Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M101/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a mineral or fatty oil
  • C10M101/02—Petroleum fractions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
  • C10M105/02—Well-defined hydrocarbons
  • C10M105/04—Well-defined hydrocarbons aliphatic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/0206—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/022—Ethene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
  • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
  • C10M2215/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
  • C10M2215/064—Di- and triaryl amines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/02—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds
  • C10M2219/022—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds of hydrocarbons, e.g. olefines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
  • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
  • C10N2010/12—Groups 6 or 16
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/069—Linear chain compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/071—Branched chain compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/56—Boundary lubrication or thin film lubrication
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to a lubricating composition
• a lubricating composition comprising a base oil, wherein the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins in the base oil ranges from about 30 to about 400, and methods of use thereof.
• compositional differences between lubricants has become an increasingly important issue as changing engine and industrial applications demand higher quality lubricants which can provide improved functions.
• lubricants that can increase power transmission, such as by increasing torque, in a machine.
• modern engine oil specifications require lubricants to demonstrate fuel efficiency in standardized engine tests.
• a major component of a lubricant composition can be the base oil, which is relatively inexpensive.
• Base oils are known and have been categorized under Groups I-V. The base oils are placed in a given Group based upon their % saturates, % sulfur content, and viscosity index. For example, all Group III base oils have greater than 90% saturates, less than 0.03% sulfur, and a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120.
• the proportions of aromatics, paraffinics, and naphthenics can vary substantially within a Group of base oils. It is now known that the difference in these proportions can affect the properties of a lubricant composition, such as increased torque.
• a lubricant composition that is inexpensive and can provide at least one of increased torque, reduced high temperature high shear viscosity, and increased fuel economy.
• a lubricant composition comprising a base oil, wherein the ratio of the isoparaffins to normal paraffins in the base oil ranges from about 30 to about 400.
• a method of improving torque in a machine comprising providing to the machine a composition comprising a base oil, wherein the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins in the base oil ranges from about 30 to about 400.
• a method of improving torque in a machine comprising providing to the machine a composition comprising a base oil having reduced high temperature high shear viscosity as compared to another base oil.
• a method of increasing fuel economy in a vehicle comprising providing to the vehicle a composition comprising a base oil, wherein the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins in the base oil ranges from about 30 to about 400.
• a method of reducing thin-film friction of a fluid between surfaces comprising providing to the surfaces a composition comprising a base oil, wherein the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins in the base oil ranges from about 30 to about 400.
• the present disclosure relates to lubricant compositions comprising a base oil, wherein the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins in the base oil ranges from about 30 to about 400.
• isoparaffins refers to paraffins comprising branched hydrocarbyl chains.
• normal paraffins refers to paraffins comprising straight hydrocarbyl chains.
• I/N ratio refers to the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins.
• hydrocarbyl As used herein, the term “hydrocarbyl,” “hydrocarbyl substituent” or “hydrocarbyl group” is used in its ordinary sense, which is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, it refers to a group having a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule and having predominantly hydrocarbon character. Examples of hydrocarbyl groups include:
• hydrocarbon substituents that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl) substituents, and aromatic-, aliphatic-, and alicyclic-substituted aromatic substituents, as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form an alicyclic radical);
• aliphatic e.g., alkyl or alkenyl
• alicyclic e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl
• aromatic-, aliphatic-, and alicyclic-substituted aromatic substituents as well as cyclic substituents wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (e.g., two substituents together form an alicyclic radical);
• substituted hydrocarbon substituents that is, substituents containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbon substituent (e.g., halo (especially chloro and fluoro), hydroxy, alkoxy, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, and sulfoxy);
• hetero substituents that is, substituents which, while having a predominantly hydrocarbon character, in the context of this invention, contain other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms.
• Heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and encompass substituents as pyridyl, furyl, thienyl and imidazolyl.
• no more than two, for example no more than one, non-hydrocarbon substituent will be present for every ten carbon atoms in the hydrocarbyl group; typically, there will be no non-hydrocarbon substituents in the hydrocarbyl group.
• Base oils suitable for use herein can be selected from any of the synthetic or mineral oils or mixtures thereof.
• Mineral oils include animal oils and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil) as well as other mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and solvent treated, acid-treated, hydroisomerized, or hydrocracked mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Oils derived from coal or shale are also suitable. Further, oils derived from a gas-to-liquid process are also suitable.
• the base oil can be present in a major amount, wherein “major amount” is understood to mean greater than or equal to 50%, for example from about 80 to about 98 percent by weight of the lubricant composition.
• the base oil can have any desired viscosity that is suitable for the intended purpose.
• suitable engine oil kinematic viscosities can range from about 2 to about 150 cSt and, as a further example, from about 5 to about 15 cSt at 100° C.
