chemical, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA. The structure of FK-866 is shown below, but FK-866 molecules may also comprise derivatives of this structure.
  • APO866 is visfatin antagonist and is an inhibitor of visfatin.
  • APO866 is available from TopoTarget A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark. The structure of APO866 is shown below, but APO866 molecules may also comprise derivatives of these structures.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of treating acne vulgaris in a subject comprising administering therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin antagonist, to a subject with acne vulgaris; whereby the acne vulgaris is treated.
  • Another embodiment of the disclosure is a method wherein the pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin antagonist is a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure.
  • One aspect of the disclosure is a method of treating a sebum production deficiency condition in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin agonist, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin agonist, to a subject with a sebum production deficiency condition; whereby the sebum production deficiency condition is treated.
  • sebum production deficiency condition is a xerosis condition associated with at least one selected from the group consisting of chapping, dermatitis, psoriasis, diabetes, renal failure, renal transplantation, hemodialysis, vitamin A deficiency and angular cheilitis.
  • the visfatin agonist comprises at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • visfatin agonist comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • compositions containing a visfatin agonist are methods wherein the pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin agonist is a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of increasing the sebum production of a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin agonist, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin agonist, to the skin of a subject; whereby the sebum production of the subject is increased.
  • sebum production has been increased can readily be determined by measuring a first amount of sebum present on an area of skin prior to visfatin agonist administration to the area, measuring a second amount of sebum present on the area of skin after administration of a visfatin agonist to the area and confirming the second amount of sebum is larger than the first amount of sebum.
  • Those of ordinary skill in the art will also recognize other methods for confirming sebum production has been decreased.
  • Another embodiment of the disclosure is a method wherein the visfatin agonist is administered topically or intradermally.
  • Topical administration to the skin occurs when a composition delivered to the dermis layer of the skin. Topical administration typically is performed by applying a composition to the surface of the skin.
  • Intradermal administration occurs when a composition is delivered below the surface of the skin to a skin layer such as the epidermis. Intradermal administration can be performed by, for example, the injection of a composition below the surface of the skin or the electroelution of a composition below the surface of the skin.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a method of decreasing the sebum production of a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist, or a pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin antagonist, to the skin of the subject, whereby the sebum production of the subject is decreased.
  • Whether sebum production has been decreased can readily be determined by measuring a first amount of sebum present on an area of skin prior to visfatin antagonist administration to the area, measuring a second amount of sebum present on the area of skin after administration of a visfatin antagonist to the area and confirming the second amount of sebum is smaller than the first amount of sebum.
  • Those of ordinary skill in the art will also recognize other methods for confirming sebum production has been decreased.
  • Another embodiment of the disclosure is a method wherein the visfatin antagonist is administered topically or intradermally.
  • Another embodiment of the disclosure is a method wherein the pharmaceutical composition containing a visfatin antagonist is a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure.
  • siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sebum-overproduction condition.
  • siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of acne, seborrhea, seborrhoeic dermatitis, a sebaceous cyst and sebaceous hyperplasia.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of FK-866 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sebum-overproduction condition.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of FK-866 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of acne, seborrhea, seborrhoeic dermatitis, a sebaceous cyst and sebaceous hyperplasia.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is the use of APO866 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sebum-overproduction condition.
  • APO866 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of acne, seborrhea, seborrhoeic dermatitis, a sebaceous cyst and sebaceous hyperplasia.
  • siRNA comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 25, SEQ ID NO: 26, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 13, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 18 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
  • a visfatin agonist comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a sebum production deficiency condition.
  • a visfatin agonist comprising at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 and SEQ ID NO: 8 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a xerosis condition associated with at least one selected from the group consisting of chapping, dermatitis, psoriasis, diabetes, renal failure, renal transplantation, hemodialysis, vitamin A deficiency and angular cheilitis.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for treating a sebum over-production condition in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist composition to a subject with a sebum over-production condition; whereby the sebum over-production condition is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for treating acne vulgaris in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist composition to a subject with acne vulgaris; whereby the acne vulgaris is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for treating a sebum production deficiency condition in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin agonist composition to a subject with a sebum production deficiency condition; whereby the sebum production deficiency condition is treated.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for increasing the sebum production of a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin agonist composition to the skin of a subject; whereby the sebum production of the subject is increased.
