US20090120449A1 - Smoking machine - Google Patents

Smoking machine Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090120449A1
US20090120449A1 US11/909,365 US90936506A US2009120449A1 US 20090120449 A1 US20090120449 A1 US 20090120449A1 US 90936506 A US90936506 A US 90936506A US 2009120449 A1 US2009120449 A1 US 2009120449A1
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Prior art keywords
machine according
smoking machine
smoking
gas
chamber
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Abandoned
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US11/909,365
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English (en)
Inventor
Ian Francis Tindall
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mpac Group PLC
Original Assignee
Molins Ltd
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Assigned to MOLINS PLC reassignment MOLINS PLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TINDALL, IAN FRANCIS
Publication of US20090120449A1 publication Critical patent/US20090120449A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24C—MACHINES FOR MAKING CIGARS OR CIGARETTES
    • A24C5/00—Making cigarettes; Making tipping materials for, or attaching filters or mouthpieces to, cigars or cigarettes
    • A24C5/32—Separating, ordering, counting or examining cigarettes; Regulating the feeding of tobacco according to rod or cigarette condition
    • A24C5/34—Examining cigarettes or the rod, e.g. for regulating the feeding of tobacco; Removing defective cigarettes
    • A24C5/3406—Controlling cigarette combustion
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416—Systems
    • G01N27/4162—Systems investigating the composition of gases, by the influence exerted on ionic conductivity in a liquid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
    • G01N33/0031—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector comprising two or more sensors, e.g. a sensor array
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
    • G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
    • G01N33/004—CO or CO2
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
    • G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
    • G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a smoking machine for smoking a smoking article, such as a cigarette or cigar, in order to analyse the composition of a smoke stream from the smoking article.
  • Analysis of the composition of the smoke stream is important for two reasons. Firstly, the manufacturer of smoking articles may use smoke composition as a measure of the acceptability of the product, or as a quality control measure. Secondly, routine analysis of smoking articles is required by legislation for reporting to regulatory bodies to ensure the products sold to the consumer do not exceed maximum levels of particular hazardous substances.
  • the normal method employed for the analysis of smoke composition involves the use of a mechanical smoking machine with well defined smoking characteristics.
  • the use of such a machine fixes a set of process variables concerned with smoke generation, so the variables affecting the formation of gases and vapours is then restricted to the design, construction and composition of the smoking article.
  • There are two types of smoke formed main stream which is formed when air is passed through the cigarette as a breath is drawn, and side stream, where the cigarette burns between puffs.
  • the two smoke streams are likely to differ in composition as the temperature of pyrolysis will differ between the two modes.
  • the smoke so formed is normally captured in a fibre pad which is then removed for analysis.
  • the removed capture pad requires a series of chemical extractions and analysis that may take many hours, considerable labour and sophisticated analytical instruments. Gases that are not captured by the pad may be bubbled through impingers to trap the gas chemically or physically, or the gases may be measured using sophisticated analytical instruments dedicated for the purpose.
  • the known method of analysing a smoke stream is characterised by the complexity of capture and analysis and by the time delay between smoking and analysing the captured gases.
  • a smoking machine for smoking a smoking article, the smoking machine comprising an electrochemical cell for analysing the composition of a smoke stream from the smoking article.
  • the present invention may provide the advantage that a gas or vapour phase chemical can be analysed directly in real time without the need for pre-conditioning or preparation.
  • the electrochemical cell is preferably arranged to detect a gas in the smoke stream.
  • the electrochemical cell may be arranged to oxidize or to reduce the gas to be detected.
  • the electrochemical cell may be arranged to output an electrical signal indicative of the presence or amount of the gas to be detected.
  • the smoking machine may further comprise an amplifier for amplifying the output of the electrochemical cell.
  • the smoking machine may further comprise processing means for processing the output of the electrochemical cell.
  • the processing means may be arranged to log an amount of a detected gas over time as the smoking article is smoked, in order to build up a profile of the concentration of the gas through the smoking run.
  • the processing means may be a processor co-located with the electrochemical cell, or it may be separate from the electrochemical cell.
  • the processing means may be a separate computer which is arranged to log, analyse and display the data.
  • the concentration of a particular gas and the manner in which the concentration changes with time through a smoking run will, within predefined limits, be characteristic of the cigarette brand smoked.
  • a characteristic profile of the smoke generated for that brand may be developed for a standard set of mechanical smoking parameters.