• fully finished oils can be rated to have viscosity ranges of about SAE 15 to about SAE 250, and as a further example, from about SAE 20W to about SAE 50.
• Suitable automotive oils and gear oils also include multi-grade oils such as 15W-40, 20W-50, 75W-140, BOW-90, 85W-140, 85W-90, and the like.
• Non-limiting examples of synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, etc.); polyalphaolefins such as poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), etc. and mixtures thereof; poly internal olefins such as poly(2-butenes), poly(2-pentenes), poly(3-hexenes), etc.
• hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, etc.); polyalphaolefins such as poly(1-hexenes), poly(1-octenes), poly(1-decenes), etc. and mixtures thereof; poly internal olefins such as poly(2-but
• poly alkylbenzenes e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, di-nonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, etc.
• polyphenyls e.g., biphenyls, terphenyl, alkylated polyphenyls, etc.
• Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl moieties have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc. constitute another class of known synthetic oils that can be used.
• Such oils are exemplified by the oils prepared through polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, the alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl-polyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of about 1000, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 500-1000, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of about 1000-1500, etc.) or mono- and polycarboxylic esters thereof, for example, the acetic acid esters, mixed C 3-8 fatty acid esters, or the C 13 Oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
• esters of dicarboxylic acids e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids, alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids, etc.
• alcohols e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, etc.
• these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecy
• Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C 5-12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, etc.
• the base oil used which can be used to make the compositions as described herein can be selected from any of the base oils in Groups I-V as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines.
• Such base oil groups are as follows:
• Group I contain less than 90% saturates and/or greater than 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120;
• Group II contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120;
• Group III contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120;
• Group IV are polyalphaolefins (PAO); and
• Group V include all other basestocks not included in Group I, II, III or IV.
• the base oil comprises a Group II+base oil.
• the base oil comprises a Group III base oil.
• test methods used in defining the above groups are ASTM D 2007 for saturates; ASTM D 2270 for viscosity index; and one of ASTM D 2622, 4294, 4927 and 3120 for sulfur.
• Group IV basestocks i.e. polyalphaolefins (PAO) include hydrogenated oligomers of an alpha-olefin, the most important methods of oligomerisation being free radical processes, Ziegler catalysis, and cationic, Friedel-Crafts catalysis.
• PAO polyalphaolefins
• the polyalphaolefins typically have viscosities in the range of 2 to 100 cSt at 100° C., for example 4 to 8 cSt at 100° C. They can, for example, be oligomers of branched or straight chain alpha-olefins having from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms, non-limiting examples include polypropenes, polyisobutenes, poly-1-butenes, poly-1-hexenes, poly-1-octenes and poly-1-decene. Included are homopolymers, interpolymers and mixtures.
• a “Group I basestock” also includes a Group I basestock with which basestock(s) from one or more other groups can be admixed, provided that the resulting admixture has characteristics falling within those specified above for Group I basestocks.
• Exemplary basestocks include Group I basestocks and mixtures of Group II basestocks with Group I bright stock.
• Basestocks suitable for use herein can be made using a variety of different processes including but not limited to distillation, solvent refining, hydrogen processing, oligomerisation, esterification, and re-refining.
• the base oil can be an oil derived from Fischer-Tropsch synthesized hydrocarbons.
• Fischer-Tropsch synthesized hydrocarbons can be made from synthesis gas containing H 2 and CO using a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.
• Such hydrocarbons typically require further processing in order to be useful as the base oil.
• the hydrocarbons can be hydroisomerized using processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,099 or 6,180,575; hydrocracked and hydroisomerized using processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,943,672 or 6,096,940; dewaxed using processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,505; or hydroisomerized and dewaxed using processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,171; 6,080,301; or 6,165,949.
• Unrefined, refined and rerefined oils either mineral or synthetic (as well as mixtures of two or more of any of these) of the type disclosed hereinabove can be used in the base oils.
• Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a mineral or synthetic source without further purification treatment.
• a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations a petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation or ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment would be an unrefined oil.
• Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties.
• Rerefined oils are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils applied to refined oils which have been already used in service. Such rerefined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed to removal of spent additives, contaminants, and oil breakdown products.
• the base oil used herein can conform to the GF-4 standards and above set forth by the International Lubricants Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC).
• ILSAC International Lubricants Standardization and Approval Committee
• the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins in the base oil can range from about 30 to about 400, for example from about 50 to about 300.
• the base oil can further comprise an average paraffin carbon number of less than about 23.
• the “average paraffin carbon number” can be easily determined by one skilled in the art, for example by multiplying the number of carbon atoms in each type of paraffin in the composition by the weight percent of each type of paraffin and then adding the products.