  • Another aspect of the disclosure is a pharmaceutical composition adapted for decreasing the sebum production of a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a visfatin antagonist composition to the skin of the subject, whereby the sebum production of the subject is decreased.
  • Hematoxylin & Eosin staining Paraffin embedded skin biopsy section slides were incubated at 60° C. for 60 minutes and deparaffinized by washing the slides twice with toluene (100%) for 10 minutes and rehydrating the skin biopsy section slides in decreasing concentration of ethanol (100-50%) for 5 minutes each. The slides then were stained with a ready to use solution of hematoxylin for 5 minutes, rinsed with water, stained with eosin (0.5% in double distilled water) for 1.5 minutes and washed twice by rapid immersion in 70% ethanol. Thereafter, the slides were dehydrated by washing once with 95% ethanol for 5 minutes, twice with 100% ethanol for 5 minutes and twice with xylene (100%) for 10 minutes. This was followed by the application of ENTELLANTM (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and the mounting of coverslips.
  • ENTELLANTM Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
  • Visfatin immunohistochemistry Paraffin embedded skin biopsy section slides were prepared as described above. Biopsy section slides were deparaffinized and rehydrated as described above. Antigen retrieval was performed by microwaving skin biopsy section slides in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for 2 minutes at maximal power and for an additional 10 minutes at 20% of the maximal power. Skin biopsy section slides were then cooled to room temperature for 1 hour. Next, skin biopsy slides were incubated with blocking solution (10% horse serum in DPBS ⁇ / ⁇ ) for 1 hour and then incubated overnight at 4° C.
  • blocking solution 10% horse serum in DPBS ⁇ / ⁇
  • a wash in DPBS ⁇ / ⁇ was then performed and slides were subjected to biotin-avidin enhancement by using the VECTASTATINTTM enhancement kit as directed by the manufacturer (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, Calif.) and developed utilizing DAB reaction. Counter staining was carried out with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Skin biopsy slides were dehydrated by sequential immersion in ethanol solutions of and increasing concentrations as described above followed by two washes with xylene (100%) for 10 minutes. This was followed by the application of ENTELLANTM (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and the mounting of coverslips mounted.
  • VECTASTATINTTM enhancement kit directed by the manufacturer (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, Calif.) and developed utilizing DAB reaction. Counter staining was carried out with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Skin biopsy slides were dehydrated by sequential immersion in ethanol solutions of and increasing concentrations as described above followed by
  • Oil Red O staining Frozen skin biopsy section slides were fixed in 1% neutral-buffered formalin for 5 minutes, washed in deionized water, and incubated in 60% isopropanol for 5 minutes. Skin biopsy section slides were stained with a fresh, filtered Oil Red O working solution which had been prepared immediately beforehand by making a 2:3 mixture of stock (0.5% Oil Red O in 99% isopropanol) and deionized water. Skin biopsy sections slides were transferred to 60% isopropanol, washed in deionized water, counterstained using hematoxylin and air dried and mounted with VECTASHIELDTM mounting medium. This was followed by the application of VECTASHIELDTM mounting medium (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, Calif.) and the mounting of coverslips.
  • VECTASHIELDTM mounting medium Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, Calif.
  • Visfatin is expressed in the sebaceous glands of the skin. See FIG. 1 . Visfatin expression in skin was studied using histological examination. Skin biopsy samples from BalbC mice ( Mus musculus ) were prepared for histological examination using the materials and methods described above. Visfatin immunohistochemistry was also performed as described above.
  • visfatin is predominantly, and specifically, expressed in the sebaceous glands of the skin.