  • the processing means may be arranged to store a profile of an amount of gas over time for a known smoking article and to compare the logged profile with the stored profile.
  • the electrochemical cell may be located in a chamber which is in communication with the smoke stream.
  • the chamber may be a dedicated analysis chamber located in the path of the smoke stream. Such an arrangement may allow a conventional smoking machine to be modified simply by inserting the analysis chamber into the path of the smoke stream.
  • the chamber may be a filter pad chamber. This may allow the chamber to perform the dual functions of holding a filter pad and holding the electrochemical cell, which may allow the machine to be more compact and cheaper to manufacture.
  • the chamber may comprise a sub-chamber for accommodating the electrochemical cell.
  • the sub-chamber may comprise a passageway which is selected in size to control the flow rate through the sub-chamber.
  • the smoking machine may further comprise means for introducing an additional gas, such as air, into the sub-chamber so as to dilute the smoke stream impinging on the electrochemical cell.
  • the smoking machine comprises a plurality of electrochemical cells.
  • Two or more electrochemical cells may in some cases be the same or similar.
  • two or more electrochemical cells are preferably sensitive to different gases and/or have a different sensitivity to a particular gas. This can allow the cells to provide simultaneous information about more than one substance in the smoke stream.
  • Each of the electrochemical cells may be located in a separate sub-chamber.
  • Two or more sub-chambers may then comprise passageways of different sizes to control the flow rates through the sub-chambers. This may help to compensate for different sensitivities of the different electrochemical cells.
  • two or more sub-chambers may be arranged to dilute the smoke stream by a different amount, which again may help to compensate for different sensitivities.
  • the smoking machine may further comprise processing means for determining a cross interference between different gases based on the output of two or more electrochemical cells.
  • the processor may be arranged to solve a set of at least two simultaneous equations involving at least two measurements and at least two unknowns.
  • the equations may be linear or non-linear. Any appropriate technique may be used to solve the equations, such as direct or iterative methods.
  • Two electrochemical cells which are both sensitive to the same gas may be located one on either side of a filter pad. This arrangement may provide information concerning the efficiency of the filter pad.
  • processing means may be arranged to compare a concentration of a gas detected before the filter pad with a concentration of the gas detected after the filter pad.
  • the smoking machine may further comprise a gas permeable membrane located between the smoke stream and the electrochemical cell.
  • a gas permeable membrane located between the smoke stream and the electrochemical cell.
  • Such a membrane may allow the gas of interest to pass through, but block the passage of particulates, condensates and unwanted solid and liquid materials.
  • the membrane may be removable. The membrane may then perform the function of a particulate and condensate collection pad removing all particulates and condensates from the smoke stream. These collected materials may be extracted from the membrane for future analysis.
  • some cells may be provided with a membrane and some without, or different cells may be provided with different membranes, in order to ensure that the gases of interest impinge on the electrochemical cells in the desired concentrations.
  • the smoking machine of the present invention may be arranged to analyse main stream smoke, or side stream smoke, or both.
  • the present invention may also be embodied in analysing equipment which is separate from a smoking machine, but which is arranged to be connected to a smoking machine.
  • analysing equipment arranged for connection to a smoking machine, for analysing the composition of a smoke stream from a smoking article, the analysing equipment comprising an electrochemical cell.
  • Such analysing equipment may be used, for example, to convert an existing smoking machine into a smoking machine according to the first aspect of the invention.
  • a method of analysing the composition of a smoke stream from a smoking article comprising detecting the presence and/or quantity of a gas using an electrochemical cell.
  • the pattern of detection, analysis and response can be used to assess the characteristic build and composition of the smoking article and thus can be used to identify the brand, construction method or composition.
  • the integrated concentration analysis of the smoke stream can be extrapolated mathematically to determine the total compositional delivery of one or more component of the whole smoking article.
  • a smoking machine for smoking a smoking article comprises one or more electrochemical cells for analyzing the composition of a smoke stream from the smoking article. This can allow a gas or vapor phase chemical to be analyzed directly in real time without the need for pre-conditioning or preparation.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view of parts of a smoking machine in a first embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section through part of the machine of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a conceptual sketch showing the principle of how the properties of a cigarette may be used to “fingerprint” brands.
  • FIG. 4 is a plan view of parts of a smoking machine in a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows parts of a smoking machine in a third embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a processing component in an embodiment of the invention designed to calculate the concentrations of gases.
  • FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a processing component in an embodiment of the invention designed to match samples to known brands of cigarettes.
  • smoking machine 10 comprises cigarette holder 12 , flow chamber 14 , and filter pad chamber 16 .
  • a cigarette 18 is inserted into holder 12 , and a filter pad 20 is inserted in filter pad chamber 16 .
  • the cigarette is lit and air is drawn through the cigarette at regular intervals, of regular duration and of consistent volume using a mechanically driven gas syringe or pump (not shown).
  • the smoking machine 10 also comprises an analysis chamber 22 which is located in the path of the main stream smoke between the smoked cigarette and the collection pad.
  • the analysis chamber 22 is so designed that the volume is minimised to reduce the so called “dead volume” of the system.
  • the analysis chamber 22 comprises four electrochemical cells 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , each of which is fitted to the chamber in its own small well or sub-chamber.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross section through the analysis chamber 22 .
  • two of the electrochemical cells 26 , 30 are shown.
  • the cells 26 , 30 are sealed in place by means of elastomeric seals or o-rings 36 , 38 . These may be fitted either to the face of the cells or about their circumference, which ever is the most convenient. The purpose of these seals is to ensure that gases and vapours do not leak past the cells and cause dilution effects.
  • Each cell 26 , 30 is fitted, normally by means of a plug and socket arrangement, to a printed circuit board (PCB) 32 .
  • the PCB 32 has resident electronics suitable for control of the cells, amplification of the currents produced, measurement of the currents and reporting the currents generated. It may be advantageous to include on this printed circuit board one or more microprocessors that convert this raw information into high level information concerning concentrations and composition.
  • the PCB 32 may be connected to an external computer for analysing and displaying the information.
  • the PCB 32 is also fitted with a seal 34 to prevent any minor leakage of gas from the system.
  • a gas permeable membrane 40 In front of the cells 26 , 30 is a gas permeable membrane 40 .
  • the gas permeable membrane allows gases of interest to pass but prevents condensates and particulates, usually referred to as “tar” in the context of smoking, from passing. Again the volume between the membrane 40 and the cells 26 , 30 is kept to a minimum to prevent a “dead volume” forming.
  • the smoke is drawn into the analysis chamber 22 .
  • the gases present begin to pass through the membrane 40 and enter the electrochemical fuel cells 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 .
  • the cells have a small hole in the front of them which controls the diffusion of the gas through the gas permeable membrane. Gases which have passed through the membrane then encounter an electrode. This electrode catalyses a reaction with the gas either reducing or oxidising the gas. This liberates electrons which pass through the electrolyte in the cell to a second electrode where a complimentary reaction occurs. In practice none of the cell is consumed in the process and current flows in the cell proportional to the concentration of gas in the surrounding atmosphere.
  • the nature of the electrochemical cells is such that they are quasi specific to particular gases and so the presence of a current not only determines that a target gas is present but also its concentration.
  • the reaction is such that very little of the gas under analysis reacts and is consumed and so can be considered to be a non consuming technology.
  • the relative concentrations of gases should be indicative of the brand being smoked.
  • the gas concentrations change as a smoking article is consumed (clogged filter, tobacco column acting as a filter will get smaller, less air entering smoke stream through the wrapping paper as this gets shorter, deliberate variations in tobacco packing density along rod and so on) this pattern through the smoking article will also be indicative of the brand.
  • cell A detects and measures hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
  • cell B detects and measures carbon monoxide but there is also a slight effect from HCN.
  • the cell A can determine the concentration of HCN and then the supervisory system can compensate for the effect of this HCN on cell B and so more perfectly calculate the residual effect of the carbon monoxide giving greater accuracy of measurement.
  • the analysis chamber 22 could be located after the filter pad chamber 16 , or an analysis chamber could be located on either side of the filter pad chamber 16 . In the later case one or more of the cells may be duplicated on the other side of the filter pad. This arrangement can not only provide information about the smoke stream composition but also information concerning the efficiency of the pad collection device.
  • FIG. 3 is a conceptual sketch showing the principle of how the properties of the cigarette may be used to “fingerprint” brands.
  • One gas type (B) has the same total concentration for the two brands but slightly dissimilar patterns of evolution.
  • the other gas (A), measured simultaneously with gas B, has totally different total concentration and pattern of evolution.