• the disclosed composition can also comprise a detergent inhibitor (“DI”) package which can provide varying amounts of additives, depending on the needs of the application.
• DI package can comprise at least one additive selected from the group consisting of oxidation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, friction modifiers, antiwear agents, extreme pressure agents, detergents, dispersants, antifoam agents, pour point depressants, deodorizers, seal swell agents, demulsifiers, coloring agents, and fluidizing agents.
• the DI package can comprise a detergent selected from any of the detergents known to those skilled in the art.
• Suitable detergents include but are not limited to Mannich bases, polyalkylene amines, polyalkylene succinimides where the polyalkylene group typically has a number average molecular weight of from about 600 to about 2000, such as from about 800 to about 1400, polyether amines, neutral or overbased metal salts of sulfonates, phenates, salicylates, and carboxylates, and mixtures thereof.
• the terms “neutral” and “overbased” are used in their ordinary senses, which are well-known to those skilled in the art. Specifically, “neutral” is understood to mean a salt complex which contains a substantially stoichiometric amount of metal to salt. “Overbased” is understood to mean a salt complex which contains metal in stoichiometric excess of what is required to form the neutral salt.
• the detergents can have a total base number (TBN) ranging from about 40 to about 600, such as from about 100 to about 400, and from about 140 to about 350. TBN is measured according to ASTM D 2896.
• the metal of the neutral or overbased metal salt can be an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.
• alkali and alkaline earth metals include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, and mixtures thereof.
• the detergent can be an overbased calcium sulfonate.
• the disclosed composition can comprise a pour point depressant selected from any of the pour point depressants known to those skilled in the art.
• Suitable pour point depressants include, but are not limited to, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, and vinyl carboxylate polymers, such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers.
• Other non-limiting examples of compounds that are useful as pour point depressants include terpolymers made by polymerizing a dialkyl fumarate, vinyl ester of a fatty acid and a vinyl alkyl ether. Techniques for preparing such polymers and their uses are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,250,715, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the pour point depressant can be a polymethacrylate.
• the disclosed composition can comprise a viscosity index improver selected from any of the viscosity index improvers known to those skilled in the art.
• Suitable viscosity index improvers include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbyl polymers reacted or grafted with nitrogen-containing polymers; copolymers of alkyl methacrylates reacted or grafted with nitrogen-containing monomers, such as vinyl pyridine, N-vinyl pyrrolidone and N,N′-dimethylaminoethylene; polyalkylacrylates obtained from the polymerization or copolymerization of one or more alkyl acrylates; functionalized polymers; and the like.
• functionalized polymers include, but are not limited to, olefin copolymers and acrylate or methacrylate copolymers.
• Functionalized olefin copolymers can be, for example, styrene monomers or copolymers of ethylene and propylene which can be further reacted or grafted with an active monomer, such as maleic anhydride.
• Such copolymers can be further derivatized with an alcohol or an amine.
• copolymers can include copolymers of ethylene and an ⁇ -olefin, such as propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, and styrene. Said copolymers can be further reacted or grafted with nitrogen-compounds.
• suitable viscosity index improvers include, but are not limited to, polyisobutylene, methacrylate, polyalkylstyrene, and ethylene/propylene/1,4-hexadiene polymers.
• the viscosity index improver can be an ethylene-propylene copolymer.
• other components can be present in the lubricant composition.
• other components include phosphorus-containing compounds, ash-containing detergents, ashless-detergents, overbased detergents, supplemental pour point depressants, supplemental viscosity index improvers, ash-containing friction modifier, ashless friction modifier, nitrogen-containing friction modifier, nitrogen-free friction modifier, esterified friction modifier, supplemental extreme pressure agents, rust inhibitors, supplemental antioxidants, supplemental corrosion inhibitors, supplemental anti-foam agents, titanium compounds, titanium complexes, organic soluble molybdenum compounds, organic soluble molybdenum complexes, boron-containing compounds, and boron-containing complexes, and mixtures thereof.
• the lubricating compositions disclosed herein can be used to lubricate anything.
• the lubricating composition can be an engine composition that is used to lubricate an engine.
• the disclosed lubricating compositions can be used to lubricate anything, e.g., any surface, such as those where thin-film friction can be present or where torque can be optimized.
• a method of reducing thin-film friction of a fluid between surfaces comprising providing to the fluid the disclosed composition.
• a method of lubricating a machine such as an engine, transmission, automotive gear, a gear set, and/or an axle with the disclosed lubricating composition.
• the lubricating compositions can be provided to any machinery wherein fuel economy or improving torque is an issue.
• a method of increasing fuel economy in a machine comprising providing to a machine a composition comprising a base oil comprising a reduced ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins, as compared to the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins in another base oil.
