US20080171033A1 - Compositions and methods for treating diseases associated with angiogenesis and inflammation - Google Patents

Compositions and methods for treating diseases associated with angiogenesis and inflammation Download PDF

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US20080171033A1
US20080171033A1 US11/963,912 US96391207A US2008171033A1 US 20080171033 A1 US20080171033 A1 US 20080171033A1 US 96391207 A US96391207 A US 96391207A US 2008171033 A1 US2008171033 A1 US 2008171033A1
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Chiwen Chang
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Priority to JP2010540772A priority patent/JP5555176B2/ja
Priority to EP08864154.3A priority patent/EP2244723B1/fr
Priority to PCT/US2008/086788 priority patent/WO2009082641A2/fr
Priority to TW097149155A priority patent/TWI372059B/zh
Priority to US12/628,592 priority patent/US8846621B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70596—Molecules with a "CD"-designation not provided for elsewhere
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2896—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against molecules with a "CD"-designation, not provided for elsewhere
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to inhibitors of angiogenesis and inflammatory cytokines, and more specifically to pharmaceutical compositions for treating diseases or disorders associated with angiogenesis and inflammation.
  • Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from pre-existing ones. (Weinstate-Saslow, The FASEB Journal 8: 402-407, 1994; Folkman et al., Science 235: 442-447, 1987).
  • the generation of new blood vessels involves a multistep process, which includes the migration of vascular endothelial cells into tissue, followed by the condensation of such endothelial cells into vessels.
  • Angiogenesis may be induced by an angiogenic agent or be the result of a natural condition. The process is essential to a variety of normal body activities, such as embryo implantation; embryogenesis and development; and wound healing.
  • the process involves a complex interplay of molecules that stimulate and molecules that inhibit the growth and migration of endothelial cells, the primary cells of the capillary blood vessels.
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • TGF ⁇ transforming growth factor
  • aFGF and bFGF acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor
  • PDGF platelet derived growth factor
  • Antibodies directed against VEGF have been shown to suppress tumor growth in vivo and decrease the density of blood vessels in experimental tumors (Kim et al., Nature 362: 841-844, 1993), indicating that VEGF antagonists could have therapeutic applications as inhibitors of tumor-induced angiogenesis.
  • angiogenesis can have both the beneficial effects such as facilitating wound healing, and detrimental effects by causing inflammatory diseases such as, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, macular degeneration, psoriasis, and diabetic retinopathy.
  • angiogenesis is essential for the growth of solid tumors and for tumor metastasis (Bouck et al., Adv Cancer Res.; 69: 135-74, 1996; Yancopoulos et al., Nature 407 (6801): 242-8, 2000).
  • Tumor-induced angiogenesis is initiated by growth factors and cytokines that are released from the tumor or from inflammatory cell infiltrates (Brown et al., Am. J. Path. 143: 1255, 1993; Brown et al., Human Path. 26: 86, 1995; Leek et al., J. Leukocyte Biol. 56: 423, 1994; Hatva et al., Am. J. Pathol.
  • Growth factors and cytokines which are expressed by tumor cells stimulate angiogenesis in a number of animal models including the chick chorioallantoic membrane model, the corneal pocket angiogenesis model, and models involving spontaneous and xenotransplanted tumor growth (Brooks et al., Cell 79: 1157, 1994; Brooks et al., Science 264: 569, 1994; Brooks et al., J. Clin. Invest. 96: 1815, 1995; and Friedlander et al., Science 27: 1500, 1995).
  • tumor-associated angiogenesis is a potential target for therapies that inhibit tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis since angiogenesis has been implicated not only in the growth of tumors but also in their metastasis (Liotta et al., 1991, Cell 64: 327; Weinstat-Saslow et al., FASEB J 8: 401, 1994; Blood et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1032: 89, 1990; Folkman, Semin. Cancer Biol. 3: 65, 1992; and Weidner et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 324: 1, 1991).
  • angiogenesis is involved in a variety of diseases or disorders and that such diseases or conditions can be treated by administration of angiogenesis inhibitors.
  • pathological conditions involving angiogenesis include, but are not limited to, macular degeneration, ocular neovascular glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, corneal graft rejection, vitamin A deficiency, Sjorgen's disease, acne rosacea, mycobacterium infections, bacterial and fungal ulcers, Herpes simplex infections, systemic lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriasis, chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), hereditary diseases such as Osler-Weber Rendu disease and haemorrhagic teleangiectasia.
  • angiogenesis inhibitors include endostatin (O'Reilly et al., 1997, Cell 88: 277), angiostatin (O'Reilly et al., 1994, Cell 79: 315), peptide CNGRCVSGCAGRC (Arap et al., 1998, Science 279: 377), cyclic peptide RGDfV (Friedlander et al., 1995, Science 270: 1500), and monoclonal antibodies LM609 and P1F6 (Friedlander et al., 1995, Science 270: 1500). These drugs appear to target only on the angiogenesis aspect of the diseases without treating other additional, underlying mechanisms that are associated with or involved in the pathogenesis of the aforementioned diseases.