  • visfatin expression is distinctly localized to the lobular area of the sebaceous glands.
  • Visfatin was also expressed at low levels in the hair follicles and the dermis. See FIG. 1 .
  • visfatin expression is restricted to the round, bubble-shaped cells present in the sebaceous glands. The morphological features of these cells are characteristic of sebocytes and the differentiated sebocyte precursor cells. Importantly, these are the cells which fill with the lipid components of sebum and rupture to secrete sebum into the interior of sebaceous glands and indicates visfatin plays an important role in sebum production.
  • Visfatin is highly expressed in the sebum accumulating cells present in the interior of the sebum gland. See FIG. 2 .
  • Skin biopsy samples from BalbC mice were prepared for histological examination using the materials and methods described above. Visfatin immunohistochemistry and Oil Red O staining was also performed as described above.
  • Skin biopsy samples sections were from the skin of 2 month old BalbC mice. Skin samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and paraffin embedded. Skin sections were specifically stained for visfatin (brown in FIG. 2 ) using an anti-visfatin antibody as described above. Skin sections were also stained with Oil Red O to identify accumulations of lipids, such as sebum lipids. Images in FIG. 2 represent magnifications of 40 ⁇ as indicated and were produced using a Nikon Eclipse 50i microscope.
  • visfatin expression and a large pool of lipids are clearly co-localized within those cells having morphological features characteristic of sebocytes and differentiated sebocyte prescursor cells.
  • the results in FIG. 2 confirm visfatin is highly expressed in sebum accumulating cells and is closely associated with the production of sebum in the interior of sebuceous glands. These results also confirm these cells located in the interior of the sebaceous glands, which have a bubble shaped morphology and stain positive with Oil Red O, are lipid accumulating sebocytes.
  • Topical administration and intradermal administration of visfatin increases the number of sebocytes located inside of the sebaceous glands. See FIG. 3 .
  • a stock preparation of recombinant, Mus musculus visfatin (Enzo Life Sciences Inc., Farmingdale, N.Y., USA) was prepared in 0.1 M ammonium bicarbonate buffer solution. This stock solution was then used to prepare a topical solution comprising 0.01 ⁇ g/ml of recombinant, Mus musculus visfatin in PBS. The stock solution was also used to prepare an intradermal solution comprising 0.01 ⁇ g/ml of recombinant, Mus musculus visfatin in PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) DMSO.
  • mice having an average body weight of 25 g then received either 200 ⁇ L of the topical solution by topical administration to the skin treatment area and the use of sterile gauze or 200 ⁇ L of the intradermal solution by injection into the skin treatment area. Mice were treated in this fashion with the topical solution or intradermal solution delivered once daily to the skin treatment area for 4 days. Skin biopsy samples from the treated areas of the mice were then prepared for histological examination using the materials and methods described above. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was also performed as described above.
  • H&E Hematoxylin and eosin
  • Skin samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and paraffin embedded. The number of cells with the bubbled shaped morphology characteristic of sebocytes were then counted and calculated as a percentage of the number of total cells in each sebaceous gland by microscopic examination at a magnification of 40 ⁇ using a Nikon Eclipse 50i microscope.
  • both the intradermal administration and topical administration of visfatin increased the number of sebocytes present inside the sebaceous glands of treated mice relative to control mice. Similar results were also obtained in otherwise identically conducted studies by treatment with topical solutions and intradermal solutions containing 0.001 ⁇ g/ml of recombinant, Mus musculus visfatin. Importantly, these results demonstrate that intradermal or topical treatment with compositions comprising visfatin induce the accumulation of sebocyte cells inside sebaceous glands. These results also indicate that visfatin treatment of the skin can induce symptoms, such as the formation of sebaceous plugs, associated with acne.
  • Visfatin treatment increases lipid accumulation in sebaceous glands relative to controls. See FIG. 4 . Visfatin treatment also induces the maturation of sebaceous glands in the skin, and the production of sebum by these matured sebaceous glands, relative to controls. See FIG. 4 .
