US20090309887A1 - Bandwidth improvement for 3d display - Google Patents

Bandwidth improvement for 3d display Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090309887A1
US20090309887A1 US12/297,581 US29758107A US2009309887A1 US 20090309887 A1 US20090309887 A1 US 20090309887A1 US 29758107 A US29758107 A US 29758107A US 2009309887 A1 US2009309887 A1 US 2009309887A1
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Prior art keywords
image
screen
time
brightness
displayed
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US12/297,581
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English (en)
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Christian Moller
Doug Patterson
Thomas Ericson
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Setred AS
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Setred AS
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Priority claimed from GB0607726A external-priority patent/GB0607726D0/en
Priority claimed from GB0607727A external-priority patent/GB0607727D0/en
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Publication of US20090309887A1 publication Critical patent/US20090309887A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/302—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays
    • H04N13/31—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays using parallax barriers
    • H04N13/315—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays using parallax barriers the parallax barriers being time-variant
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B30/00—Optical systems or apparatus for producing three-dimensional [3D] effects, e.g. stereoscopic images
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B27/00—Photographic printing apparatus
    • G03B27/02—Exposure apparatus for contact printing
    • G03B27/14—Details
    • G03B27/18—Maintaining or producing contact pressure between original and light-sensitive material
    • G03B27/22—Maintaining or producing contact pressure between original and light-sensitive material by stretching over a curved surface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/302—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/302—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays
    • H04N13/305—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays using lenticular lenses, e.g. arrangements of cylindrical lenses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/398—Synchronisation thereof; Control thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an autostereoscopic display apparatus.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of operating an autostereoscopic display.
  • a well proven method for creating a 3D image is to cause a viewer to see different perspective views of a scene with each eye.
  • One way to do this is to display two differently polarized images on a screen, and for the viewer to wear corresponding polarizing filters on each eye.
  • An autostereoscopic display or a three dimensional (3D) display may be implemented using an aperture or slit array in conjunction with a two dimensional (2D) display to display a 3D image.
  • the principle of the device is that when looking at a 2D image through a slit array, the slit array separated from the screen by a distance, then the viewer sees a different part of the 2D image with each eye. If an appropriate image is rendered and displayed on the 2D display, then a different perspective image can be displayed to each eye of the viewer without necessitating them to wear filters over each eye.
  • bandwidth defined as the amount of data presented by a 3D display. To achieve large depth with high resolution over a wide viewing area, a large bandwidth is usually required.
  • Embodiments of the invention demonstrate ways in which bandwidth limitations of autostereoscopic display apparatus may be overcome in order that high resolution 3D images may be displayed.
  • the invention disclosed herein may be implemented in the scanning slit time-multiplexed system described in PCT application PCT/IB2005/001480. However, the invention may also be used in conjunction with other display systems.
  • the scanning slit system creates the 3D effect by showing different pictures to different locations in front of the display at high speed. It achieves this by combining a high frame rate 2D display with a shutter.
  • the shutter is synchronised with the display and ensures that different portions of the 2D display are visible only from specific locations.
  • the left image in FIG. 1 shows how a viewer looking through a narrow slit will see two distinct regions, one for each eye.
  • the slit must shift laterally sufficiently quickly so that a viewer sees the scanning shutter as a transparent window. If all the slits are updated quickly enough to be perceived as flicker-free, a viewer will see the full resolution of the underlying 2D display from any position.
  • the 2D display shows different images synchronised with the opening of slits in the shutter, as shown in the right image in FIG. 1 .
  • Embodiments of the invention are directed towards the field of improving the bandwidth of an autostereoscopic display.
  • Bandwidth may be considered as the amount of image information that can be displayed by the autostereoscopic display over a defined period of time.
  • An autostereoscopic display may be used to display animated 3D images, or 3D video.
  • the 3D animation may be computer generated, in this way perspective views for each frame of the animation may be readily rendered from basic 3D data associated with the animated scene.
  • Smooth animation is perceived by a viewer if there are at least 24 frames per second. However, if the screen is refreshed at this rate, then the viewer will perceive flicker. This is overcome by refreshing the image displayed on the screen at a higher screen refresh rate than the animation rate. For example, cinema projection shows each animation frame twice, resulting in a screen refresh rate of 48 times per second.
  • An autostereoscopic display apparatus uses a switchable aperture array or shutter array.
  • the switchable aperture array is an array of switchable slits.
  • the switchable apertures may be electro-optical and may use Liquid Crystals.
  • a first switchable aperture of the array is opened and a correctly rendered image is displayed behind it. The viewer thus sees different parts of the image with each eye, each part being a portion of a different perspective view.