  • One aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition that contains a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 and/or a biologically active derivative thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may further contain a therapeutically effective amount of sFlt-1 and/or a biologically active derivative thereof.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a disease which is associated with and/or progresses by a biological activity of an inflammatory cytokine.
  • the method includes the step of administering to a mammalian subject, who would benefit therefrom, a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 as described above.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease associated with an increased interleukin activity, such as an increased IL-2 activity.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease such as a tumor and/or an inflammatory disease.
  • the inflammatory disease includes rheumatoid arthritis, macular degeneration, psoriasis, and diabetic retinopathy.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease such as a solid tumor, a tumor progression, tumor metastasis, and a latent tumor in a prevascular phase.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a disease which is associated with and/or progresses by VEGF-associated angiogenesis and inflammatory cytokine-associated inflammation.
  • the method includes the step of administering to a mammalian subject, who would benefit therefrom, a pharmaceutical composition containing therapeutically effective amounts of sCD26 and sFlt-1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing therapeutically effective amounts of sCD26 and sFlt-1 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease such as a tumor and an inflammatory disease.
  • a disease such as a tumor and an inflammatory disease.
  • an inflammatory disease include rheumatoid arthritis, macular degeneration, psoriasis, and diabetic retinopathy.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing therapeutically effective amounts of sCD26 and sFlt-1 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease such as a solid tumor, tumor progression, tumor metastasis, and latent tumor in a prevascular phase.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a disease in which the morbid state progresses by a biological activity of an inflammatory cytokine.
  • the method includes the step of administering to a mammalian subject, who would benefit therefrom, a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease such as a tumor and an inflammatory disease.
  • the inflammatory disease includes rheumatoid arthritis, macular degeneration, psoriasis, and diabetic retinopathy.
  • the tumor may be a solid tumor, tumor progression, tumor metastasis, and latent tumor in a prevascular phase.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease associated with an increased interleukin activity, such as an increased IL-2 activity.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a disease in which the morbid state progresses by VEGF-associated angiogenesis and an inflammatory cytokine-associated inflammation.
  • the method includes the step of administering to a mammalian subject, who would benefit therefrom, a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 and sFlt-1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing therapeutically effective amounts of sCD26 and sFlt-1 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease such as a tumor and an inflammatory disease.
  • a disease such as a tumor and an inflammatory disease.
  • the inflammatory disease include rheumatoid arthritis, macular degeneration, psoriasis, and diabetic retinopathy.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing therapeutically effective amounts of sCD26 and sFlt-1 is administered to a mammalian subject having a disease such as a solid tumor, a tumor progression, tumor metastasis, and a latent tumor in a prevascular phase.
  • Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method of inhibiting a biological activity of an inflammatory cytokine on a cell.
  • the method includes the step of providing the cell with a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the cytokine contains a motif XP, in which X is an amino acid and P is proline.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 is provided to a cell for inhibiting a biological activity of IL-2 on the cell.
  • a pharmaceutical composition containing a therapeutically effective amount of sCD26 is provided to a cell present in a mammalian subject, who would benefit from an inhibition of a biological activity of an inflammatory cytokine on the cell.
  • the subject is suffering from a disease associated with and/or progresses by a biological activity of an inflammatory cytokine.
  • diseases include a tumor and an inflammatory disease.
  • the inflammatory disease includes rheumatoid arthritis, macular degeneration, psoriasis, and diabetic retinopathy.
  • the disease tumor includes a solid tumor, tumor progression, tumor metastasis, and latent tumor in a prevascular phase.
  • the method includes the step of administering to a mammalian subject, who would benefit therefrom, a pharmaceutical composition containing therapeutically effective amounts of sCD26 and sFlt-1.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the effect of trophoblast co-culture, or trophoblast culture supernatant, on the detection of VEGF produced by decidual leukocytes.
  • Lane 1 leukocytes alone;
  • Lane 2 leukocytes+trophoblasts;
  • lane 3 leukocytes+JEG;
  • lane 4 Leukocytes+trophoblasts supernatant.
  • FIG. 2A illustrates the result of the Western blot analysis of the supernatant of trophoblast culture as detected by an antibody specific against sFlt-1.
  • Lane 1 supernatant of trophoblast culture
  • lane 2 1 ng sFlt-1
  • lane 3 10 ng sFlt-1.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates the result of the ELISA detections of sFlt-1 in the supernatant of the trophoblast cell culture.
  • Lane 1 supernatant of trophoblast culture;
  • lane 2 culture medium only.
  • FIG. 3A illustrates the detected concentrations of VEGF after incubation with various amounts of sFlt-1 in the VEGF ELISA assay.
  • the amount of sFlt-1 used for incubation with VEGF was 10, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.1, and 0 ng in lanes 1 ⁇ 6, respectively.
