US20090131863A1 - Volume Measurement Using Gas Laws - Google Patents

Volume Measurement Using Gas Laws Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090131863A1
US20090131863A1 US12/280,869 US28086907A US2009131863A1 US 20090131863 A1 US20090131863 A1 US 20090131863A1 US 28086907 A US28086907 A US 28086907A US 2009131863 A1 US2009131863 A1 US 2009131863A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
bladder
pressure
gas
volume
rigid container
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Abandoned
Application number
US12/280,869
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English (en)
Inventor
Jeffrey A. Carlisle
Lawrence M. Kuba
John M. Kirkman Jr.
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Ivenix Inc
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Fluidnet Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
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Priority to US12/280,869 priority Critical patent/US20090131863A1/en
Assigned to FLUIDNET CORPORATION reassignment FLUIDNET CORPORATION CONVERSION FILING Assignors: FLUIDNET, LLC
Assigned to FLUIDNET CORPORATION reassignment FLUIDNET CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CARLISLE, JEFFREY A., KIRKMAN, JOHN M., KUBA, LAWRENCE M.
Publication of US20090131863A1 publication Critical patent/US20090131863A1/en
Assigned to IVENIX, INC. reassignment IVENIX, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FLUIDNET CORPORATION
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F22/00—Methods or apparatus for measuring volume of fluids or fluent solid material, not otherwise provided for
    • G01F22/02—Methods or apparatus for measuring volume of fluids or fluent solid material, not otherwise provided for involving measurement of pressure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
    • A61M5/142—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps
    • A61M5/145—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps using pressurised reservoirs, e.g. pressurised by means of pistons
    • A61M5/148—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps using pressurised reservoirs, e.g. pressurised by means of pistons flexible, e.g. independent bags
    • A61M5/1483—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps using pressurised reservoirs, e.g. pressurised by means of pistons flexible, e.g. independent bags using flexible bags externally pressurised by fluid pressure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
    • A61M5/168—Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body
    • A61M5/16804—Flow controllers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
    • A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
    • A61M5/168—Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body
    • A61M5/16886—Means for controlling media flow to the body or for metering media to the body, e.g. drip meters, counters ; Monitoring media flow to the body for measuring fluid flow rate, i.e. flowmeters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/33—Controlling, regulating or measuring
    • A61M2205/3306—Optical measuring means