  • the first switchable aperture is closed and then a second switchable aperture is opened and the process repeats.
  • more than one aperture is opened at a time.
  • a plurality of apertures, each spatially separated from the other is opened at the same time, and an appropriate image portion displayed on the screen area behind each.
  • the 2D image displayed on the screen while an aperture or a group of apertures is open is a subframe.
  • the minimum number of groups of apertures is determined by the desired 3D image quality.
  • the number of groups of apertures determines the number of subframes that must be displayed during a display refresh time.
  • the display refresh time is 1/48 th of a second. If there are 8 groups of apertures, then 8 subframes are displayed per refresh frame. This requires a subframe display time of 1/384 th of a second, or about 2.6 ms.
  • a time multiplexed display such as a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) can be used in the 2D display.
  • DMD Digital Micromirror Device
  • a DMD typically uses a fixed intensity light source, and controls the amount of time that each pixel in a frame is illuminated. This period of time is interpreted by the viewer as a brightness, the longer the pixel is illuminated the brighter the pixel is perceived to be.
  • a time multiplexed display has a minimum period of time that a pixel may be illuminated on a screen. This provides a limit as to the bit depth of the image that may be displayed on the screen and in turn on the autostereoscopic display.
  • a method of operating an autostereoscopic display comprising a switchable aperture array and a screen, the method comprising: displaying a portion of an image on the screen for a first period of time; and using the switchable aperture array to restrict to a second period of time the time for which a portion of the image is wholly or partly visible; wherein the second period of time is less than the first period of time.
  • the first period of time may be a minimum time period for display of a pixel on the screen.
  • the screen may be time multiplexed using a light source of constant intensity.
  • the screen may be time multiplexed and display pixels of constant intensity.
  • the image elements may be arranged in the same order for all pixels in the group such that the aperture restricts the same image elements for all the pixels.
  • a particular aperture will restrict the time that an area of the screen is visible.
  • the area of the screen comprises a particular set of pixels.
  • the time components (or bits) of each pixel may be arranged in the same order of magnitude for all pixels in the particular set of pixels such that the aperture performs the desired amount of restriction for all pixels of the particular set of pixels.
  • each pixel of the particular set of pixels must be coordinated such that when the aperture closes, it clips all pixels at the appropriate time.
  • a method of operating an autostereoscopic display comprising a switchable aperture array and a screen, the method comprising: using the switchable aperture array to restrict a period of time that an image shown on the screen is visible to a viewer.
  • a method of operating an autostereoscopic display comprising a switchable aperture array and a screen, the method comprising: using the switchable aperture array to reduce the intensity of the image visible to a viewer.
  • the extent to which the switchable aperture array reduces the period of time that an image shown on the screen is visible to a viewer may be varied.
  • the length of time by which the switchable aperture array reduces the period of time that an image shown on the screen is visible to a viewer may be varied. This length of time may be varied in discrete amounts to define greyscale levels of image brightness.
  • a method of operating an autostereoscopic display comprising a switchable aperture array and a screen, wherein the screen has a minimum image display time, the method comprising: using the switchable aperture array to reduce the amount of time that an image displayed on the screen is visible below the minimum image display time.
  • a method of operating an autostereoscopic display comprising a switchable aperture array and a screen, the method comprising: displaying a particular frame of a scene on the screen for a first period of time; and using the switchable aperture array to allow a portion of the screen to be visible to a viewer for a second period of time; wherein: the second period of time begins before the first period of time; or the second period of time ends after the first period of time; such that for a portion of the second period of time a frame either immediately preceding or immediately following the particular frame is visible on the portion of the screen.
  • a method of operating a time multiplexed autostereoscopic display comprising a switchable aperture array and a screen, the screen having variable output brightness, the method comprising: displaying bright portions of a frame when the screen is at a full brightness and then displaying less bright portions of the frame when the screen is at a reduced brightness.
  • the bright portions of the frame and the less bright portions of the frame may be displayed in non-adjacent periods of time.
  • the switchable aperture array may be synchronised such that a set of apertures is open when the bright portions of the frame and the less bright portions of the frame are displayed.
  • the switchable aperture array may be synchronised such that a set of apertures is closed between the times when the bright portions of the frame and the less bright portions of the frame are displayed.
  • the bright portions of all subframes of a three dimensional image may be displayed adjacent in time.
  • the less bright portions of all subframes of a three dimensional image may be displayed adjacent in time.
  • the bright portions of a frame may be the most significant bits (MSBs) of an image.
  • the less bright portions of a frame may be the least significant bits (LSBs) of an image.
  • a method of operating a time multiplexed autostereoscopic display comprising a switchable aperture array and a screen, the screen having variable output brightness, the method comprising: displaying first brightness portions of a frame when the screen is at a first brightness and then displaying second brightness portions of the frame when the screen is at a second brightness.