  • FIG. 3B illustrates VEGF-dependent proliferation of HUVECs was abolished by pre-treatment of VEGF with sFlt-1.
  • HUVECs were cultured in basal medium alone (lane 1), medium containing VEGF (lane 2), medium containing sFlt-1 treated VEGF (lane 3), or medium containing anti-VEGF antibody-treated VEGF (control, lane 4).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the steps for identifying the presence of placental sCD26 in the supernatant of trophoblast culture.
  • FIG. 5A is a schematic representation illustrating membrane bound CD26 and soluble CD26, and the recognition of the XP motif by soluble CD26.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates IL-2 contains the motif XP.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates IL-2 activity in stimulating CTLL-2 cell proliferation was abolished by pre-treatment with sCD26.
  • the cell line CTLL-2 was cultured in a medium containing IL-2 (lane 1), without IL-2 (lane 2), or containing sCD26-pre-treated IL-2 (lane 3).
  • FIG. 7 illustrates neutralization of VEGF by sera from pregnant women in ELISA.
  • FIG. 8A illustrates the average amount of sFlt-1 from serum samples of 5 subjects in each test group: pregnant women (lane 1), non-pregnant women (lane 2) and men (lane 3).
  • FIG. 8B illustrates the level of sFlt-1 in the serum from a pregnant woman at 20 weeks of pregnancy (lane 1), 30 weeks of pregnancy (lane 2) and 10 weeks after giving birth (lane 3).
  • “around”, “about” or “approximately” shall generally mean within 20 percent, preferably within 10 percent, and more preferably within 5 percent of a given value or range. Numerical quantities given herein are approximate, meaning that the term “around”, “about” or “approximately” can be inferred if not expressly stated.
  • VEGFR1 refers to protein, peptide, or polypeptide receptor, an alternatively spliced form, or a biologically active derivative thereof, having vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 1 (Flt) activity, for example, having the ability to bind a vascular endothelial growth factor.
  • Flt vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 1
  • the biological activity of a sFlt-1 polypeptide may be assayed using any standard method, for example, by assaying sFlt-1 binding to VEGF.
  • Soluble Flt-1 lacks the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain of the Flt-1 receptor.
  • Soluble Flt-1 can bind to VEGF and PIGF with high affinity, but it cannot induce proliferation or angiogenesis and is therefore functionally different from the Flt-1 and KDR receptors.
  • sFlt-1 includes any sFlt-1 family member or isoform. Soluble Flt-1 can also mean degradation products or fragments that result from enzymatic cleavage of the Flt-1 receptor and that maintain sFlt-1 biological activity. Soluble Flt-1 can be used to antagonize VEGF function.
  • biologically active derivative of sFlt-1 refers to a biological active protein or peptide fragment that comprises an amino acid sequence modified from the human sFlt-1.
  • human sFlt-1 refers to a biological active protein or peptide fragment that comprises an amino acid sequence of sFlt-1 of a human origin.
  • soluble CD26 refers to a protein, peptide, an alternatively spliced form, or a biologically active derivative thereof, that has DPPIV enzymatic activity.
  • a soluble form of CD26 is capable of cleaving N-terminal dipeptides from polypeptides with either proline or alanine residues in the penultimate position.
  • the enzymatic activity of sCD26 is usually assayed by digestion of a commercially available chemically synthesized substrate Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide (Sigma, CAT NO G2901).
  • biologically active derivative of sCD26 refers to a biological active protein or peptide fragment that comprises an amino acid sequence modified from the human sCD26.
  • human sCD26 refers to a biological active protein or peptide fragment that comprises an amino acid sequence of sCD26 of a human origin.
  • neutralization of VEGF refers to the blocking of VEGF from binding to its receptor and result in a loss of VEGF activity such as VEGF-dependent cell proliferation.
  • a mammalian subject includes a mammalian animal and a human being.
  • Tissue samples were obtained from elective termination of first trimester pregnancies from Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
  • the sample tube was then centrifuged briefly to pellet tissues and supernatant was filtered through 100 ⁇ m filter. Filtered supernatant was centrifuged at 650 ⁇ g for 5 minutes to pellet the cells.
  • the cell pellet was resuspended in 15 ml of PBS (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Press, page 4.2.3, 1996) containing 2% FCS and 0.1% azide before being overlaid onto 15 ml of LYMPHOPREPTM, a ready-made, sterile and endotoxin-tested solution suitable for the purification of human mononuclear cells (Axis-Shield Diagnostics, Norway, Catalog No. 1114545).
  • NK cells CD56 + CD16 ⁇
  • macrophages CD14 +
  • T cells T cells and other stromal cells.
  • HAMS F12 HAMS F12 (LIFE Technologies, USA, Catalog No. 074-90587) (20% NCS (Invitrogen, USA, Catalog No. 16010-167)) were added to the solution to stop trypsinization.
  • the solution was then filtered through gauze and centrifuged in 50 ml tubes at 450 ⁇ g to pellet the cells.
