US20070274908A1 - Methods and compositions related to adenoassociated virus-phage particles - Google Patents

Methods and compositions related to adenoassociated virus-phage particles Download PDF

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US20070274908A1
US20070274908A1 US11/733,148 US73314807A US2007274908A1 US 20070274908 A1 US20070274908 A1 US 20070274908A1 US 73314807 A US73314807 A US 73314807A US 2007274908 A1 US2007274908 A1 US 2007274908A1
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aavp
fluoro
uracil
cells
reporter
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Renata Pasqualini
Wadih Arap
Juri Gelovani
Frank Marini
Amin Hajitou
Mian Alauddin
Martin Trepel
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University of Texas System
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University of Texas System
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Assigned to THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM reassignment THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ARAP, WADIH, PASQUALINI, RENATA, GELOVANI, JURI, MARINI, FRANK C., III, ALAUDDIN, MIAN, HAJITOU, AMIN, TREPEL, MARTIN
Publication of US20070274908A1 publication Critical patent/US20070274908A1/en
Priority to US12/771,390 priority patent/US8470528B2/en
Priority to US13/403,765 priority patent/US9827327B2/en
Priority to US15/790,866 priority patent/US20180256740A1/en
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    • C12N2750/14011—Parvoviridae
    • C12N2750/14111—Dependovirus, e.g. adenoassociated viruses
    • C12N2750/14141—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
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    • C12N2750/00011—Details
    • C12N2750/14011—Parvoviridae
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    • C12N2795/14011—Details ssDNA Bacteriophages
    • C12N2795/14111—Inoviridae
    • C12N2795/14141—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
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    • C12N2810/00—Vectors comprising a targeting moiety
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    • C12N2810/00—Vectors comprising a targeting moiety
    • C12N2810/50—Vectors comprising as targeting moiety peptide derived from defined protein
    • C12N2810/80—Vectors comprising as targeting moiety peptide derived from defined protein from vertebrates
    • C12N2810/85—Vectors comprising as targeting moiety peptide derived from defined protein from vertebrates mammalian

Definitions

  • Embodiments of this invention are directed generally to biology and medicine.
  • the invention is directed to field of gene therapy using AAVP in combination with imaging for providing therapy to a subject.
  • a limitation of many biological-based therapies has been an inability to achieve controlled and effective delivery of biologically active molecules to tumor cells or their surrounding matrix.
  • the aim of employing gene-based therapy is to achieve effective delivery of biological products, as a result of gene expression, to their site of action within the cell.
  • Gene-based therapy can also provide control over the level, timing, and duration of action of these biologically active products by including specific promoter/activator elements in the genetic material transferred resulting in more effective therapeutic intervention.
  • Methods are being developed for controlled gene delivery to various somatic tissues and tumors using novel formulations of DNA, and for controlling gene expression using cell specific, replication activated, and drug-controlled expression systems.
  • gene therapy attempts to target cells in a specific manner.
  • a therapeutic gene is linked in some fashion to a targeting molecule in order to deliver the gene into a target cell or tissue.
  • Current methods typically involve linking up a targeting molecule such as a ligand or antibody that recognizes an internalizing receptor to either naked DNA or a mammalian cell virus containing the desired gene.
  • a targeting molecule such as a ligand or antibody that recognizes an internalizing receptor
  • naked DNA When naked DNA is used it must be condensed in vitro into a compact geometry for entry into cells.
  • a polycation such as polylysine is commonly used to neutralize the charge on DNA and condense it into toroid structures. This condensation process, however, is poorly understood and difficult to control, thus, making the manufacturing of homogeneous gene therapy drugs extremely challenging.
  • Bacteriophage such as lambda and filamentous phage
  • phage have occasionally been used in efforts to transfer DNA into mammalian cells.
  • transduction of lambda was found to be a relatively rare event and the expression of the reporter gene was weak.
  • methods utilizing calcium phosphate or liposomes were used in conjunction with lambda.
  • Gene transfer has been observed via lambda phage using calcium phosphate coprecipitation, or via filamentous phage using DEAE-dextran or lipopolyamine.
  • these methods of introducing DNA into mammalian cells are not practical for gene therapy applications, as the transfection efficiency tends to be low, non-specific, and transfection is not only cumbersome, but is promiscuous regarding cell type.
  • eukaryotic viruses unquestionably provide superior transgene delivery and transduction (Kootstra and Verma, 2003; Machida, 2003) but ligand-directed targeting of such vectors generally requires ablation of their native tropism for mammalian cell membrane receptors (Miller et al., 2003; Mizuguchi and Hayakawa, 2004; White et al., 2004).
  • prokaryotic viruses such as bacteriophage (phage) are generally considered poor vehicles for mammalian cell transduction.
  • phage particles have no tropism for mammalian cells (Zacher et al., 1980; Barrow and Soothill, 1997; Barbas et al., 2001) and have even been adapted to transduce such cells (Ivanenkov et al., 1999; Larocca et al., 1999; Poul and Marks, 1999; Piersanti et al., 2004) albeit at low efficiency.
  • Embodiments of the invention are generally directed to compositions and methods of delivering one or more transgene to a target cell, such as a tumor cell, in a site-specific manner to achieve enhanced expression and to constructs and compositions useful in such applications.
  • expression from a therapeutic nucleic acid may be assessed prior to administration of a treatment or diagnostic procedure to or on a subject.
  • the determination or evaluation of expression in the region or location needed for therapeutic benefit is assessed and any unnecessary or marginal beneficial treatment can be with held in lieu of alternative treatments.
  • transgene expression may be increased when the transgene is integrated into a genome with a multiplicity greater than one.
  • a multiplicity greater than one Of particular interest is the ability of certain chimeric AAVP particles to transduce cells with more than one copy of the transgene, often as a concatamer.
  • Transduced cells also may be monitored by the expression of a reporter gene carried by the chimeric AAVP particles. Any transgene may be included in and expressed from an AAVP particle of this disclosure.
  • Certain embodiments of the invention include methods and compositions for detecting gene transfer to and/or gene expression in a target tissue of a subject comprising one or more of the following steps:
  • One step that may be used in the present methods includes delivering to the target tissue of a subject an AAVP vector containing a reporter gene, which may or may not be naturally present in the host subject.
  • the reporter gene will not be expressed in location or region to be imaged and/or treated.
  • the reporter gene is a wild-type, a mutant, or a genetically engineered kinase.
  • the kinase is a thymidine kinase.
  • the kinase is a herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase gene or human thymidine kinase type 2.
  • the transfer vector or AAVP is introduced to cells of the target tissue, and the reporter gene is expressed in the cells of the target tissue, thereby generating a reporter gene product (protein) which accumulates only in the cells effectively transfected by the AAVP vector.
  • Another step that may be used is administering to the host subject a labeled reporter substrate where cells expressing a reporter gene product metabolize the labeled reporter substrate to produce a labeled reporter metabolite wherein the labeled reporter substrate comprises a radiolabeled nucleoside analogue.
  • Yet another step that may be used in the present methods includes non-invasively imaging a target tissue or cells containing a labeled metabolite of the reporter substrate.
  • the subject is subjected to imaging after clearance of residual reporter substrate not metabolized by the reporter gene product from the host subject thereby detecting gene transfer to and expression in the target tissue.
  • the subject or subjects tissues are subjected to imaging after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more minutes, hours, days, or weeks, depending on the metabolism of clearance of non-metabolized reporter substrate.
  • the methods can further comprise waiting for a period of time after step (b) sufficient to allow about, at least, or at most 60, 65, 67, 70, 75, 77, 80, 85, 87, 90, 95, 97% or more, including all values and ranges there between of non-metabolized (reporter substrate not metabolized by the expression product) by the reporter gene product to clear from the subject.
  • the non-metabolized substrate may include non-specific label derived from residual reporter substrate not metabolized.
  • AAVP vector can be introduced to the cells of the target tissue by in vitro or in vivo transfection (or transduction). In certain aspects, AAVP is administered intravenously, intratumorally, intrarterially, intrapleurally, intrabronchially, and/or orally.
  • a reporter substrate is labeled with a radioisotope suitable for imaging by positron emission tomography, gamma camera, or single-photon emission computed tomography.
  • the reporter substrate and/or metabolite of the reporter substrate are compounds containing a stable-isotope nuclide including but not limited to 2 H, 13 C, 15 N and 19 F.
  • the labeled reporter metabolite is imaged by positron emission tomography.
  • the labeled reporter metabolite is imaged by gamma camera or single-photon emission computed tomography.
  • the labeled reporter substrate metabolite is imaged by magnetic resonance imaging.
  • An AAVP vector may incorporate a reporter gene and suitable transcription promoter and enhancer elements, ensuring tissue-specific, tissue-selective, or transcription factor-specific, or signal transduction-specific transcriptional activation of reporter and therapeutic gene co-expression.
  • the organ, tissue, cells or a cell is transfected with a reporter gene operably coupled to transcription regulatory elements such as promoter and/or enhancer elements ex vivo (in vitro) prior to administration of the cells or a cell to a subject.
  • a labeled 2′-fluoro-nucleoside analogue includes, but is not limited to 5-[ 123 I]-2′-fluoro-5-iodo-1 ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 5-[ 124 I]-2′-fluoro-5-iodo-1 ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 5-[ 131 I]-2′-fluoro-5-iodo-1 ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil, 5-[ 18 F]-2′-fluoro-5-fluoro-1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 2-[ 131 I]-2′-fluoro-5-methyl-1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 5-([ 11 C]-methyl)-2′-fluoro-5-methyl-1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 2-[ 11 C]-2′-fluoro-5-ethyl-1- ⁇
  • the imaging data can embody, but is not limited to imaging obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET), computerized tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), optical imaging, infrared imaging, in vivo microscopy and x-ray radiography.
  • Imaging can be coupled with medical devices, drugs or compounds, contrast agents or other agents or stimuli that may be used to elicit additional information from the imaging. Images are obtained using these modalities of the lesion, tissue, specimen, system, organism, subject or patient and can be static or dynamic images both in time and/or space.
  • the imaging can be matched to the tissue, specimen, system, organism, or patient from which the large scale biological data is obtained.
  • Imaging information is extracted from each image, imaging study or studies or examinations, and can consists of quantitative or qualitative imaging features that may embody but are not limited to differences in morphology, composition, structure, physiology, gene expression, or function of a lesion, a tissue, specimen, system, organism, or patient.
  • imaging information include but are not limited to imaging features that may be extracted from multi-phase contrast enhanced dynamic CT, functional imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, diffusion or perfusion based imaging as well as targeted imaging encapsulated by nuclear medicine or PET.
  • U.S. Patent Publication 20030033616 and 20060223141 which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the invention includes methods of treating a subject comprising one or more of the following steps:
  • the methods can further comprise administering a cancer treatment to the subject based on expression of a therapeutically sufficient level of a therapeutic gene expressed by the AAVP nucleic acid in the target organ, tissue or cell.
  • second therapeutic AAVP can be administered if the expression of the first therapeutic AAVP is not expressed at a therapeutically effective level.
  • the second therapeutic AAVP may comprise a second targeting ligand or a combination or ligands.
  • the second AAVP can comprise a second control element for expression in target organ, tissue, cells, or cell. Evaluation of AAVP expression can be by non-invasive detection of the reporter or an activity of the reporter (e.g., detection of labeled substrate metabolized by a reporter protein).
  • the reporter is a therapeutic protein.
  • the therapeutic protein is a prodrug converting enzyme.
  • the reporter is an enzyme, and particularly a kinase.
  • the kinase is thymidine kinase, e.g., a HSV-tk or a human tk2.
  • the kinase modifies or metabolizes a detectably labeled compound or labeled substrate.
  • the substrate or compound comprises a detectable label that is detectable by fluorescence, chemiluminescence, surface enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computer tomography (CT), or positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.
  • the detectably labeled compound is a nucleoside analog.
  • the detectably label compound may include, but is not limited to fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG); 2′-fluoro-2′deoxy-1beta-D-arabionofuranosyl-5-ethyl-uracil (FEAU); 5-[ 123 I]-2′-fluoro-5-iodo-1 ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 5-[ 124 I]-2′-fluoro-5-iodo-1 ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 5-[ 131 I]-2′-fluoro-5-iodo-1 ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil, 5-[ 18 F]-2′-fluoro-5-fluoro-1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 2-[ 11 I]- and 5-([ 11 C]-methyl)-2′-fluoro-5-methyl-1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil; 2-[ 11 C]-2′
  • the labeled substrate or compound can be labeled with 18 F, 277 Ac, 211 At, 128 Ba, 131 Ba, 7 Be, 204 Bi, 205 Bi, 206 Bi, 76 Br, 77 Br, 82 Br, 109 Cd, 47 Ca, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 36 Cl, 48 Cr, 51 Cr, 62 Cu, 64 Cu, 67 Cu, 165 Dy, 155 Eu, 153 Gd, 66 Ga, 67 Ga, 68 Ga, 72 Ga, 198 Au, 2 H, 3 H, 166 Ho, 111 In, 113 In, 115 In, 123 I, 125 I, 131 I, 189 Ir, 191 Ir, 192 Ir, 194 Ir, 19 F, 52 F, 55 Fe, 59 Fe, 177 Lu, 15 O, 191 Os, 109 Pd, 32 P, 33 P, 42 K, 226 Ra, 186 Re, 188 Re, 82 Rb, 153 Sm, 46 Sc, 47 Sc, 72
  • the detectable label is 131 I, 125 I, 123 I, 111 I, 99m Tc, 90 Y, 186 Re, 188 Re, 32 P, 153 Sm, 67 Ga, 201 Tl, 77 Br, or 18 F label.
  • An AAVP of the invention may comprise a moiety that selectively targets a tissue or cell targeted for treatment.
  • the moiety is encoded by or coupled to a capsid protein and/or a recombinant capsid protein of an AAVP.
  • a capsid protein comprises a targeting peptide.
  • a targeting peptide can be a cyclic peptide, a bicyclic, and/or a linear peptide.