  • the method may further comprise displaying one or more sets of additional brightness portions of a frame when the screen is at one or more additional brightnesses.
  • the first, second and additional brightness levels may be different.
  • the brightness of the screen may be reduced by reducing the power input into a light source.
  • the brightness of the screen may be reduced by applying a filter between the light source and the screen.
  • the screen may be arranged to display different colours sequentially.
  • Colour filters may be applied between the light source and the screen to allow different colours to be displayed on the screen.
  • the colour filters may take the form of a colour wheel. Intensity filters may be used in conjunction with colour filters to sequentially display bright portions and less bright portions of each colour component of an image.
  • the screen may display different colour components of an image concurrently.
  • Intensity filters may be used to display the bright portions of an image and the less bright portions of an image consecutively.
  • a method of operating an autostereoscopic display comprising a switchable aperture array and a screen, the method comprising: splitting a frame into a plurality of subframes. Each subframe represents a different portion of the frame. Each subframe may be different.
  • the switchable aperture array is synchronised such that a plurality of apertures are open for each subframe.
  • the subframes are shown in succession at a fast rate such that a viewer perceives the sum of the plurality of subframes to be the same image as the original frame. The viewer perceives the sum of the plurality of subframes due to persistence of vision, if the rate of display of sequential subframes is sufficiently fast.
  • More than one subframe may be displayed for a particular group of opened apertures.
  • a first subframe contains the LSBs and a second subframe does not contain the LSBs.
  • a first selection of pixels in the first subframe may contain the LSBs and a second selection of pixels in the second subframe may contain the LSBs, the second selection of pixels being the inverse selection of the first selection of pixels.
  • the first selection of pixels may comprise every other pixel of the screen, in a chess board pattern.
  • the pixel selection may be a high frequency pattern where one subframe contains the pattern and one subframe contains the inverse of the pattern.
  • a first aperture is closed and a second aperture is opened at substantially the same time, this time is the switching time.
  • the switching time may be at the start of, or end of, or during, a shared time space.
  • the shared time space is a time period between the first and second time periods.
  • the switchable aperture array may switch between a transparent state and an opaque state during a shared time space.
  • the area of screen displaying a first portion of an image for a first time period is used to display a second portion of an image for a second time period.
  • the shared time space is a time period between the first and second time periods.
  • a first aperture is closed and a second aperture is opened at substantially the same time, this time is the switching time.
  • the switching time may be at the beginning, during, or at the end of the shared time.
  • the first and second portions of an image are adjacent in time. Accordingly, the first and second portions of an image share the same time space for display of the lowest order bits of each image. Alternatively, the shared time space is used alternately between the first and second shutters.
  • an autostereoscopic display apparatus comprising a first and second projector, each projector using light of a different polarization, a screen which maintains the polarization of light, a first polarizing shutter and a second polarizing shutter, the method comprising selectively switching the polarization state of the first and second polarizing shutters to selectively display an image from one projector on a particular portion of the screen to a viewer.
  • an autostereoscopic display apparatus comprising:
  • each projector using light of a different polarization
  • the polarization state of the first and second polarizing shutters is selectively switched to selectively display an image from one projector on a particular portion of the screen to a viewer.
  • an autostereoscopic display apparatus comprising:
  • a first projector arranged to operate with light polarized in a horizontal direction
  • a second projector arrange to operate with light in a vertical direction
  • a first switchable polarization array arranged to selectively rotate the polarization of light passing therethrough; and a second switchable polarization array arranged to selectively rotate the polarization of light passing therethrough.
  • an autostereoscopic display device comprising a screen and a switchable aperture array, the screen displaying a plurality of images concurrently, each image comprising a different light bundle, and each aperture of the switchable aperture array cooperating with an interference filter.
  • Each interference filter may be arranged to pass the light of one light bundle.
  • Each light bundle may be a set of distinct red, green and blue light frequencies.
  • an autostereoscopic display apparatus comprising:
  • each image generator using light of a different characteristic
  • each aperture comprising a filter
  • apertures are selectively switched to selectively display an image from a 2D image generator on particular portion of the screen to a viewer.
  • Each 2D image generator may be a projector.
  • the characteristic of light may be a polarization.
  • the characteristic if light may be a frequency.
  • the characteristic of light may be a light bundle.
  • Each aperture of the aperture array may have an associated lens.
  • the lens may be placed on the same side of the shutter as the screen, or on the opposite side of the shutter to the screen.
  • Each aperture of the aperture array may have two associated lenses, one on each side of the aperture.
  • Each aperture of the aperture array may have an associated holographic element.