  • the cell pellet was resuspended in 10 ml of HAMS F12 and the cell solution was overlaid onto 10 ml of LYMPHOPREPTM, a ready-made, sterile and endotoxin tested solution suitable for the purification of human mononuclear cells (Axis-Shield Diagnostics, Norway, Catalog No. 1114545), and centrifuged at 710 ⁇ g for 20 minutes. Cells at the interface were recovered and washed once with 10 ml of HAMS medium.
  • the cell pellet was resuspended in 3 ml of HAMS and seeded onto a petri dish and incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. Fetal trophoblast cells in the supernatant were recovered by centrifugation at 600 ⁇ g for 5 minutes.
  • Fetal trophoblast cells isolated as described above were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium plus 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml at 37° C. overnight. The supernatant was collected and centrifuged at 1,000 ⁇ g for 5 minutes to pellet the cell debris before being loaded onto a centrifugal filter device CENTRICON® (Millipore, YM-10) and centrifuged at 2,000 RPM for around 1 hour. The volume was usually reduced to 1:10 of the original volume to obtain a 10 ⁇ -concentrated supernatant.
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • trophoblast tumor cell line JEG cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (10% FCS) was used as a negative control.
  • leukocytes 3 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml
  • negative control cells JEG 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml
  • the culture supernatants were harvested and stored at ⁇ 70° C. for later ELISA assay.
  • VEGF ELISA assay R&D, USA, Catalog No. DY293
  • FIG. 1 shows the results of the assay: Lane 1 shows the concentration of VEGF produced by decidual leukocytes and detected in the culture supernatant by the VEGF ELISA assay. Lane 2 shows the disappearance of the VEGF in the culture supernatant when the decidual leukocytes were co-cultured with isolated trophoblasts in the same dish. As a negative control, lane 3 illustrates the presence of VEGF when decidual leukocytes were co-cultured with the cell line JEG. The data indicates that the inhibition of VEGF detection was not an artifact induced by co-culture per se because JEG co-culture did not produce the same effect. Instead, it was specifically due to the co-culture with the isolated trophoblasts.
  • sFlt-1 which was initially purified from human umbilical endothelial cells, is produced by trophoblast cells in vivo.
  • specific metalloproteinases released from the placenta may cleave the extracellular domain of Flt-1 receptor to release the N-terminal portion of Flt-1 into circulation.
  • a soluble form of Flt-1 i.e., sFlt-1 can be detected in peripheral blood and is a ligand with a high affinity to VEGF.
  • trophoblast supernatant or pure sFlt-1 were mixed with 4 ⁇ l of 6 ⁇ SDS gel loading dye, and boiled for 5 minutes before being loaded onto a 10% SDS polyacrylamide gel (Bio-Rad CAT NO 161-1101).
  • the gel was run at 100 volts for 1.5 hours and blotted onto a PVDF membrane at 100 volts for 1 hour.
  • the blot was incubated in a 10% milk/TBST buffer containing 0.1 ⁇ g/ml polyclonal goat anti-sFlt-1 antibody (R&D Systems CAT NO AF321) for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • a secondary antibody rabbit anti-goat HRP-conjugated antibody (DakoCytomation CAT NO P0449) was used in the blot at dilution 1:2000 in 10% milk/TBST for 1 hour. After washing 3 times, the band was detected using an ECL kit (GE Healthcare CAT NO RPN2106) according to the manufacturer's instruction manual.
  • FIG. 2A is a Western blot that shows using an anti-sFlt-1 antibody, a protein band of around 110 Kd was detected in the trophoblast supernatant (Lane 1). The same molecular weight band was detected in the positive control as well (lanes 2 and 3, loaded with different amount of pure sFlt-1 protein, respectively). The result indicates soluble Flt-1 was present in the trophoblast supernatant.
  • FIG. 2 B shows the result of the ELISA detections of sFlt-1 in the supernatant of the trophoblast cell culture.
  • Lane 1 supernatant of trophoblast culture; lane 2: culture medium only. The result indicated that a large amount of soluble Flt-1 was detected in the supernatant of trophoblast culture by ELISA.
  • FIG. 3A shows the detected concentrations of VEGF after incubation with various amounts of sFlt-1 in the VEGF ELISA assay.
  • the amount of sFlt-1 used for incubation with VEGF was 10, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.1, and 0 ng in lanes 1 ⁇ 6, respectively.
  • HUVECs were isolated as described by Jaffe, E. A. et al. (J. Clin. Invest. 52 (11): 2745-2756, 1973) with minor modifications. Briefly, human umbilical cord was collected into 150 ml of PBS buffer containing 1 ⁇ g/ml fungizone (Gibco, USA, Cat No. 15295-017). The cord was washed with sterile PBS and the damaged ends were cut off with a surgical blade. The vein was located and cannulated with a sterile Kwill filling tube (Avon Medicals, UK, Cat No. E910) at both ends of the cord. The umbilical cord was tied up at the cannulated region with a sterile thread.