• the machine is selected from the group consisting of an engine, transmission, automotive gear, a gear set, and an axle.
• a method of improving fuel economy in a machine such as an engine, transmission, automotive gear, a gear set, and/or an axle, comprising providing to a machine the disclosed composition.
• a method of improving torque in a machine comprising providing to a machine a composition comprising a base oil comprising a reduced ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins, as compared to the ratio of isoparaffins to normal paraffins in another base oil.
• “Improving torque” is understood to mean enhancing the peak torque in a machine comprising the disclosed composition as compared to a machine that does not comprise the disclosed composition.
• the machine is selected from the group consisting of an engine, transmission, automotive gear, a gear set, and an axle. Peak torque is specific to every family of engine and can be easily identified by one of ordinary skill in the art, such as by using a chassis dynamometer and measuring the torque produced by the engine through the rear wheels.
• a method of improving torque in a machine comprising providing to the machine a composition comprising a base oil having reduced high temperature high shear viscosity (HTHSV) as compared to another base oil.
• HTHSV high temperature high shear viscosity
• the term “another base oil” refers to a typical base oil that conforms to the categorization standards of a Group I-V base oil.
• the HTHSV of a base oil can be easily measured by one skilled in the art, such as according to ASTM D 4683 at 100° C.
• the base oil is a mineral base oil, synthetic base oil, or a mixture thereof a polyalphaolefin, a Group II+base oil, or a Group III base oil.
• Group II or III base oils comprise more than 90% saturates, less than 0.03% sulfur, and have a viscosity index from about 80 to about 120 or greater. However, not all Group II or III base oils have the same power transmission properties. As shown in Table 1, fully finished lubricating compositions comprising various Group II and III base oils were analyzed according to the procedure in Analytical Chemistry, 64:2227 (1992), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, in order to determine the type of paraffins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics in the compositions.
• a 2003 Chevrolet Silverado pick-up truck was powered by a 5.3 L V8 engine that was lubricated by the lubricating compositions listed in Table 1.
• the truck was restrained on a Mustang Performance Dynamometer that was programmed with the appropriate inertia and horsepower absorbance factors for the vehicle. Horsepower was measured at the rear wheels while the truck was accelerated at wide-open throttle through first gear on a simulated 25% grade. Between 10 and 15 torque readings were taken on each Example and the data at the torque peak between 3600 and 4200 rpm were corrected to standard conditions in accordance with SAE J1349, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.
• Example A had the lowest 100° C. HTHSV value (6.43 mPa*s) and produced the highest amount of torque (326.1 N*m).
• Example E had the highest 100° C. HTHSV value (7.22 mPa*s) and produced the lowest amount of torque (323.3 N*m).
• Example B had a lower 100° C.
• HTHSV value (6.50 mPa*s) than Example D (6.80 mPa*s) and produced a higher amount of torque (325.2 N*m) than Example D (323.8 N*m).
• torque can be improved by decreasing the 100° C. high temperature high shear viscosity of a base oil.
• Example A also had the lowest I/N ratio (191) while Example E had the highest I/N ratio (452).
• torque can also be improved by decreasing the I/N ratio of a base oil.
• One of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the higher the torque the better the fuel economy.
• fully formulated lubricating compositions were prepared by blending several different Group II and II+base oils with 11.5 wt. % of a DI package (HiTEC® 1136, provided by Afton Chemical Corp.), 8.6 wt. % of an ethylene-propylene olefin copolymer viscosity index improver (Paratone® 8021, provided by Chevron Oronite), and 0.5 wt. % of a polymethacrylate pour point depressant (Viscoplex® 1-440, provided by RohMax).
• the DI package included a calcium overbased detergent, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, amine-free organic friction modifier, moldybenum-containing friction modifier, diphenylamine antioxidant, sulfurized olefin antioxidant, antifoam agent, and process oil.
• Each lubricating composition was analyzed according to the procedure described above.
• the HTHSV of each lubricating composition was also measured according to ASTM D 4683 at 100° C., as described above. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
• Example F had a high I/N ratio (874) and a correspondingly high 100° C. HTHSV value (7.22 mPa*s). Therefore, Example F should have low torque, as discussed above in Example 1.
• Example K had a low I/N ratio (48) and a correspondingly low 100° C. HTHSV value (6.75 mPa*s). Therefore, Example K should have high torque, as discussed in Example 1.
• Example J While Example J has a lower I/N ratio than Example I, Example J has a significantly higher average paraffin carbon number, which offsets the low I/N ratio and results in a higher 100° C. HTHSV value (7.08 mPa*s). Therefore, Example J should have a higher torque value than Example I.

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