  • the targeting peptide selectively binds a cell expressing an integrin on the cell surface.
  • An integrin can be a ⁇ v ⁇ 3 or ⁇ v ⁇ 5 integrin.
  • peptide comprises an RGD motif.
  • the peptide can selectively binds a cell expressing a transferrin receptor, such a peptide can include an amino acid sequence comprising CRTIGPSVC.
  • a subject can have, is suspected of having, or at risk of developing a hyperproliferative disease.
  • Hyperproliferative disease include, but are not limited to fibrosarcoma, myosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, rectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, uterine cancer, cancer of the head and neck, skin cancer, brain cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary
  • a reporter and/or therapeutic gene is operatively coupled to a tissue or cell selective promoter, or a tissue or cell specific promoter.
  • evaluating expression comprises administering a labeled compound or substrate that is metabolized by a cell expressing the AAVP nucleic acid and typically not metabolized to a significant extend by non-target tissues.
  • a therapeutic AAVP may also encode a second therapeutic gene.
  • the second therapeutic gene can be, but is not limited to a tumor suppressor, an inhibitory RNA, an inhibitory DNA, or a prodrug converting enzyme.
  • compositions of the invention can include a therapeutic AAVP nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid segment comprising an inhibitory RNA or inhibitory DNA.
  • the inhibitory RNA can be a siRNA, a miRNA, or an antisense RNA or DNA.
  • an AAVP nucleic acid is comprised in a phage particle.
  • the particle comprises a targeting ligand as described herein.
  • compositions and methods for modulating the expression of a gene comprising administering an AAVP nucleic acid or particle comprising such.
  • a selected gene or polypeptide may refer to any protein, polypeptide, or peptide.
  • a therapeutic gene or polypeptide is a gene or polypeptide which can be administered to a subject for the purpose of treating or preventing a disease.
  • a therapeutic gene can be a gene administered to a subject for treatment or prevention of cancer.
  • therapeutic genes include, but are not limited to, Rb, CFTR, p16, p21, p27, p57, p73, C-CAM, APC, CTS-1, zac1, scFV ras, DCC, NF-1, NF-2, WT-1, MEN-I, MEN-II, BRCA1, VHL, MMAC1, FCC, MCC, BRCA2, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11 IL-12, GM-CSF, G-CSF, thymidine kinase, Bax, Bak, Bik, Bim, Bid, Bad, Harakiri, Fas-L, mda-7, fus, interferon ⁇ , interferon ⁇ , interferon ⁇ , p53, ABLI, BLC1, BLC6, CBFA1, CBL, CSFIR,
  • therapeutic genes include genes encoding enzymes. Examples include, but are not limited to, ACP desaturase, an ACP hydroxylase, an ADP-glucose pyrophorylase, an ATPase, an alcohol dehydrogenase, an amylase, an amyloglucosidase, a catalase, a cellulase, a cyclooxygenase, a decarboxylase, a dextrinase, an esterase, a DNA polymerase, an RNA polymerase, a hyaluron synthase, a galactosidase, a glucanase, a glucose oxidase, a GTPase, a helicase, a hemicellulase, a hyaluronidase, an integrase, an invertase, an isomerase, a kinase, a lactase
  • therapeutic genes include the gene encoding carbamoyl synthetase I, ornithine transcarbamylase, arginosuccinate synthetase, arginosuccinate lyase, arginase, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, alpha-1 antitrypsin, glucose-6-phosphatase, low-density-lipoprotein receptor, porphobilinogen deaminase, factor VIII, factor IX, cystathione beta.-synthase, branched chain ketoacid decarboxylase, albumin, isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, propionyl CoA carboxylase, methyl malonyl CoA mutase, glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase, insulin, -glucosidase, pyruvate carboxylase, hepatic phosphorylase, phosphorylase kinase, glycine
  • Therapeutic genes also include genes encoding hormones. Examples include, but are not limited to, genes encoding growth hormone, prolactin, placental lactogen, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, leptin, adrenocorticotropin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, ⁇ -endorphin, ⁇ -melanocyte stimulating hormone, cholecystokinin, endothelin I, galanin, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon, insulin, lipotropins, neurophysins, somatostatin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene related peptide, ⁇ -calcitonin gene related peptide, hypercalcemia of malignancy factor, parathyroid hormone-related protein, parathyroid hormone-related protein, glucagon-like peptide, pancreastatin, pancreatic peptide, peptide YY,
  • compositions and kits of the invention can be used to achieve methods of the invention.
  • the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
  • FIGS. 1A-1E FIG. 1A is a graph showing binding of RGD-4C AAVP to mammalian cells expressing ⁇ integrins, in contrast to the non-targeted AAVP or AAVP displaying negative control peptides such as RGE-4C or various scrambled versions of the RGD-4C sequence.
  • FIG. 1B is an image showing RGD-4C AAVP carrying reporter genes indicating ligand-directed internalization.
  • FIG. 1C shows targeted gene transfer mediated by RGD-4C AAVP- ⁇ -galactosidase to KS1767 cells.
  • FIG. 1A is a graph showing binding of RGD-4C AAVP to mammalian cells expressing ⁇ integrins, in contrast to the non-targeted AAVP or AAVP displaying negative control peptides such as RGE-4C or various scrambled versions of the RGD-4C sequence.
  • FIG. 1B is an image showing RGD-4C AAVP carrying reporter genes indicating
  • FIG. 1D shows inhibition of transduction by the synthetic RGD-4C peptide, but not by an unrelated control peptide; nonspecific transduction levels were determined by using non-targeted AAVP. An anti- ⁇ -gal antibody was used for staining and gene expression was detected by immunofluorescence.
  • FIG. 1E shows the rescue of recombinant AAV from cells infected with RGD-4C AAVP. Human 293 cells were incubated with targeted RGD-4C AAVP-GFP (10 6 transducing units/cell) or negative controls (targeted non-chimera RGD-4C phage-GFP, nontargeted AAVP-GFP).
  • FIG. 2B shows Southern blot analysis of the persistence of transgene cassette in clonal cell lines transduced with RGD-4C AAVP-GFPneo or RGD-4C phage-GFPneo.
  • FIG. 2C shows analysis of potential head-to-tail concatemers of the transgene cassette by Southern blot.
  • Total cellular DNA was digested with Xho-I (single restriction digestion site within the transgene cassette next to the 3′ ITR) prior to Southern blotting.
  • FIGS. 3A-3B FIG. 3A shows immunohistochemical staining against phage in KS1767-derived xenografts after systemic administration (intravenously through the tail vein) of RGD-4C AAVP (5 ⁇ 10 10 TU) or negative controls (non-targeted AAVP, scrambled RGD-4C AAVP, or RGE-4C AAVP) into deeply anesthetized nude mice bearing KS1767-derived tumor xenografts. AAVP constructs were allowed to circulate for 5 min, followed by perfusion and surgical removal of tumors. A polyclonal antibody against phage was used for staining on paraffin-embedded tumor sections.
  • FIG. 3B shows immunofluorescence analysis of GFP expression in KS1767-derived xenografts at day 7 after systemic administration of either RGD 4C AAVP-GFP or negative controls (non-targeted, scrambled or mutant) as indicated.
  • FIG. 4A shows in vivo bioluminescent imaging of firefly luciferase expression after systemic delivery of targeted AAVP.
  • Nude mice bearing DU145-derived tumor xenografts received a systemic single-dose of either RGD-4C AAVP-Luc (5 ⁇ 10 11 TU, intravenous) or controls (non-targeted AAVP-Luc, or scrambled RGD-4C AAVP-Luc).
  • RGD-4C AAVP-Luc 5 ⁇ 10 11 TU, intravenous
  • controls non-targeted AAVP-Luc, or scrambled RGD-4C AAVP-Luc
  • BBI bioluminescence imaging
  • FIG. 4B shows multi-tracer PET imaging in tumor-bearing mice after systemic delivery of targeted RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk.
  • Nude mice bearing DU145-derived tumor xenografts received a systemic single-dose (5 ⁇ 10 11 TU, intravenous) RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk or non-targeted AAVP-HSVtk.
  • PET images with [ 18 F]-FDG and [ 18 F]-FEAU obtained before and after GCV treatment are presented.
  • T tumor; H, heart; BR, brain; BL, bladder.
  • Calibration scales are provided in panels.
  • FIG. 4C shows growth curves of individual tumor-xenografts after AAVP administration.
  • FIG. 4D shows temporal dynamics of HSVtk gene expression as assessed by repetitive PET imaging with [ 18 F]-FEAU at different days post AAVP administration.
  • FIG. 4E shows changes in tumor viability before and after GCV therapy as assessed with [ 18 F]-FDG PET.
  • FIG. 5A is a graph showing the plotted mean tumor volumes ⁇ standard deviations (SD) over time.
  • SD standard deviations
  • FIG. 5B is a graph showing the plotted mean tumor volumes ⁇ standard deviations (SD) over time.
  • SD standard deviations
  • FIG. 5C is a graph showing the plotted mean tumor volumes ⁇ standard deviations (SD) over time.
  • SD standard deviations
  • FIG. 5D is a graph showing growth inhibition of large DU145-derived xenografts (at approximately 150 mm 2 ) by a single systemic dose (5 ⁇ 10 10 TU, intravenous) of RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk.
  • 5E is a graph showing inhibition of tumor growth of EF43-FGF4 mouse mammary carcinoma (size-matched at approximately 50 mm 2 ) in immunocompetent BALB/c mice by a single intravenous dose (5 ⁇ 10 10 TU) of RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing inhibition of tumor growth of EF43-FGF4 mouse mammary carcinoma (size-matched at approximately 50 mm 2 ) in immunocompetent BALB/c mice by a single intravenous dose (5 ⁇ 10 10 TU) of RGD-4C
  • 5G is a graph showing the effect of the humoral immune response against phage on therapy with RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk.
  • Serum samples were collected from mice pre- and post-vaccination was started and again at the end of vaccination scheme before AAVP administration in order to confirm the presence of high titers (up to approximately 1:10,000) of circulating anti-phage IgG by ELISA. Vaccination did not appear to affect the anti-tumor effects, despite the anti-phage antibodies presence.
  • FIGS. 6A-6B FIG. 6A is an image of tumor-bearing mice (upper panel) and corresponding surgically removed tumors (lower panel) from all the experimental groups of therapy (EF43-FGF4 mammary tumors in BALB/c immunocompetent mice).
  • FIG. 6B is histopathologic analysis of EF43-FGF4 treated tumors. EF43-FGF4 tumors were recovered, sectioned, and stained.
  • Non-targeted AAVP-HSVtk-treated tumors left panels
  • the border between the outer rims and central tumor areas (middle panels)
  • central tumor areas of RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk-treated tumors right panel
  • H&E Hematoxylin and eosin staining
  • anti-CD31 immunostaining and TUNEL staining of tumor sections are shown.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic showing the formation the construction of RGD-4C AAVP, cloning strategy and structure of the resulting vectors are depicted.
  • FIG. 8A shows a Southern blot analysis of the DNA from RGD-4C AAVP-GFPneo or RGD-4C phage-GFPneo in 293 transduced clonal cell lines.
  • Total cellular DNA from non-transduced 293 parental cells or individual stable cell clones transduced (#1-9 for each vector) was incubated with StuI (no restriction digest site within the vector DNA), Xba-I (single restriction digest site within the vector DNA), or SacI-MluI. Resulting DNA fragments were separated on 0.8% agarose gel, transferred to a nylon membrane and hybridized with a labeled neo probe as indicated.
  • FIG. 8B shows a PCR analysis of concatemers of the transgene cassette in 293 clonal cell lines stably transduced with RGD-4C phage-GFPneo or RGD-4C AAVPGFPneo.
  • Non-transduced 293 parental cells served as a negative control; additional negative controls and a 100-bp molecular marker (Invitrogen) are also shown as indicated.
  • Nested PCR with primers annealing close to the 5′ and 3′ end of the transgene cassette was performed to identify concatemeric forms in the DNAs corresponding to the RGD-4C AAVP and RGD-4C phage. Arrows indicate primers (H, head; T, tail).
  • FIG. 8C shows sequencing results of different concatemeric forms in AAVP DNA (capital letters denote 3′ end of transgene cassette, italic letters denote 5′ end of transgene cassette), revealed Head-to-Tail concatemers with deleted ITRs.
  • FIG. 9 is an image showing immunostaining of the reporter gene expression GFP in control organs brain, liver, pancreas, and kidney at day 7 after an intravenous dose (5 ⁇ 10 10 TU) of either RGD-4C AAVP-GFP or non-targeted AAVP-GFP into mice.
  • FIG. 10A is an image of immunohistochemical staining against AAVP after intravenous administration of RGD-4C AAVP (right panel) or non-targeted AAVP (middle panel) into immunocompetent BALB/c mice bearing EF43-FGF4 tumors. Constructs were allowed to circulate for 5 min, followed by perfusion and tissue recovery as described. A polyclonal antibody against phage was used for staining. Left panel shows tumor blood vessel staining by using an anti-CD3 1 antibody. Arrows point to tumor blood vessels. FIG.
  • 10B is an image of immunofluorescence analysis of GFP expression in EF43-FGF4 tumors at 1 week after intravenous administration of non-targeted AAVP-GFP (left panel) or RGD-4C AAVP-GFP (middle panel) into mice bearing EF43-FGF4 tumors. Immunostaining against ⁇ v-integrin in EF43-FGF4 tumors is also shown (right panel).
  • FIG. 11 shows images of histological analysis of control organs liver, heart, and kidney from mice treated with non-targeted AAVP-HSVtk, RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk vectors, or vehicle alone plus GCV maintenance are shown. No histological signs of toxicity were detected in these organs by H&E staining.
  • FIGS. 12A-12C Mammalian cells infected with RGD-targeted AAVP expresses a functional gene product.
  • FIG. 12A Human melanoma cells, M21 were infected with AAVP; non-targeted TNF- ⁇ expressing phage fdTNF- ⁇ (upper panel) and targeted TNF- ⁇ expressing virus RGDTNF- ⁇ (lower panel) and detected using fd specific primary antibody followed by FITC labeled secondary antibody.
