US20080050264A1 - Ignition Device Electrode Composition - Google Patents

Ignition Device Electrode Composition Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080050264A1
US20080050264A1 US11/846,322 US84632207A US2008050264A1 US 20080050264 A1 US20080050264 A1 US 20080050264A1 US 84632207 A US84632207 A US 84632207A US 2008050264 A1 US2008050264 A1 US 2008050264A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
weight
amount
ignition device
alloy
electrode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US11/846,322
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English (en)
Inventor
James D. Lykowski
Mark S. McMurray
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Federal Mogul World Wide LLC
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Federal Mogul World Wide LLC
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Publication date
Application filed by Federal Mogul World Wide LLC filed Critical Federal Mogul World Wide LLC
Priority to US11/846,322 priority Critical patent/US20080050264A1/en
Assigned to FEDERAL-MOGUL WORLD WIDE, INC. reassignment FEDERAL-MOGUL WORLD WIDE, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LYKOWSKI, JAMES D., MCMURRAY, MARK S.
Assigned to CITIBANK, N.A. AS COLLATERAL TRUSTEE reassignment CITIBANK, N.A. AS COLLATERAL TRUSTEE SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: FEDERAL-MOGUL WORLD WIDE, INC.
Publication of US20080050264A1 publication Critical patent/US20080050264A1/en
Assigned to FEDERAL-MOGUL WORLD WIDE LLC (FORMERLY FEDERAL-MOGUL WORLD WIDE, INC.) reassignment FEDERAL-MOGUL WORLD WIDE LLC (FORMERLY FEDERAL-MOGUL WORLD WIDE, INC.) RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CITIBANK, N.A.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
    • H01T13/39—Selection of materials for electrodes

Definitions

  • This invention generally relates to ignition devices such as spark plugs for internal combustion engines or igniters in gas turbines and jet engines. More specifically, this invention relates such ignition devices having iron or cobalt based electrodes.
  • Electrodes having noble metal firing tips are widely used in ignition devices. Platinum and iridium based alloys are the materials of choice for such firing tips, while a nickel-based alloy is usually the preferred material for the electrode bodies to which these tips are attached.
  • Ideal characteristics for the electrode body material are high temperature corrosion resistance, good high temperature mechanical strength, good heat transfer capability, cold formability, low raw material cost and good dissimilar material welding capability, particularly when they are used with platinum, iridium and other noble or high temperature metal alloy firing tips.
  • the use of nickel-based alloy electrode bodies with platinum, iridium or other noble metal alloy firing tips has some disadvantages. For example, this combination is not optimal for weldability of the tips to the electrodes, formability of the electrodes, and resistance of the electrode material joints to high temperature oxidation.
  • nickel-based alloy electrodes may be used for ignition device ground and center electrodes, particularly with platinum, iridium and other noble or high temperature metal alloy firing tips, there remains a need for other alloy compositions suitable for use as ignition device electrodes, having the electrode properties noted above, and which may also be used as electrode bodies in conjunction with platinum, iridium and other noble or high temperature metal alloy firing tips.
  • This invention provides alloy compositions for alternative electrode materials that exhibit superior performance characteristics for use as the body material for spark plug center and ground electrodes.
  • these alloys provide superior performance at a lower cost as a potential replacement for nickel-based alloys as the body electrode material for spark plug designs, particularly those which incorporate firing tips of noble or other high temperature materials for the sparking surface.
  • the invention includes an ignition device having a ground electrode, center electrode, or both, composed of a cobalt-based alloy including: Ni in an amount between about 20 and 24% by weight; Cr in an amount between about 20 and 24% by weight; W in an amount between about 10 and 16% by weight; and Co in an amount between about 32 and 47% by weight.
  • the invention includes an ignition device having a ground electrode, center electrode, or both, composed of an iron-based alloy comprising: Cr in an amount between about 18 and 24% by weight; Al in an amount between about 4 and 7% by weight; and Fe in an amount between about 67 and 78% by weight.
  • iron-based alloy compositions may also include a reactive metal selected from the group consisting of Y, Zr, Nb, La, Hf and Ta.
  • either the C-based or Fe-based electrode alloys may also include Zr and B in an amount, by weight, of 0.005-0.5% Zr and 0.001-0.10% B.
  • center or ground electrodes of the invention may also include firing tips attached at a sparking end thereof.
  • the firing tips may be formed of at least one of gold, a gold alloy, a platinum group metal or a tungsten alloy, particularly platinum-based and iridium-based alloys.
  • FIG. 1 shows a partial fragmentary view of an ignition device having a noble metal tip attached to the center and ground electrodes composed of a cobalt or iron based alloy according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGS. 2-5 show alternative firing tip constructions that can be used for the ignition device of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 1 there is shown the working end of an ignition device in the form of a spark plug 10 that includes an outer metal shell or housing 12 , an insulator 14 secured within the housing 12 , a center electrode 16 , a ground electrode 18 , and a pair of firing tips 20 , 22 located opposite each other on the center and ground electrodes 16 , 18 , respectively.
  • Housing 12 can be constructed in a conventional manner and can include standard threads 24 along with an annular lower end 26 to which the ground electrode 18 is welded or otherwise attached.
  • spark plug 10 all other components of the spark plug 10 (including those not shown) can be constructed using known techniques and materials, excepting of course center electrode 16 , or ground electrode 18 , (or both of them) that is composed of a particularly advantageous alloy composition, as will be described below. While spark plug 10 is illustrated to include firing tips 20 , 22 , the alloys described herein may also be used as center electrodes or ground electrodes in spark plugs 10 which do not include such tips, or which includes a firing tip on only one of the center or ground electrodes. Further, they may be used in spark plugs 10 having different arrangements of the center or ground electrodes, such as surface gap and annular gap ground electrodes.
  • ground electrode 18 is illustrated in the form of a conventional ninety-degree elbow that is mechanically and electrically attached to housing 12 at one end 32 and that terminates opposite center electrode 16 at its other end 34 .
  • This free end 34 comprises a firing end of the ground electrode 18 that, along with the corresponding firing end of center electrode 16 , defines a spark gap 36 therebetween.
  • many other alternate ground electrode configurations may be used in accordance with the invention.
  • the firing tips 20 , 22 are each located at the firing ends of their respective electrodes 16 , 18 so that they provide sparking surfaces for the emission and reception of electrons across the spark gap 36 .
  • These tips 20 , 22 are provided for increasing the operational life of the spark plug and may be composed of platinum-based alloys, iridium-based alloys and other noble metal or high temperature alloys.
  • noble metal firing tips 20 , 22 may also be made from gold or gold alloys, including Au—Pd alloys, such as Au-40Pd (in weight percent) alloys or any of the known pure metals or alloys of the platinum group metals, including: platinum, iridium, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium and rhenium, and various alloy combinations thereof in any combination.
  • Au—Pd alloys such as Au-40Pd (in weight percent) alloys or any of the known pure metals or alloys of the platinum group metals, including: platinum, iridium, rhodium, palladium, ruthenium and rhenium, and various alloy combinations thereof in any combination.
  • rhenium is also included within the definition of platinum group metals based on its high melting point and other high temperature characteristics similar to those of certain of the platinum group metals.
  • Additional alloying elements for use in platinum group metal firing tips 20 , 22 may include, but are not limited to, nickel, chromium, iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, cobalt, zirconium, tungsten and rare earth elements including yttrium, hafnium, lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium. In fact, any material that provides suitable spark erosion corrosion performance in the combustion environment may be suitable for use as firing tips 20 , 22 . Firing tips 20 , 22 may also be made from other high temperature alloys, including various tungsten alloys, such as W—Ni, W—Cu and W—Ni—Cu alloys.
  • Firing tips 20 , 22 may also comprise a multi-layer composite of a platinum-based alloy, iridium-based alloy or other noble metal or high temperature alloy and an electrode body material, such as nickel or a nickel-base alloy, an iron-nickel chromium-based alloy or the alloys of the invention described hereinbelow.
  • the tips 20 , 22 are shown in FIG. 1 in cross-section for purposes of illustrating the firing tips which, in this embodiment, comprise cylindrical, rectangular or other shaped pads welded into place on the firing ends.
  • the firing tips 20 , 22 need not be pads, but can take the form of a rivet, a wire, a ball, or any other suitable shape.
  • the construction and mounting of these various types of firing tips is known to those skilled in the art.
  • the firing tips 20 , 22 can be welded into partial recesses on each electrode, or welded so as to partially or fully recess into the electrode in conjunction with the welding process.
  • one or both of the pads can be fully recessed on its associated electrode or can be welded onto an outer surface of the electrode without being recessed at all.
  • the firing tips 20 , 22 are permanently attached, both mechanically and electrically, to the center electrodes preferably by metallurgical bonding, such as laser welding, laser joining, resistance welding, or by brazing, swaging, or other suitable means.
  • Laser welding can be done according to any of a number of techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Laser joining involves forming a mechanical interlock of the electrode to the firing tip by using laser light to melt the electrode material so that it can flow into a recess or other surface feature of the firing tip, with the electrode thereafter being allowed to solidify and lock the firing tip in place. This laser joining technique is more fully described in U.S.
  • the attachment process results in the electrodes each having an integral firing tip attached thereto that provides an exposed sparking surface for the center electrode.
  • the present invention contemplates use of a center electrode or ground electrode not having a firing tip attached thereto.
  • the present invention encompasses a center electrode or ground electrode having an integral surface used for directly communicating a spark to the ground electrode or firing tip thereof.
  • the center electrode is formed from a cobalt-based alloy containing the following elemental constituents: cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and tungsten (W).
  • the preferred amounts of each elemental constituent by weight is as follows: 20 to 24% Ni, 20 to 24% Cr, 10 to 16% W, with the balance substantially Co. More preferably, however, the alloy includes 13% W and 32 to 47% Co.
  • An exemplary alloy is available from ThyssenKrupp VDM of Werdohl, Germany and is known as Conicro® 4023 W—alloy 188.
  • Such alloys can be formed by known processes such as by melting the desired amounts of constituent elements together.
  • the alloy After melting, the alloy can be converted into a powdered form by an atomization process, as is known to those skilled in the art.
  • the powdered alloy can then be isostatically pressed into solid form, with secondary shaping operations being used if necessary to achieve the desired final form. Techniques and procedures for accomplishing these steps are known to those skilled in the art. Other alloy formation methods can be used as well.
  • the center electrode is formed from an iron-based alloy containing the following elemental constituents: iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), and aluminum (Al).
  • the preferred amounts of each elemental constituent by weight is as follows: 18 to 24% Cr, 4 to 7% Al, with the balance substantially Fe. More specifically preferred aspects of this embodiment including three alloy compositions according to the following table of elemental constituents of each alloy by weight percentage:
  • the alloys are exemplified by alloys available from ThyssenKrupp VDM and are known, respectively, as Aluchrom® I, Aluchrom® I SE, and Aluchrom® Y.
  • the reactive elements described with respect to Alloy 2 may include at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Zr, Nb, La, Hf and Ta. While at least one reactive element is required with regard to this alloy, the elements of this group may be included in any combination within the composition limits described.
  • the use of zirconium in the range of 0.005-0.5% by weight of the alloy and boron in the range of 0.001-0.01% by weight of the alloy is also particularly useful.
  • the use of zirconium in the range of 0.005-0.15% by weight of the alloy and boron in the range of 0.001-0.01% by weight of the alloy is known to be particularly useful.
  • Boron and zirconium are known as grain boundary strengtheners.
  • Center or ground electrode bodies composed of cobalt and iron based alloys have been found to promote ignition device performance and manufacturability. Center or ground electrode bodies having such alloys exhibit good resistance to high temperature oxidation, demonstrate improved formability, and yield improved weldability when attaching firing tips.
  • the center electrode or ground electrode is formed from one of the cobalt-based or iron-based alloys described above. Also, either the center electrode, ground electrode, or both can have a heat conductive core formed from copper, copper alloys, or other suitable thermally conductive materials.
  • FIGS. 2-5 show alternative firing tip configurations that can be used in lieu of one or both of the firing tip pads 20 , 22 shown in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 2 shows a segment of wire
  • FIG. 3 shows a rivet with a hemispherical firing tip
  • FIG. 4 shows a sphere
  • FIG. 5 shows a flat headed rivet with a cylindrical firing tip all of which can be attached using various known methods.
  • the center and/or ground electrode of FIG. 1 can be made of conventional or other metals or alloys, with the cobalt-based or iron-based alloy(s) described above being used instead to form the firing tip, in which case any of the geometries shown in FIGS. 1-5 , or other shapes not shown for the firing tips can be used. Techniques for welding or otherwise attaching the cobalt-based and/or iron based alloys will be known to those skilled in the art.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Spark Plugs (AREA)
US11/846,322 2006-08-28 2007-08-28 Ignition Device Electrode Composition Abandoned US20080050264A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/846,322 US20080050264A1 (en) 2006-08-28 2007-08-28 Ignition Device Electrode Composition

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US82367206P 2006-08-28 2006-08-28
US11/846,322 US20080050264A1 (en) 2006-08-28 2007-08-28 Ignition Device Electrode Composition

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090284117A1 (en) * 2008-05-19 2009-11-19 James Lykowski Spark ignition device for an internal combustion engine and sparking tip therefor
WO2011054561A1 (fr) * 2009-10-26 2011-05-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electrode de bougie d'allumage produite à partir d'un matériau d'électrode amélioré
DE102015100835A1 (de) * 2015-01-21 2015-12-31 Federal-Mogul Ignition Gmbh Zündkerze
WO2019025796A1 (fr) * 2017-08-03 2019-02-07 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Composant de dispositif d'allumage produit par un processus de transfert de métal à froid
US20190170066A1 (en) * 2017-12-05 2019-06-06 General Electric Company High temperature articles for turbine engines

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2470033A (en) * 1945-11-27 1949-05-10 Mallory & Co Inc P R Spark plug
US3146370A (en) * 1962-06-21 1964-08-25 Gen Motors Corp Spark plug with improved electrode
US3956657A (en) * 1972-07-18 1976-05-11 Robert Bosch G.M.B.H. Pre-ignition gap
US3957451A (en) * 1974-08-02 1976-05-18 General Motors Corporation Ruthenium powder metal alloy
US3977841A (en) * 1974-08-02 1976-08-31 General Motors Corporation Ruthenium powder metal alloy and method for making same
US4093887A (en) * 1975-11-07 1978-06-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Spark plug, particularly for internal combustion engines having composite center electrode
US4742265A (en) * 1986-11-12 1988-05-03 Ford Motor Company Spark plug center electrode of alloy material including aluminum and chromium
US4881913A (en) * 1988-06-16 1989-11-21 General Motors Corporation Extended life spark plug/igniter
US5228932A (en) * 1991-05-29 1993-07-20 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Fe-cr-al alloy, catalytic substrate comprising the same and method of preparation
US5263886A (en) * 1993-03-08 1993-11-23 Leading Edge, Incorporated Method for treating spark plugs

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS58141890A (ja) * 1982-02-15 1983-08-23 Kobe Steel Ltd クロム系ステンレス被覆ア−ク溶接棒

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2470033A (en) * 1945-11-27 1949-05-10 Mallory & Co Inc P R Spark plug
US3146370A (en) * 1962-06-21 1964-08-25 Gen Motors Corp Spark plug with improved electrode
US3956657A (en) * 1972-07-18 1976-05-11 Robert Bosch G.M.B.H. Pre-ignition gap
US3957451A (en) * 1974-08-02 1976-05-18 General Motors Corporation Ruthenium powder metal alloy
US3977841A (en) * 1974-08-02 1976-08-31 General Motors Corporation Ruthenium powder metal alloy and method for making same
US4093887A (en) * 1975-11-07 1978-06-06 Robert Bosch Gmbh Spark plug, particularly for internal combustion engines having composite center electrode
US4742265A (en) * 1986-11-12 1988-05-03 Ford Motor Company Spark plug center electrode of alloy material including aluminum and chromium
US4881913A (en) * 1988-06-16 1989-11-21 General Motors Corporation Extended life spark plug/igniter
US5228932A (en) * 1991-05-29 1993-07-20 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Fe-cr-al alloy, catalytic substrate comprising the same and method of preparation
US5263886A (en) * 1993-03-08 1993-11-23 Leading Edge, Incorporated Method for treating spark plugs

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090284117A1 (en) * 2008-05-19 2009-11-19 James Lykowski Spark ignition device for an internal combustion engine and sparking tip therefor
WO2009143095A3 (fr) * 2008-05-19 2010-02-25 Federal-Mogul Ignition Company Dispositif d'allumage commandé pour moteur à combustion interne et pointe d'allumage pour celui-ci
US7969078B2 (en) 2008-05-19 2011-06-28 Federal Mogul Ignition Company Spark ignition device for an internal combustion engine and sparking tip therefor
WO2011054561A1 (fr) * 2009-10-26 2011-05-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh Electrode de bougie d'allumage produite à partir d'un matériau d'électrode amélioré
CN102598443A (zh) * 2009-10-26 2012-07-18 罗伯特·博世有限公司 由改进的电极材料制造的火花塞电极
EP2514052B2 (fr) † 2009-10-26 2018-08-22 Robert Bosch GmbH Electrode de bougie d'allumage produite à partir d'un matériau d'électrode amélioré
DE102015100835A1 (de) * 2015-01-21 2015-12-31 Federal-Mogul Ignition Gmbh Zündkerze
WO2019025796A1 (fr) * 2017-08-03 2019-02-07 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Composant de dispositif d'allumage produit par un processus de transfert de métal à froid
US11331740B2 (en) 2017-08-03 2022-05-17 Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company Ignition device component produced by cold metal transfer process
US20190170066A1 (en) * 2017-12-05 2019-06-06 General Electric Company High temperature articles for turbine engines
US10815896B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2020-10-27 General Electric Company Igniter with protective alumina coating for turbine engines

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Publication number Publication date
WO2008082716A2 (fr) 2008-07-10
WO2008082716A3 (fr) 2008-10-23

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