US20080287471A1 - 4'-Substituted Carbovir And Abacavir-Derivatives As Well As Related Compounds With Hiv And Hcv Antiviral Activity - Google Patents

4'-Substituted Carbovir And Abacavir-Derivatives As Well As Related Compounds With Hiv And Hcv Antiviral Activity Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20080287471A1
US20080287471A1 US10/583,573 US58357304A US2008287471A1 US 20080287471 A1 US20080287471 A1 US 20080287471A1 US 58357304 A US58357304 A US 58357304A US 2008287471 A1 US2008287471 A1 US 2008287471A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
compound
pharmaceutically acceptable
formula
solvate
alkyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/583,573
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Maria Fardis
Choung U. Kim
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gilead Sciences Inc
Original Assignee
Gilead Sciences Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gilead Sciences Inc filed Critical Gilead Sciences Inc
Priority to US10/583,573 priority Critical patent/US20080287471A1/en
Assigned to GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. reassignment GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FARDIS, MARIA, KIM, CHOUNG U
Publication of US20080287471A1 publication Critical patent/US20080287471A1/en
Assigned to GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. reassignment GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FARDIS, MARIA, KIM, CHOUNG U.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
    • C07D473/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6
    • C07D473/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 one oxygen and one nitrogen atom, e.g. guanine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
    • C07D473/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6
    • C07D473/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two nitrogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C07H19/06—Pyrimidine radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H19/00—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof
    • C07H19/02—Compounds containing a hetero ring sharing one ring hetero atom with a saccharide radical; Nucleosides; Mononucleotides; Anhydro-derivatives thereof sharing nitrogen
    • C07H19/04—Heterocyclic radicals containing only nitrogen atoms as ring hetero atom
    • C07H19/16—Purine radicals