  • the holographic element may be placed on the same side of the shutter as the screen, or on the opposite side of the shutter to the screen.
  • Each aperture of the aperture array may have two associated holographic elements, one on each side of the aperture.
  • the screen may comprise an asymmetric optical diffuser.
  • a plurality of images may be projected onto the screen with different angles of incidence such that a different image is viewed on the diffuser dependent on the angle of observation of the diffuser.
  • Different angles of incidence may be achieved using a plurality of projectors.
  • Different angles of incidence may be achieved from a single projector using at least one mirror to create a plurality of optical paths between the projector and the diffuser.
  • Head tracking apparatus may be used to monitor the position of a viewer, the image displayed by the autostereoscopic display apparatus is then rendered according to the detected position of the user.
  • the screen may comprise two diffusive elements, a first diffusive element and a second diffusive element, the first diffusive element arranged between the second diffusive element and the aperture array.
  • the first diffusive element is transparent to light from the second diffusive element.
  • the second diffusive element displays background images to provide an increased depth of field for the autostereoscopic display.
  • the aperture array may comprise black stripes between scanned apertures. For a given number of scanned apertures, black stripes introduced between them results in narrower apertures.
  • the black stripes may be implemented by closing a first set of apertures and only scanning a second set of apertures of a switchable aperture array. This results in improved depth resolution.
  • the aperture array may comprise average value apertures between scanned apertures. For a given number of scanned apertures, average value apertures introduced between them results in narrower apertures.
  • the average value apertures may be implemented by opening an average value aperture before the end of the period of time that a first adjacent scanned aperture is open, and closing the average value aperture during a period of time that a second adjacent scanned aperture is open.
  • the length of time that the average value aperture is open may have a mid-point in time that is coincident with the time that the second adjacent aperture is opened.
  • the length of time that the average value aperture is open may have a mid-point in time that is coincident with the time that the first adjacent aperture is closed.
  • the average value apertures may be implemented by opening an average value aperture half way into the period of time that a first adjacent scanned aperture is open, and closing the average value aperture half way into the period of time that a second adjacent scanned aperture is open.
  • the first and second adjacent scanned apertures are on opposite sides of the average value aperture.
  • a method of operating an autostereoscopic display comprising:
  • the autostereoscopic display apparatus displays a three dimensional image as a plurality of subframe.
  • Each subframe is rendered to correspond to at least one open slit in the aperture array.
  • a subframe may comprise a plurality of strips of rendered images, each strip rendered for a particular slit.
  • For each subframe a plurality of spatially separated slits are consecutively opened and a rendered image strip is displayed on the screen behind each open slit.
  • a slit may comprise one or more apertures. The more apertures a slit comprises, the wider the slit.
  • a three dimensional image may be displayed by showing a first set of subframes having slits of a first width and a second set of subframes having slits of a second width.
  • an autostereoscopic display apparatus comprising a central configuration unit arranged to set, during operation of the apparatus, at least one of the following:
  • an autostereoscopic display apparatus comprising:
  • a switchable aperture array wherein during operation the slit width of a parallax barrier is determined by a number of adjacent apertures opened at the same time;
  • a screen comprising a 2D image source, the image source capable of displaying a variable frame rate, and a variable pixel bit depth;
  • an adaptive rendering apparatus arranged to render images for display on the autostereoscopic display apparatus according to the configuration of the autostereoscopic display apparatus.
  • the autostereoscopic display apparatus has a shutter array.
  • a first and second switchable aperture array may form the shutter array.
  • the shutter array cooperates with a display screen to create a display apparatus.
  • An arrangement may be provided to alter the separation between the display screen and the shutter array to change the characteristics of the display apparatus for different purposes.
  • the arrangement may be a simple electromechanical arrangement comprising motors, worm gears and racks at each corner of the display apparatus.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a viewer looking at a screen through a slit
  • FIG. 2 shows a shared time space between consecutive subframes
  • FIG. 3 shows shared time space being used for alternate subframes in consecutive cycles
  • FIG. 4 shows shared time space being equally shared between subframes in consecutive cycles
  • FIG. 5 shows superimposed horizontal and vertical polarization systems
  • FIG. 6 shows a shutter in combination with a lenticular
  • FIG. 7 shows a comparison between an traditional directional diffuser and a directional diffuser
  • FIG. 8 shows a projector arrangement suitable for use with a directional diffuser
  • FIG. 9 shows a further arrangement suitable for use with a directional diffuser
  • FIG. 10 shows an arrangement comprising two diffusers
  • FIG. 11 shows a narrow slit arrangement with odd apertures always closed
  • FIG. 12 shows a the operation of the odd numbered slits as average value slits
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a pixel on the screen sweeping a narrower volume of space in the 3D scene, this providing improved resolution
  • FIG. 14 shows the image cones for a pixel for two adjacent slits
  • FIG. 15 shows a bit sequence wherein all bits are centred in time about a mid-point of the subframe duration
  • FIG. 16 shows the operation of a central configuration unit
  • FIG. 17 shows the viewing region where continuous parallax is available
  • FIG. 18 shows a shutter arrangement where the slit width equals the width of two switchable apertures
  • FIG. 19 shows a frame cycle comprising a subframe displayed for each of 6 groups of slits
  • FIG. 20 shows a frame cycle comprising 2 subframes displayed for each of 6 groups of slits.