  • Newborn BalbC mice Mus musculus ) having an average body weight of 2 g after birth, then received either 100 ⁇ L of the topical solution described in Example 3 above by topical administration to the skin treatment area and the use of sterile gauze or 100 ⁇ L of the intradermal solution described in Example 3 above by injection into the skin treatment area. Newborn mice were treated in this fashion with 100 ⁇ L, of the topical solution or intradermal solution delivered once daily to the skin treatment area for 4 days.
  • Skin biopsy samples from the treated areas of the newborn mice were then prepared on day 3, and day 4, after birth for histological examination using the materials and methods described above. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Oil Red O was also performed as described above.
  • Skin biopsy samples in FIG. 4A were prepared on day 3 after birth. Skin biopsy samples in FIG. 4A are stained with hematoxylin and Oil Red O. Black arrows in FIG. 4A identify sebum containing sebaceous glands.
  • Skin biopsy samples in FIG. 4B are stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Red arrows in FIG. 4B identify sebaceous glands. Skin samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and paraffin embedded.
  • Newborn mice are known not to secrete sebum during the first few days after their birth. However, several days after birth the sebaceous glands eventually mature and start to secrete sebum.
  • the second panel of FIG. 4A shows that at day 3 after birth the sebaceous glands of newborn mice topically treated with visfatin do contain sebum based on Oil Red O staining.
  • visfatin can induce maturation of the sebum glands and increased sebum production relative to control mice at day 3 after birth.
  • the first panel of FIG. 4B confirms these results and shows, based on H&E staining, that at day 4 after birth the most of the sebaceous glands of newborn mice topically treated with control solution lacked the characteristics of mature sebaceous glands and did not contain flattened cells at the gland periphery or bubble-shaped, sebocyte cells in the interior of the gland.
  • the second panel of FIG. 4B also shows, based on H&E staining, that at day 4 after birth the sebaceous glands newborn mice topically treated with control solution had the characteristics of mature sebaceous glands and contain flattened cells at the gland periphery and bubble-shaped, sebocyte cells in the interior of the mature gland.
  • siRNA1 Two small interfering nucleic acids (siRNAs) designated siRNA1 and siRNA2 targeting RNA transcripts corresponding to the Mus musculus visfatin encoding cDNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 were prepared.
  • siRNA1 was a double-stranded nucleic acid comprising a hybridized duplex of the sequence 5′-gcacaguaccauaacggcutt-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 11) and the sequence 5′-agccguuaugguacugugctt-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 12).
  • siRNA2 was a double-stranded nucleic acid comprising a hybridized duplex of the sequence 5′-ggucuuagauauuuuaggctt-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 15) and the sequence 5′-gccuaaaauaucuaagacctt-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16). These siRNAs were purchased from Applied Biosystems Inc. (Ambion), Austin, Tex., US.
  • Topical solutions containing both siRNA1 and siRNA2 were then prepared.
  • the final concentration of all siRNAs combined in each topical solution was either 1 nM or 3 nM.
  • siRNA1 and siRNA2 were both present in each topical solution at equimolar amounts to produce the final 1 nM or 3 nM combined siRNA concentration.
  • the first solution comprised siRNA1 and siRNA2 in PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) DMSO. This first solution was used to administer the “naked siRNA” in FIG. 6A .
  • the second solution comprised siRNA1 and siRNA2 in PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) DMSO and 1 ⁇ g/ml of a cationic, lipophilic, N-myristoylated peptide having the amino acid sequence FARKGALRQ (SEQ ID NO: 27).
  • This cationic, lipophilic, N-myristoylated peptide was named “MPDY” and prepared by covalently attaching myristoylic acid to the alpha-amino group of the amino terminal F residue of SEQ ID NO: 27 via an amide bond formed by a N-myristoyl-transferase catalyzed reaction.
  • This second solution was used to administer the “siRNA delivered by a delivery system” in FIG. 6B and to produce the results shown in FIG. 5 .
  • Newborn BalbC mice were treated with the second solution containing the siRNAs at 1 nM ( FIG. 6B ) or 3 nM ( FIG. 5 and FIG. 6B ).
  • Newbown BalbC mice Mus musculus
  • the average body weight of the newborn BalbC mice was 2 g and 100 ⁇ L of either the first solution or second solution was applied once daily by the use of sterile gauze to a treatment area on the skin of the mice.
  • mice At days 4 to 6 after birth the average body weight of the newborn BalbC mice was 3 g and 200 ⁇ L of either the first solution or second solution the siRNA topical solution was applied once daily by the use of sterile gauze to a treatment area on the skin of the mice.
  • Newborn mice were also treated topically with either a siRNA free first control solution containing the first solution ( FIG. 6 ) or a siRNA free second control solution containing the second solution ( FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 ) once daily to the skin treatment area for the first 6 days after birth.
  • Skin biopsy samples from the treated areas of the newborn mice were then prepared on days 5, and 6, after birth for histological examination using the materials and methods described above. Visfatin immunohistochemistry was peformed as described above. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Oil Red O was also performed as described above. Skin samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and paraffin embedded.
  • Skin biopsy samples in FIG. 5 were prepared on day 5. Skin biopsy samples in FIG. 5A are stained for visfatin expression. Yellow arrows in FIG. 5A identify visfatin specific staining. Skin biopsy samples in FIG. 5B are stained with hematoxylin and Oil Red O. Black arrows in FIG. 5B identify sebaceous glands. Skin biopsy samples in FIG. 5C are stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Red arrows in FIG. 5C identify mature sebaceous glands containing bubble-shaped, sebocyte cells.
  • the second panel of FIG. 5A shows a clear inhibition of visfatin expression in the skin and sebaceous glands of newborn mice at day 5 after birth following topical treatment with the second solution containing 3 nM of the visfatin antagonist siRNAs daily.
  • the visfatin antagonists siRNA1 and siRNA2 can inhibit visfatin expression in skin and sebum glands.
  • the second panel of FIG. 5B shows that at day 5 after birth the sebaceous glands of newborn mice topically treated with the second solution containing 3 nM of visfatin antagonist siRNAs daily do contain sebum based on Oil Red O staining.
  • the visfatin antagonists siRNA1 and siRNA2 inhibit sebum production by the sebaceous glands and can control sebum levels.
  • the first panel of FIG. 5C confirms these results and shows, based on H&E staining, that at day 5 after birth the sebaceous glands of newborn mice topically treated with the second control solution had the characteristics of mature sebaceous glands and contained flattened cells at the gland periphery and bubble-shaped, sebocyte cells in the interior of the mature gland.
  • the second panel of FIG. 5C also shows, based on H&E staining, that at day 5 after birth the sebaceous glands newborn mice topically treated with the second solution containing 3 nM of the visfatin antagonist siRNAs daily lacked the characteristics of mature sebaceous glands and did not appear to contain bubble-shaped, sebocyte cells in the interior of the mature gland.
  • FIG. 6A shows that topical treatment with the first solution containing either 1 nM or 3 nM of the visfatin antagonist siRNAs daily decreased the number of sebum containing sebaceous glands in the skin of visfatin antagonist treated animals relative to control animals treated with control solution.
  • FIG. 6B similarly shows that topical treatment with the second solution containing 3 nM of visfatin antagonist siRNAs daily decreased the number of sebum containing sebaceous glands in the skin of treated animals.
  • FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B indicate a more prominent inhibition in the number of sebum containing sebaceous glands in the skin occurred when the visfatin antagonist siRNAs were topically administered in the second solution of PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) DMSO and 1 ⁇ g/ml of the cationic, lipophilic MPDY peptide relative to the first solution lacking this peptide. Together these results indicate a more efficient delivery of visfatin antagonist siRNAs occurs in solutions containing this cationic, lipophilic peptide.
  • visfatin antagonists such as siRNAs
  • visfatin activity is necessary for sebum production by the sebaceous glands.
  • compositions comprising visfatin effectively treat moderately, to severely, dry skin. See Table 1.
  • Test Product A 1% (w/w) (0.1 ⁇ g/ml) recombinant human visfatin, 95% water, 0.2% (w/w) montan wax, 0.2% (w/w) bee wax, 0.2% (w/w) sorbitol, 0.2% (w/w) shea butter, 1% (w/w) borage oil, 1% (w/w) calendula oil, 0.2% (w/w) Hamamelis extract and 1% (w/w) castor oil was prepared.
  • Table 1 The percentage of patients agreeing with each statement in Table 1 is indicated. As shown in Table 1 all patient volunteers had moderately, to severely, dry skin which was uncomfortable and negatively affected their well being. Table 1 also shows that all patient volunteers agreed their skin became softer, less scaly and itchy as well as more shiny and bright. Most importantly, all patient volunteers agreed the topical application of the composition comprising visfatin treated their dry skin problem effectively and that their well being was improved following the use of the composition. See Table 1. These improvements in patient volunteers' dry skin conditions were typically seen at day 5, or day 6, of participation in the study, but was also seen even earlier for some patient volunteers (such as younger women in their twenties).
  • FIG. 1 A first figure.
  • FIG. 1 shows visfatin expression is restricted to the sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 2 shows visfatin is expressed in sebum-accumulating cells of the sebaceous gland.
  • Frozen sections were prepared from skin of 2 months old BalC mice as described in Material and Methods, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and subjected to visfatin (brown) and Oil Red O (red) staining. Magnification X10 and X40. Microscope: Nikon Eclipse 50i.
  • FIG. 3 shows visfatin increases the number of bubbled-shaped, sebocyte cells in sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 3A shows micrographs of the skin biopsy samples.
  • FIG. 3B shows data obtained by counting bubbled-shaped, sebocyte cells located in the center of the sebaceous glands and calculating the percentage of such sebocyte cells relative to the total cells present in in the sebebacous glands for each one of the treatments.
  • FIG. 4 shows topical treatment with visfatin induces maturation and lipid accumulation in the sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 4A frozen skin sections were prepared, stained with Oil Red O and counterstained with hematoxylin. Black arrows indicate sebum-containing glands In FIG. 4B paraffin sections were prepared and subjected to H&E staining. Red arrows indicate sebaceous glands. Magnification X20. Microscope: Nikon Eclipse 50i.
  • FIG. 5 shows that topical treatment with visfatin antagonist siRNAs suppresses sebum production in the sebaceous glands.
  • Newborn BalbC mice were treated topically with both visfatin antagonist siRNA1 and siRNA2 at a 3 nM combined siRNA concentration with the cationic, lipophilic MPDY peptide for 5 days.
  • Skin biopsies were taken at the indicated time points. Paraffin sections were prepared and, in FIG. 5A , immunostained for visfatin in order to demonstrate visfatin inhibition. Yellow arrows indicate visfatin staining.
  • FIG. 5B frozen skin sections were prepared, stained with Oil Red O and counterstained with hematoxylin. Black arrows indicate sebum-containing glands.
  • FIG. 5C H&E staining of biopsy samples was performed. Red arrows indicate mature sebaceous glands.
  • FIG. 6 shows topical treatment with visfatin antagonist siRNAs suppresses sebum production in the sebaceous glands.
  • Newborn BalbC mice were treated topically with visfatin antagonist siRNA1 and siRNA2 at a 1 nM, or 3 nM, combined siRNA concentration with the cationic, lipophilic MPDY peptide ( FIG. 6B ), or without this peptide ( FIG. 6A ) for 5 days.
  • Skin biopsies were taken at the indicated time points. Frozen sections were prepared and stained for Oil Red O as described in Materials & Methods. Sebum containing glands were counted and the results are summarized in the graphs of FIG. 6 .

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