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to 4′-substituted nucleoside derivatives with antiviral activity.
  • Carbovir (EP 00,434,450 and EP 00,349,242) along with abacavir are well known anti-HIV carbocyclic nucleosides.
  • Abacavir is the most potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) developed to date. An average reduction in viral load of more than 1.4 log 10 RNA copies/ml is observed after a short course of abacavir monotherapy.
  • NRTI nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
  • Dideoxynucleotide use such as dideoxycytidine (ddC) and of didehydrodideoxythymidine (d4T) is limited by associated painful sensory-motor peripheral neuropathy. Dideoxyinosine also shares this complication as well as causing acute pancreatitis, and hepatotoxicity in some cases (Maag, H. et al., J. Med. Chem., 1992, 35, 1440). Yet another concern about this class of compounds has been the emergence of resistant HIV strains in patients undergoing treatment with nucleosides. For instance the ddI-resistant strains were also shown to be resistant to ddC. In another study, clinical HIV isolates resistant to AZT displayed marked resistance to d4T.
  • antiviral agents having unique structural characteristics. Additionally, there is a need for antiviral agents with improved pharmacological properties, e.g., drugs having improved antiviral activity and pharmacokinetic properties, including improved oral bioavailability, greater potency and extended effective half-life in vivo.
  • the invention relates to compounds with activity against infectious viruses. Accordingly, in one embodiment the invention provides a compound of the invention which is a compound of Formula I:
  • B is adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine, 7-deazaadenine, 7-deazaguanine, 7-deaza-8-azaguanine, 7-deaza-8-azaadenine, inosine, nebularine, nitropyrrole, nitroindole, 2-aminopurine, 2-amino-6-chloropurine, 2,6-diaminopurine, hypoxanthine, pseudouridine, pseudocytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-propynylcytosine, isocytosine, isoguanine, 7-deazaguanine, 2-thiopyrimidine, 6-thioguanine, 4-thiothymine, 4-thiouracil, O 6 -methylguanine, N 6 -methyladenine, O 4 -methylthymine, 5,6-dihydrothymine, 5,6-dihydrouracil, 4-methylindole,
  • R 1 is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, azido, or fluoromethyl
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a therapeutically effective amount of another therapeutic agent.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a therapeutically effective amount of an AIDS treatment agent selected from an HIV inhibitor agent, an anti-infective agent, and an immunomodulator.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a therapeutically effective amount of an HIV-protease inhibitor.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a therapeutically effective amount of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a therapeutically effective amount of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
  • the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; and a therapeutically effective amount of an HIV integrase inhibitor.
  • the invention also provides a method of inhibiting a viral infection in an animal (e.g. a mammal), comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the animal.
  • an animal e.g. a mammal
  • the invention also provides a method for the treatment or prevention of the symptoms or effects of a viral infection in an animal, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the animal.
  • the invention also provides a method of inhibiting an HCV infection in an animal, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the animal.
  • the invention also provides a method for the treatment or prevention of the symptoms or effects of HCV infection in an infected animal, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the animal.
  • the invention also provides a method of inhibiting a viral enzyme, comprising contacting a sample suspected of containing viral infected cells or tissues with a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the invention also provides a method of inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in an animal, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to the animal.
  • the invention also provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for use in medical therapy (preferably for use in treating a viral infection in an animal).
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to prepare a medicament useful for inhibiting a viral infection in an animal (e.g. a mammal).
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to prepare a medicament useful for the treatment or prevention of the symptoms or effects of a viral infection in an animal.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to prepare a medicament useful for inhibiting an HCV infection in an animal.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof to prepare a medicament useful for the treatment or prevention of the symptoms or effects of HCV infection in an infected animal.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, to prepare a medicament useful for inhibiting an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in an animal.
  • the invention also provides a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the invention also provides processes and novel intermediates disclosed herein which are useful for preparing compounds of the invention. Some of the compounds of the invention are useful to prepare other compounds of the invention.
  • the invention also provides a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising combining a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the drug substance, i.e. active ingredient, as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), photolysis, and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s).
  • a prodrug is thus a covalently modified analog or latent form of a therapeutically-active compound.
  • Protecting group refers to a moiety of a compound that masks or alters the properties of a functional group or the properties of the compound as a whole.
  • Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection/deprotection are well known in the art. See e.g., Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry , Theodora W. Greene, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g., making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion.
  • Protection of functional groups of a compound alters other physical properties besides the reactivity of the protected functional group, such as the polarity, lipophilicity (hydrophobicity), and other properties which can be measured by common analytical tools.
  • Chemically protected intermediates may themselves be biologically active or inactive.
  • Protected compounds may also exhibit altered, and in some cases, optimized properties in vitro and in vivo, such as passage through cellular membranes and resistance to enzymatic degradation or sequestration. In this role, protected compounds with intended therapeutic effects may be referred to as prodrugs.
  • Another function of a protecting group is to convert the parental drug into a prodrug, whereby the parental drug is released upon conversion of the prodrug in vivo. Because active prodrugs may be absorbed more effectively than the parental drug, prodrugs may possess greater potency in vivo than the parental drug.
  • Protecting groups are removed either in vitro, in the instance of chemical intermediates, or in vivo, in the case of prodrugs. With chemical intermediates, it is not particularly important that the resulting products after deprotection, e.g., alcohols, be physiologically acceptable, although in general it is more desirable if the products are pharmacologically innocuous.
  • any reference to any of the compounds of the invention also includes a reference to a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.
  • physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth (for example, magnesium), ammonium and NX 4 + (wherein X is C 1 -C 4 alkyl).
  • Physiologically acceptable salts of an hydrogen atom or an amino group include salts of organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids.
  • organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids
  • organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids
  • Physiologically acceptable salts of a compound of an hydroxy group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na + and NX 4 + (wherein X is independently selected from H or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group).
  • salts of active ingredients of the compounds of the invention will be physiologically acceptable, i.e. they will be salts derived from a physiologically acceptable acid or base.
  • salts of acids or bases which are not physiologically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a physiologically acceptable compound. All salts, whether or not derived form a physiologically acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of the present invention.
  • Alkyl is C 1 -C 18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms. Examples are methyl (Me, —CH 3 ), ethyl (Et, —CH 2 CH 3 ), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-propyl (1-Pr, i-propyl, —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-1-propyl (1-Bu, 1-butyl, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, —C(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, —CH 2 CH 3
  • Alkenyl is C 2 -C 18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp 2 double bond. Examples include, but are not limited to, ethylene or vinyl (—CH ⁇ CH 2 ), allyl (—CH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ), cyclopentenyl (—C 5 H 7 ), and 5-hexenyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH ⁇ CH 2 ).
  • Alkynyl is C 2 -C 18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond. Examples include, but are not limited to, acetylenic (—C ⁇ CH) and propargyl (—CH 2 C ⁇ CH),
  • Alkylene refers to a saturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 1-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane.
  • Typical alkylene radicals include, but are not limited to, methylene (—CH 2 —) 1,2-ethyl (—CH 2 CH 2 —), 1,3-propyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), 1,4-butyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —), and the like.
  • Alkenylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkene.
  • Typical alkenylene radicals include, but are not limited to, 1,2-ethylene (—CH ⁇ CH—).
  • Alkynylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkyne.
  • Typical alkynylene radicals include, but are not limited to, acetylene (—C ⁇ C—), propargyl (—CH 2 C ⁇ C—), and 4-pentynyl (—CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C ⁇ CH—).
  • Aryl means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbon atoms derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system.
  • Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene, substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like.
  • Arylalkyl refers to an acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp 3 carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl radical.
  • Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-1-yl, naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-1-yl and the like.
  • the arylalkyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g., the alkyl moiety, including alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, of the arylalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 5 to 14 carbon atoms.
  • Substituted alkyl mean alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl respectively, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with a non-hydrogen substituent.
  • Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —X, —R, —O ⁇ , —OR, —SR, —S ⁇ , —NR 2 , —NR 3 , ⁇ NR, —CX 3 , —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —N ⁇ C ⁇ O, —NCS, —NO, —NO 2 , ⁇ N 2 , —N 3 , NC( ⁇ O)R, —C( ⁇ O)R, —C( ⁇ O)NRR, —S( ⁇ O) 2 O ⁇ , —S( ⁇ O) 2 OH, —S( ⁇ O) 2 R, —OS( ⁇ O) 2 OR, —S( ⁇ O) 2 NR, —S( ⁇ O)R, —OP( ⁇ O)O 2 RR, —P( ⁇ O)O 2 RR, —P( ⁇ O)(O ⁇ ) 2 , —P( ⁇ O)(OH
  • Heterocycle as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation these heterocycles described in Paquette, Leo A.; Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9 ; The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A Series of Monographs ” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc . (1960) 82:5566.
  • “heterocycle” includes a “carbocycle” as defined herein, wherein one or more (e.g. 1, 2, 3, or 4) carbon atoms have been replaced with a heteroatom (e.g. O, N, or S).
  • heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, dihydroypyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl
  • carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline.
  • carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or 5-thiazolyl.
  • nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, 1H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of a morpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or ⁇ -carboline.
  • nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 1-aziridyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl.
  • Carbocycle refers to a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle, 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicycle, and up to about 20 carbon atoms as a polycycle.
  • Monocyclic carbocycles have 3 to 6 ring atoms, still more typically 5 or 6 ring atoms.
  • Bicyclic carbocycles have 7 to 12 ring atoms, e.g., arranged as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, or 9 or 10 ring atoms arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.
  • Examples of monocyclic carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1-cyclohex-3-enyl, phenyl, spiryl and naphthyl.
  • chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
  • stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
  • Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g., melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.
  • Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
  • treatment or “treating,” to the extent it relates to a disease or condition includes preventing the disease or condition from occurring, inhibiting the disease or condition, eliminating the disease or condition, and/or relieving one or more symptoms of the disease or condition.
  • d and l or (+) and ( ⁇ ) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with ( ⁇ ) or l meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
  • a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
  • these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
  • a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
  • a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
  • the terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
  • protecting groups include prodrug moieties and chemical protecting groups.
  • Protecting groups are available, commonly known and used, and are optionally used to prevent side reactions with the protected group during synthetic procedures, i.e. routes or methods to prepare the compounds of the invention. For the most part the decision as to which groups to protect, when to do so, and the nature of the chemical protecting group “PG” will be dependent upon the chemistry of the reaction to be protected against (e.g., acidic, basic, oxidative, reductive or other conditions) and the intended direction of the synthesis. The PG groups do not need to be, and generally are not, the same if the compound is substituted with multiple PG. In general, PG will be used to protect functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, thio, or amino groups and to thus prevent side reactions or to otherwise facilitate the synthetic efficiency. The order of deprotection to yield free, deprotected groups is dependent upon the intended direction of the synthesis and the reaction conditions to be encountered, and may occur in any order as determined by the artisan.
  • protecting groups for —OH groups include “ether- or ester-forming groups”.
  • Ether- or ester-forming groups are capable of functioning as chemical protecting groups in the synthetic schemes set forth herein.
  • some hydroxyl and thio protecting groups are neither ether- nor ester-forming groups, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, and are included with amides, discussed below.
  • Protecting Groups An Overview, pages 1-20, Chapter 2, Hydroxyl Protecting Groups, pages 21-94, Chapter 3, Diol Protecting Groups, pages 95-117, Chapter 4, Carboxyl Protecting Groups, pages 118-154, Chapter 5, Carbonyl Protecting Groups, pages 155-184.
  • protecting groups for carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid, phosphonate, sulfonic acid and other protecting groups for acids see Greene as set forth below.
  • Such groups include by way of example and not limitation, esters, amides, hydrazides, and the like.
  • Another set of protecting groups include any of the typical amino protecting groups described by Greene at pages 315-385.
  • C 1 -C 8 substituted alkyl, C 1 -C 8 substituted alkenyl, C 1 -C 8 substituted alkynyl, C 6 -C 20 substituted aryl, and C 2 -C 20 substituted heterocycle are independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from F, Cl, Br, I, OH, —NH 2 , —NH 3 + , —NHR, —NR 2 , —NR 3 + , C 1 -C 8 alkylhalide, carboxylate, sulfate, sulfamate, sulfonate, 5-7 membered ring sultam, C 1 -C 8 alkylsulfonate, C 1 -C 8 alkylamino, 4-dialkylaminopyridinium, C 1 -C 8 alkylhydroxyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylthiol, —SO 2 R, —SO 2 Ar,
  • “protecting group” is selected from a carboxyl ester, a carboxamide, an aryl ether, an alkyl ether, a trialkylsilyl ether, a sulfonic acid ester, a carbonate, and a carbamate.
  • the compounds of the invention include those with antiviral activity.
  • compounds of the invention have a molecular weight of from about 200 amu to about 10,000 amu; in a specific embodiment of the invention, compounds have a molecular weight of less than about 5000 amu; in another specific embodiment of the invention, compounds have a molecular weight of less than about 2500 amu; in another specific embodiment of the invention, compounds have a molecular weight of less than about 1000 amu; in another specific embodiment of the invention, compounds have a molecular weight of less than about 800 amu; in another specific embodiment of the invention, compounds have a molecular weight of less than about 600 amu; and in another specific embodiment of the invention, compounds have a molecular weight of less than about 400 amu and a molecular weight of greater than about 200 amu.
  • the compounds of the invention also typically have a logD (polarity) less than about 5.
  • the invention provides compounds having a logD less than about 4; in another one embodiment the invention provides compounds having a logD less than about 3; in another one embodiment the invention provides compounds having a logD greater than about ⁇ 5; in another one embodiment the invention provides compounds having a logD greater than about ⁇ 3; and in another one embodiment the invention provides compounds having a logD greater than about 0 and less than about 3.
  • R x contains a R y substituent.
  • R y can be R 2 , which in turn can be R 3 . If R 3 is selected to be R 3c , then a second instance of R x can be selected.
  • R 3 is selected to be R 3c , then a second instance of R x can be selected.
  • properties include, by of example and not limitation, physical properties such as molecular weight, solubility or log P, application properties such as activity against the intended target, and practical properties such as ease of synthesis.
  • the compounds of the invention may have chiral centers.
  • the compounds of the invention thus include racemic mixtures of all stereoisomers, including enantiomers, diastereomers, and atropisomers.
  • the compounds of the invention include enriched or resolved optical isomers at any or all asymmetric, chiral atoms.
  • the chiral centers apparent from the depictions are provided as the chiral isomers or racemic mixtures.
  • racemic and diastereomeric mixtures, as well as the individual optical isomers isolated or synthesized, substantially free of their enantiomeric or diastereomeric partners, are all within the scope of the invention.
  • racemic mixtures are separated into their individual, substantially optically pure isomers through well-known techniques such as, for example, the separation of diastereomeric salts formed with optically active adjuncts, e.g., acids or bases followed by conversion back to the optically active substances.
  • optically active adjuncts e.g., acids or bases
  • the desired optical isomer is synthesized by means of stereospecific reactions, beginning with the appropriate stereoisomer of the desired starting material.
  • the compounds of the invention can also exist as tautomeric isomers in certain cases. All though only one delocalized resonance structure may be depicted, all such forms are contemplated within the scope of the invention.
  • ene-amine tautomers can exist for purine, pyrimidine, imidazole, guanidine, amidine, and tetrazole systems and all their possible tautomeric forms are within the scope of the invention.
  • compositions of this invention optionally comprise salts of the compounds herein, especially pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic salts containing, for example, Na + , Li + , K + , Ca +2 and Mg +2 .
  • Such salts may include those derived by combination of appropriate cations such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions or ammonium and quaternary amino ions with an acid anion moiety, typically a carboxylic acid.
  • Monovalent salts are preferred if a water soluble salt is desired.
  • Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide with a compound of this invention.
  • metal salts which are prepared in this way are salts containing Li + , Na + , and K + .
  • a less soluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a more soluble salt by addition of the suitable metal compound.
  • compositions herein comprise compounds of the invention in their un-ionized, as well as zwitterionic form, and combinations with stoichiometric amounts of water as in hydrates.
  • the salts of the parental compounds with one or more amino acids are suitable, especially the naturally-occurring amino acids found as protein components, although the amino acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basic or acidic group, e.g., lysine, arginine or glutamic acid, or a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, or leucine.
  • a basic or acidic group e.g., lysine, arginine or glutamic acid
  • a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, or leucine.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to methods of inhibiting viral infections, comprising the step of treating a sample or subject suspected of needing such inhibition with a composition of the invention.
  • compositions of the invention may act as inhibitors of viral infections, or as intermediates for such inhibitors or have other utilities as described below.
  • the inhibitors will bind to locations on the surface or in a cavity of a cell having a unique geometry.
  • Compositions binding a cell may bind with varying degrees of reversibility. Those compounds binding substantially irreversibly are ideal candidates for use in this method of the invention. Once labeled, the substantially irreversibly binding compositions are useful as probes for the detection of viruses.
  • the invention relates to methods of detecting viruses in a sample or subject suspected of containing a virus, comprising the steps of: treating such a sample or subject with a composition comprising a compound of the invention bound to a label; and observing the effect of the sample on the activity of the label.
  • Suitable labels are well known in the diagnostics field and include stable free radicals, fluorophores, radioisotopes, enzymes, chemiluminescent groups and chromogens.
  • the compounds herein are labeled in conventional fashion using functional groups such as hydroxyl or amino.
  • samples suspected of containing a virus include natural or man-made materials such as living organisms; tissue or cell cultures; biological samples such as biological material samples (blood, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, sputum, saliva, tissue samples, and the like); laboratory samples; food, water, or air samples; bioproduct samples such as extracts of cells, particularly recombinant cells synthesizing a desired glycoprotein; and the like.
  • biological material samples blood, serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, sputum, saliva, tissue samples, and the like
  • laboratory samples food, water, or air samples
  • bioproduct samples such as extracts of cells, particularly recombinant cells synthesizing a desired glycoprotein; and the like.
  • samples will be suspected of containing an organism which induces a viral infection, frequently a pathogenic organism such as an tumor virus.
  • Samples can be contained in any medium including water and organic solvent ⁇ water mixtures. Samples include living organisms such as humans, and man made materials such as cell cultures.
  • the treating step of the invention comprises adding the composition of the invention to the sample or it comprises adding a precursor of the composition to the sample.
  • the addition step comprises any method of administration as described above.
  • the anti-virus activity of a compound of the invention after application of the composition can be observed by any method including direct and indirect methods of detecting such activity. Quantitative, qualitative, and semiquantitative methods of determining such activity are all contemplated. Typically one of the screening methods described above are applied, however, any other method such as observation of the physiological properties of a living organism are also applicable.