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to fluid flow control devices and more particularly to feedback control infusion pumps.
  • IV infusion device The primary role of an intravenous (IV) infusion device has been traditionally viewed as a way of delivering IV fluids at a certain flow rate. In clinical practice, however, it is common to have fluid delivery goals other than flow rate. For example, it may be important to deliver a certain dose over an extended period of time, even if the starting volume and the actual delivery rate are not specified.
  • This scenario of “dose delivery” is analogous to driving an automobile a certain distance in a fixed period of time by using an odometer and a clock, without regard to a speedometer reading.
  • the ability to perform accurate “dose delivery” would be augmented by an ability to measure the volume of liquid remaining in the infusion.
  • Flow control devices of all sorts have an inherent error in their accuracy. Over time, the inaccuracy of the flow rate is compounded, so that the actual fluid volume delivered is further and further from the targeted volume. If the volume of the liquid to be infused can be measured, then this volume error can be used to adjust the delivery rate, bringing the flow control progressively back to zero error. The ability to measure fluid volume then provides an integrated error signal for a closed feedback control infusion system.
  • the starting volume of an infusion is not known precisely.
  • the original contained volume is not a precise amount and then various concentrations and mixtures of medications are added.
  • the result is that the actual volume of an infusion may range, for example, from about 5% below to about 20% above the nominal infusion volume.
  • the nurse or other user of an infusion control device is left to play a game of estimating the fluid volume, so that the device stops prior to completely emptying the container, otherwise generating an alarm for air in the infusion line or the detection of an occluded line.
  • This process of estimating often involves multiple steps to program the “volume to be infused.”
  • This process of programming is time consuming and presents an unwanted opportunity for programming error. Therefore, it would be desirable if the fluid flow control system could measure fluid volume accurately and automatically.
  • fluid volume can be measured then this information could be viewed as it changes over time, providing information related to fluid flow rates. After all, a flow rate is simply the measurement of volume change over time.
  • One popular method of using the gas law theory is to measure the pressures in two chambers, one of known volume and the other of unknown volume, and then to combine the two volumes and measure the resultant pressure.
  • This method has two drawbacks.
  • the chamber of known volume is a fixed size, so that the change in pressure resultant from the combination of the two chambers may be too small or too large for the measurement system in place. In other words, the resolution of this method is limited.
  • Second, the energy efficiency of this common measurement system is low, because the potential energy of pressurized gas in the chambers is lost to atmosphere during the testing.
  • the present invention contemplates an improved volume measurement system and method and apparatus that overcome the aforementioned limitations and others.
  • a method for determining the volume of fluid remaining in an infusion is provided.
  • a method for determining fluid flow rate over an extended period of time is provided.
  • a method for determining fluid flow rate over a relatively short period of time is provided.
  • One advantage of the present disclosure is that long term doses can be delivered on time, because the remaining fluid volume can measured, so that flow rate errors do not accumulate over time.
  • Another advantage of the present disclosure is that nurses or other users of the infusion system will not have to estimate, enter, and re-enter the volume to be infused. This will reduce the workload for the user and will eliminate opportunities for programming error.
  • volume measurements made over time can be used to accurately compute fluid flow rate.
  • volume measurements may be made using an inexpensive and simple pumping mechanism.
  • volume measurements may be made over a wide range of volumes.
  • Another advantage of the present disclosure is that its simplicity, along with feedback control, makes for a reliable architecture.
  • the invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various steps and arrangements of steps.
  • the drawings are only for purposes of illustrating preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are perspective and side views of an infusion pump in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram showing the fluidic connections of a volume measurement system according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram showing the control elements of a volume measurement system according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a functional block diagram showing the sensing elements of the system.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart diagram outlining an exemplary method of volume measurement.
  • FIG. 7 is a flow chart outlining an exemplary method of calculating flow rate based on pressure decay.
  • FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary volume and flow measurement system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • the system includes a pressure frame 10 that is of known total volume and contains within it an air bladder 20 , and a flexible bag 30 that contains within it a liquid to be infused 40 .
  • the air bladder 20 is connected to an air pump 50 via a bladder connection line 608 , a bladder valve 106 , and a bladder valve line 606 .
  • the air bladder 20 may be vented to atmosphere via a bladder vent valve 108 .
  • a calibration tank 60 of known volume is connected to the air pump 50 via a tank connection line 604 , a tank valve 102 , and a tank valve line 602 .
  • the tank 60 may be vented to atmosphere via a tank vent valve 104 .
  • the liquid 40 is fluidically coupled to an output 500 via a liquid drain line 610 , going through a fluid flow resistor 400 and through an output line 612 .
  • the liquid 40 may be, for example, a medication fluid, intravenous solution, or the like, and the output 500 may be, for example, a patient or subject in need thereof.
  • the tank 60 is connected to a tank pressure sensor 204 and an optional tank temperature sensor 304 .
  • the bladder 20 is connected to a bladder pressure sensor 202 and an optional bladder temperature sensor 302 .
  • an electronic module includes a processing unit 700 such as a microprocessor, microcontroller, controller, embedded controller, or the like, and is preferably a low cost, high performance processor designed for consumer applications such as MP3 players, cell phones, and so forth. More preferably, the processor 700 is a modern digital signal processor (DSP) chip that offers low cost and high performance. Such processors are advantageous in that they support the use of a 4th generation programming environment that may substantially reduce software development cost. It also provides an ideal environment for verification and validation of design. It will be recognized that the control logic of the present development may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof, and that any dedicated or programmable processing unit may be employed.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the processing unit 700 may be a finite state machine, e.g., which may be realized by a programmable logic device (PLD), field programmable gate array (FPGA), field programmable object arrays (FPOAs), or the like.
  • PLD programmable logic device
  • FPGA field programmable gate array
  • FPOAs field programmable object arrays
  • Well-known internal components for processor 700 such as power supplies, analog-to-digital converters, clock circuitry, etc, are not shown in FIG. 3 for simplicity, and would be understood by persons skilled in the art.
  • the processing module may employ a commercially available embedded controller, such as the BLACKFIN® family of microprocessors available from Analog Devices, Inc., of Norwood, Mass.