  • the cord blood was then flushed out with 100 ml PBS, and 20 ml of PBS was gently flushed back and forth between two 20 ml syringes (Becton Dickinson, USA, Catalog No. 300613). After flushing the cord thoroughly, the excess PBS was removed. Ten milliliters of collagenase solution (10 ⁇ g/ml) were added at (Sigma, USA, Catalog No. C-9891) and the ends of cannulas were plunged. The cord was then placed in a pre-warmed beaker containing PBS for 10 minutes. The collagenase solution in the cord was gently flushed back and forth between two syringes and the flow-through was collected in a 50 ml centrifuge tube.
  • the cord was then washed with 10 ml of Medium-199 medium (Sigma, USA, Catalog No. M-7528) into the same tube.
  • the tube was centrifuged at 200 ⁇ g for 5 minutes to collect the HUVECs.
  • the cells were re-suspended in 10 ml of endothelial cell growth medium (PromoCell, USA, Catalog No. C22010) and cultured in an incubator at 37° C. for further experiments.
  • HUVECs isolated as described above were re-suspended in Medium-199 (Sigma, USA, Catalog No. M-7528) at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/ml, and plated 50 ⁇ l per well in a 96-well flat bottom plate (Becton Dickinson, USA, Catalog No. 353072).
  • VEGF was diluted in Medium-199 medium to give 1 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Neutralization of VEGF by sFlt-1 was accomplished by incubating VEGF (1 ⁇ g/ml) with equal volume of sFlt-1 (5 ⁇ g/ml; R&D Systems, MN, USA) at 37° C. for one hour.
  • the VEGF in the solution was diluted to 20 ng/ml with an assay medium (M-199 plus 10% FCS and 10 mM HEPES).
  • the sFlt-1 pre-treated and diluted VEGF was added into the HUVEC culture at 50 ⁇ l per well.
  • As control VEGF (1 ⁇ g/ml) was incubated with anti-VEGF antibody (R&D MAB293, 10 ⁇ g/ml) at room temperature for one hour.
  • anti-VEGF antibody R&D MAB293, 10 ⁇ g/ml
  • the plate was incubated at 37° C. for three days before measuring cell proliferation by using a tetrazolium based assay kit (Promega CAT No G3580).
  • HUVEC proliferation reflects a response to the stimulation by VEGF. Without the supply of VEGF, HUVEC culture will stop growing and gradually die off. Since HUVEC proliferation in response to VEGF stimulation is essential in angiogenesis in vivo, a test compound or composition that results in an inhibition of VEGF activity in the present assay may be considered to have anti-angiogenesis properties.
  • HUVECs cultured in a medium containing VEGF (lane 2) exhibited an increase in cell growth as compared to those cultured in a basic medium without VEGF (lane 1).
  • HUVECs cultured in a medium containing sFlt-1 pre-treated VEGF i.e., neutralized VEGF
  • HUVEC proliferation in response to VEGF stimulation is essential in angiogenesis
  • sFlt-1 by inhibiting or abolishing VEGF activity in stimulating HUVECs proliferation, has proved to possess anti-angiogenesis property.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the steps of generating monoclonal antibody CH15 and using the generated CH15 in the immunoprecipitation experiments.
  • mice Ten times concentrated supernatant from trophoblast culture prepared as described above was used to immunize a Balb/c mouse.
  • the spleen cells from the immunized mouse were fused with SP2/0 cells according to the manufacturer's procedure for generation of hybridoma (StemCell Technologies, CLONACELLTM-HY, Catalog No. 03800).
  • a hybridoma cell clone producing IgG antibody CH15 was identified.
  • the monoclonal antibody CH15 in the hybridoma cells culture supernatant was purified by protein-A column. Briefly, 0.5 g protein-A sepharose powder (Sigma, USA, Catalog No. P3391) was hydrated in 1 ml PBS buffer (pH 7.4) and loaded into a plastic column (Bio-Rad, USA, Catalog No. 732-1010). The column was washed with 10 ml PBS buffer (pH 8). The hybridoma supernatant was then passed through the protein-A column slowly allowing the antibody to bind to the protein-A column.
  • the protein-A column was washed a few times with the buffer solution and antibody eluted from the column with 100 mM glycine (pH 3) (Antibodies, Harlow, E. and Lane, D., Cold Springs Harbor Lab Press, 1988, p. 310).
  • the purified monoclonal antibody CH15 (200 ⁇ g) as aforementioned was immobilized onto an agarose gel for immunoprecipitation according the manufacturer's instruction manual (SEIZETM primary immunoprecipitation kit, Pierce Catalog No. 45335).
  • FIG. 4 illustrates Monoclonal antibody CH15 (Mab CH15, next to the column) was immobilized onto the column.
  • ten times concentrated trophoblast supernatant (abbreviated as Troph sup in FIG. 4 ) was loaded into the column and incubated with the CH15 antibody-conjugated agarose gel described above for overnight at 4° C. to allow the CH15 antibody to bind the CH15-specific factor in the supernatant.
  • the agarose gel was then washed a few times with a buffer solution and the proteins were eluted from the antibody-conjugated agarose gel with an elution buffer.
  • the aforementioned, eluted sample (20 ⁇ l) was mixed with a gel loading dye (5 ⁇ l) and boiled for 5 minutes.
  • the sample was then loaded into a 10% SDS polyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE) gel and electrophoresis was run at 100 volts for 1.5 hours in Tris-Glycine buffer (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Press, page A.2.5, 1996) with 2 mM mercaptoacetic acid (Sigma, USA, Catalog No. T-6750).
  • Tris-Glycine buffer Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley Press, page A.2.5, 1996) with 2 mM mercaptoacetic acid (Sigma, USA, Catalog No. T-6750).
  • the proteins in the gel were blotted to a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad, USA, Catalog No. 162-0185) in CAPS buffer (19 mM CAPS (Sigma, USA, Catalog No.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the protein bands visualized by silver staining.
  • Lanes 1 ⁇ 3 are eluted fractions from the antibody-conjugated agarose gel.
  • Lanes 4 ⁇ 6 are eluted fractions from a negative control.
  • a protein band of approximately 110 kDa (lanes 1-3, located slightly above the 97 Kd marker band) was cut out and sequenced.
  • the results of amino acid sequencing of the ⁇ 110 Kd immunoprecipitated band (NKGTDDATADSR . . . ) (SEQ ID NO: 1) matched the sequence of sCD26.
  • the amino acid sequencing data indicates that the immunoprecipitated protein was a soluble form of placental CD26.
  • placental sCD26 was present in the supernatant of cultured trophoblast cells and immunoprecipitated by CH15 on the SDS PAGE gel.
  • sCD26 that is found in the normal human blood has an amino acid sequence that is ten residues shorter than its placenta counterpart.
  • Soluble CD26 in a recombinant protein form may be obtained from commercial sources such as R&D Systems (Minneapolis, U.S.A.).
  • CD26 Human blood CD26 is a 240 kDa homodimeric type II membrane glycoprotein comprised of two 120 kDa subunits. (Mentlein, R., International Review of Cytology, 235: 165-213, 2004). It is also known as a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). As a membrane-bound glycoprotein, it possess various functional properties including modulating the activity of various biologically important peptides (Dang et al., Histol. Histopathol., 17: 1213-1226, 2002). CD26 has been found expressed on a variety of cell types, particularly melanocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes.
  • DPPIV dipeptidyl peptidase IV
  • FIG. 5A illustrates a placental membrane CD26 as a homodimeric, membrane-bound protein, which may be cleaved (indicated by two arrows) and result in a homodimeric, placental sCD26.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates sCD26 cleaves an amino-terminal dipeptide in a polypeptide that has a L-proline at the penultimate position.
  • sCD26 has many physiological roles, including a role in immune regulation as a structure capable of transmitting T cell activation signals and a role as a regulator of biological processes through its cleavage of biological factors.
  • Activation of a T cell is a complex process involving various secreted interleukins, which acts as local chemical mediators. Activation is thought to begin when the T cell, by unknown means, is stimulated by the antigen-presenting cell to secrete one or more interleukins.
  • Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a protein produced by T-lymphocytes that have been activated by an antigen. IL-2 stimulates other lymphocytes to activate and differentiate.
  • IL-2 is a central cytokine required for the activation of T, B and natural-killer (NK) cells. (Tenbrock et al., Int Rev Immunol., 23 (3-4); 333-345, 2004).
  • Human IL-2 is a protein of 133 amino acids (15.4 kDa) with a slightly basic pI that does not display sequence homology to any other factors.
  • Murine and human IL-2 display a homology of approximately 65%.
  • IL-2 is synthesized as a precursor protein of 1.53 amino acids with the first 20 amino-terminal amino acids functioning as a hydrophobic secretory signal sequence.
  • the protein contains a single disulfide bond at positions Cys58 and Cys105, which is essential for biological activity.
  • IL-2 is a pro-inflammation cytokine in the human immune system.
  • pathological role IL-2 plays in the inflammatory and immune diseases.
  • the level of IL-2 production is altered in patients suffering from the multiple sclerosis and reduced in patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • Herndon et al., Clin. Immunol., 103 (2), 145-53, 2002 Tenbrock et al., Int Rev Immunol., 23 (3-4): 333-45, 2004.
  • the purified sCD26 was eluted from the column with 30 ml of 2 mM Tris (pH8) and concentrated down to 3 ml using Centricon Plus-70 device (Amicon CAT NO UFC 701008) and aliquots stored at 4° C. for later use.
  • the purified and concentrated sCD26 was used later for the following experiment.
  • IL-2 is produced from bacteria and thus the N-terminus of the protein is modified with an extra amino acid Methionine (M) on it.
  • M Methionine
  • the methionin-N-terminal IL-2 is not an ideal substrate for studying the function of soluble CD26 because sCD26 recognizes only the exact N-terminal amino acid sequences of a protein.
  • a stable clone that produced IL-2 was identified and grown to a large volume. The IL-2 was produced and concentrated in the supernatant, which was then used in the following experiment.
  • the CTLL-2 (ATCC, TIB214) cell line constitutively expresses IL-2 receptors and depends entirely on the presence of exogenous IL-2 for cell growth.
  • the CTLL-2 cells were used to assay the effect of sCD26 on the activity of IL-2 in stimulating CTLL-2 cell growth.
  • the activity of IL-2 in stimulating CTLL-2 cell growth was assayed by using a cell proliferation kit for measuring the absorbance at OD 490 .
  • CTLL-2 cells (0.1 ⁇ 10 6 cells/ml) were washed twice with RPMI-1640 and plated 50 ⁇ l per well in 96-well plates.
  • the IL-2 which was produced as described above, was pre-treated with the sCD26, which was purified from placenta cell culture supernatant as mentioned above, by mixing 1 ⁇ l of concentrated IL-2 supernatant with 20 ⁇ l of purified, concentrated sCD26 for 1 hour at 37° C. After treatment, IL-2 was adjusted to 50 ⁇ l and mixed with CTLL-2 cells, 0.1 ⁇ 10 6 /ml at 50 ⁇ l per well. The cell culture was incubated at 37° C. for 3 days before measuring cell proliferation at OD 490 (Promega, CAT No G3580).
  • FIG. 5A illustrates soluble CD26 can recognize a polypeptide that contains a motif XP and cleave the peptide bond thereafter.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates IL-2 contains an amino acid sequence APTSSSTKK . . . (SEQ ID NO: 2) with the motif AP (alanine-proline) that can be recognized by sCD26.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the growth of cell line CTLL-2 was dependent on IL-2 in the growth medium. Without the supply of exogenous IL-2, the CTLL-2 cell line stopped growth and died off quickly (lane 2) as compared to that in the medium containing IL-2 (lane 1). Pre-treatment of IL-2 with aforementioned purified and concentrated sCD26 rendered the IL-2 inactive as it lost the activity in stimulating CTLL-2 cell proliferation ( FIG. 6 , lane 3). Since IL-2 is a pro-inflammation cytokine in human immune system, soluble CD26 may be useful as an inflammation inhibitor through its inhibition on IL-2 activity.
  • Sera from 7 pregnant women were collected as described previously. One hundred microliters of serum were incubated with 1 ng of VEGF at 37° C. for 2 hours before performing the VEGF ELISA assay ( FIG. 7 , group 3). Sera from 7 men and 5 non-pregnant women were also collected and used as controls in the same experiment ( FIG. 7 , groups 1 and 2, respectively). As shown in FIG. 7 , only pregnant woman's serum prevented the detection of VEGF due to the presence of a soluble factor (i.e. sFlt-1).
  • a soluble factor i.e. sFlt-1
  • FIG. 8A illustrates the average amount of sFlt-1 from serum samples of 5 subjects.
  • Lane 1 pregnant women
  • lane 2 non-pregnant women
  • lane 3 men.
  • the results indicate that only significant amount of soluble Flt-1 could be detected in the serum of pregnant women (lane 1) as compared to that of non-pregnant women and men (lane 2 and 3).
  • FIG. 8B illustrates the level of sFlt-1 in the serum from a pregnant woman at 20 weeks of pregnancy (lane 1), 30 weeks of pregnancy (lane 2) and 10 weeks after giving birth (lane 3). The result indicates that the levels of soluble Flt-1 in the serum increased during the course of the pregnancy, but disappeared about 3 months after giving birth.
  • Angiogenesis has been implicated in progression of inflammatory arthritis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis as well as tumor growth and metastasis.
  • Pathological angiogeniesis is a hallmark of cancer and various ischaemic and inflammatory diseases.
  • Angiogenesis is crucial for tumor growth and metastasis (Keith Dredge et al. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 4 (6): 667-674, (2003)).
  • New blood vessel development is an important process in tumor progression. It favors the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia, i.e., the passage from a state of cellular multiplication to a state of uncontrolled proliferation characteristic of tumor cells. Neovascularization also influences the dissemination of cancer cells throughout the entire body eventually leading to metastasis formation.
  • angiogenic process There are five main steps of the angiogenic process that can be interrupted: (1) Inhibiting endogenous angiogenic factors, such as bFGF (basic Fibroblast Growth Factor) and VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor); (2) Inhibiting degradative enzymes (Matrix Metalloproteinases) responsible for the degradation of the basement membrane of blood vessels; (3) Inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation; (4) Inhibiting endothelial cell migration; and (5) Inhibiting the activation and differentiation of endothelial cells.
  • endogenous angiogenic factors such as bFGF (basic Fibroblast Growth Factor) and VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
  • Inhibiting degradative enzymes Matrix Metalloproteinases
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • AVASTINTM vascular endothelial growth factor
  • the present invention discloses, among others, that soluble Flt-1 is capable of neutralizing VEGF. Since anti-VEGF or anti-angiogenesis has been proved to be useful in treating angiogenesis-dependent cancer, sFlt-1 by its VEGF-neutralizing activity may be useful for treating cancer or tumor of which the growth is dependent on angiogenesis.
  • Inflammation has also been implicated in Cancer. Chronic inflammation is associated with cancer development. Early and persistent inflammatory responses observed in or around developing neoplasms regulate many aspects of tumor development. (Leon C. L. et al. “Inflammation, proteases and cancer.” European Journal of Cancer, Vol. 42, Issue 6, pages 728-734) Inflammation functions at all three stages of tumor development: initiation, progression and metastasis. Inflammation contributes to initiation by inducing the release of a variety of cytokines and chemokines that alert the vasculature to release inflammatory cells and factors into the tissue milieu, thereby causing oxidative damage, DNA mutations, and other changes in the microenvironment, making it more conducive to cell transformation, increased survival and proliferation.
  • VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
  • RA rheumatoid arthritis
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • sFlt-1 has anti-angiogenesis/anti-VEGF activity, it may also be useful for reducing the degree of angiogenesis in inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis as well as in chronic inflammation which is associated with cancer.
  • the present invention describes, among others, soluble Flt-1 was detected in large amount only in pregnancy. Since VEGF is implicated in RA and sFlt-1 is capable of neutralizing VEGF, an increase in the levels of serum sFlt-1 in pregnancy is likely to be one of the factors that contribute a remission of RA during pregnancy. Moreover, sCD26 is produced by trophoblast cells, which may in turn neutralize inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins, thereby further contributing a remission of RA during pregnancy.
  • Soluble CD26/DPPIV has an essential role in immune regulation as a T cell activation molecule and a regulator of chemokine function. It has been suggested that sCD26 may exert its enhancing effect on T cell response to recall antigen via its effect on antigen-presenting cells. Studies have shown that sCD26 is transported into monocytes and upregulates the expression of CD86 on monocytes through its DPPIV activity, both at the protein and mRNA levels. It has been therefore suggested that sCD26, particularly its DPPIV enzymatic activity, enhance T cell immune response to recall antigens through its direct effect on antigen-presenting cells (Dang and Morimato, Histol Histopathol. 17: 1213-1226 (2002)).
  • sCD26 is produced by trophoblast cells. Moreover, the invention discloses sCD26 is capable of inhibiting Interleukins, such as IL-2. Therefore, sCD26 may be useful for anti-inflammation in diseases including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammatory disorders, in addition its T-cell activation activities as aforementioned.

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US5712380A (en) * 1993-03-25 1998-01-27 Merck & Co., Inc. DNA encoding a soluble VEGF inhibitor
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US20060051366A1 (en) * 2004-08-26 2006-03-09 Chiwen Chang Use of soluble CD26 as inhibitor of angiogenesis and inflammation
US20060234969A1 (en) * 2003-03-07 2006-10-19 Anges Mg, Inc. Compositions and methods for inhibiting inflammation of vessel walls and formation of neointimal hyperplasia

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US6265551B1 (en) * 1995-06-01 2001-07-24 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Form of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) found in human serum, antibodies thereto, and uses thereof
US6325989B1 (en) * 1995-06-01 2001-12-04 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Form of dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26) found in human serum
US6100071A (en) * 1996-05-07 2000-08-08 Genentech, Inc. Receptors as novel inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor activity and processes for their production
WO1999047152A2 (fr) * 1998-03-20 1999-09-23 Sloan Kettering Institute For Cancer Research Utilisation de dipeptidylpeptidase (dpp4) pour supprimer le phenotype malin des cellules cancereuses
AU2003302017A1 (en) * 2002-05-17 2004-06-15 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Cd26-based therapies for cancers and immune disease
JP2007528355A (ja) * 2003-03-07 2007-10-11 アンジェスＭｇ株式会社 血管壁の炎症および新生内膜過形成を阻害する組成物および方法
CN101578376A (zh) * 2005-07-13 2009-11-11 貝丝以色列女执事医疗中心 诊断和治疗炎性应答的方法
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US5712380A (en) * 1993-03-25 1998-01-27 Merck & Co., Inc. DNA encoding a soluble VEGF inhibitor
US6534626B1 (en) * 1997-12-01 2003-03-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health & Human Services Chemokine variants
US20060234969A1 (en) * 2003-03-07 2006-10-19 Anges Mg, Inc. Compositions and methods for inhibiting inflammation of vessel walls and formation of neointimal hyperplasia
US20060051366A1 (en) * 2004-08-26 2006-03-09 Chiwen Chang Use of soluble CD26 as inhibitor of angiogenesis and inflammation

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