  • compositions of the invention are screened for antiviral activity by any of the conventional techniques for evaluating enzyme activity.
  • typically compositions are first screened for inhibitory activity in vitro and compositions showing inhibitory activity are then screened for activity in vivo.
  • Compositions having in vitro Ki (inhibitory constants) of less then about 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 M, typically less than about 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 M and preferably less than about 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 M are preferred for in vivo use.
  • the compounds of this invention are formulated with conventional carriers and excipients, which will be selected in accord with ordinary practice.
  • Tablets will contain excipients, glidants, fillers, binders and the like.
  • Aqueous formulations are prepared in sterile form, and when intended for delivery by other than oral administration generally will be isotonic. All formulations will optionally contain excipients such as those set forth in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (1986). Excipients include ascorbic acid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA, carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like.
  • the pH of the formulations ranges from about 3 to about 11, but is ordinarily about 7 to 10.
  • the formulations both for veterinary and for human use, of the invention comprise at least one active ingredient, as above defined, together with one or more acceptable carriers therefor and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and physiologically innocuous to the recipient thereof.
  • the formulations include those suitable for the foregoing administration routes.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Techniques and formulations generally are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.). Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients.
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the active ingredient may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • a tablet is made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered active ingredient moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and optionally are formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therefrom.
  • the formulations are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s) in an amount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w (including active ingredient(s) in a range between 0.1% and 20% in increments of 0.1% w/w such as 0.6% w/w, 0.7% w/w, etc.), preferably 0.2 to 15% w/w and most preferably 0.5 to 10% w/w.
  • the active ingredients may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base.
  • the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e. an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane 1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (including PEG 400) and mixtures thereof.
  • the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethyl sulphoxide and related analogs.
  • the oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
  • the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax
  • the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
  • Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the invention include Tween® 60, Span® 80, cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • the choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties.
  • the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
  • Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils are used.
  • compositions according to the present invention comprise one or more compounds of the invention together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients and optionally other therapeutic agents.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations containing the active ingredient may be in any form suitable for the intended method of administration.
  • tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oil suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs may be prepared.
  • Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents including sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents, in order to provide a palatable preparation.
  • Tablets containing the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which are suitable for manufacture of tablets are acceptable.
  • excipients may be, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, calcium or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, such as maize starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
  • inert diluents such as calcium or sodium carbonate, lactose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, povidone, calcium or sodium phosphate
  • granulating and disintegrating agents such as maize starch, or alginic acid
  • binding agents such as cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch,
  • Tablets may be uncoated or may be coated by known techniques including microencapsulation to delay disintegration and adsorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax may be employed.
  • Formulations for oral use may be also presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • an inert solid diluent for example calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • an oil medium such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • Aqueous suspensions of the invention contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • excipients include a suspending agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcelluose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia, and dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally occurring phosphatide (e.g., lecithin), a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid (e.g., polyoxyethylene stearate), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol (e.g., heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol), a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate).
  • a suspending agent
  • the aqueous suspension may also contain one or more preservatives such as ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxy-benzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • Oil suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, such as arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oral suspensions may contain a thickening agent, such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol.
  • Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation.
  • These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Dispersible powders and granules of the invention suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent, and one or more preservatives.
  • a dispersing or wetting agent e.g., sodium tartrate
  • suspending agent e.g., sodium EDTA
  • preservatives e.g., sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil, such as olive oil or arachis oil, a mineral oil, such as liquid paraffin, or a mixture of these.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, naturally occurring phosphatides, such as soybean lecithin, esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such as sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of these partial esters with ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
  • the emulsion may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
  • Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.
  • sweetening agents such as glycerol, sorbitol or sucrose.
  • Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, a flavoring or a coloring agent.
  • compositions of the invention may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
  • a sterile injectable preparation such as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
  • This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butane-diol or prepared as a lyophilized powder.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile fixed oils may conventionally be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic
  • a time-release formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain approximately 1 to 1000 mg of active material compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to about 95% of the total compositions (weight:weight).
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared to provide easily measurable amounts for administration.
  • an aqueous solution intended for intravenous infusion may contain from about 3 to 500 ⁇ g of the active ingredient per milliliter of solution in order that infusion of a suitable volume at a rate of about 30 mL/hr can occur.
  • Formulations suitable for administration to the eye include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active ingredient.
  • the active ingredient is preferably present in such formulations in a concentration of 0.5 to 20%, advantageously 0.5 to 10% particularly about 1.5% w/w.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.
  • Formulations suitable for intrapulmonary or nasal administration have a particle size for example in the range of 0.1 to 500 microns (including particle sizes in a range between 0.1 and 500 microns in increments microns such as 0.5, 1, 30 microns, 35 microns, etc.), which is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage or by inhalation through the mouth so as to reach the alveolar sacs.
  • Suitable formulations include aqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient.
  • Formulations suitable for aerosol or dry powder administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents such as compounds heretofore used in the treatment or prophylaxis of viral infections as described below.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the formulations are presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injection, immediately prior to use.
  • sterile liquid carrier for example water for injection
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions are prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the active ingredient.
  • formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • the invention further provides veterinary compositions comprising at least one active ingredient as above defined together with a veterinary carrier therefor.
  • Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials which are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with the active ingredient. These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route.
  • Compounds of the invention can also be formulated to provide controlled release of the active ingredient to allow less frequent dosing or to improve the pharmacokinetic or toxicity profile of the active ingredient. Accordingly, the invention also provided compositions comprising one or more compounds of the invention formulated for sustained or controlled release.
  • Effective dose of active ingredient depends at least on the nature of the condition being treated, toxicity, whether the compound is being used prophylactically (lower doses) or against an active viral infection, the method of delivery, and the pharmaceutical formulation, and will be determined by the clinician using conventional dose escalation studies. It can be expected to be from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg/kg body weight per day. Typically, from about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg body weight per day. More typically, from about 0.01 to about 5 mg/kg body weight per day. More typically, from about 0.05 to about 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day.
  • the daily candidate dose for an adult human of approximately 70 kg body weight will range from 1 mg to 1000 mg, preferably between 5 mg and 500 mg, and may take the form of single or multiple doses.
  • One or more compounds of the invention are administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated. Suitable routes include oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural), and the like. It will be appreciated that the preferred route may vary with for example the condition of the recipient.
  • An advantage of the compounds of this invention is that they are orally bioavailable and can be dosed orally.
  • Active ingredients of the invention can also be used in combination with other therapeutic agents (i.e. active ingredients). Such combinations are selected based on the condition to be treated, cross-reactivities of ingredients and pharmaco-properties of the combination. For example, when treating a viral infection the compositions of the invention can be combined with other therapeutic agents that are effective to treat a viral infection (such as other antiviral agents) or they can be combined with other therapeutic agents that are effective to ameliorate symptoms associated with a viral infection.
  • any compound of the invention with one or more other active ingredients in a unitary dosage form for simultaneous or sequential administration to a patient.
  • the combination therapy may be administered as a simultaneous or sequential regimen.