  • the processing unit 700 controls the air pump 50 via a pump control line 750 .
  • the processor 700 controls the tank vent valve 104 via a tank vent valve control line 704 .
  • the processor 700 controls the tank valve 102 via a tank valve control line 702 .
  • the processor 700 controls the bladder vent valve 108 via a bladder vent valve control line 708 .
  • the processor 700 controls the bladder valve 106 via a bladder valve control line 706 .
  • the processor 700 can measure pressure and temperature from the bladder 20 and tank 60 .
  • the processor 700 reads the pressure in the tank 60 via a tank pressure sensor 204 , which is coupled to the via tank pressure line 724 .
  • the processor 700 reads the pressure in the bladder 20 via a bladder pressure sensor 202 , which is coupled to the processor 700 via a tank pressure line 722 .
  • the processor 700 reads temperature of the gas in the tank 60 via a tank temperature sensor 304 , which is coupled to the processor 700 via a tank temperature line 714 .
  • the processor 700 reads the temperature of the gas in the bladder 20 via a bladder temperature sensor 302 , which is coupled to the processor 700 via a bladder temperature line 712 .
  • volume measurement is to know the quantity of liquid 40 remaining in an infusion and how that quantity changes over time.
  • the pressure frame 10 defines a rigid container of known volume, V frame . This volume is known by design and is easily verified by displacement methods. Within the pressure frame 10 , there is the air bladder 20 , which has a nominal capacity greater than the volume V frame . When expanded, the bladder must conform to the geometry of the rigid container and its contents.
  • the volume of liquid 40 to be infused, V tbi is equal to V frame , less the fixed and known volume of the bladder 20 itself, V blad , less any incompressible materials of the bag 30 , V bag , and less the volume of gas in bladder 20 , V gas . Once the value V gas is computed, then it is trivial to compute V tbi .
  • V tbi V frame ⁇ V blad ⁇ V bag ⁇ V gas
  • V gas the volume of air contained in the bladder, V gas , can be measured and V tbi can be subsequently computed.
  • the pump 50 may be an imprecise air pump, such as that of a rolling diaphragm variety, although other types of pumps are also contemplated.
  • the output of such a pump may vary significantly with changes in back pressure, temperature, age of the device, power supply variation, etc.
  • One advantage of the device and method disclosed herein is that they allow an imprecise pump to be used in a precision application, by calibrating the pump in situ.
  • FIG. 6 shows the steps leading to computation of V tbi .
  • the first step is to find an optimum amount of air mass, N pump , to add to the bladder to effect a significant pressure change, for example, on the order of about 10%. If the amount of air mass added to the bladder is too small, then the pressure change will not be measurable with accuracy. If the amount of the air mass is too great, then pressure in the bladder will increase more than necessary and energy will be wasted.
  • the initial pressure in the bladder 20 is measured using the bladder pressure sensor 202 .
  • the tank valve 102 is set to a closed state via the tank control valve line 702 from the processor 700 .
  • the bladder valve 106 is set to an open state via the tank control valve line 706 from the processor 700 .
  • the pump 50 is activated by the processor 700 via the pump control line 750 for a period of time, S test , nominally, for example, about 250 milliseconds.
  • a new measurement of the pressure in the bladder 20 is made, P bladder2 . Based on the percent of pressure change from this pumping action, a new pump activation time, S pump , will be computed. This calculation needs no precision; it is only intended to find an amount of pumping that provides a significant change in pressure, P deltatarget , in bladder 20 , for example, on the order of about 10%.
  • step 804 the pump 50 or the tank vent valve 104 are activated to increase or decrease, respectively, the pressure, P, in the tank 60 , so that it approximately equals the pressure, P bladder , in bladder 20 .
  • the combination of valve and pump settings required for such adjustments are shown in the table below:
  • Adjustments made in step 804 can be made iteratively until P tank is roughly equal to P bladder , for example, within about 5% of the relative pressure measured in P bladder . This does not need to be a precise process. Following the adjustment, the pressure in tank 60 , P tank2 , is recorded.
  • step 806 the system is configured to increase the pressure in tank 60 , as shown in the above table.
  • the pump 50 is activated for a time period equal to S pump After a delay of approximately five seconds, the pressure in the tank 60 is measured, P tank3 . This delay is to reduce the effect of an adiabatic response from the increase in pressure in the tank 60 .
  • step 808 the system is configured to increase the pressure in bladder 20 , as shown in the above table.
  • the pump 50 is activated for a period equal to S pump .
  • the pressure in the bladder 20 is measured, P bladder3 . This delay is to reduce the effect of an adiabatic response from the increase in pressure in the bladder 20 .
  • V gas V tank * ( P tank ⁇ ⁇ 3 - P tank ⁇ ⁇ 2 ) ( P bladder ⁇ ⁇ 3 - P bladder ⁇ ⁇ 2 )
  • V gas would be equal to V tank . If the pressure change in the bladder 20 were 20% as large as that in the tank 60 , then V gas would be 5 times greater than V tank .
  • Step 812 derives the value for V tbi from V gas , using known values for V frame Vblad, and V bag and using the calculated value of V gas , from step 810 .
  • V tbi V frame ⁇ V blad ⁇ V bag ⁇ V gas
  • valves 102 , 106 , 104 , and 108 can be configured in many ways, including multiple function valves and or manifolds that toggle between distinct states.
  • the depiction herein is made for functional simplicity and ease of exposition, not necessarily economy or energy efficiency.
  • fluid flow rate which is, by definition, fluid volume changing over time.
  • Repeated measurements of volume over time provided more and more resolution of average flow rate.
  • the average flow rate and the volume of liquid 40 remaining to be infused can be used to estimate the time at which the fluid volume will be delivered. If the infusion is to be completed within some specified period of time, any error between the specified time and the estimated time can be calculated and the flow rate can be adjusted accordingly.
  • the measurement of pressure decay is a simple procedure of observing the time the absolute pressure of P bladder to drop by a small, but significant, amount, preferably for example about 2%. Because the processor 700 is capable of measuring times from microseconds to years, this measurement carries a very wide dynamic range. By observing a 2% drop, the change in pressure is well above the noise floor of the pressure measurement system.
  • a flow chart outlining an exemplary process 900 for calculating flow rate by monitoring the rate of pressure decay in the bladder 20 is shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the volume of gas in the bladder 20 is calculated as detailed above.
  • the pressure in the bladder 20 , P bladder1 is measured using the sensor 202 at time T 1 , which is recorded in step 912 .
  • the pressure in the bladder 20 is measured again at step 916 and the time T 2 is recorded at step 920 .
  • the change in pressure, ⁇ P, between the time T 1 and the time T 2 is calculated in step 924 as P bladder1 ⁇ P bladder2 and the change in time, ⁇ T is calculated as T 2 -T 1 at step 928 .
  • ⁇ P is greater than some predetermined or prespecified threshold value, e.g., about 2% with respect to P bladder1 If ⁇ P has not reached the threshold value at step 932 , the process returns to step 916 and continues as described above. If ⁇ P has reached the threshold value at step 932 , the rate of pressure decay is calculated as ⁇ P/ ⁇ T at step 936 . The flow rate is then calculated as ⁇ P/ ⁇ T ⁇ V gas ⁇ P bladder1 at step 940 .
  • some predetermined or prespecified threshold value e.g., about 2% with respect to P bladder1