  • A measured simultaneously with gas B
  • By looking at several elements for both total integrated concentration and the concentration in the time domain a unique picture of the brand can be formed and so become a “standard” for the brand. This can then be used to assess manufacturing consistency. For example, it may be determined whether a latest batch matches the profile for the brand. Alternatively this technique can be used in the detection of counterfeit products. If the smoked profile does not match the known profile of a particular brand then the cigarette is likely to be counterfeit.
  • FIG. 4 is a plan view of parts of a smoking machine in a second embodiment of the invention.
  • the existing chamber used for collection of the mainstream gases on a filter pad is modified to allow direct insertion of the electrochemical or fuel cells.
  • the smoking machine comprises cigarette holder 42 , flow chamber 44 , and filter pad chamber 46 .
  • a cigarette 48 is inserted into holder 42 , and a filter pad 50 is inserted in filter pad chamber 46 .
  • a mechanically driven pump or gas syringe (not shown) is used to draw air through the cigarette 48 , flow chamber 44 , and filter pad chamber 46 .
  • Each cell 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 is fitted by means of a plug and socket arrangement to a flexible printed circuit board.
  • the printed circuit board has resident electronics suitable for control of the cells, amplification of the currents produced, measurement of the currents and reporting the currents generated. It may be advantageous to include on this printed circuit board one or more microprocessors that convert this raw information into high level information concerning concentrations and composition.
  • the PCB may be connected to an external computer for analysing and displaying the information.
  • the cells are between the smoking article and pad it may be necessary to attach a gas permeable membrane that allows the gases of interest to pass but prevents condensates and particulates, usually referred to as “tar” in the context of smoking, from passing. Again the volume between the membrane and the cell will be kept to a minimum to prevent a “dead volume” forming. Those cells between the pad and the gas syringe may not need such a membrane as the filter pad forms this function.
  • tar condensates and particulates
  • the smoke is drawn into the filter pad chamber 46 .
  • the gases present begin to pass through the membrane and enter the electrochemical fuel cells 52 , 54 , 56 , 58 where a current is generated, amplified and measured.
  • the measurements can determine the total concentration of compound liberated under a predetermined set of conditions and also the “fingerprint” for the brand under those same conditions.
  • the electrochemical cells can be either before or after the filter pad. If required, one or more of the cells may be duplicated on the other side of the filter pad. This arrangement can not only provide information about the smoke stream composition but also information concerning the efficiency of the pad collection device.
  • electrochemical cells may be located in a separate analysis chamber (as in the first embodiment) as well as in the filter pad chamber 46 .
  • FIG. 5 shows parts of a smoking machine in a third embodiment of the invention.
  • a dedicated chamber for analysing a side smoke stream is fitted to a chimney above the smoking article.
  • the side stream smoke is again characteristic of the brand and the mechanical smoking regime used to generate the main stream smoke.
  • side stream smoking machine 60 comprises collection hood 62 , chimney 64 and gas analysis chamber 66 .
  • the collection hood 62 is located above cigarette 68 which is held by cigarette holder 70 .
  • the cigarette holder 70 is connected to a main stream smoking machine (not shown), such as a smoking machine in the first or second embodiment described above, in order to smoke the cigarette in a predetermined manner.
  • Side stream smoking machine 60 also comprises a pump or mechanically driven gas syringe (not shown) which draws smoke from the cigarette 68 through the collection hood 62 and chimney 64 when the main stream smoking machine is not puffing.
  • the gas analysis chamber 66 comprises a number of sub-chambers, each of which houses a respective electrochemical cell 72 , 74 , 76 , 78 .
  • the cells are sealed in place by means of an elastomeric seal or o-ring (not shown).
  • Each cell is fitted, normally by means of a plug and socket arrangement, to a printed circuit board 80 .
  • the printed circuit board 80 has resident electronics suitable for control of the cells, amplification of the currents produced, measurement of the currents and reporting the currents generated.
  • the printed circuit board may include one or more microprocessors that convert this raw information into high level information concerning concentrations and composition, and/or it may be connected to an external computer for analysing and displaying the information.
  • the PCB 80 is also fitted with a seal 82 to prevent any minor leakage of gas from the system.
  • a gas permeable membrane In front of the cells is a gas permeable membrane that allows the gases of interest to pass but prevents condensates and particulates from passing.
  • the smoke formed from the smouldering smoking article is drawn past the analysis chamber 66 .