  • the combination When administered sequentially, the combination may be administered in two or more administrations.
  • the combination therapy may provide “synergy” and “synergistic effect”, i.e. the effect achieved when the active ingredients used together is greater than the sum of the effects that results from using the compounds separately.
  • a synergistic effect may be attained when the active ingredients are: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined formulation; (2) delivered by alternation or in parallel as separate formulations; or (3) by some other regimen.
  • a synergistic effect may be attained when the compounds are administered or delivered sequentially, e.g., in separate tablets, pills or capsules, or by different injections in separate syringes.
  • an effective dosage of each active ingredient is administered sequentially, i.e. serially
  • effective dosages of two or more active ingredients are administered together.
  • the invention includes compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof.
  • Such products typically are identified by preparing a radiolabelled (e.g., C 14 or H 3 ) compound of the invention, administering it parenterally in a detectable dose (e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg) to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur (typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours) and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.
  • a detectable dose e.g., greater than about 0.5 mg/kg
  • an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man
  • sufficient time for metabolism to occur typically about 30 seconds to 30 hours
  • isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples typically isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.
  • the metabolite structures are determined in conventional fashion, e.g., by MS or NMR analysis.
  • the antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of a compound of the invention can be measured using standard screening protocols that are known.
  • the antiviral activity of a compound can be measured in a cell culture assay using the following general protocol.
  • the assay is based on quantification of the antiviral effect by a colorimetric detection of the viability of virus-infected cells in the presence or absence of tested inhibitors.
  • the compound-induced cell death is determined using a metabolic substrate 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) which is converted only by intact cells into a product with specific absorption characteristics as described by Weislow O S, Kiser R, Fine D L, Bader J, Shoemaker R H and Boyd M R (1989) J Natl Cancer Inst 81, 577.
  • XTT 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide
  • the cytotoxicity of a compound of the invention can be determined using the following general protocol.
  • the assay is based on the evaluation of cytotoxic effect of tested compounds using a metabolic substrate.
  • the invention also relates to methods of making the compounds of the invention.
  • the compounds are prepared by any of the applicable techniques of organic synthesis. Many such techniques are well known in the art. However, many of the known techniques are elaborated in Compendium of Organic Synthetic Methods (John Wiley & Sons, New York), Vol. 1, Ian T. Harrison and Shuyen Harrison, 1971; Vol. 2, Ian T. Harrison and Shuyen Harrison, 1974; Vol. 3, Louis S. Hegedus and Leroy Wade, 1977; Vol. 4, Leroy G. Wade, jr., 1980; Vol. 5, Leroy G. Wade, Jr., 1984; and Vol. 6, Michael B.
  • reaction conditions such as temperature, reaction time, solvents, work-up procedures, and the like, will be those common in the art for the particular reaction to be performed.
  • the cited reference material, together with material cited therein, contains detailed descriptions of such conditions.
  • temperatures will be ⁇ 100° C. to 200° C.
  • solvents will be aprotic or protic
  • reaction times will be 10 seconds to 10 days.
  • Work-up typically consists of quenching any unreacted reagents followed by partition between a water/organic layer system (extraction) and separating the layer containing the product.
  • Oxidation and reduction reactions are typically carried out at temperatures near room temperature (about 20° C.), although for metal hydride reductions frequently the temperature is reduced to 0° C. to ⁇ 100° C., solvents are typically aprotic for reductions and may be either protic or aprotic for oxidations. Reaction times are adjusted to achieve desired conversions.
  • Condensation reactions are typically carried out at temperatures near room temperature, although for non-equilibrating, kinetically controlled condensations reduced temperatures (0° C. to ⁇ 100° C.) are also common.
  • Solvents can be either protic (common in equilibrating reactions) or aprotic (common in kinetically controlled reactions).
  • Standard synthetic techniques such as azeotropic removal of reaction by-products and use of anhydrous reaction conditions (e.g., inert gas environments) are common in the art and will be applied when applicable.
  • treated when used in connection with a chemical synthetic operation, mean contacting, mixing, reacting, allowing to react, bringing into contact, and other terms common in the art for indicating that one or more chemical entities is treated in such a manner as to convert it to one or more other chemical entities.
  • treating compound one with compound two is synonymous with “allowing compound one to react with compound two”, “contacting compound one with compound two”, “reacting compound one with compound two”, and other expressions common in the art of organic synthesis for reasonably indicating that compound one was “treated”, “reacted”, “allowed to react”, etc., with compound two.
  • treating indicates the reasonable and usual manner in which organic chemicals are allowed to react.
  • reaction products from one another and/or from starting materials.
  • the desired products of each step or series of steps is separated and/or purified (hereinafter separated) to the desired degree of homogeneity by the techniques common in the art.
  • separations involve multiphase extraction, crystallization from a solvent or solvent mixture, distillation, sublimation, or chromatography.
  • Chromatography can involve any number of methods including, for example: reverse-phase and normal phase; size exclusion; ion exchange; high, medium, and low pressure liquid chromatography methods and apparatus; small scale analytical; simulated moving bed (SMB) and preparative thin or thick layer chromatography, as well as techniques of small scale thin layer and flash chromatography.
  • SMB simulated moving bed
  • reagents selected to bind to or render otherwise separable a desired product, unreacted starting material, reaction by product, or the like.
  • reagents include adsorbents or absorbents such as activated carbon, molecular sieves, ion exchange media, or the like.
  • the reagents can be acids in the case of a basic material, bases in the case of an acidic material, binding reagents such as antibodies, binding proteins, selective chelators such as crown ethers, liquid/liquid ion extraction reagents (LIX), or the like.
  • a single stereoisomer, e.g., an enantiomer, substantially free of its stereoisomer may be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixture using a method such as formation of diastereomers using optically active resolving agents ( Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds , (1962) by E. L. Eliel, McGraw Hill; Lochmuller, C. H., (1975) J. Chromatogr., 113:(3) 283-302).
  • Racemic mixtures of chiral compounds of the invention can be separated and isolated by any suitable method, including: (1) formation of ionic, diastereomeric salts with chiral compounds and separation by fractional crystallization or other methods, (2) formation of diastereomeric compounds with chiral derivatizing reagents, separation of the diastereomers, and conversion to the pure stereoisomers, and (3) separation of the substantially pure or enriched stereoisomers directly under chiral conditions.
  • diastereomeric salts can be formed by reaction of enantiomerically pure chiral bases such as brucine, quinine, ephedrine, strychnine, ⁇ -methyl- ⁇ -phenylethylamine (amphetamine), and the like with asymmetric compounds bearing acidic functionality, such as carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid.
  • the diastereomeric salts may be induced to separate by fractional crystallization or ionic chromatography.
  • addition of chiral carboxylic or sulfonic acids such as camphorsulfonic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, or lactic acid can result in formation of the diastereomeric salts.
  • the substrate to be resolved is reacted with one enantiomer of a chiral compound to form a diastereomeric pair
  • a diastereomeric pair Eliel, E. and Wilen, S. (1994) Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds , John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 322).
  • Diastereomeric compounds can be formed by reacting asymmetric compounds with enantiomerically pure chiral derivatizing reagents, such as menthyl derivatives, followed by separation of the diastereomers and hydrolysis to yield the free, enantiomerically enriched xanthene.
  • a method of determining optical purity involves making chiral esters, such as a menthyl ester, e.g., ( ⁇ ) menthyl chloroformate in the presence of base, or Mosher ester, ⁇ -methoxy- ⁇ -(trifluoromethyl)phenyl acetate (Jacob III. (1982) J. Org. Chem. 47:4165), of the racemic mixture, and analyzing the NMR spectrum for the presence of the two atropisomeric diastereomers.
  • chiral esters such as a menthyl ester, e.g., ( ⁇ ) menthyl chloroformate in the presence of base, or Mosher ester, ⁇ -methoxy- ⁇ -(trifluoromethyl)phenyl acetate (Jacob III. (1982) J. Org. Chem. 47:4165), of the racemic mixture, and analyzing the NMR spectrum for the presence of the two atropisomeric diastereomers.
  • Stable diastereomers of atropisomeric compounds can be separated and isolated by normal- and reverse-phase chromatography following methods for separation of atropisomeric naphthyl-isoquinolines (Hoye, T., WO 96/15111).
  • aracemic mixture of two enantiomers can be separated by chromatography using a chiral stationary phase ( Chiral Liquid Chromatography (1989) W. J. Lough, Ed. Chapman and Hall, New York; Okamoto, (1990) J. of Chromatogr. 513:375-378).
  • Enriched or purified enantiomers can be distinguished by methods used to distinguish other chiral molecules with asymmetric carbon atoms, such as optical rotation and circular dichroism.
  • the intermediate epoxide 1.11 can be prepared as follows. Selective iodination of carbovir 1.8 (Crimmins, M. T. et al., J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 4192) at the 5′-position using triphenylphosphine, iodine, and either pyridine or imidazole in dioxane (Maag, H. et al., J. Med. Chem., 1992, 35, 1440) provides compound 1.9. Dehydrohalogenation of 5′-halonucleosides has been well-described (Ueda, T. In Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides ; Townsend, L.
  • a representative compound of the invention 1 can be prepared from the epoxides 1.11 as illustrated below.
  • the mixture of diastereomers can be opened using ethynyl-trimethyl-silane in the presence of titanium acetylide at the more highly substituted carbon atom exclusively as reported by Krause, N. et al., Chem. Ber., 1988, 121, 7, 1315 to provide the desired product 1.
  • Compound 1.12 from the epoxidation reaction can readily be converted to the related diastereomer using the four step sequence illustrated below.
  • the epoxide 1.12 is opened using basic condition such as sodium hydroxide in water and DMSO (Lepage, O. et al., J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 6, 2183) to provide a diol.
  • the primary alcohol is then protected with a silyl group and the 3′ alcohol is converted into a leaving group (such as a mesylate). Release of the silyl group followed by exposure of the primary alcohol to base leads to ring closure to form the diastereomer 1.15.
  • Abacavir 2.8 can be prepared from compound 1.7 as described by Crimmins, M. T. et al., J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 4192.
  • Selective iodination at the 5′-position using triphenylphosphine, iodine, and either pyridine or imidazole in dioxane provides compound 2.9.
  • Dehydrohalogenation of 5′-halonucleosides has been well-described (Ueda, T. In Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides ; Townsend, L.
  • the mixture of diastereomers can be opened using ethynyl-trimethyl-silane in the presence of titanium acetylide at the more highly substituted carbon atom exclusively as reported by Krause, N. et al., Chem. Ber., 1988, 121, 7, 1315 to provide the desired product 2.
  • the same reaction scheme can be used to prepare 4′ cyano and azido analogs of carbovir and abacavir.
  • a reduction of the acetylene to ethylene can be performed (for an example see Shinjiro, S., et al., Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 11, 1891).