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
US12/280,869 2006-02-27 2007-01-23 Volume Measurement Using Gas Laws Abandoned US20090131863A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/280,869 US20090131863A1 (en) 2006-02-27 2007-01-23 Volume Measurement Using Gas Laws

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US77719306P 2006-02-27 2006-02-27
PCT/US2007/002039 WO2007106232A2 (fr) 2006-02-27 2007-01-23 Mesure des volumes en utilisant les principes des gaz
US12/280,869 US20090131863A1 (en) 2006-02-27 2007-01-23 Volume Measurement Using Gas Laws

Related Parent Applications (1)

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PCT/US2007/002039 A-371-Of-International WO2007106232A2 (fr) 2006-02-27 2007-01-23 Mesure des volumes en utilisant les principes des gaz

Related Child Applications (1)

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US12/906,077 Continuation-In-Part US20110028937A1 (en) 2006-02-27 2010-10-16 Automated fluid flow control system

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US12/280,869 Abandoned US20090131863A1 (en) 2006-02-27 2007-01-23 Volume Measurement Using Gas Laws
US12/280,924 Active US7654982B2 (en) 2006-02-27 2007-02-27 Flow control system and method with variable pressure and variable resistance
US12/280,894 Abandoned US20100063765A1 (en) 2006-02-27 2007-02-27 Flow Sensor Calibrated by Volume Changes

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US12/280,924 Active US7654982B2 (en) 2006-02-27 2007-02-27 Flow control system and method with variable pressure and variable resistance
US12/280,894 Abandoned US20100063765A1 (en) 2006-02-27 2007-02-27 Flow Sensor Calibrated by Volume Changes

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US (3) US20090131863A1 (fr)
EP (3) EP2013793A4 (fr)
CA (3) CA2643907A1 (fr)
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US20100063765A1 (en) 2010-03-11
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CA2644742A1 (fr) 2007-08-30
EP1991839A4 (fr) 2010-01-13
EP1999536A4 (fr) 2010-01-13
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EP1991839A2 (fr) 2008-11-19
EP1999536A2 (fr) 2008-12-10
CA2643907A1 (fr) 2007-09-20
US20090026146A1 (en) 2009-01-29
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EP2013793A4 (fr) 2010-01-06
WO2007106232A3 (fr) 2009-04-16

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