  • Some of this gas will be drawn into the chamber and detected by the electrochemical cells 72 , 74 , 76 , 78 .
  • the amount of gas detected can be related to the total amount of the gas generated in the side stream process.
  • the electrochemical cells may be located in the filter pad chamber instead of or in addition to in the analysis chamber.
  • the side stream smoking machine of the third embodiment may be used in conjunction with the main stream smoking machine of the first or second embodiments.
  • the embodiments described above allow specific gas and vapour concentrations in mainstream and side stream smoke to be determined quickly and simply for mechanically smoked cigarettes and cigars.
  • the embodiments are based upon the catalytic oxidation or reduction of the gas or vapour to be measured within an electrochemical cell.
  • the combination of the mechanical smoking and simple multigas measurement capability of electrochemical cells provides a powerful analytical tool that can not only analyse gas constituents but under well defined standard smoking conditions provide a distinctive pattern of response and concentration that could be considered a “fingerprint” characteristic of the brand of cigarette smoked.
  • FIG. 6 shows four electrochemical cells 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 arranged to provide outputs to a processor 104 .
  • Processor 104 may be part of a computer, or alternatively may be integrated within a smoking machine.
  • the processor 104 is arranged for electrical connection with: data storage means 106 , which may be a memory chip; a display unit 108 ; and a keyboard 110 , which is a data input device.
  • the magnitudes of the outputs of each of sensors 100 , 101 , 102 , and 103 may be (approximately) linearly dependent on the concentrations of four gases.
  • a unique solution may be found for the true concentration of each gas.
  • this corresponds to a situation where there are four independent measurements and four unknowns; this is classically soluble by matrix algebra.
  • N unknowns
  • the solution of the system of equations involves the inversion of an N ⁇ N matrix.
  • Such a calculation can be performed by a suitably programmed processor, as will be apparent to one skilled in the art.
  • the outputs of sensors 100 , 101 , 102 and 103 will be non-linear. This non-linearity may be dependent on various factors such as output magnitude or a specific gas concentration. If the nature of non-linear relationship can be determined, then the system may be calibrated to compensate for this (so long as the non-linearity is a function of a known parameter). If any non-linear effects can be accounted for then the system will once again be easily soluble through matrix manipulation.
  • Processor 104 is arranged for electrical connection to memory 106 .
  • Processor 104 may read data from memory 106 , which data may be related to any stored non-linear relationships. Processor 104 may also write to memory 106 since it may be desirable to store gas concentrations at any point in time, or to store a log of gas concentrations against time.
  • Keyboard 110 is arranged for electrical connection to the processor 104 and may be used to input data to the processor, which data may then be stored in memory 106 . Keyboard 110 may be used to update any data used by the processor 104 or to amend manually any recorded data.
  • Display 108 is also arranged for electrical connection to processor 104 , and may be arranged to display the concentration of any gas at any instant in time. Display 108 may also display a real-time log of the concentrations of different gases as they change in time.
  • FIG. 7 shows parts of a “fingerprinting” apparatus.
  • the apparatus comprises electrochemical cells 200 and 202 in electrical connection with a processor 206 .
  • Processor 206 is further arranged for electrical connection to a display 204 , and memory 208 .
  • Sensors 200 and 202 are both sensitive to some combination of two gases. This dependency may be linear or non-linear, but each sensor should be dependent on a unique combination of two gases so that a unique solution may be found for the concentration of each gas. In either case, processor 206 calculates the concentration of each gas.
  • Processor 206 may be arranged to operate as a data logger—i.e. the processor may sample data regularly over a period of time. Any logged data may be stored in memory 208 and/or displayed on display 204 .
  • the processor carries out “fingerprinting”, to determine the brand of cigarette that produces a particular pattern of gas concentration evolution. This type of matching may be achieved by many techniques and by way of example an exemplary technique is described below.
  • Memory 208 comprises patterns of known gas concentration evolutions for a plurality of gases and a plurality of types of cigarette.
  • Processor 206 samples the concentration of each of the two gases and then compares this figure with each of the stored profiles to yield a deviation for each. In this way a deviation may be determined for each sample at an instant in time with respect to each stored profile. By finding a deviation for each sampled point over the length of the stored profile and averaging, a standard deviation for the evolution of each gas may be found with respect to each stored profile. The stored profile with the lowest associated standard deviation is then the most likely candidate to match with the sample. However, having the lowest associated standard deviation does not necessarily mean a match between a candidate stored profile and the sample. Memory 208 stores a maximum standard deviation threshold, and if the lowest standard deviation is above this threshold then processor 206 will not find a match.