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • AIDS & HIV (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
US10/583,573 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 4'-Substituted Carbovir And Abacavir-Derivatives As Well As Related Compounds With Hiv And Hcv Antiviral Activity Abandoned US20080287471A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/583,573 US20080287471A1 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 4'-Substituted Carbovir And Abacavir-Derivatives As Well As Related Compounds With Hiv And Hcv Antiviral Activity

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US53225603P 2003-12-22 2003-12-22
PCT/US2004/043571 WO2005063751A1 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 4’-substituted carbovir-and abacavir-derivatives as well as related compounds with hiv and hcv antiviral activity
US10/583,573 US20080287471A1 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 4'-Substituted Carbovir And Abacavir-Derivatives As Well As Related Compounds With Hiv And Hcv Antiviral Activity

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20080287471A1 true US20080287471A1 (en) 2008-11-20

Family

ID=34738778

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/583,573 Abandoned US20080287471A1 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 4'-Substituted Carbovir And Abacavir-Derivatives As Well As Related Compounds With Hiv And Hcv Antiviral Activity
US11/020,641 Expired - Fee Related US7432272B2 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 Antiviral analogs

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/020,641 Expired - Fee Related US7432272B2 (en) 2003-12-22 2004-12-22 Antiviral analogs

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (2) US20080287471A1 (https=)
EP (1) EP1706405B1 (https=)
JP (1) JP2007515495A (https=)
KR (1) KR20060127906A (https=)
CN (1) CN1906196A (https=)
AT (1) ATE424400T1 (https=)
AU (1) AU2004309418B2 (https=)
BR (1) BRPI0417988A (https=)
CA (1) CA2548753A1 (https=)
DE (1) DE602004019815D1 (https=)
MX (1) MXPA06006899A (https=)
NZ (1) NZ547907A (https=)
WO (1) WO2005063751A1 (https=)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100298354A1 (en) * 2008-01-21 2010-11-25 Esteve Quimica, S.A. Crystalline Form Of Abacavir That Is Essentially Free Of Solvent

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10204821A1 (de) * 2002-02-01 2003-08-14 Obe Ohnmacht & Baumgaertner Federscharnier
EP2359833A1 (en) 2003-04-25 2011-08-24 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Antiviral phosphonate analogs
WO2005063751A1 (en) * 2003-12-22 2005-07-14 Gilead Sciences, Inc. 4’-substituted carbovir-and abacavir-derivatives as well as related compounds with hiv and hcv antiviral activity
ME03423B (me) 2004-07-27 2020-01-20 Gilead Sciences Inc Fosfonatni analozi jedinjenja hiv inhibitora
MX2008016518A (es) 2006-06-22 2009-01-19 Anadys Pharmaceuticals Inc Profarmacos de 5-amino-3-(3'-desoxi-beta-d-ribofuranosil)-tiazolo[ 4,5-d]pirimidin-2,7-dion.
UA103329C2 (ru) 2008-07-08 2013-10-10 Гилиад Сайенсиз, Инк. Соли соединений-ингибиторов вич
US8760000B2 (en) 2010-11-19 2014-06-24 Honeywell International Inc. Mixed signal conversion, isolation, and transmission for aerospace multi-channel data and power interface systems
MD20140044A2 (ro) 2011-11-11 2014-08-31 Pfizer Inc. 2-Tiopirimidinone şi utilizarea lor pentru tratamentul afecţiunilor cardiovasculare
DK3236972T3 (en) 2014-12-26 2021-10-04 Univ Emory Antivirale N4-hydroxycytidin-derivativer
AU2016257179A1 (en) 2015-05-05 2017-11-02 Pfizer Inc. 2-thiopyrimidinones
SI3661937T1 (sl) 2017-08-01 2021-11-30 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Kristalinične oblike etil((S)-((((2R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-IL)-4- fluoro-2,5-dihidrofuran-2-IL)oksi)metil)(fenoksi)fosforil)-L-alaninata (GS-9131) za zdravljenje virusnih okužb
JP6804790B1 (ja) 2017-12-07 2020-12-23 エモリー ユニバーシティー Ｎ４−ヒドロキシシチジンおよび誘導体ならびにそれらに関連する抗ウイルス用途

Citations (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5413996A (en) * 1990-07-13 1995-05-09 University Of Florida Targeted drug delivery via phosphonate derivatives
US5493030A (en) * 1994-02-18 1996-02-20 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. 5-substituted derivatives of mycophenolic acid
US5585397A (en) * 1992-09-08 1996-12-17 Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated Sulfonamide inhibitors of aspartyl protease
US5654286A (en) * 1993-05-12 1997-08-05 Hostetler; Karl Y. Nucleotides for topical treatment of psoriasis, and methods for using same
US5670497A (en) * 1993-07-14 1997-09-23 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Cyclic hydrazine compounds
US5747498A (en) * 1996-05-28 1998-05-05 Pfizer Inc. Alkynyl and azido-substituted 4-anilinoquinazolines
US5750493A (en) * 1995-08-30 1998-05-12 Raymond F. Schinazi Method to improve the biological and antiviral activity of protease inhibitors
US5750343A (en) * 1993-12-09 1998-05-12 Syntex Inc. Methods of detecting nucleic acids with nucleotide probes containing 4'-substituted nucleotides and kits therefor
US5811422A (en) * 1991-10-11 1998-09-22 The Dupont Merck Pharmaceutical Company Substituted cyclic carbonyls and derivatives thereof useful as retroviral protease inhibitors
US5874577A (en) * 1996-04-03 1999-02-23 Medichem Research, Inc. Method for the preparing 9-12-(Diethoxyphosphonomethoxy)ethyl!adenine and analogues thereof
US5914332A (en) * 1995-12-13 1999-06-22 Abbott Laboratories Retroviral protease inhibiting compounds
US6072053A (en) * 1988-01-20 2000-06-06 Univ Minnesota Dideoxycarbocyclic nucleosides
US6174888B1 (en) * 1998-05-28 2001-01-16 Novartis Ag 2-amino-7-(1-substituted-2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-D]pyrimidin-4-ones
US20010031773A1 (en) * 1999-03-31 2001-10-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Viral treatment
US6312662B1 (en) * 1998-03-06 2001-11-06 Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. Prodrugs phosphorus-containing compounds
US6319946B1 (en) * 1999-02-12 2001-11-20 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Inhibitors of aspartyl protease
US6395763B1 (en) * 1999-06-25 2002-05-28 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Prodrugs of carbamate inhibitors of IMPDH
US20020119443A1 (en) * 2000-07-21 2002-08-29 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Prodrugs of phosphonate nucleotide analogues and methods for selecting and making same
US20030109498A1 (en) * 2001-06-20 2003-06-12 Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation Antiviral agent for drug-resistant virus
US6608027B1 (en) * 1999-04-06 2003-08-19 Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd Macrocyclic peptides active against the hepatitis C virus
US20040121316A1 (en) * 2002-04-26 2004-06-24 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Method and compositions for identifying anti-HIV therapeutic compounds
US6767900B2 (en) * 2000-02-29 2004-07-27 Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation Phosphonate nucleotide compound
US20040167096A1 (en) * 2003-02-19 2004-08-26 Yung-Chi Cheng Anti-viral nucleoside analogs and methods for treating viral infections, especially HIV infections
US7432272B2 (en) * 2003-12-22 2008-10-07 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Antiviral analogs