  • FIG. 12A Human melanoma cells, M21 were infected with AAVP; non-targeted TNF- ⁇ expressing phage fdTNF- ⁇ (upper panel) and targeted TNF- ⁇ expressing virus RGDTNF- ⁇ (lower panel) and detected using fd specific primary antibody followed by FITC labeled secondary antibody.
  • Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with day 5 supernatant from M21 cells infected various groups; PBS, fd (non-targeted null virus), RGD (targeted null virus), fdTNF (non-targeted TNF- ⁇ expressing virus) and RGDTNF (targeted TNF- ⁇ expressing virus) and analyzed for tissue factor (TF) production. Recombinant TNF- ⁇ was used as a positive control.
  • M21 supernatant from RGDTNF infected cells incubated with TNF- ⁇ specific antibody, before applying onto HUVEC. Day 23 supernatant after infection also been tested for TF secretion
  • FIGS. 13A-13H AAVP is specifically targeted to tumor vasculature.
  • a representative tumor section from animal injected with PBS for 15 min is shown ( FIG. 13A ). The animals injected with AAVP expressing RGDTNF- ⁇ , showed colocalization of virus particles in the blood vessels as early as 15 min ( FIG.
  • day 1 ( FIG. 13C )
  • day 2 ( FIG. 13D )
  • day 3 ( FIG. 13E )
  • day 4 ( FIG. 13F )
  • day 8 ( FIG. 13G )
  • day 10 ( FIG. 13H ).
  • FIGS. 14A-14E AAVP particles were not detected in normal liver tissue.
  • the animals injected with AAVP expressing RGDTNF- ⁇ showed some staining of virus particles at day 1 ( FIG. 14A ) in the liver tissue. However, the virus staining was reduced to minimal levels by day 2 ( FIG. 14B ) with no virus staining observed at day 3 ( FIG. 14C ), day 8 ( FIG. 14D ) and day 10 ( FIG. 14E ) time points. All the liver tissues at different time points showed good vessels staining.
  • FIGS. 15A-15E AAVP particles were not detected in normal kidney tissue.
  • the kidney from animals with human melanoma xenografts injected with RGDTNF- ⁇ was stained with the bacteriophage specific antibody and CD31 blood vessel antibody. The detection was done using Alexa Flour 488, Alexa Flour 594 and DAPI to visualize blood vessels, AAVP and cell nuclei respectively (250 ⁇ ).
  • Alexa Flour 488, Alexa Flour 594 and DAPI to visualize blood vessels, AAVP and cell nuclei respectively (250 ⁇ ).
  • We did not observe presence of AAVP in kidney in any of the time points tested day 1 ( FIG. 15A ), day 2 ( FIG. 15B ), day 3 ( FIG. 15C ), day 8 ( FIG. 15D ) and day 10 ( FIG. 15E ). Nevertheless, all the kidney tissues at different time points showed good vessels staining.
  • FIG. 16 In vivo, AAVP expresses specific gene product. Frozen sections from animals with human melanoma xenografts injected with either PBS or RGDTNF- ⁇ were used to extract total protein. 50 ⁇ gs of total protein was used to measure TNF- ⁇ protein levels by ELISA in duplicates. Basal levels of endogenous TNF- ⁇ expression were observed in all the tissues tested. Animals injected with PBS did not show any increase over the endogenous levels at any time points tested. Mice injected with RGDTNF- ⁇ AAVP showed TNF- ⁇ expression starting at day 4 and gradually increasing up to day 10.
  • FIGS. 17A-17B AAVP expresses TNF- ⁇ in the vasculature and induces apoptosis in vivo.
  • FIG. 17A Frozen sections from animals with human melanoma xenografts injected with RGDTNF- ⁇ AAVP stained with TNF- ⁇ specific antibody using immunohistochemical analysis. TNF- ⁇ staining is seen as a brown color stain around the blood vessels (left panel, 100 ⁇ ; right panel 400 ⁇ ).
  • FIG. 17B Frozen sections from animals with human melanoma xenografts injected with RGDTNF- ⁇ AAVP stained to detect apoptotic cells. The blood vessel and surrounding tumor cells showed apoptosis seen in blue colored cells stained with TACS blue label (left panel, 200 ⁇ ). The samples are counterstained with nuclear fast red.
  • the right panel shows blood vessels stained with CD31 specific antibody (200 ⁇ ).
  • FIGS. 18A-18B Treatment of TNF- ⁇ sensitive human melanoma, M21 ( FIG. 18A ) and TNF- ⁇ resistant human melanoma Pmel ( FIG. 18B ) with AAVP.
  • Nude mice with subcutaneously implanted M21/Pmel tumors were treated with AAVP systemically through tail vein injection and tumor volumes were measured at different time points. The tumor volumes plotted against the different days post treatment.
  • FIG. 18A The animals treated with RGDTNF- ⁇ showed statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.05) reduction in tumor volume starting at day 20.
  • FIG. 18A The animals treated with RGDTNF- ⁇ showed statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.05) reduction in tumor volume starting at day 20.
  • TNF- ⁇ resistant human melanoma was made sensitive to TNF- ⁇ therapy by delivery of EMAP-II through AAVP followed by treatment with recombinant TNF- ⁇ .
  • Mice treated with either rTNF- ⁇ or targeted AAVP expressing EMAP-II (RGDEMAP-II) alone showed very little effect and were not significantly different than PBS or fdEMAP-II group.
  • FIGS. 19A-19B Transduction of human glioma cells in culture by CRTIGPSVC (SEQ ID NO:1) AAVP-Luc U87 human-derived glioma cells were seeded onto 24 wells plate at the concentration of 40,000 cells/well and cultured O.N. at 37° C. Next day, cells were incubated with AAVP, according with Nature Method's protocol. RGD-4C AAVP GFP and RGD-4C AAVP Luc were used as positive control for transduction efficiency. The images were taken at day 7. Phage uptake is low but increases dramatically when cells are cultured in Iron AAVP hydrogel (last column of the plate and graphic).
  • the present disclosure is generally directed to methods of delivering one or more transgenes to a target cell, such as a tumor cell, in a site-specific manner to achieve enhanced expression and to constructs and compositions useful in such applications.
  • expression from a therapeutic nucleic acid may be assessed prior to administration of a treatment or diagnostic procedure to or on a subject.
  • the determination or evaluation of expression in the region or location needed for therapeutic benefit is assessed and any unnecessary or marginal beneficial treatment can be with held in lieu of alternative treatments.
  • transgene expression may be increased when the transgene is integrated into a genome with a multiplicity greater than one.
  • a multiplicity greater than one Of particular interest is the ability of certain chimeric AAVP particles to transduce cells with more than one copy of the transgene, often as a concatamer.
  • Transduced cells also may be monitored by the expression of a reporter gene carried by the chimeric AAVP particles. Any transgene may be included in and expressed from an AAVP particle of this disclosure.
  • Adeno-associated virus is a defective member of the parvovirus family.
  • the AAV genome is encapsulated as a single-stranded DNA molecule of plus or minus polarity. Strands of both polarities are packaged, but in separate virus particles and both strands are infectious.
  • the single-stranded DNA genome of the human adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) is 4681 base pairs in length and is flanked by inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs) of 145 base pairs each.
  • ITRs inverted terminal repeat sequences
  • AAVPs of the present disclosure generally contain all or a portion of at least one of the ITRs or a functional equivalent thereof.
  • AAVs may be readily obtained and their use as vectors for gene delivery has been described in, for example, Muzyczka, 1992; U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368, and PCT publication WO 91/18088. Construction of AAV vectors is described in a number of publications, including Lebkowski et al., 1988; Tratschin et al., 1985; Hermonat and Muzyczka, 1984.
  • the present disclosure provides adeno-associated viral (AAV) bacteriophage vectors (such as AAV-M13 vectors) (AAVPs) that are produced in bacteria and methods for expressing a transgene in a target cell, such as a tumor cell, by transducing the cell with the AAVP.
  • AAV adeno-associated viral
  • AAVPs adeno-associated viral
  • a targeted bacteriophage particle containing the bacteriophage and AAV sequences with transgene cassette are used to transfect mammalian cells.
  • the transgene is integrated into the genome of the target cells.
  • vector as used herein is defined as a nucleic acid vehicle for the delivery of a nucleic acid of interest into a cell.
  • the vector may be a linear molecule or a circular molecule.
  • An AAVP combines selected elements of both phage and AAV vector systems, providing a vector that is simple to produce in bacteria with no packaging limit, while allowing infection of mammalian cells combined with integration into the host chromosome.
  • Vectors containing many of the appropriate elements are commercially available, and can be further modified by standard methodologies to include the necessary sequences.
  • the vector must accept a cassette containing a promoter and a transgene.
  • the AAVP vectors of the present disclosure allow for enhanced transgene expression upon incorporation into the target cell genome.
  • the transgene may be integrated into the genome of the target cell as a concatamer.
  • AAVPs do not require helper viruses or trans-acting factors.
  • the native tropism of AAV for mammalian cells is eliminated since there is not AAV capsid formation.
  • the AAVPs of the present disclosure can be targeted to specific receptors by the expression of ligands on the surface of the phage particle.
  • peptides or other moieties that allow or promote the escape of the vectors (and any molecule attached thereto or enclosed therein) from the endosome may be incorporated and expressed on the surface of the phage.
  • Such “other moieties” include molecules that are not themselves peptides but which have the ability to disrupt the endosomal membrane, thereby facilitating the escape of the vector, and molecules that otherwise mimic the endosomal escape properties of the within described peptide sequences (see, e.g., published PCT Publication WO 96/10038 and Wagner et al., 1992).
  • the AAVP of the present disclosure are generally comprised of filamentous phage particles expressing one or more preselected ligands on the particle surface, irrespective of the manner in which the ligands are attached. Therefore, whether the means of attachment for a ligand is covalent or via a capsid protein, the AAVP of the present disclosure are able to deliver one or more transgenes to target cells by ligand binding to a receptor followed by internalization of the vectors.
  • the ligand particle expressed on the particle surface may be bicyclic CDCRGDCFC (RGD-4C) (SEQ ID NO:2) peptide that selectively binds ⁇ v ⁇ 3 and ⁇ v ⁇ 5 integrins.
  • filamentous phage particle refers to particles containing either a phage genome or a phagemid genome. The particles may contain other molecules in addition to filamentous capsid proteins.
  • ligand refers to any peptide, polypeptide, protein or non-protein, such as a peptidomimetic, that is capable of binding to a cell-surface molecule and internalizing.
  • binding to a receptor refers to the ability of a ligand to specifically recognize and detectably bind to a receptor, as assayed by standard in vitro or in vivo assays.
  • the AAVPs of the present disclosure include an oligonucleotide insert in the phage plasmid genome encoding a targeting peptide, which allows for ligand-receptor targeting properties of the vectors.
  • phrases capsid proteins or capsid proteins may be modified by coupling or fusing all or part of a capsid protein polynucleotide or protein encoded by the polynucleotide to a targeting ligand.
  • the targeting ligand may direct, redirect, target or enhance binding of the AAVP of the invention to a specific cell, tissue and/or organ.
  • Targeted viruses were originally created to overcome problems encountered by gene therapy vectors' natural host cell tropisms.
  • many gene therapy patents have issued wherein the vector contains a heterologous polypeptide used to target the vector to specific cells, such as vectors containing chimeric fusion glycoproteins (Kayman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,756, incorporated herein by reference) and vectors that contain an antibody to a virus capsid protein (Cotten et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,509).
  • An AAVP of the invention may be genetically modified in such a way that the particle is targeted to a particular cell type (e.g., smooth muscle cells, hepatic cells, renal cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow cells, chondrocyte, epithelial cells, intestinal cells, neoplastic or cancerous cells and others known in the art) such that the nucleic acid genome is delivered to a target non-dividing, a target dividing cell, or a target cell that has a proliferative or other disorder.
  • a particular cell type e.g., smooth muscle cells, hepatic cells, renal cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow cells, chondrocyte, epithelial cells, intestinal cells, neoplastic or cancerous cells and others known in the art
  • a target cell e.g., smooth muscle cells, hepatic
  • This method of targeting the virus utilizes expression or incorporation of a targeting ligand on or into the capsid of the virus to assist in targeting the virus to cells or tissues that have a receptor or binding molecule which interacts with the targeting ligand on the surface of the virus.
  • the genetic material After infection of a cell by the virus the genetic material can be processed and expressed in the host cell.
  • the genetic material may be integrated into the genome of the host cell or episomally maintained within the host cell.
  • a capsid protein may be modified to include a targeting moiety such that an AAVP may be delivered to specific cell types or tissues.
  • the targeting specificity of the ligand-based delivery systems are based on the distribution of the ligand receptors on different cell types.
  • a targeting ligand may either be non-covalently or covalently associated with a capsid protein.
  • a heterologous nucleic acid sequence of interest may be inserted into the viral vector of the invention.
  • a capsid protein may be operatively coupled to a ligand for a receptor on a specific target cell.
  • Targeting ligands are any ligand specific for a characteristic component of the targeted region.
  • Preferred targeting ligands include proteins such as polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, or chimeric antibodies, enzymes, peptides or hormones, or sugars such as mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides.
  • contemplated targeting ligands interact with integrins, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, receptors, or transporters.
  • Suitable ligands include any that are specific or selective for cells of the target organ, or for structures of the target organ exposed to the circulation as a result of local pathology, such as tumors.
  • antibody or cyclic peptide targeting moieties may be associated with the AAVP.
  • the antibody targeting moiety in particular example is a monoclonal anti-EGF receptor antibody. EGF receptors are distributed on the cell surface of various organs and are present in burns, wounds, dermis and tumors.
  • the peptide targeting moiety may also be a cyclic peptide containing within its sequence a RGD integrin binding motif.
  • the targeting peptide may include an RGDFV (SEQ ID NO:3) sequence, wherein the peptide includes the RGD sequence in which the peptide is from 3 to 30 amino acids in length.
  • the RGD integrin binding motif is from 3 to 20 amino acids in length or 4 to 10 amino acids in length.
  • the RGD integrin binding motif is a peptide 5 amino acids in length.
  • ligand refers to any peptide, polypeptide, protein or non-protein, such as a peptidomimetic, that is capable of binding to a cell-surface molecule and internalizing.
  • bind to a receptor refers to the ability of a ligand to specifically recognize and detectably bind to a receptor, as assayed by standard in vitro or in vivo assays.
  • the ligand is coupled to a protein of a phage (e.g., a capsid protein), either as a fusion protein or through chemical conjugation, and is used to deliver a nucleic acid to a cell.
  • a protein of a phage e.g., a capsid protein
  • Fragments of ligands may be used within the present invention, so long as the fragment retains the ability to bind to the appropriate cell surface molecule.
  • ligands with substitutions or other alterations, but which retain binding ability may also be used.
  • a particular ligand refers to a polypeptide(s) having an amino acid sequence of the native ligand, as well as modified sequences, (e.g., having amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions or additions compared to the native protein (muteins)) as long as the ligand retains the ability to bind to its receptor on an endothelial cell and result in delivery of a nucleic acid to a cell.
  • modified sequences e.g., having amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions or additions compared to the native protein (muteins)
  • Ligands also encompass muteins or mutant proteins that possess the ability to bind to its receptor expressing cells and be internalized. Such muteins include, but are not limited to, those produced by replacing one or more of the cysteines with serine. Typically, such muteins will have conservative amino acid changes. DNA encoding such muteins will, unless modified by replacement of degenerate codons, hybridize under conditions of at least low stringency to native DNA sequence encoding the wild-type ligand.
  • DNA encoding a ligand may be prepared synthetically based on known amino acid or DNA sequence, isolated using methods known to those of skill in the art (e.g., PCR amplification), or obtained from commercial or other sources.
  • DNA encoding a ligand may differ from the above sequences by substitution of degenerate codons or by encoding different amino acids. Differences in amino acid sequences, such as those occurring among the homologous ligand of different species as well as among individual organisms or species, are tolerated as long as the ligand binds to its receptor.
  • Ligands may be isolated from natural sources or made synthetically, such as by recombinant means or chemical synthesis.
  • the ligands used in the context of this invention retain any of its in vivo biological activities, other than binding a receptor on a cell and be internalized. If the ligand has been modified so as to lack one or more biological activities, binding and internalization may still be readily assayed, for example, by the following tests or other tests known in the art. Generally, these tests involve labeling the ligand, incubating it with target cells, and visualizing or measuring intracellular label. For example, briefly, the ligand may be fluorescently labeled with FITC or radiolabeled with 125 I, incubated with cells and examined microscopically by fluorescence microscopy or confocal microscopy for internalization.
  • the ligands may be produced by recombinant or other means in preparation for attachment to phage capsid proteins.
  • the DNA sequences and methods to obtain the sequences of these ligands are well known. Based on the DNA sequences, the genes may be synthesized either synthetically (for small proteins), amplified from cell genomic or cDNA, isolated from genomic or cDNA libraries and the like. Restriction sites to facilitate cloning into the phage or phagemid vector may be incorporated, such as in primers for amplification.
  • Such molecules include, without limitation, proteins that bind cancer cells, endothelial cells, stromal cells, and the like.
  • Such ligands include growth factors and cytokines.
  • Many growth factors and families of growth factors share structural and functional features and may be used in the present invention. Families of growth factors include fibroblast growth factors FGF-1 through FGF-15, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
  • growth factors such as PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), TGF- ⁇ (transforming growth factor), TGF- ⁇ , HB-EGF, angiotensin, bombesis, erythopoietin, stem cell factor, M-CSF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and endoglin also bind to specific identified receptors on cell surfaces and may be used in the present invention.
  • Cytokines including interleukins, CSFs (colony stimulating factors), and interferons, have specific receptors, and may be used as described herein.
  • ligands and ligand/receptor pairs include urokinase/urokinase receptor (GenBank Accession Nos. X02760/X74309); ⁇ -1,3 fucosyl transferase, ⁇ 1-antitrypsin/E-selectin (GenBank Accession Nos. M98825, D38257/M87862); P-selectin glycoprotein ligand, P-selectin ligand/P-selectin (GenBank Accession Nos. U25955, U02297/L23088), VCAM1/VLA-4 (GenBank Accession Nos.
  • E9 antigen (Blann et al., Atherosclerosis 120:221, 1996)/TGF ⁇ receptor; Fibronectin (GenBank Accession No. X02761); type I ⁇ 1-collagen (GenBank Accession No. Z74615), type I ⁇ 2-collagen (GenBank Accession No. Z74616), hyaluronic acid/CD44 (GenBank Accession No. M59040); CD40 ligand (GenBank Accession No. L07414)/CD40 (GenBank Accession No. M83312); EFL-3, LERTK-2 ligands (GenBank Accession Nos. L37361, U09304) for elk-1 (GenBank Accession No.
  • VE-cadherin GenBank Accession No. X79981
  • ligand for catenins ICAM-3 (GenBank Accession No. X69819)
  • ligand for LFA-1 and von Willebrand Factor
  • von Willebrand Factor GeneBank Accession No. X04385
  • fibrinogen and fibronectin GenBank Accession No. X92461
  • ligands for ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin GenBank Accession Nos. U07375, L28832
  • ligands include CSF-1 (GenBank Accession Nos. M11038, M37435); GM-CSF (GenBank Accession No. X03021); IFN- ⁇ (interferon) (GenBank Accession No. A02076; WO 8502862-A); IFN- ⁇ (GenBank Accession No. A02137; WO 8502624-A); IL-1- ⁇ (interleukin 1 alpha) (GenBank Accession No. X02531, M15329); IL-1- ⁇ (interleukin 1 beta) (GenBank Accession No. X02532, M15330, M15840); IL-1 (GenBank Accession No.
  • Still other ligands include PDGF (GenBank Accession No. X03795, X02811), angiotensin (GenBank Accession No. K02215), and all RGD-containing peptides and proteins, such as ICAM-1 (GenBank Accession No. X06990) and VCAM-1 (GenBank Accession No. X53051) that bind to integrin receptors.
  • Other ligands include TNF ⁇ (GenBank Accession No. A21522, X01394), IFN- ⁇ (GenBank Accession No. A11033, A11034), IGF-I (GenBank Accession No. A29117, X56773, S61841, X56774, S61860), IGF-II (GenBank Accession No.
  • Atrial naturietic peptide GenBank Accession No. X54669
  • endothelin-1 GenBank Accession No. Y00749
  • coagulation factor Xa GenBank Accession No. L00395, L00396, L29433, N00045, M14327
  • TGF- ⁇ 1 GenBank Accession No. A23751
  • IL-1 ⁇ GenBank Accession No. X03833
  • IL-1 ⁇ GenBank Accession No. M15330
  • endoglin GenBank Accession No. X72012.
  • FGF-1 acidic FGF or aFGF
  • FGF-2 basic FGF or bFGF
  • FGF-3 int-2
  • FGF-4 hst-1/K-FGF
  • FGF-5 FGF-6
  • FGF-7 keratinocyte growth factor or KGF
  • FGF-8 FGF-9, FGF-11 (WO 96/39507)
  • FGF-13 WO 96/395008
  • FGF-14 WO 96/39506
  • FGF-15 WO 96/39509
  • polypeptides that are reactive with an FGF receptor that is any polypeptide that specifically interacts with an FGF receptor, preferably the high affinity FGF receptor, and is transported by way of endosomes into the cell by virtue of its interaction with the FGF receptor are suitable within the present invention.
  • Ligands also include 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 or more amino acid fragments of the ligands identified herein.
  • targeting moieties are antibodies and fragments thereof. Monoclonal antibody fragments may be used to target delivery to specific organs in the animal including brain, heart, lungs or liver.
  • An exemplary method for targeting viral particles to cells that lack a single cell-specific marker is described (U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,718).
  • antibody A may have specificity for tumor, but also for normal heart and lung tissue, while antibody B has specificity for tumor but also normal liver cells.
  • antibody A or antibody B alone to deliver an anti-proliferative nucleic acid to the tumor would possibly result in unwanted damage to heart and lung or liver cells.
  • antibody A and antibody B can be used together for improved cell targeting.
  • antibody A is coupled to a gene encoding an anti-proliferative nucleic acid and is delivered, via a receptor mediated uptake system, to tumor as well as heart and lung tissue.
  • the gene is not transcribed or active in these cells.
  • Antibody B can be coupled to an activator or a universally active gene encoding a factor necessary for the transcription or activation of the anti-proliferative nucleic acid and is delivered to tumor and liver cells. Therefore, in heart and lung cells only the inactive anti-proliferative nucleic acid is delivered, where it is not transcribed, leading to no adverse effects.
  • the gene encoding the activation factor is delivered, but has no effect because no an anti-proliferative nucleic acid gene is present. In tumor cells, however, both genes are delivered and the activation factor can activate the anti-proliferative nucleic acid, leading to tumor-specific toxic effects.
  • Antibodies to molecules expressed on the surface of cells are useful within the context of the present invention. Such antibodies include, but are not limited to, antibodies to FGF receptors, VEGF receptors, urokinase receptor, E- and P-selectins, VCAM-1, PDGF receptor, TGF receptor, endosialin, ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin, LFA-1, E9 antigen, CD40, cadherins, and elk-1. Antibodies that are specific to cell surface molecules expressed by cells are readily generated as monoclonals or polyclonal antisera. Many such antibodies are available (e.g., from American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md.). Alternatively, antibodies to ligands that bind/internalize may also be used. In such a strategy, the phage particles will have antibody on their surface, which will then be complexed to the ligand.
  • AAVP apolipoprotein E3
  • asialoglycoprotein asialofetuin, which contains terminal galactosyl residues, also has been demonstrated to target liposomes to the liver (Spanjer and Scherphof, 1983; Hara et al., 1995).
  • the sugars mannosyl, fucosyl or N-acetyl glucosamine when coupled to the backbone of a polypeptide, bind the high affinity manose receptor (U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,260, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • these glycoproteins can be conjugated to AAVP of the present invention and are contemplated as useful for targeting specific cells (e.g., macrophages).
  • Folate and the folate receptor have also been described as useful for cellular targeting (U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,727).
  • the vitamin folate is coupled to the AAVP capsid protein(s).
  • the folate receptor has high affinity for its ligand and is overexpressed on the surface of several malignant cell lines, including lung, breast and brain tumors.
  • Transferrin mediated delivery systems target a wide range of replicating cells that express the transferrin receptor (Gilliland et al., 1980).
  • targeting ligands for gene delivery for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases permits the delivery of genes whose gene products are more toxic than do non-targeted systems.
  • the more toxic genes that can be delivered includes pro-apoptotic genes such as Bax and Bak plus genes derived from viruses and other pathogens such as the adenoviral E4orf4 and the E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase, a so-called “suicide gene” which converts the prodrug 6-methylpurine deoxyriboside to toxic purine 6-methylpurine.
  • suicide genes used with prodrug therapy are the E. coli cytosine deaminase gene and the HSV thymidine kinase gene.
  • AAVP can be used to target tumor vasculature.
  • Tumor endothelium is an important target for cancer therapy. Targeting a therapeutic gene of interest to the tumor endothelium with minimal toxicity in other tissues remains the primary goal of antivascular gene therapy.
  • AAVP targeting tumor endothelium have been described. The inventors studied the ability of this vector to deliver a potent antivascular agent, human tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF- ⁇ ) to human melanomas. TNF- ⁇ resistant melanoma was made sensitive to TNF- ⁇ treatment by delivering endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) via AAVP.
  • ENF-II endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide-II
  • AAVP vectors carrying two genes, TNF- ⁇ and EMAP-II were evaluated in vitro and in vivo.
  • Human melanoma cells (M21) were studied for AAVP internalization and TNF- ⁇ gene expression in vitro.
  • M21/Pmel subcutaneously grown tumors in nude mice were treated systemically through tail vein injections.
  • the localization of targeted AAVP to the tumor vasculature, TNF- ⁇ gene expression and apoptosis were examined using immunofluorescence staining, TaqMan RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis.
  • AAVP internalization of targeted AAVP was observed in M21 cells, resulting in high levels of functionally active TNF- ⁇ in the culture supernatant. No internalization of non-targeted vector was observed in these cells.
  • Systemic injection of AAVP showed tumor targeted virus delivery with minimal virus localization into normal organs.
  • the AAVP delivery resulted in expression of TNF- ⁇ gene product.
  • the expression of TNF- ⁇ induced apoptosis in the blood vessels and surrounding tumor cells resulting in significant tumor regression.
  • Targeted AAVP vectors can be used to deliver antivascular agents specifically to tumor vasculature, thus reducing the systemic toxicity.
  • the AAVP of the invention can be targeted to specific regions of the body by attachment of specific targeting ligands to provide rapid accumulation and concentration of AAVP and, correspondingly, of nucleic acid molecules, in a designated tissue.
  • the ligands contemplated for use in the present invention can be conjugated to the AAVP by a variety of methods.
  • Various compositions and methods for coupling a targeting ligand to a capsid protein are known in the art.
  • the AAVP of the present disclosure have the ability to deliver one or more transgenes to the nucleus of the target cell, thereby enhancing the expression of the transgene in the target cell.
  • An AAVP may also bestow an advantage in gene expression by means of an altered fate of the transgene cassette through formation of concatamers of the transgene cassette, thereby leading to enhanced gene expression.
  • transgene refers to a gene or genetic material that has been transferred from one organism to another.
  • a transgene may comprise one or more genes and/or one or more oligonucleotides.
  • a transgene may comprise a reporter gene, a suicide gene, a prodrug converting enzyme, and/or one or more therapeutic genes.
  • oligonucleotide refers to a short nucleic acid sequence with twenty or fewer base pairs.
  • therapeutic gene is defined as a nucleic acid region, which provides a therapeutic effect on a disease, medical condition, organ, tissue, cell or physiologic characteristic of an organism.
  • cassette as used herein is a nucleic acid which can express a protein, polypeptide, or RNA of interest.
  • an AAVP may contain a transgene comprising a reporter gene whose product can be selected for or detected.
  • a reporter gene is a nucleic acid region that encodes for a product that can be detected, such as by fluorescence, enzyme activity on a detectably labeled compound or chromogenic substrate, or fluorescent substrate, and the like; or selected for by growth conditions.
  • reporter genes include, without limitation, green fluorescent protein (GFP), ⁇ -galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), luciferase, neomycin phosphotransferase, secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), human growth hormone (HGH), thymidine kinase, and the like.
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • CAT chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
  • SEAP human growth hormone
  • HGH human growth hormone
  • thymidine kinase thymidine kinase
  • reporter genes include, without limitation, green fluorescent protein (GFP), ⁇ -galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), luciferase, neomycin phosphotransferase, secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), human growth hormone (HGH), thymidine
  • the transgene also may comprise a therapeutic gene.
  • AAVPs carrying such transgenes may allow for, among other things, imaging a subject (e.g., a human), either in vitro or in vivo. In vitro imaging may allow for non-invasive imaging of the whole subject or of target areas of the subject. After introduction of these transgenes, expression may be imaged using imaging techniques known in the art (e.g., BLI imaging, PET imaging, fluorescent imaging, and the like.)
  • a “subject,” as used herein, refers to any mammalian entity, for example, a subject may be an human in need of gene therapy or other treatment.
  • the AAVP may contain a suicide gene.
  • suicide gene as used herein is defined as a nucleic acid which, upon administration of a prodrug, effects transition of a gene product to a compound which kills its host cell.
  • suicide gene/prodrug combinations examples include Herpes Simplex Virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and ganciclovir, acyclovir, or FIAU; oxidoreductase and cycloheximide; cytosine deaminase and 5-fluorocytosine; thymidine kinase thymidilate kinase (Tdk::Tmk) and AZT; and deoxycytidine kinase and cytosine arabinoside.
  • a suicide gene may act in the manner of a therapeutic gene by providing a therapeutic effect on a disease or medical condition as a result of the killing of its host cell.
  • nucleic acid is well known in the art.
  • a “nucleic acid” as used herein will generally refer to a molecule (i.e., a strand) of DNA, RNA or a derivative or analog thereof, comprising a nucleobase.
  • a nucleobase includes, for example, a naturally occurring purine or pyrimidine base found in DNA (e.g., an adenine “A,” a guanine “G,” a thymine “T” or a cytosine “C”) or RNA (e.g., an A, a G, an uracil “U” or a C).
  • nucleic acid encompass the terms “oligonucleotide” and “polynucleotide,” each as a subgenus of the term “nucleic acid.”
  • oligonucleotide refers to a molecule of between about 8 and about 100 nucleobases in length.
  • polynucleotide refers to at least one molecule of greater than about 100 nucleobases in length.
  • a “gene” refers to a nucleic acid that is transcribed.
  • the gene includes regulatory sequences involved in transcription, or message production or composition.
  • this functional term “gene” includes both genomic sequences, RNA or cDNA sequences or smaller engineered nucleic acid segments, including nucleic acid segments of a non-transcribed part of a gene, including but not limited to the non-transcribed promoter or enhancer regions of a gene. Smaller engineered gene nucleic acid segments may express, or may be adapted to express using nucleic acid manipulation technology, proteins, polypeptides, domains, peptides, fusion proteins, mutants and/or such like.
  • a polynucleotide of the invention may form an “expression cassette.”
  • An “expression cassette” is polynucleotide that provides for the expression of a particular transcription unit. That is it includes promoter elements and various other elements that function in the transcription of a gene or transcription unit.
  • An expression cassette may also be part of a larger replicating polynucleotide or expression vector or construct.
  • nucleic acid may encompass a double-stranded molecule that comprises one or more complementary strand(s) or “complement(s)” of a particular sequence comprising a molecule.
  • isolated substantially away from other coding sequences means that the gene of interest forms the significant part of the coding region of the nucleic acid, or that the nucleic acid does not contain large portions of naturally-occurring coding nucleic acids, such as large chromosomal fragments, other functional genes, RNA or cDNA coding regions. Of course, this refers to the nucleic acid as originally isolated, and does not exclude genes or coding regions later added to the nucleic acid by the hand of man.
  • nucleobase refers to a heterocyclic base, such as for example a naturally occurring nucleobase (i.e., an A, T, G, C or U) found in at least one naturally occurring nucleic acid (i.e., DNA and RNA), and naturally or non-naturally occurring derivative(s) and analogs of such a nucleobase.
  • a nucleobase generally can form one or more hydrogen bonds (“anneal” or “hybridize”) with at least one naturally occurring nucleobase in manner that may substitute for naturally occurring nucleobase pairing (e.g., the hydrogen bonding between A and T, G and C, and A and U).
  • nucleotide refers to a nucleoside further comprising a “backbone moiety.”
  • a backbone moiety generally covalently attaches a nucleotide to another molecule comprising a nucleotide, or to another nucleotide to form a nucleic acid.
  • the “backbone moiety” in naturally occurring nucleotides typically comprises a phosphorus moiety, which is covalently attached to a 5-carbon sugar. The attachment of the backbone moiety typically occurs at either the 3′- or 5′-position of the 5-carbon sugar.
  • other types of attachments are known in the art, particularly when a nucleotide comprises derivatives or analogs of a naturally occurring 5-carbon sugar or phosphorus moiety.
  • Expression constructs of the invention may include nucleic acids encoding a therapeutic nucleic acid and/or imaging protein.
  • the expression construct may be a therapeutic expression construct that can be used in therapeutic compositions and methods of the invention.
  • genetic material may be manipulated to produce expression cassettes and/or expression constructs that encode imaging proteins, targeting proteins and/or therapeutic genes.
  • Embodiments of the invention may include two separate types of expression cassette or expression construct comprising an expression cassette.
  • One cassette is used in expression of an imaging protein, i.e., a protein that is directly detectable or has an activity of property that is indirectly detectable.
  • Another expression cassette may encode a therapeutic gene.
  • a therapeutic gene may be a therapeutic gene discussed herein useful in the prophylatic or therapeutic treatment of a disease condition.
  • the gene may be a heterologous DNA, meant to include DNA derived from a source other than the viral genome which provides the backbone of the vector.
  • the gene may be derived from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic source such as a bacterium, a virus, a yeast, a parasite, a plant, or even an animal.
  • the heterologous DNA also may be derived from more than one source, i.e., a multigene construct or a fusion protein.
  • the heterologous DNA also may include a regulatory sequence which may be derived from one source and the gene from a different source.
  • Expression cassettes and/or constructs of the invention whether they encode an imaging protein or a therapeutic gene(s) will typically include various control regions. These control region typically modulate the expression of the gene of interest.
  • expression construct is meant to include any type of genetic construct containing a nucleic acid coding for gene products in which part or all of the nucleic acid encoding sequence is capable of being transcribed, e.g., all or part of an imaging protein or therapeutic protein.
  • the transcript may be translated into a protein, but it need not be.
  • expression includes both transcription of a gene and translation of mRNA into a gene product.
  • expression only includes transcription of a therapeutic nucleic acid such as inhibitory RNAs or DNAs.
  • the nucleic acid encoding a gene product is under transcriptional control of a promoter.
  • a “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence recognized by the machinery of the cell, or introduced machinery, required to initiate the specific transcription of a gene. In particular aspects, transcription may be constitutive, inducible, and/or repressible.
  • under transcriptional control means that the promoter is in the correct location and orientation in relation to the nucleic acid to control RNA polymerase initiation and expression of the gene.
  • promoter will be used here to refer to a group of transcriptional control modules that are clustered around the initiation site for RNA polymerase II. Much of the thinking about how promoters are organized derives from analyses of several viral promoters, including those for various retroviral promoters, the HSV thymidine kinase (tk) and SV40 early transcription units.
  • tk HSV thymidine kinase
  • promoter elements regulate the frequency of transcriptional initiation. Typically, these are located in the region 30-110 bp upstream of the start site, although a number of promoters have recently been shown to contain functional elements downstream of the start site as well. The spacing between promoter elements frequently is flexible, so that promoter function is preserved when elements are inverted or moved relative to one another. Depending on the promoter, it appears that individual elements can function either co-operatively or independently to activate transcription.
  • the particular promoter employed to control the expression of a nucleic acid sequence of interest is not believed to be important, so long as it is capable of directing the expression of the nucleic acid in the targeted cell.
  • a human cell it is preferable to position the nucleic acid coding region adjacent to and under the control of a promoter that is capable of being expressed in a targeted human cell.
  • a promoter might include either a human, viral promoter or a combination thereof.
  • the human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoter (CMVIE), the SV40 early promoter, the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat, ⁇ -actin, rat insulin promoter and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase can be used to obtain high-level expression of the coding sequence of interest.
  • CMVIE human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoter
  • the use of other viral, retroviral or mammalian cellular or bacterial phage promoters, which are well-known in the art to achieve expression of a coding sequence of interest is contemplated as well, provided that the levels of expression are sufficient for a given purpose.
  • a promoter with well-known properties, the level and pattern of expression of the protein of interest following transfection or transformation can be optimized.
  • Selection of a promoter that is regulated in response to specific physiologic or synthetic signals can permit inducible expression of the gene product as compared with the cell under non-inducing conditions.
  • expression of a transgene, or transgenes when a multicistronic vector is utilized is toxic to the cells in which the vector is produced in, it may be desirable to prohibit or reduce expression of one or more of the transgenes.
  • transgenes that may be toxic to the producer cell line are pro-apoptotic and cytokine genes.
  • Several inducible promoter systems are available for production of viral vectors where the transgene product may be toxic.
  • the ecdysone system (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) is one such system. This system is designed to allow regulated expression of a gene of interest in mammalian cells. It consists of a tightly regulated expression mechanism that allows virtually no basal level expression of the transgene, but over 200-fold inducibility. Another inducible system that would be useful is the Tet-OffTM or Tet-OnTM system (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) originally developed by Gossen and Bujard (Gossen and Bujard, 1992; Gossen et al., 1995). This system also allows high levels of gene expression to be regulated in response to tetracycline or tetracycline derivatives such as doxycycline.
  • a transgene in a therapeutic expression vector.
  • different viral promoters with varying strengths of activity may be utilized depending on the level of expression desired.
  • the CMV immediate early promoter if often used to provide strong transcriptional activation.
  • Modified versions of the CMV promoter that are less potent have also been used when reduced levels of expression of the transgene are desired.
  • retroviral promoters such as the LTRs from MLV or MMTV are often used.
  • viral promoters that may be used depending on the desired effect include SV40, RSV LTR, HIV-1 and HIV-2 LTR, adenovirus promoters such as from the E1A, E2A, or MLP region, AAV LTR, cauliflower mosaic virus, HSV-TK, and avian sarcoma virus.
  • tissue specific or selective promoters may be used to effect transcription in specific tissues or cells so as to reduce potential toxicity or undesirable effects to non-targeted tissues.
  • promoters such as the PSA, probasin, prostatic acid phosphatase or prostate-specific glandular kallikrein (hK2) may be used to target gene expression in the prostate.
  • the following promoters may be used to target gene expression in other tissues (Table 1).
  • promoters as those that are hormone or cytokine regulatable.
  • promoters that are hormone regulatable include MMTV, MT-1, ecdysone and RuBisco.
  • Other hormone regulated promoters such as those responsive to thyroid, pituitary and adrenal hormones are expected to be useful in the present invention.
  • Cytokine and inflammatory protein responsive promoters that could be used include K and T Kininogen (Kageyama et al., 1987), c-fos, TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein (Arcone et al., 1988), haptoglobin (Oliviero et al., 1987), serum amyloid A2, C/EBP alpha, IL-1, IL-6 (Poli and Cortese, 1989), Complement C3 (Wilson et al., 1990), IL-8, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (Prowse and Baumann, 1988), alpha-1 antitypsin, lipoprotein lipase (Zechner et al., 1988), angiotensinogen (Ron et al., 1990), fibrinogen, c-jun (inducible by phorbol esters, TNF-alpha, UV radiation, retinoic acid, and hydrogen peroxide), collagenase (induced by phorbol esters and retinoic acid),
  • Tumor specific promoters such as osteocalcin, hypoxia-responsive element (HRE), MAGE-4, CEA, alpha-fetoprotein, GRP78/BiP and tyrosinase may also be used to regulate gene expression in tumor cells.
  • HRE hypoxia-responsive element
  • MAGE-4 MAGE-4
  • CEA alpha-fetoprotein
  • GRP78/BiP tyrosinase
  • Enhancers are genetic elements that increase transcription from a promoter located at a distant position on the same molecule of DNA. Enhancers are organized much like promoters. That is, they are composed of many individual elements, each of which binds to one or more transcriptional proteins. The basic distinction between enhancers and promoters is operational. An enhancer region as a whole must be able to stimulate transcription at a distance; this need not be true of a promoter region or its component elements. On the other hand, a promoter must have one or more elements that direct initiation of RNA synthesis at a particular site and in a particular orientation, whereas enhancers lack these specificities. Promoters and enhancers are often overlapping and contiguous, often seeming to have a very similar modular organization.
  • Eukaryotic cells can support cytoplasmic transcription from certain bacterial promoters if the appropriate bacterial polymerase is provided, either as part of the delivery complex or as an additional genetic expression construct.
  • a therapeutic expression construct comprises a virus or engineered construct derived from a viral genome.
  • TPA Phorbol Ester
  • TPA Heavy metals MMTV (mouse mammary tumor Glucocorticoids virus) ⁇ -Interferon Poly(rI)X Poly(rc) Adenovirus 5 E2 Ela c-jun Phorbol Ester (TPA), H 2 O 2 Collagenase Phorbol Ester (TPA) Stromelysin Phorbol Ester (TPA), IL-1 SV40 Phorbol Ester (TPA) Murine MX Gene Interferon, Newcastle Disease Virus GRP78 Gene A23187 ⁇ -2-Macroglobulin IL-6 Vimentin Serum MHC Class I Gene H-2 kB Interferon HSP70 Ela, SV40 Large T Antigen Proliferin Phorbol Ester-TPA Tumor Necrosis Factor FMA Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ⁇ Thyroid Hormone Gene Insulin E Box Glucose
  • Polyadenylation signals may be used in therapeutic and/or imaging vectors. Where a cDNA insert is employed, one will typically desire to include a polyadenylation signal to effect proper polyadenylation of the gene transcript. The nature of the polyadenylation signal is not believed to be crucial to the successful practice of the invention, and any such sequence may be employed such as human or bovine growth hormone and SV40 polyadenylation signals. Also contemplated as an element of the expression cassette is a terminator. These elements can serve to enhance message levels and to minimize read through from the cassette into other sequences.
  • AAVP particles of the invention may be used to deliver a variety of therapeutic or imaging agents, including therapeutic expression vectors.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of a variety of different therapeutic genes.
  • genes encoding enzymes, hormones, cytokines, oncogenes, receptors, ion channels, tumor suppressors, transcription factors, drug selectable markers, toxins and various antigens are contemplated as suitable genes for use according to the present invention.
  • antisense and inhibitory RNA constructs derived from oncogenes are other “genes” of interest according to the present invention.
  • a selected gene or polypeptide may refer to any protein, polypeptide, or peptide.
  • a therapeutic gene or polypeptide is a gene or polypeptide which can be administered to a subject for the purpose of treating or preventing a disease.
  • a therapeutic gene can be a gene administered to a subject for treatment or prevention of cancer.
  • therapeutic genes include, but are not limited to, Rb, CFTR, p16, p21, p27, p57, p73, C-CAM, APC, CTS-1, zac1, scFV ras, DCC, NF-1, NF-2, WT-1, MEN-I, MEN-II, BRCA1, VHL, MMAC1, FCC, MCC, BRCA2, IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11 IL-12, GM-CSF, G-CSF, thymidine kinase, Bax, Bak, Bik, Bim, Bid, Bad, Harakiri, Fas-L, mda-7, fus, interferon ⁇ , interferon ⁇ , interferon ⁇ , ADP, p53, ABLI, BLC1, BLC6, CBFA1, CBL, CBL
  • therapeutic genes include genes encoding enzymes. Examples include, but are not limited to, ACP desaturase, an ACP hydroxylase, an ADP-glucose pyrophorylase, an ATPase, an alcohol dehydrogenase, an amylase, an amyloglucosidase, a catalase, a cellulase, a cyclooxygenase, a decarboxylase, a dextrinase, an esterase, a DNA polymerase, an RNA polymerase, a hyaluron synthase, a galactosidase, a glucanase, a glucose oxidase, a GTPase, a helicase, a hemicellulase, a hyaluronidase, an integrase, an invertase, an isomerase, a kinase, a lactase
  • therapeutic genes include the gene encoding carbamoyl synthetase I, ornithine transcarbamylase, arginosuccinate synthetase, arginosuccinate lyase, arginase, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, alpha-1 antitrypsin, glucose-6-phosphatase, low-density-lipoprotein receptor, porphobilinogen deaminase, factor VIII, factor IX, cystathione beta.-synthase, branched chain ketoacid decarboxylase, albumin, isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, propionyl CoA carboxylase, methyl malonyl CoA mutase, glutaryl CoA dehydrogenase, insulin, -glucosidase, pyruvate carboxylase, hepatic phosphorylase, phosphorylase kinase, glycine
  • Therapeutic genes also include genes encoding hormones. Examples include, but are not limited to, genes encoding growth hormone, prolactin, placental lactogen, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, chorionic gonadotropin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, leptin, adrenocorticotropin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II, ⁇ -endorphin, ⁇ -melanocyte stimulating hormone, cholecystokinin, endothelin I, galanin, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon, insulin, lipotropins, neurophysins, somatostatin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene related peptide, ⁇ -calcitonin gene related peptide, hypercalcemia of malignancy factor, parathyroid hormone-related protein, parathyroid hormone-related protein, glucagon-like peptide, pancreastatin, pancreatic peptide, peptide YY,
  • the heterologous gene may include a single-chain antibody.
  • Methods for the production of single-chain antibodies are well known to those of skill in the art. The skilled artisan is referred to U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,046, (incorporated herein by reference) for such methods.
  • a single chain antibody is created by fusing together the variable domains of the heavy and light chains using a short peptide linker, thereby reconstituting an antigen binding site on a single molecule.
  • IRES internal ribosome binding sites
  • IRES elements from two members of the picanovirus family (polio and encephalomyocarditis) have been described (Pelletier and Sonenberg, 1988), as well an IRES from a mammalian message (Macejak and Sarnow, 1991).
  • IRES elements can be linked to heterologous open reading frames. Multiple open reading frames can be transcribed together, each separated by an IRES, creating polycistronic messages. By virtue of the IRES element, each open reading frame is accessible to ribosomes for efficient translation.
  • Any heterologous open reading frame can be linked to IRES elements. This includes genes for secreted proteins, multi-subunit proteins, encoded by independent genes, intracellular or membrane-bound proteins and selectable markers. In this way, expression of several proteins can be simultaneously engineered into a cell with a single construct and a single selectable marker.
  • a nucleic acid may be made by any technique known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as for example, chemical synthesis, enzymatic production or biological production.
  • a non-limiting example of an enzymatically produced nucleic acid include one produced by enzymes in amplification reactions such as PCRTM (see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,682,195, each incorporated herein by reference), or the synthesis of an oligonucleotide described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,897, incorporated herein by reference.
  • a non-limiting example of a biologically produced nucleic acid includes a recombinant nucleic acid produced (i.e., replicated) in a living cell, such as a recombinant DNA vector replicated in bacteria (see for example, Sambrook et al. 2001, incorporated herein by reference).
  • compositions of the AAVP compositions therapeutic compositions
  • this will entail preparing compositions that are essentially free of pyrogens, as well as other impurities that could be harmful to humans or animals.
  • Aqueous compositions of the present invention comprise an effective amount of the AAVP or other agent dissolved or dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or aqueous medium.
  • pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable refer to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce adverse, allergic, or other untoward reactions when administered to an animal or a human.
  • “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well know in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the AAVP compositions of the present invention, its use as an imaging reagent or in therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients, such as other anti-cancer agents, can also be incorporated into the compositions. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent growth of microorganisms. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers. Preservatives include antimicrobial agents, anti-oxidants, chelating agents and inert gases. The pH and exact concentration of the various components in the pharmaceutical are adjusted according to well-known parameters.
  • an effective amount of the composition is determined based on the intended goal, such as imaging and/or ameliorating a condition or disease, such as cancer.
  • unit dose refers to a physically discrete unit suitable for use in a subject, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of the therapeutic composition calculated to produce the desired response in association with its administration, i.e., the appropriate route and treatment regimen.
  • the quantity to be administered both according to number of treatments and unit dose, depends on the subject to be treated, the state of the subject, and the protection desired. Precise amounts of the therapeutic composition also depend on the judgment of the practitioner and are peculiar to each individual.
  • compositions that contain two active ingredients.
  • the present invention provides for compositions that contain AAVP compositions and at least a second therapeutic, for example, an anti-neoplastic drug.
  • compositions of the present invention may be formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., formulated for injection via the intravenous, intramuscular, sub-cutaneous, or even intraperitoneal routes.
  • parenteral administration e.g., formulated for injection via the intravenous, intramuscular, sub-cutaneous, or even intraperitoneal routes.
  • the preparation of an aqueous composition that contains a second agent(s) as active ingredients will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.
  • such compositions can be prepared as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for using to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a liquid prior to injection can also be prepared; and the preparations can also be emulsified.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions; formulations including sesame oil, peanut oil or aqueous propylene glycol; and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists.
  • the carrier can also be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial ad antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars or sodium chloride.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the particular methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • aqueous solutions For parenteral administration in an aqueous solution, for example, the solution should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose.
  • aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal administration.
  • sterile aqueous media which can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.
  • one dosage could be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion, (see for example, “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” 15th Edition, pages 1035-1038 and 1570-1580). Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the subject being treated. The person responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject.
  • RGD-4C phage and RGD-4C AAVP were engineered in a two-step process: generation of an intermediate (RGD-4C fUSE5-MCS) and subsequent production of RGD-4C phage construct and RGD-4C AAVP.
  • RGD-4C fUSES-MCS contained the oligonucleotide insert encoding the specific targeting peptide RGD-4C and a fragment of the FMCS plasmid that had a multicloning site (MCS) for insertion of the eukaryotic expression cassette.
  • RGD-4C phage-derived fUSE5 DNA and phage-derived fMCS DNA were purified from lysates of host E.
  • pAAV was digested with PacI to release a 2.8 kb fragment, which was blunted with DNA polymerase and cloned into the blunted PstI site of RGD-4C fUSE5-MSC.
  • PacI PacI-binding protein
  • a 2.3 kb fragment located between the ITRs of pAAV-eGFP and containing pCMV-GFP and SV40 poly A was released by EcoRI digestion, blunted with DNA polymerase, then cloned into the MCS of RGD-4C fUSE5-MSC.
  • the BamHI-Sac1 fragment of the pQBI phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK; QBIOgene) promoter and containing a GFPneo fusion sequence was cloned in the NotI site of AAVP or control phage constructs to ensure that cells expressing GFP were G418-resistant.
  • the GFPneo fragment of pQBI PGK was released by BamHI and Sac1 digestion, and blunted with DNA polymerase; then phosphorylated linkers to NotI were added. After NotI digestion, the 1.57 kb GFPneo fragment was cloned into the NotI site of AAVP or non-chimeric phage construct.
  • the BamHI-Not1 fragment containing HSVtk or Luc was subcloned into BamHI-Not1 site of pAAV plasmid to replace GFP.
  • the ITR-HSVtk-ITR or ITR-Luc-ITR fragments were removed from pAAV-HSVtk and pAAV-Luc then inserted into RGD-4C fUSE5-MCS. Constructs were verified by DNA sequencing and restriction analysis, purified from the culture supernatant of host E. coli (MC1061), re-suspended in PBS and recentrifuged. Resulting supernatants were titrated in E. Coli (k91Kan). Serial dilutions were plated on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar plates containing tetracycline and kanamycin and transducing units (TU) were determined by colony counting.
  • LB Luria-Bertani
  • BRASIL selective interactive ligands
  • the cell suspension (50 ⁇ l) was incubated with 10 9 TU of either RGD-4C AAVP or AAVP clones displaying scrambled versions of RGD-4C (CDCFGDCRC (SEQ ID NO:2), CDCGFDCRC (SEQ ID NO:3), CRCDGFCDC (SEQ ID NO:4)), mutant RGE-4C peptide, or non targeted control.
  • the tube was then snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, the bottom of the tube was sliced off, and the cell-AAVP pellet was isolated and membrane-bound AAVP recovered (Giordano et al., 2001).
  • KS1767 cells were grown in tissue chamber slides (Lab-Tek II Chamber Slide System; Nalge Nunc International Corp.), washed twice with PBS, incubated with 10 9 TU of RGD-4C AAVP or control AAVP displaying scrambled versions of RGD-4C or RGE-4C in DMEM containing 1% BSA at 37° C., and washed with PBS to remove unbound AAVP after 4 h incubation. Bound clones to cell membranes were chemically eluted by rinsing cells with 20 mM glycine (pH 2.3).
  • GFP expression was analyzed by using FACS 48 h later.
  • a functional recombinant AAV was generated from cells transduced with the RGD 4C AAVP-GFP chimera only, but not from cells transduced with the non-chimeric phage-GFP or several controls. Similar results were also obtained with all the RGD-4C AAVP clones but with none of the phage clones.
  • Tumor Models Animal experimentation was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Research Committee. Tumor-bearing mice were established as described (Pasqualini et al., 1997; Arap et al., 1998; Ellerby et al., 1999; Hajitou et al., 2001; Arap et al., 2004; Marchib et al., 2004). Mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal administration of AvertinB or by gas (2% isoflurane and 98% oxygen) inhalation. Targeted constructs or controls were intravenously administered. Tumor cells were trypsinized, counted, centrifuged, and re-suspended in serum free medium.
  • a total of 10 6 cells from Kaposi sarcoma (KS1767), bladder carcinoma (UC3) or prostate carcinoma (DU145) lines were implanted subcutaneously into 6 week-old immunodeficient nude mice.
  • the EF43-FGF4 mouse mammary tumor cells (5 ⁇ 10 4 ) were implanted subcutaneously into 6 week-old female BALBIc immunocompetent mice. Tumor volumes were calculated as described (Pasqualini et al., 1997; Arap et al., 1998; Ellerby et al., 1999; Hajitou et al., 2001; Arap et al., 2004; Marchib et al., 2004) and expressed as mean tumor volume*standard deviation (SD).
  • SD standard deviation
  • tumor-bearing mice received a single intravenous dose of RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk, or controls.
  • GVC treatment 80 mg/kg per day, intraperitoneal
  • Molecular-genetic Imaging in Tumor-bearing Mice For non-invasive molecular imaging, we used a model of prostate cancer based on the human cell line DU145 in which male nude mice bearing tumor xenografts in the subcutaneous area of the right shoulder were used. To image the firefly Luc gene expression, tumor-bearing mice received a single-dose (1 50 mg/kg) of the substrate D-luciferin (Xenogen) by intraperitoneal administration.
  • Photonic emission was imaged by using the In Vivo Imaging System 200 (IVIS200; Xenogen, CA) after tail vein administration of targeted RGD-4C AAVP carrying the Luc gene or controls (non-targeted AAVP-Luc, or scrambled RGD-4C AAVPLuc).
  • Imaging parameters image acquisition time, 1 min; binning, 2; no filter; flstop, 1; field of view, 10 cm.
  • Regions of interest (ROI) were defined manually over the tumors for measuring signal intensities, expressed as photons/sec/cm2/sr.
  • mice were imaged with a microPET scanner (Concorde Microsystems, TN) at 2 h post intravenous administration of [ 18 F]-FDG 100 MC1/mouse.
  • [ 18 F]-FDG was obtained commercially (PETNet, Houston, Tex.).
  • PET imaging was performed at 1-2 h after intravenous administration of the radiolabeled nucleoside analog [ 18 F]-FEAU.
  • PET imaging was performed on a microPET R4 (Concorde Microsystems, Inc.), equipped with a computer-controlled positioning bed, has a 10.8-cm transaxial and 8-cm axial field of view (FOV), it has no septa and operates exclusively in 3-dimensional list mode.
  • Fully 3-dimensional list mode data were collected using an energy window of 350-750 keV and a time window of 6 ns. All raw data were first sorted into 3-dimensional sinograms, followed by Fourier rebinning and OSEM image reconstruction using ASIPRO VM software (Concord Microsystems, TN). Image pixel size was approximately 1 mm transaxially with a 1.2 mm slice thickness.
  • Radiolabeled [ 18 F]-FEAU was synthesized to radiochemical purity greater than 99% by using 5-ethyluracil-2,5-bis-trimethylsilyl ether as the pyrimidine base for condensation with 1-bromo-2-deoxy-2-[ 18 F]fluoro-3,5-di-O-benzoyl- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranose, as originally described by Alauddin et al. (2003).
  • mice were killed and perfused with PBS containing 4% PFA. Tumor vascularization was assessed on frozen sections by using a rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (BD Biosciences). Apoptosis analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded sections with a TUNEL kit (Promega). For phage immunodetection in tissues, paraffin sections were incubated with a rabbit anti-phage primary antibody (Sigma) followed by a peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Dako). Slides were developed with the substrate-chromogen 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and counterstained with hematoxylin.
  • ⁇ v integrin immunostainings were performed on acetone fixed frozen sections of tumors removed from PBS-perfused animals. Sections were incubated for 1 h with the primary rat anti-integrin ⁇ v monoclonal antibody (Chemicon), followed by the secondary Cy3 conjugated goat anti-rat antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch).
  • Ligand-directed Particles are Functional in Mammalian Cells.
  • a targeted chimeric virus comprising of recombinant AAV and an fd-tet phage clone displaying the double-cyclic peptide CDCRGDCFC (SEQ ID NO:2) (termed RGD-4C phage (Pasqualini et al., 1997; Arap et al., 1998) was constructed.
  • the RGD-4C peptide binds to ⁇ v integrins, a cell surface receptor over-expressed in both tumor cells and in neo-angiogenic endothelium of tumor blood vessels (Brooks et al., 1994; Pasqualini et al., 1997; Arap et al., 1998; Sipkins et al., 1998; Ellerby et al., 1999; Hood et al., 2002).
  • AAV/phage chimeric viruses
  • the inventors inserted an eukaryotic gene cassette from recombinant AAV in an intergenomic region of RGD-4C phage (RGD-4C AAVP), insertless phage (non-targeted AAVP), or phage displaying control peptides, such as scrambled RGD-4C AAVP or D to E mutant (termed RGE-4C) AAVP, and packaged it with the phage DNA into the phage capsid ( FIG. 7 ).
  • RGD-4C AAVP intergenomic region of RGD-4C phage
  • insertless phage non-targeted AAVP
  • phage displaying control peptides such as scrambled RGD-4C AAVP or D to E mutant (termed RGE-4C) AAVP
  • the inventors evaluated the ligand properties of the RGD-4C peptide and the rescuing properties of the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) in the context of AAVP.
  • ITRs inverted terminal repeats
  • RGD-4C AAVP binds to mammalian cells expressing ⁇ v integrins, in contrast to the non-targeted AAVP or AAVP displaying negative control peptides such as RGE-4C or various scrambled versions of the RGD-4C sequence ( FIG. 1A ), which neither bind to nor infect mammalian cells.
  • RGD-4C AAVP carrying reporter genes can mediate ligand-directed internalization ( FIG. 1B ) and transduction of mammalian cells ( FIG. 1C ) relative to controls.
  • negative controls included non-targeted AAVP, various RGD-4C scrambled AAVP, or RGE-4C AAVP ( FIG. 1B ); for cell transduction experiments, non-targeted AAVP ( FIG. 1C ), scrambled RGD-4C AAVP, or RGE-4C AAVP served as negative controls.
  • 1A and 1B could represent an artifact resulting from selective failure of the glycine (low pH) wash step to remove AAVP from cell membranes, temperature (ice-cold) control experiments were performed (Giordano et al., 2001) in which cell binding was observed but not internalization mediated by RGD-4C AAVP.
  • AAVP particles To gain an insight into the molecular mechanisms of transgene expression mediated by AAVP particles, the inventors investigated the fate of the transduced genome in mammalian cells. First, stably transduced cell lines were generated by using GFPneo-expressing AAVP to allow for the selection of individual transduced cell clones. Either RGD-4C AAVP-GFPneo or RGD-4C phage-GFPneo lacking AAV ITRs were used to transduce human 293 cells expressing ⁇ v integrins (Nakamura et al., 2002), and clones were isolated under G418 selection.
  • the inventors then set out to determine the fate of the GFPneo transgene cassette in stably transduced clones by a comprehensive restriction enzyme digestion of genomic DNA followed by Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis ( FIG. 2 , FIG. 8 , and Table 5).
  • genomic DNA was digested with AflII and XhoI to detect the release of full-length transgene cassettes prior to the analysis.
  • RGD-4C phage or Contains RGD-4C AAVP Contains Contains concatemeric (denomination of integrated episomal forms of Transgene stably transduced forms of forms of transgene cassette clones) construct construct cassette preserved Comments and interpretation Phage 1 Yes No No No Phage 2 Yes Yes No Yes Episomal form of full-length phage vector (episomal) Phage 3 Yes No No Yes Phage 4 Yes No No No Phage 5 Yes No No No Phage 6 Yes Yes No Yes Episomal form of full-length phage vector (episomal) Phage 7 Yes No No No Phage 8 Yes No No No Phage 9 Yes No No No AAVP 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Non-concatemeric episomal form of full-length AAVP vector detected.
  • AAVP 2 Yes No Yes Yes Concatemeric form is head-to-tall with deleted ITRs at the junction site. ITRs Banking the concatemer and adjacent AAVP sequences are preserved. AAVP 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Non-concatemeric episomal form of full-length AAVP vector. At least one integrated form contains head-to-tall concatemers and ITRs Banking the concatemer as well as the adjacent AAVP sequences are preserved. At least one integrated form contains head-to-tall concatemers with deleted ITRs at the junction site. AAVP 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Non-concatemeric episomal form of full-length AAVP vector.
  • At least one integrated form contains head-to-tall concatemers and ITRs Banking the concatemer as well as the adjacent AAVP sequences are preserved. At least one integrated form contains head-to-tall concatemers with deleted ITRs at the junction site. AAVP 5 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Non-concatemeric episomal form of full-length AAVP vector. At least one integrated form contains head-to-tall concatemers and ITRs Banking the concatemer as well as the adjacent AAVP sequences are preserved. At least one integrated form contains head-to-tall concatemers with deleted ITRs at the junction site.
  • AAVP 6 Yes No Yes Yes Concatemers are head-to-tall with deleted ITRs and $$ ITRs Banking the (concatemeric) transgene cassette as well as the adjacent AAVP sequences are preserved.
  • AAVP 7 Yes No Yes Yes Concatemers are head-to-tall with preserved ITRs. Additional concatemers with deleted ITRs.
  • AAVP 8 Yes No Yes Yes At least one integrated form contains head-to-tall concatemers and ITRs Banking the concatemer as well as the adjacent AAVP sequences are preserved.
  • At least one integrated form contains head-to-tall concatemers with deleted ITRs at the junction site.
  • RGD-4C AAVP variant encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene was used as a reporter to determine, by using in situ immunofluorescence microscopic imaging, whether this vector (RGD-4C AAVP-GFP) can transduce KS1767-derived xenografts. Immunostaining against GFP in tumors and in different organs were performed seven days after systemic administration of either RGD-4C AAVP-GFP or negative control constructs into tumor-bearing mice. Immunofluorescence revealed GFP expression largely in tumor blood vessels and surrounding tumor cells in mice that received RGD4C AAVP-GFP.
  • a very tumor-specific expression of Luc was observed in DU145 tumors in mice receiving RGD-4C AAVP-Luc.
  • tumor-associated bioluminescence signals could not be observed in control mice receiving the non-targeted AAVP-Luc or scrambled RGD-4C AAVP-Luc.
  • Repetitive 2-dimensional BLI of Luc reporter gene expression was performed every other day and provided an initial cost effective strategy to study the specificity, temporal dynamics, and spatial heterogeneity of reporter transgene expression mediated by AAVP.
  • the inventors next introduced into the AAVP vector the HSVtk gene, which can serve both as a suicide gene (when combined with gancyclovir; GCV) and as a reporter transgene for clinically applicable PET imaging with HSVtk-specific radiolabeled nucleoside analogues (e.g., [ 124 I]-FAIU, [ 18 F]-FHBG, and [ 18 F]-FEAU).
  • the inventors selected, synthesized and used the radiolabeled nucleoside analogue 2′-[ 18 F]-fluoro-2′-deoxy-1- ⁇ -D-arabino-furanosyl-5-ethyl-uracil ([ 18 F]-FEAU), which is a better radiolabeled substrate for the HSVtk enzyme than other nucleoside analogues, especially from pharmacokinetic considerations (a very low background activity in all normal organs and tissues) (Kang et al., 2005).
  • PET imaging with [ 18 F]-FEAU revealed a gradual increase in the level of HSVtk transgene expression in tumors (increase in % administered intravenous dose per gram) during the initial five days after administration of RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk, followed by gradual stabilization of HSVtk expression levels towards day 10 post vector administration.
  • AAVP-HSVtk in control tumor-bearing mice receiving nontargeted AAVP-HSVtk, only a minor increase in tumor accumulation of [ 18 F]-FEAU was observed at day 3, which rapidly decreased to background level ( FIG. 4D ).
  • no [ 18 F]-FEAU PET detectable HSVtk expression was observed in non-target organs or tissues ( FIG. 4B ).
  • low-level heterogeneous activity in the PET images represents normal background activity, which was intentionally intensified in images to demonstrate that no truncation of low levels of radioactivity was made to artificially “improve” the specificity of HSVtk expression in tumors versus non-target tissues.
  • tumors grew to reliably palpable sizes (approximately 350-400 mm 2 ), and a plateau of HSVtk expression was achieved in tumors, treatment with GCV was initiated in all cohorts of animals ( FIG. 4C ).
  • PET imaging with [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([ 18 F]-FDG) served to monitor glucose metabolism and GCV-induced changes in tumor viability.
  • a comprehensive panel of negative experimental controls including vehicle alone, vehicle plus GCV, non-targeted AAVP, non-targeted AAVP plus GCV, targeted RGD-4C AAVP, targeted RGD-4C AAVP-GFP, and targeted RGD-4C AAVP-GFP plus GCV (mock transduction) were used ( FIG. 6A ).
  • EF43 FGF4 tumors recovered seven days after therapy.
  • Extensive tumor destruction caused by the single systemic dose of RGD-4C AAVP-HSVtk plus GCV was noted.
  • hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining revealed uniform destruction of the central area of the tumor and only a small viable outer rim; in contrast, non-targeted AAVP-HSVtk had no such effect ( FIG. 6B ).
  • Staining with an anti-CD31 antibody confirmed both disrupted tumor blood vessels within the tumor central region and preserved vasculature towards the outer rim, whereas no damage was observed in the tumors treated with non-targeted AAVP-HSVtk ( FIG. 6B ).
  • the inventors also evaluated the tumors for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining, which marks apoptotic cells, because the HSVtk/GCV strategy is associated with apoptotic death of cells (Hamel et al., 1996).
  • TUNEL terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end-labeling
  • each tumor compartment i.e., tumor cells versus tumor vascular endothelium and/or stroma
  • the expression of the membrane target i.e., ⁇ v integrins
  • KS1775 strong
  • the stoichiometry of reporter gene expression depends not only from levels and patterns of reporter expression in individual cells, but also from the relative number of proliferating transgene-expressing cells versus dying transgene-expressing cells.
  • AAVP AAVP-associated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
  • systemic ligand-directed delivery of constructs with tissue and/or disease-specific promoters (instead of the CMV promoter) to target sites will allow monitoring expression of their corresponding native genes in vivo; such promoter-driven transcription of reporter activity will allow the study of cell trafficking and engraftment.
  • non-invasive imaging applications can be employed such as experimental monitoring of substrate-specific degradation, protein-protein interactions and other molecular events via reporter transactivation, complementation, or reconstitution strategies (Luker et al., 2004; De and Gambhir, 2005; Gross and Piwnica-Worms 2005b) in cells and in whole animals.
  • the inventors have recently described networks of gold nanoparticles and bacteriophage as biological sensors and cell targeting agents (Souza et al., 2006), such technology can be combined with ligand-directed AAVP to further improve molecular-genetic imaging.
  • AAVP itself may provide suitable reagents to study the mechanistic role of ITR structures in transgene persistence and chromosomal integration since (in contrast to AAV vectors) phage-based constructs with no ITRs can serve as negative experimental controls.
  • HUVEC Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
  • Cambrex Cambrex (Walkersville, Md.) and cultured in Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 as described previously (Tandle et al., 2005). All experiments were conducted with HUVEC in passage 3-5.
  • M21 human melanoma cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 u/ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, 100 ⁇ g/ml gentamicin and fungizone.
  • Pmel cells were grown in DMEM medium containing 10% serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 u/ml penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, 100 ⁇ g/ml gentamicin and fungizone.
  • AAVP AAVP Expressing TNF- ⁇ /EMAP-II.
  • the general design and construction of the AAVP backbone is described in Hajitou et al. (2006).
  • An AAVP construct expressing TNF- ⁇ was created in two steps. First, a 880 bp NotI/HindIII fragment from pG1SiTNF was digested and ligated into a pAAV-eGFP/NotI/HindIII vector replacing GFP gene sequences (Hwu et al., 1993). In the second step, fMCS/RGDMCS and AAV-TNF were digested by PvuII.
  • AAV-TNF- ⁇ with inverted terminal repeats were religated into the fMCS-/RGDMCS PvuII site to obtain an AAVP vector.
  • ITRs inverted terminal repeats
  • pfdTNF- ⁇ is a non-targeted vector
  • pRGDTNF is a targeted vector with binding affinity to cell surface ⁇ v integrin receptors.
  • EMAP-II sequences were amplified from pET-20bEMAP-II, using 3 primers to incorporate restriction enzyme sites and the secretable signal sequence in the PCR product.
  • Primer 1 is a 132 bp forward primer with NotI restriction enzyme site at the 5′ end followed by a signal sequence (designed from pSecTag2 vector, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) for extracellular secretion of gene product and EMAP-II sequences.
  • Primer 2 is a shorter version of primer 1 to facilitate amplification of the PCR product.
  • Primer 3 is a reverse primer with a HindIII restriction enzyme site at 3′ end. The PCR amplification generated a 667 bp product with NotI and HindIII enzyme sites and signal sequence.
  • the EMAP-II PCR product was cloned into the pCRII-TOPO cloning vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The resultant clones were sequenced, and then the 667 bp NotI/HindIII fragment was ligated into a pAAV-eGFP/NotI/HindIII vector as explained earlier.
  • fMCS/RGDMCS and AAV-EMAP-II were digested by PvuII and ligated to obtain an AAVP vector.
  • pfdEMAP-II is a non-targeted vector
  • pRGDEMAP-II is a targeted vector with binding affinity to cell surface ⁇ v integrin receptors.
  • Primer 1 5′ATTTGCGGCCGCTTTACCACCATGGAGACAGACACACTCCTGCTATGGGTACTGCT GCTCTGGGTTCCAGGTTCCACTGGTGACGCGGCCCAGCCGGCCAGGCGCCGTAAT GTCTAAGCCAATAGATGTT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:4); Primer 2: 5′ATTTGCGGCCGCTTTACCACCATGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:5); Primer 3: 5′ CCCAAGCTTGGGTTATTTGATTCCACTGTTGC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:6).
  • AAVP Particle Purification To obtain non-targeted and targeted AAVP particles, DNA was electroporated into MC1061 E. coli . Cells and virus particles were purified from the culture supernatant. Large scale AAVP particles were purified from permissive k91Kan cells. In order to determine the number of bacterial transducing units (TU), k91 cells were infected with serial dilutions of phage particles and plated on Luria-Bertani agar plates containing tetracycline and kanamycin TU was then determined by counting the number of bacterial colonies.
  • TU bacterial transducing units
  • M21 cells were grown overnight in 6-well tissue culture plates. To study vector internalization, cells were washed with the media and then infected with viral particles at 37° C. for 3 hrs. After incubation, plates were placed on ice for 5 min in order to stop viral internalization. Unbound particles were removed by extensive washing of cells in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). Extracellular viral particles were inactivated by treatment with Subtilisin (3 mg/ml subtilisin, 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA pH 8.0 in HBSS with no calcium and no magnesium) for 1 hr on ice (Ivanenkov et al., 1999).
  • Subtilisin 3 mg/ml subtilisin, 20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 2 mM EDTA pH 8.0 in HBSS with no calcium and no magnesium
  • IF Immunofluorescence Assay. IF was used to observe internalized viral particles in M21 cells. Briefly, cells grown on 8-well Lab-Tek chamber glass slides (Nunc, Rochester, N.Y.) were infected with AAVP particles by using DMEM containing 10% serum at 37° C. for 16 hrs. After infection, cells were washed with PBS, chambers were removed and cells were fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde for 10 min. Cells were permeabilized by 0.1% saponin (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) in PBS, and blocked with blocking buffer (PBS containing 1% BSA, 0.025% sodium azide, and 0.1% saponin) for 15 min.
  • PBS containing 1% BSA, 0.025% sodium azide, and 0.1% saponin
  • M21 cells were infected with AAVP particles as in the internalization assay. The medium was replaced at 48 hrs. At day 4 and day 12, the culture supernatant was collected to measure secretable cytokine levels by ELISA (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • Tissue Factor (TF) Assay To examine whether secreted TNF- ⁇ /EMAP-II is functional, we examined its ability to induce TF synthesis in endothelial cells ECs. Briefly, 2 ⁇ 10 5 HUVEC were plated on 6-well tissue culture plates per well. On the following day, cells were treated with M21 culture supernatants for 6 hrs in serum-free RPMI media. The cells were washed with PBS and incubated with 25 mM Tris pH 7.5 for 10 min at room temperature. The culture plates were then incubated at ⁇ 80° C. for 2 hrs. The total cell lysates were prepared in tissue factor assay buffer (20 mM Tris pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl and 0.1% BSA).
  • Lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 min.
  • the 100 ⁇ l lysate was analyzed for presence of tissue factor by measuring the time required for coagulation of Factor VIII-deficient plasma (Geroge King Biomedical Inc, Overland Park, Kans.) in the presence of CaCl 2 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) in an Amelung KC 4A Micro Coagulation Analyzer (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.).
  • the time required to coagulate Factor VIII-deficient plasma was converted to tissue factor units by using a standard calibration curve plotted with known tissue factor concentrations.
  • TNF- ⁇ Expression In-vivo. To detect TNF- ⁇ protein expression, total cell lysate was prepared from 5 ⁇ M frozen tissue sections using lysis buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 140 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS, 1% NP40 and 0.5% sodium deoxycholate) containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Branchburg, N.J.). The lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 10 min. The amount of protein was quantitated using protein assay reagent from BioRAD. The amount of lysate equivalent to 50 ⁇ g of total protein was assayed for human TNF- ⁇ by ELISA (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • TNF- ⁇ expression 5 ⁇ M frozen tissues were stained as follows. Briefly, sections were fixed in PBS containing 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, washed with PBS three times for 5 min each and non-specific binding was blocked with 5% goat serum for 20 min. Sections were incubated either with 1:200 diluted anti-fd antibody (Sigma, St.
  • TNF- ⁇ antibody Novus Biologicals, Littleton, Colo.
  • rat anti-mouse CD31 BD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.
  • washing buffer PBS containing 50 mM Tris pH 7.6 and 0.02% Tween-20. Endogenous peroxidase was blocked with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min followed by washing and incubation with 1:200 dilution of the secondary antimouse-HRP or biotinylated donkey anti-rat antibody for 30 min.
  • Sections were developed with diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride substrate (Dako, Carpinteria, Calif.) for 5 min and counterstained with hematoxylin for 30 sec, rinsed in tap water, dehydrated, cleared and mounted.
  • Apoptosis Assay Apoptosis was detected using the In Situ Apoptosis Detection kit, TACS TdT (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.), according to the manufacture's recommendations.
  • AAVP Particles are Internalized by Mammalian Cells. Previous studies have shown that phage particles can be internalized by integrin-mediated receptor internalization (Hajitou et al., 2006). M21 cells express ⁇ v ⁇ 3 receptors on their cell surface (data not shown). In order to examine, if M21 cells can internalize AAVP particles, we infected cells with AAVP particles and then counted internalized phage. After infection, the entire extracellular virus was inactivated by subtilisin treatment, cells were lysed and internalized phage was recovered in the lysate. The internalized AAVP concentration was measured as TU (Table 6).
  • IF was used to visualize the localization of internalized AAVP particles inside M21 cells.
  • Cells infected with non-targeted TNF- ⁇ expressing AAVP did not show phage localization ( FIG. 12A , upper panel).
  • cells infected with targeted AAVP expressing TNF- ⁇ showed enhanced localization inside M21 cells ( FIG. 12A , lower panel).
  • AAVP Mediated Gene Expression After determining that targeted AAVP can infect and localize inside the mammalian cells, we investigated whether virus infection could lead to expression of the gene product. M21 cells were infected with AAVP expressing TNF- ⁇ , in duplicates, and production of the TNF- ⁇ gene product was measured by ELISA. The gene product is secretable and can be detected in the culture supernatants ( FIG. 12B ). The supernatant tested after 5 days of infection showed TNF- ⁇ levels of 800 pg/ml. The gene product tested at day 12 was higher than day 4.
  • TNF- ⁇ tissue factor
  • FIG. 12C Recombinant TNF- ⁇ was used as a positive control.
  • the TF induction could be blocked by incubating culture supernatant with a TNF- ⁇ monoclonal antibody.
  • the culture supernatant analyzed 23 days post-infection also showed functional TNF- ⁇ secretion ( FIG. 12C ).
  • a single infection with AAVP resulted in the production of functional gene product up to 23 days following infection.
  • mice injected with either a diluent (PBS) or RGDTNF- ⁇ AAVP were euthanized at 15 min, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 8 days and 10 days after injection.
  • the frozen sections from tumor tissues were analyzed for the presence of viral particles by dual IF staining.
  • AAVP particles stain red (Alexa Flour 594), blood vessels green (Alexa Flour 488) and DAPI shows nuclear staining. None of the animals injected with PBS showed presence of AAVP at any time point.
  • a representative tumor section from an animal injected with PBS for 15 min is shown ( FIG. 13A ).
  • FIG. 13B -H The animals injected with AAVP expressing RGDTNF- ⁇ showed colocalization of virus particles in the blood vessels ( FIG. 13B -H). The greatest accumulation of virus particles was detected in animals injected after 15 min ( FIG. 13B ). The presence of AAVP was detected in all the time points tested, day 1 ( FIG. 13C )]], day 2 ( FIG. 13D ), day 3 ( FIG. 13E ), day 4 ( FIG. 13F ), day 8 ( FIG. 13G ), and day 10 ( FIG. 13H ). However, we noted a gradual decrease in detectable virus particles over time.
  • AAVP do not Target Normal Tissues In-Vivo.
  • two control tissues from nude mice injected with either PBS or AAVP expressing RGDTNF- ⁇ at different time points FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 . The presence of virus was detected using dual IF staining as previously described.
  • FIG. 14 shows kidney sections stained for presence of virus particles. AAVP particles were not detected in kidney in any of the time points tested, day 1 ( FIG. 15A ), day 2 ( FIG. 15B ), day 3 ( FIG. 15C ), day 8 ( FIG. 15D ) and day 10 ( FIG. 15E ). Nevertheless, all the kidney tissues at different time points showed good vessels staining.
  • FIG. 17A To see the effect of TNF- ⁇ expression we stained tumor sections, for apoptosis. The DNA fragmentation was detected using TACS blue label. The apoptotic cells stain blue ( FIG. 17B , left panel). To discriminate apoptotic cells from necrotic cells, the samples were counterstained with nuclear fast red to aid in the morphological verification of apoptosis. We observed blood vessels and surrounding tumor cells undergoing apoptosis. The right panel shows blood vessels stained with a CD31 specific antibody ( FIG. 17B , right panel).
  • TNF- ⁇ sensitive M21
  • TNF- ⁇ resistant Pmel
  • AAVP expressing TNF- ⁇ human melanoma M21 tumors, which are sensitive to TNF- ⁇ , were grown subcutaneously in nude mice. After tumor development, mice were treated systemically via tail vein injections with various AAVP constructs or PBS. The animals were followed for 27 days.
  • the treatment of the M21 tumors with targeted AAVP expressing TNF- ⁇ (RGDTNF- ⁇ ) showed characteristic central tumor necrosis and tumor shrinkage.
  • the PBS-treated group had mean tumor volume of 743 ⁇ 383 ( ⁇ SD) mm 3
  • non-targeted fdTNF group had mean tumor volume of 613 ⁇ 155 ( ⁇ SD) mm 3
  • null-targeted RGD phage had mean tumor volume of 622 ⁇ 141 ( ⁇ SD) mm 3
  • targeted TNF ⁇ expressing group had mean tumor volume of 358 ⁇ 98 ( ⁇ SD) mm 3 (p ⁇ 0.048) ( FIG. 18A ).
  • the reduction in tumor volume in the RGDTNF- ⁇ group was statistically significant starting at day 20.
  • mice treated with non-targeted AAVP expressing EMAP-II showed similar tumor growth compared to mice treated with PBS alone.
  • mice treated with either rTNF- ⁇ or targeted AAVP expressing EMAP-II RGDEMAP-II alone showed very little effect, and were not significantly different than the PBS or fdEMAP-II group.
  • CRTIGPSVC SEQ ID NO:1
  • AAVP-Luc AAVP-Luc after systemic administration into animals bearing U87 human-derived glioblastoma cells. Luciferase activity was measured after 7 days of phage injection.

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AU2007234698B2 (en) 2013-08-01
WO2007118245A2 (fr) 2007-10-18
US9827327B2 (en) 2017-11-28
BRPI0710671A2 (pt) 2011-08-16
BRPI0710671B8 (pt) 2021-05-25
CN101460055A (zh) 2009-06-17
CA2649182C (fr) 2018-01-02
WO2007118245A8 (fr) 2008-10-02
DK2009990T3 (en) 2017-01-09
JP5479087B2 (ja) 2014-04-23
US20120178903A1 (en) 2012-07-12
US20100254896A1 (en) 2010-10-07
CA2649182A1 (fr) 2007-10-18
US20180256740A1 (en) 2018-09-13
BRPI0710671B1 (pt) 2020-08-11
EP2009990A2 (fr) 2009-01-07
WO2007118245A3 (fr) 2008-11-13
EP2009990A4 (fr) 2010-12-01
AU2007234698A1 (en) 2007-10-18
US8470528B2 (en) 2013-06-25
EP2009990B1 (fr) 2016-09-21

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