  • FIG. 21 shows a frame cycle comprising 9 subframes displayed for 9 slit groups having a slit width of 11 and 3 subframes displayed for 3 slit groups having slit widths of 31.
  • 3D display systems can be flexible in the sense that bandwidth may be prioritized in different ways depending on application.
  • the overall bandwidth is defined as the total number of addressable pixels and the number of colour bits per addressable pixel.
  • bandwidth is the combination of four factors:
  • FIG. 16 An example of a block diagram using a control panel as a central configuration unit is shown in FIG. 16 .
  • the unit can be a PC that is running the 3D application being used. It can send instructions either through a separate communication channel for changing settings or embedded in existing synchronisation and data transfer channels. The operation will be explained by way of example.
  • the display has 5 bits greyscale bit depth, the angle with continuous parallax for a given slit is 45 degrees and a given depth quality.
  • the setup is shown in FIG. 17 . This is a result of a specific setup where:
  • d distance between the shutter and the underlying display plane
  • N may be significantly larger and the image portion behind an aperture does not be to be centred behind the aperture. Edge effects are not described in detail. Also, the actual angle with continuous parallax experienced by viewers may not be the same as the angle with continuous parallax for a particular slit or aperture.
  • the user decides to increase the size of the zone with continuous parallax to around 80 degrees. However, this cannot be achieved without compromising another property.
  • the depth quality is reduced while the greyscale bit depth is maintained:
  • the viewing zone is increased and greyscale bit depth is reduced in order to maintain the depth quality.
  • the user may be given control to change any of the above properties with small or continuous increments.
  • One example of this could be to have a single user setting and a multiple user setting where a number of properties are changed when switching between the two presets.
  • a frame is typically an image in a time series of images of a scene.
  • the frame duration is set such that images are updated sufficiently quickly to give smooth animation.
  • this animation rate is 24 frames per second.
  • an image or any light source is updated at only this animation rate the eye typically perceives flicker. That is why in a cinema projector every frame is shown twice in succession to give an overall refresh rate that is sufficiently high not to give flicker.
  • each animation frame is made up of a number of subframes, essentially representing different perspectives of the scene.
  • these are shown in a rapid sequence.
  • the duration of each subframe will be shorter than the overall frame increasing demands on response time.
  • the subframes must be repeated and distributed in a way that does not give rise to any frequency elements that are perceived as flicker.
  • this is solved by running the sequence of the subframes at a rate such that the duration of the full 3D frame exceeds the animation rate. Compared to a 2D display this gives rise to some significant differences:
  • bandwidth is partly determined by the shortest possible duration of the least significant bit (LSB).
  • LSB least significant bit
  • subsequent bits are typically power-of-two multiples of the LSB duration. Reducing the LSB duration therefore allows increased bit depth or increased number of frames per second or both.
  • One way to achieve this is to have the image source and the optical shutter synchronised with another device that also modulates the light. There are several options on how to do this:
  • methods 3 and 4 can be used.
  • One way to implement 1 or 2 above is to have a light source that is synchronised with the image source. If, for example all the LSBs on the whole image device are placed in the same time window, the light source could be switched off before the end of the LSB, providing a light burst which is shorter than the LSB that the image source can provide, and thereby reducing the intensity of the LSB. The light source could also be dimmed for the duration of the LSB to achieve the reduced intensity.
  • the light source could for example be an LED or an LCD backlight.
  • a variable filter e.g. an intensity wheel, between the light source and the imaging device to give the same effect.
  • a variation of the above principle is to have two light sources with different intensity levels.
  • a shutter can be used to switch between the light sources so that they illuminate the imaging device for alternate frames or part of frames.
  • One way to implement 3 and 4 above is to use a shutter or filter after the imaging device.
  • a shutter in place, which could be used for this purpose. If the shutter goes from transparent to blocking light such that the LSB from the imaging device is cut off, the LSB is again reduced. It could also have a grey state which would reduce the intensity of the LSB.
  • the above methods are not restricted to the LSB. It is possible to vary the light intensity for each bit.
  • the eye is less sensitive to flicker for low light intensities. Therefore it is possible to show less significant bits at lower frequencies than more significant bits.
  • a certain frame rate might require an LSB of shorter duration than the image source can provide. Restricting the LSB to every other frame allows its duration to be doubled, satisfying the image source's minimum LSB duration requirement. This method is not restricted to the LSB and could be extended to more significant bits.
  • the LSB or other bit may be present in fewer than every other frame, i.e. display of the LSB could skip two or more frames.
  • the overall frame duration could be kept constant, such that the frames containing the LSB are the same length as those that do not contain the LSB. In the frames that do not contain the LSB, the time window for the LSB will be replaced with dark time. Alternatively the overall frame duration could vary between frames with the LSB and frames without the LSB. This could be supported by a shutter where each slit can be open for different time periods. For example, if only every other frame contains the LSB the time period for the shutter will vary between t for frames without the LSB and (t+LSB duration) for frames with the LSB.
  • the method could be implemented through an overlay of an alternating spatial pattern.
  • An example of this would be an alternating checkerboard pattern such that for one frame every other pixel displays the LSB and every other pixel does not display the LSB. In the next frame the checkerboard pattern is inverted and the pixels that in the previous frame displayed the LSB do not display the LSB and vice versa. Overall, in this example every pixel will have the LSB present in every other frame. This method can reduce the overall perception of flicker. Many different patterns can be used where the LSB is on average present in a fraction of every frame.
  • the imaging device will not support shrinking the LSB further to gain more bandwidth.
  • a medical x-ray may contain very high bit depth greyscale information, while colour bit depth may not be as important. This can be achieved through a setup that allows switching between a mode where different optical circuits provide different base colours and another mode where different optical circuits provide different white light intensity.
  • a 15 bit greyscale range can be achieved using three 5-bit greyscale chips by applying 1/32 ⁇ and 1/1024 ⁇ intensity filters to two of the chips. Send the top five bits to the unfiltered chip, the middle five bits to the 1/32x ⁇ chip, and the last five bits to the 1/1024 ⁇ chip.
  • An alternative way of achieving different intensity levels is to use a single light source and beam splitters.
  • Yet another method is to use different intensity light sources. An example of this would be using an LED light source for lower brightness projector. This would also allow the lower brightness projector to use light modulation as explained above.
  • An electronic input board can be designed such that it can split an RGB input signal into either different colour signals or into different greyscale bands.
  • One method is having a central input board, which distributes the data appropriately to all the available imaging devices and synchronises these.
  • Another method involves multiple input boards that are synchronised, and which in turn distribute the data and synchronise the imaging devices.
  • more than 3 optical circuits can be used to increase the bit depth for each base colour.
  • another setup would use 6 or more optical circuits to give 24 bit RGB at 3000 fps, by apportioning 4 bits of the 24 bit value to each projector.
  • Yet another setup could include a colour wheel for one optical circuit and intensity filters for other optical circuits. Through this method it is possible to have a higher greyscale bit depth than full colour bit depth.
  • two subframes that are adjacent in time share the same time space for lower order bits as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • this could mean that if one subframe has the LSB set to 0, the next subframe must also have the LSB set to 0. It could also mean that the subframes alternate the use of the time space.
  • Implementations of the principle include, but are not restricted to, the following:
  • the two above implementations can also be combined by using the shutters to cut off the LSB and then alternating which subframe shows the LSB+1.
  • the methods above involve showing only one image on the image plane at any one point in time. In order to increase the bandwidth further one can show multiple images at any one point in time.
  • a general solution could be comprised of a set of images superimposed on the image plane. The shutter would then contain filters which selects only one or a subset of the images for a particular slit or aperture.
  • FIG. 5 shows one example of such a system.
  • Shutter A and Shutter B represent liquid crystal cells.
  • H horizontally oriented projector
  • the cone from slit 7 must hence be open for horizontally polarized light only.
  • Slits 5 , 6 , 8 and 9 should be closed for any polarization.
  • the cones from slits 4 and 10 on the other hand are open for vertically polarized light only. This way, the region H is completely overlapped by the two areas V, which means that two independent images can be projected to give double system bandwidth.
  • Shutter B does not twist the light for slits 6 , 7 and 8 . This means that light from the regions V but not from H are filtered out for these slits by Polarization Filter B.
  • Slits 3 , 4 , 5 and 9 , 10 , 11 on the other hand twist the light to filter out light from the region H but not from V. All light is now horizontally polarized.
  • Slits 4 , 7 and 10 on Shutter A are set to twist the polarization of the light so that it passes through the vertical filter at the slit.
  • Slits 5 , 6 , 8 and 9 are set not to twist the polarization so the light is blocked by the vertical filters.
  • Shutter B does not give dark zones, since all light exits as horizontally polarized. This means that one will see adjacent regions when going outside the maximum viewing angle. A third shutter could be added to block this cross-talk if desired.
  • Shutter B could be replaced with a static compensation film.
  • the film would have stripes twisting the polarization interlaced with stripes not twisting the polarisation. In this case one could choose to make the stripes one slit wide and put them as close as possible to Shutter A.
  • a similar approach may be used having multiple projectors in conjunction with complementary RGB light filters.
  • Each projector projects light of a particular Red, Green and Blue frequency.
  • the red frequency, green frequency and blue frequency define a light bundle.
  • Devices for projecting such colour images are known.
  • These projectors may be combined with interference filters in the shutter. Display types other than projectors could be used in a similar fashion.
  • the projection device splits the radiation spectrum into several partial light bundles R 1 G 1 B 1 , R 2 G 2 B 2 , . . . R N G N B N .
  • Each bundle is modulated by different image modulators, which could be one or more DMDs.
  • the beams are then reunited by a beam integrator and projected onto a diffuser.
  • the shutter may comprise a switchable aperture array, wherein each aperture has an interference filters such that only one light bundle will be transmitted. For example, stripes 1 , N+1, 2N+1 etc would pass light bundle R 1 G 1 B 1 , stripes 2 , N+2, 2N+2 etc would pass light fiom bundle R 2 G 2 B 2 , and stripes N, 2N, 3N etc would pass light from bundle R N G N B N .
  • Each light bundle and its corresponding set of slits will form an independent system, each system superimposed such that they are operated in the same way as a known scanning slit display. Variations of this method may be used in other 3D display system, including static parallax barrier systems.
  • a lens or holographic optical element which is placed upon the shutter, just before, just after or both.
  • Viewers sufficiently far away from the display will see pixels the width of the lens with a colour that is the combination of light from a section of the display.
  • One way to increase bandwidth and brightness for the display without higher frame rate is to combine the technology with similar principles to those used in holographic diffuser displays.
  • the directional diffuser which is sometimes called an asymmetric diffuser, allows three separate images to be superimposed on each other.
  • the open slits must be sufficiently spaced apart to avoid cross talk between the images displayed for the respective slits.
  • the directional diffuser on the right open slits can be put closer together. This is because the cross talk from adjacent areas on the diffuser ends up coming from a different projector.
  • the 3D image quality can be improved by directing the same bandwidth to a narrower field of view.
  • One way to do this is to use one or more head tracking devices. Such devices can locate where one or more viewers are located in relation to the display. This information can be used to produce viewing cones centred on the position of each viewer. When the viewers move, the centres of the viewing cones are moved too.
  • the viewing cones can contain more than two views of the scene and be wider than the distance between the observer's eyes. This way the eye tracking system does not need to be as accurate as for existing eye tracking displays.
  • Eye tracking can also be used to identify which part of a scene the user is focusing on. Because the image quality of the scene varies with distance to the central image plane it can in some situations be desirable to shift the depth plane according to where the user is focusing. Hence, the area in focus can be placed as close to the central image plane as possible.
  • the functionality can be implemented in either hardware or software. One way to implement this depth-of-field effect in software is to accumulate multiple renders of a scene from slightly different perspectives, ensuring that the camera frustums all intersect at the central image plane.
  • Diffuser 1 would show the main image that is synchronised with the shutter. This will be transparent for light coming from Diffuser 2 , and diffusive for light coming from the projector.
  • Diffuser 2 will show background information, i.e. objects behind Diffuser 2 such as Object 2 below. Diffuser 1 will show all other information.
  • Diffuser 1 could synchronise both the image on Diffuser 1 and Diffuser 2 to ensure that for any one viewing angle only one of the Diffusers will show information.
  • Diffuser 2 could be an image source which is constant for all frames and only needs to be updated at the animation rate of the overall scene.
  • the principle of sharing time space between subframes can be extended even further.
  • the effective resolution of a scanning slit display system decreases with a virtual point's distance from the diffuser/display plane.
  • One remedy is to make slits narrower by introducing black stripes between slits. In FIG. 11 odd slits would always be closed and the even slits would be scanned.
  • slit 9 would show pixel values that are an average between the subframes for slit 8 and 10 . That could be achieved by opening the shutter in slit 9 half way into the subframe for slit 8 and close it half way into the subframe for slit 10 . See timing diagram in FIG. 12 .
  • the pixel values will be identical for slits 8 and 10 , and as a result for slit 9 , assuming there are no lighting effects. Hence brightness has increased and the stripe has been removed compared to the setup in FIG. 11 .
  • the pixel values on the diffuser will be different between subframes 8 and 10 . If one considers the volume swept by the same pixel on the diffuser for slit 8 and 10 , one will see that there is a large overlap of these with that of the same pixel for slit 9 .
  • the pixel value for frame 9 would have been highly dependent on the pixel value for slits 8 and 10 even if one could show a unique frame for slit 9 . It seems like the number of views have doubled. The compromise is that transitions between adjacent views will be limited. For example, it will not be possible for a pixel on the display to go from full black to full white in one view or slit increment. Instead one may be restricted to go from full black to 50% grey. It should be noted however that this limitation may not cause significant visual degradation of the scene. In order to understand this, consider FIG. 13 . It shows a pixel on the diffuser and an open slit in the shutter. The cone represents the area in which a virtual object should influence the state of the pixel on the diffuser for an observer moving freely in front of the diffuser.
  • FIG. 14 represents the cones for the same pixel for two adjacent shutter slits. What becomes clear is that there is considerable overlap between the two areas. For example in the plane of the diffuser the overlap will be total. It should be noted that there is also considerable overlap at other depths as well, though the overlap is not total so the pixel will in many instances have different values for different shutter slits. For example, the virtual Object 1 should only influence the pixel value for the open slit. Object 2 on the other hand should influence the pixel value for both slits examined.
  • the scheme can give a more accurate interpolation by ensuring that the bit sequencing for the time multiplexed display is such that all bits are proportionally represented in each time window where two or more adjacent shutters are open simultaneously.
  • the example in FIG. 15 shows one such bit sequence for a 3 bit frame.
  • the LSB+1 and the MSB are split in two parts on either side of the half way point in the frame.
  • the LSB is not split, but is placed in the centre of the subframe.
  • a further extension would involve a shutter with pixels or other apertures rather than slits. In this case there could be overlap in time both in the horizontal and vertical direction.
  • the system could also be improved by analysing the similarity between subsequent subframes, either locally on different parts of the display or the whole display.
  • the principle would be the same for both whole and partial subframes.
  • the time overlap could then be adapted to the difference between subsequent frames.
  • the order of the subframes could be changed such that the sum of differences between frames is minimised or such that the maximum difference is minimised or the average difference is minimised or some other quantitative measure.
  • the effective resolution of a scanning slit display system decreases with a virtual point's distance from the diffuser/display plane, and one way to reduce this effect is to reduce shutter slit width.
  • the requirement to have thin slits is typically more important for virtual points far away from the diffuser plane than for those close to it. At the same time it may be acceptable to have lower image quality for virtual points far away from the display. To take advantage of this fact one can construct a system that effectively makes up two or more interlaced systems, each with a different slit width.
  • each subframe is shown within a frame cycle as shown in FIG. 19 .
  • the cycle is repeated at a rate that is sufficiently fast for a viewer not to perceive flicker. Because of this fact, the cycle can be changed without causing flicker.
  • the first half of each subframe could be placed at the start of the cycle and the second half at the end of the cycle as illustrated in FIG. 20 . This requires that the shutter sequence changes to match the new partial subframes.
  • the first half of the subframe could contain the MSB and the second half lower order bits.
  • FIG. 21 shows such an example where the cycle consists of a set of 9 subframes scanned with 9 slit groups, and a second set of 3 subframes scanned with 3 slit groups.
  • the slit width for the second set of subframes is three times wider than the slit width for the first set of subframes.
  • the above is only an example.
  • the system can be split into any number of subframes and the duration of each subframe can be different.
  • the order of subframes within a cycle can also be changed.
  • the method can be applied even in a system without field sequential colour.
  • the slits do not need to be physically wider or narrower. Instead the same effect can be achieved by switching one, two or more groups of slits simultaneously.
  • the first subframes be multiple of the second set of subframes, such that the information rendered for the first subframes can be used for the second subframes.
  • the multiple is 3 and as an example partial frames 2 , 5 and 7 from the first set of frames could be used as the three subframes for the second set.
  • An extreme case of the method is to add a single subframe within the cycle where the full shutter is transparent and a frame or subframe displayed.
  • the method can be improved by only showing data for parts of the virtual scene for a particular set of subframes, and showing another part or the whole virtual scene for another set of subframes.
  • the slit width can also be made to vary along the width of the display. Depending on the scene one may wish to prioritise different areas. For example, in scenes where the focus tends to be on objects at the centre of the display the slits could be narrower at the centre of the display than at the sides.
  • the zone with narrower slits could also be made to move dynamically. By using eye tracking or another user device to change the zone, one can ensure that slits are narrower in the part of the display where the user is focusing.

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
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