Family Cites Families (46)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IE63869B1 (en) 1986-11-06 1995-06-14 Res Dev Foundation Aerosols containing liposomes and method for their preparation
FR2611203B1 (fr) 1987-02-20 1989-06-09 Sturtz Georges Analogues gem-diphosphoniques d'amethopterine (methotrexate) et de derives deaza-n-10 amethopterine. leur preparation et les compositions pharmaceutiques qui les contiennent
DE4003574A1 (de) 1990-02-07 1991-08-08 Bayer Ag Neue dipeptide, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung als renininhibitoren in arzneimitteln
ATE131825T1 (de) 1990-06-13 1996-01-15 Arnold Glazier Phosphorylierte prodrugs
EP0465297B1 (en) 1990-07-04 1996-01-31 Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. 9-Purinyl phosphonic acid derivatives
DE4111730A1 (de) 1991-04-10 1992-10-15 Knoll Ag Neue cytarabin-derivate, ihre herstellung und verwendung
EP0531597A1 (en) 1991-09-12 1993-03-17 Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. Novel unsaturated acyclic phosphonate derivatives of purine and pyrimidine
GB9126144D0 (en) 1991-12-10 1992-02-12 British Bio Technology Compounds
FR2692265B1 (fr) 1992-05-25 1996-11-08 Centre Nat Rech Scient Composes biologiquement actifs de type phosphotriesters.
JPH0680688A (ja) * 1992-09-03 1994-03-22 Asahi Breweries Ltd ４’−メチルヌクレオシド誘導体
ATE199906T1 (de) 1993-06-29 2001-04-15 Mitsubishi Chem Corp Phosphonat-nukleotid ester-derivate
US5854227A (en) 1994-03-04 1998-12-29 Hartmann; John F. Therapeutic derivatives of diphosphonates
RU2157368C2 (ru) 1994-09-26 2000-10-10 Сионоги Энд Ко., Лтд. Производные имидазола и фармацевтическая композиция на их основе
WO1996014314A2 (en) 1994-11-04 1996-05-17 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Thiepane compounds inhibiting and detecting hiv protease
JPH11508541A (ja) 1995-06-29 1999-07-27 ノボ ノルディスク アクティーゼルスカブ 新規な置換アザ二環式化合物
EP0852233A4 (en) 1995-09-21 1999-09-15 Nippon Shinyaku Co Ltd CYCLOSPORIN PHOSPHATE DERIVATIVES AND MEDICINAL COMPOSITION
CA2261619C (en) 1996-07-26 2006-05-23 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Nucleotide analogs
US6194398B1 (en) 1996-08-13 2001-02-27 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Phosphonate nucleotide compound
EP0948341A4 (en) 1996-09-17 2003-05-21 Supergen Inc DERIVATIVES OF PHOSPHOLIPIDE MEDICINES
JP4118958B2 (ja) 1996-10-09 2008-07-16 ファーマセット，リミティド テトラホスホネート二環式トリス無水物
US6436989B1 (en) 1997-12-24 2002-08-20 Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated Prodrugs of aspartyl protease inhibitors
AU4125099A (en) 1998-06-01 1999-12-20 S & T Science And Technology Inc. Antiviral phosphorus derivatives of 4'-thio-5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine
GB9815567D0 (en) 1998-07-18 1998-09-16 Glaxo Group Ltd Antiviral compound
HUP0200260A3 (en) 1999-03-05 2002-11-28 Metabasis Therapeutics Inc San Novel phosphorus-containing prodrugs, their preparation and their use
CA2381425A1 (en) 1999-08-24 2001-03-01 Cellgate, Inc. Enhancing drug delivery across and into epithelial tissues using oligo arginine moieties
GB9920872D0 (en) 1999-09-04 1999-11-10 Glaxo Group Ltd Benzophenones as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase
IL131887A0 (en) 1999-09-14 2001-03-19 Dpharm Ltd Phospholipid prodrugs of anti-proliferative drugs
DE60038038T2 (de) 1999-12-03 2009-02-12 The Regents of The University of California at San Diego, La Jolla Phosphonatverbindungen
WO2001046204A1 (en) 1999-12-22 2001-06-28 Merck Frosst Canada & Co. Aromatic phosphonates as protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b (ptp-1b) inhibitors
IL153363A0 (en) 2000-06-13 2003-07-06 Shionogi & Co Pharmaceutical compositions containing propenone derivatives
FR2810322B1 (fr) 2000-06-14 2006-11-10 Pasteur Institut PRODUCTION COMBINATOIRE D'ANALOGUES DE NUCLEOTIDES ET NUCLEOTIDES (XiTP)
UA72612C2 (en) 2000-07-06 2005-03-15 Pyrido[2.3-d]pyrimidine and pyrimido[4.5-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogues, prodrugs and method for inhibiting growth of neoplastic cells
US6617310B2 (en) 2000-07-19 2003-09-09 Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharma Company Phosphate esters of bis-amino acid sulfonamides containing substituted benzyl amines
US6420586B1 (en) 2000-08-15 2002-07-16 University Of Kansas Amino acid-derived cyclic phosphonamides and methods of synthesizing the same
WO2002048165A2 (en) 2000-12-15 2002-06-20 Pharmasset Ltd. Antiviral agents for treatment of flaviviridae infections
WO2002057425A2 (en) 2001-01-22 2002-07-25 Merck & Co., Inc. Nucleoside derivatives as inhibitors of rna-dependent rna viral polymerase
GB0114286D0 (en) 2001-06-12 2001-08-01 Hoffmann La Roche Nucleoside Derivatives
ATE371026T1 (de) 2001-06-20 2007-09-15 Nuevolution As Eine methode zur synthese von matrizenabhängigen molekülen
WO2003028737A1 (en) 2001-08-30 2003-04-10 Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation Anti-viral agents and in-vitro method for the identification of candidates able to inhibit binding of polymerase to epsilon
JP2005536440A (ja) * 2001-09-28 2005-12-02 イデニクス（ケイマン）リミテツド ４’位が修飾されたヌクレオシドを使用するフラビウイルスおよびペスチウイルスの治療のための方法および組成物
AU2002343556A1 (en) 2001-12-07 2003-06-23 Eli Lilly And Company Use of phosphonate nucleotide analogue for treating hepatitis b virus infections
KR101016969B1 (ko) 2001-12-21 2011-02-25 에이자이 아이엔씨. 알콜 및 페놀의 수용성 포스포노옥시메틸 유도체를제조하는 방법
JP4547911B2 (ja) 2002-02-01 2010-09-22 アリアド・ファーマシューティカルズ・インコーポレイテッド リン含有化合物およびその用途
EP1472230B1 (en) 2002-02-08 2009-06-17 Conforma Therapeutic Corporation Ansamycins having improved pharmacological and biological properties
WO2003080078A1 (en) 2002-03-18 2003-10-02 Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation Treatment of pre-core hepatitis b virus mutant infections
MXPA05011296A (es) 2003-04-25 2006-01-24 Gilead Sciences Inc Conjugados de fosfonato inhibidores de la cinasa.