  • This technique provides a method for matching smoke evolution profiles from sample cigarettes to particular brands. Particular brands may be thus identified, and cigarettes not corresponding to known brands which may be counterfeits may also be identified. If a counterfeit cigarette is found then this may be stored in the memory and/or displayed on display 204 .
  • the processor 206 may be arranged to display the standard deviation of the sample with respect to each stored profile on display 204 . This may be done in combination with a “confidence factor” showing how likely a match is for the sample with each stored profile.
  • the processor 206 may carry out “fingerprinting” during the data logging process.
  • the likelihood of obtaining a high confidence match increases with time in a calculable way. Therefore it may be desirable to display each possible match on display 204 together with an accuracy/certainty parameter which may be conveniently displayable as a percentage.
  • FIG. 7 only shows two electrochemical cells, it will be appreciated that three or more could be used, to detect a greater number of gases.
  • other “fingerprinting” techniques could be used.
  • a possible alternative could include convolving logged data with stored profiles and searching for peak responses.

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  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)
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US11/909,365 2005-03-24 2006-03-23 Smoking machine Abandoned US20090120449A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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GB0506120A GB2424484B (en) 2005-03-24 2005-03-24 Analysing equipment
GB0506120.5 2005-03-24
PCT/GB2006/001073 WO2006100493A1 (en) 2005-03-24 2006-03-23 Smoking machine

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US (1) US20090120449A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP1860961B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN101146460B (zh)
AT (1) ATE466496T1 (zh)
DE (1) DE602006014102D1 (zh)
GB (1) GB2424484B (zh)
WO (1) WO2006100493A1 (zh)

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090090372A1 (en) * 2005-09-23 2009-04-09 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Equipment for Insertion of Objects into Smoking Articles
US20090194118A1 (en) * 2008-02-01 2009-08-06 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company System for analyzing a filter element associated with a smoking article, and associated method
US20100059074A1 (en) * 2008-09-05 2010-03-11 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Inspection System for a Smoking Article Having an Object Inserted Therein, and Associated Method
US20110011412A1 (en) * 2009-07-14 2011-01-20 Aiger Engineering, Ltd. Apparatus and method for assembly of multi-segment rod-like articles
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US8622882B2 (en) 2010-09-27 2014-01-07 Aiger Group Ag Apparatus and method for insertion of capsules into filter tows
US8475348B2 (en) 2010-09-28 2013-07-02 Aiger Group Ag Apparatus and method for assembly of multi-segment rod-like articles
US11717024B2 (en) 2011-09-29 2023-08-08 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Apparatus for inserting microcapsule objects into a filter element of a smoking article, and associated method
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US10849361B2 (en) * 2015-08-03 2020-12-01 Virginia Commonwealth University Airflow puff topography measurement device and method
US11351315B2 (en) * 2016-08-10 2022-06-07 Gary Stephen Shuster Vaporizer improvements
US11828688B2 (en) 2020-05-15 2023-11-28 Mativ Holdings, Inc. Aerosol matter collection device
US11636870B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-04-25 Denso International America, Inc. Smoking cessation systems and methods
US11760170B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-09-19 Denso International America, Inc. Olfaction sensor preservation systems and methods
US11760169B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-09-19 Denso International America, Inc. Particulate control systems and methods for olfaction sensors
US11813926B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-11-14 Denso International America, Inc. Binding agent and olfaction sensor
US11828210B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2023-11-28 Denso International America, Inc. Diagnostic systems and methods of vehicles using olfaction
US11881093B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2024-01-23 Denso International America, Inc. Systems and methods for identifying smoking in vehicles
US11932080B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2024-03-19 Denso International America, Inc. Diagnostic and recirculation control systems and methods
US12017506B2 (en) 2020-08-20 2024-06-25 Denso International America, Inc. Passenger cabin air control systems and methods
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CN101146460A (zh) 2008-03-19
GB2424484B (en) 2009-10-07
EP1860961A1 (en) 2007-12-05
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GB2424484A (en) 2006-09-27
DE602006014102D1 (de) 2010-06-17
ATE466496T1 (de) 2010-05-15

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