Patent Citations (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6072053A (en) * 1988-01-20 2000-06-06 Univ Minnesota Dideoxycarbocyclic nucleosides
US5413996A (en) * 1990-07-13 1995-05-09 University Of Florida Targeted drug delivery via phosphonate derivatives
US5811422A (en) * 1991-10-11 1998-09-22 The Dupont Merck Pharmaceutical Company Substituted cyclic carbonyls and derivatives thereof useful as retroviral protease inhibitors
US5585397A (en) * 1992-09-08 1996-12-17 Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated Sulfonamide inhibitors of aspartyl protease
US5654286A (en) * 1993-05-12 1997-08-05 Hostetler; Karl Y. Nucleotides for topical treatment of psoriasis, and methods for using same
US5670497A (en) * 1993-07-14 1997-09-23 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Cyclic hydrazine compounds
US5750343A (en) * 1993-12-09 1998-05-12 Syntex Inc. Methods of detecting nucleic acids with nucleotide probes containing 4'-substituted nucleotides and kits therefor
US5493030A (en) * 1994-02-18 1996-02-20 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. 5-substituted derivatives of mycophenolic acid
US5633279A (en) * 1994-02-18 1997-05-27 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. 5-substituted derivatives of mycophenolic acid
US5750493A (en) * 1995-08-30 1998-05-12 Raymond F. Schinazi Method to improve the biological and antiviral activity of protease inhibitors
US5914332A (en) * 1995-12-13 1999-06-22 Abbott Laboratories Retroviral protease inhibiting compounds
US5874577A (en) * 1996-04-03 1999-02-23 Medichem Research, Inc. Method for the preparing 9-12-(Diethoxyphosphonomethoxy)ethyl!adenine and analogues thereof
US5747498A (en) * 1996-05-28 1998-05-05 Pfizer Inc. Alkynyl and azido-substituted 4-anilinoquinazolines
US6312662B1 (en) * 1998-03-06 2001-11-06 Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. Prodrugs phosphorus-containing compounds
US6174888B1 (en) * 1998-05-28 2001-01-16 Novartis Ag 2-amino-7-(1-substituted-2-hydroxyethyl)-3,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-D]pyrimidin-4-ones
US6319946B1 (en) * 1999-02-12 2001-11-20 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Inhibitors of aspartyl protease
US20010031773A1 (en) * 1999-03-31 2001-10-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Viral treatment
US6608027B1 (en) * 1999-04-06 2003-08-19 Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd Macrocyclic peptides active against the hepatitis C virus
US6395763B1 (en) * 1999-06-25 2002-05-28 Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated Prodrugs of carbamate inhibitors of IMPDH
US6767900B2 (en) * 2000-02-29 2004-07-27 Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation Phosphonate nucleotide compound
US20020119443A1 (en) * 2000-07-21 2002-08-29 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Prodrugs of phosphonate nucleotide analogues and methods for selecting and making same
US20030109498A1 (en) * 2001-06-20 2003-06-12 Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation Antiviral agent for drug-resistant virus
US20040121316A1 (en) * 2002-04-26 2004-06-24 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Method and compositions for identifying anti-HIV therapeutic compounds
US20040167096A1 (en) * 2003-02-19 2004-08-26 Yung-Chi Cheng Anti-viral nucleoside analogs and methods for treating viral infections, especially HIV infections
US7589078B2 (en) * 2003-02-19 2009-09-15 Yale University Anti-viral nucleoside analogs and methods for treating viral infections, especially HIV infections
US7432272B2 (en) * 2003-12-22 2008-10-07 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Antiviral analogs

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100298354A1 (en) * 2008-01-21 2010-11-25 Esteve Quimica, S.A. Crystalline Form Of Abacavir That Is Essentially Free Of Solvent
US9056864B2 (en) * 2008-01-21 2015-06-16 Esteve Quimica, S.A. Crystalline form of abacavir that is essentially free of solvent

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2004309418A1 (en) 2005-07-14
AU2004309418B2 (en) 2012-01-19
CN1906196A (zh) 2007-01-31
JP2007515495A (ja) 2007-06-14
NZ547907A (en) 2010-07-30
EP1706405A1 (en) 2006-10-04
ATE424400T1 (de) 2009-03-15
KR20060127906A (ko) 2006-12-13
CA2548753A1 (en) 2005-07-14
US7432272B2 (en) 2008-10-07
MXPA06006899A (es) 2006-09-04
WO2005063751A1 (en) 2005-07-14
EP1706405B1 (en) 2009-03-04
BRPI0417988A (pt) 2007-04-27
DE602004019815D1 (de) 2009-04-16
US20050222180A1 (en) 2005-10-06
HK1094892A1 (en) 2007-04-13

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US11266666B2 (en) Methods for treating Filoviridae virus infections
US11382926B2 (en) Methods for treating Arenaviridae and Coronaviridae virus infections
EP1628685B1 (en) Antiviral phosphonate analogs
US20220227776A1 (en) Prodrugs of 1'-substituted carba-nucleoside analogues for antiviral treatment
US7645747B2 (en) Therapeutic phosphonate compounds
WO2017184668A1 (en) Methods for treating flaviviridae virus infections
WO2006091905A1 (en) Bicyclo (3.1.0) hexane derivatives as antiviral compounds
WO2012037038A1 (en) 2' -fluoro substituted carba-nucleoside analogs for antiviral treatment
US7432272B2 (en) Antiviral analogs
EA026523B1 (ru) 2'-фторзамещенные карбануклеозидные аналоги для противовирусного лечения
HK1094892B (en) 4'-substituted carbovir-and abacavir-derivatives as well as related compounds with hiv and hcv antiviral activity
HK1085944B (en) Antiviral phosphonate analogs
HK1242627B (zh) 治疗丝状病毒科病毒感染的方法

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: GILEAD SCIENCES, INC., CALIFORNIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FARDIS, MARIA;KIM, CHOUNG U;REEL/FRAME:017757/0647

Effective date: 20050304

AS Assignment

Owner name: GILEAD SCIENCES, INC., CALIFORNIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FARDIS, MARIA;KIM, CHOUNG U.;REEL/FRAME:022136/0129

Effective date: 20081030

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION