US20070104225A1 - Communication apparatus, transmitter, receiver, and error correction optical communication system - Google Patents

Communication apparatus, transmitter, receiver, and error correction optical communication system Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070104225A1
US20070104225A1 US11/278,274 US27827406A US2007104225A1 US 20070104225 A1 US20070104225 A1 US 20070104225A1 US 27827406 A US27827406 A US 27827406A US 2007104225 A1 US2007104225 A1 US 2007104225A1
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Prior art keywords
frame
error correction
interleaver
error
positions
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US11/278,274
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Inventor
Takashi Mizuochi
Naoki Suzuki
Seiji Kozaki
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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Assigned to MITSUBISHI DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA reassignment MITSUBISHI DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KOZAKI, SEIJI, MIZUOCHI, TAKASHI, SUZUKI, NAOKI
Priority to US11/682,753 priority Critical patent/US7917833B2/en
Publication of US20070104225A1 publication Critical patent/US20070104225A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0041—Arrangements at the transmitter end
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • H03M13/05—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
    • H03M13/13—Linear codes
    • H03M13/15—Cyclic codes, i.e. cyclic shifts of codewords produce other codewords, e.g. codes defined by a generator polynomial, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem [BCH] codes
    • H03M13/151—Cyclic codes, i.e. cyclic shifts of codewords produce other codewords, e.g. codes defined by a generator polynomial, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem [BCH] codes using error location or error correction polynomials
    • H03M13/1515—Reed-Solomon codes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • H03M13/05—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
    • H03M13/13—Linear codes
    • H03M13/17—Burst error correction, e.g. error trapping, Fire codes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/27—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes using interleaving techniques
    • H03M13/2703—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes using interleaving techniques the interleaver involving at least two directions
    • H03M13/2707—Simple row-column interleaver, i.e. pure block interleaving
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
    • H04L1/0071—Use of interleaving

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an error correction optical communication system having a forward error correction (FEC) function, and, more particularly to an error correction optical communication system that transmits and receives a non-interleaved information frame.
  • FEC forward error correction
  • An optical access system a so-called “Fiber To The Home (FTTH)”, that transmits large-capacity information to houses and offices, is being distributed rapidly.
  • FTTH Fiber To The Home
  • PON Packet Control Protocol
  • PON Passive Optical Network
  • the GE-PON has a configuration that an “Optical Line Terminal (OLT)” as a station-side device and an “Optical Network Unit (ONU)” as a user-side device are connected in two directions with one optical fiber via an optical branch unit.
  • OLT Optical Line Terminal
  • ONU Optical Network Unit
  • a point-to-multipoint connection for example, a connection between one OLT and 32 ONUs, is made possible by carrying out a burst transmission and reception in which a time slot is shared among users.
  • the optical branch unit braches power. Therefore, the optical power that each ONU receives is attenuated to one to the number of branches, and light that the OLT receives from each ONU is also attenuated to one to the number of branches. Consequently, a bit error is likely to occur. Furthermore, the fact that a laser diode having low performance is being used to decrease the cost is also likely to cause this bit error problem.
  • each of the OLT and the ONU is equipped with the FEC function, and a system of correcting bit errors whose amount is smaller than that the FEC can correct is standardized in the IEEE Std 802.3ah.
  • the FEC prescribed by the “IEEE Std 802.3ah.” is Reed-Solomon (255, 239).
  • FEC parity 16-byte error correction symbols
  • zeros are filled in the data to satisfy 239 bytes.
  • a starting sequence and an ending sequence are added before and after the FEC parity to be added.
  • the added FEC parity is disregarded, thereby carrying out communications without changing the conventional device.
  • the Reed-Solomon (255, 239) error correction system has a capacity to be able to correct up to octuple byte errors.
  • the Reed-Solomon (255, 239) error correction system can correct all bit errors when the error is within eight bytes among 255 bytes.
  • the Reed-Solomon (255, 239) cannot correct the error.
  • bit errors occur continuously in some cases, due to a fluctuation of polarization, non-linearity of an optical fiber, or insufficient performance of a transmitter/receiver.
  • an FEC encoder adds the FEC parity to a transmission information frame, and thereafter, an interleaver changes the order of bits, at the transmission side.
  • an interleaver changes the order of bits, at the transmission side.
  • a process opposite to that carried out at the transmission side is carried out.
  • a de-interleaver and an FEC decoder are used to reproduce the transmission information frame.
  • the bit order is changed within 16 codewords.
  • the standard GE-PON device has both systems using the FEC and the system not using the FEC. Therefore, an interleave operation of the Ethernet® data series is not carried out. This is because when the interleave of the Ethernet® data series is carried out, a system that does not have a de-interleaver (not using the FEC) at the reception side cannot receive the data. Therefore, according to the Reed-Solomon ( 255 , 239 ) error correction system that does not carry out interleaving of the Ethernet® data series, even when one bit error occurs for each nine bytes within one block in the Reed-Solomon (255, 239), this block cannot be corrected in the worst case. Consequently, the Ethernet® packet is discarded by an Ethernet® frame check sequence. In other words, the burst error tolerance is considerably low.
  • a communication apparatus which includes a transmitting unit and a receiving unit each of which has an error correction function and transmits and receives respectively a information frame sufficiently longer than a codeword, is constructed such that the transmitting unit further includes: a first interleaver that rearranges positions of bits in an information frame based on a predetermined rule; an error correction encoder that carries out an error correction encoding to the information frame whose bit positions have been rearranged; and a transmission signal generator that inserts error correction parities obtained by the encoding operation into predetermined positions of the information frame, thereby generating a transmission signal, whereas the receiving unit further includes: a reception signal extractor that receives the transmission signal and extracts a part corresponding to the information frame and the other part corresponding to the error correction parities, from the thus received transmission signal; a second interleaver that rearranges positions of the bits in the information frame part based on the same rule as that of the first interleaver; a decoder that corrects an
  • a communication apparatus which includes a transmitting unit and a receiving unit each of which has an error correction function and transmits and receives respectively an information frame that is sufficiently short to an extent that a burst error cannot be corrected satisfactorily when the information frame is interleaved as a single frame
  • the transmitting unit further includes: a first frame generator that generates a frame sufficiently longer than a codeword, by combining a plurality of information frames; a first interleaver that rearranges positions of bits in the frame generated by the first frame generator, based on a predetermined rule; an error correction encoder that carries out an error correction encoding to the frame of whose bit positions have been rearranged; and a transmission signal generator that inserts error correction parities obtained by the encoding operation, into predetermined positions of the information frame
  • the receiving unit further includes: a reception signal extractor that receives the transmission signal and extracts a part corresponding to the information frame and the other part corresponding to the error correction
  • a transmitter that transmits an information frame sufficiently longer than a codeword includes: an interleaver that rearranges positions of bits in an information frame based on a predetermined rule; an error correction encoder that carries out an error correction encoding to the information frame whose bit positions have been rearranged; and a transmission signal generator that inserts error correction parities obtained by encoding into predetermined positions in the information frame, thereby generating a transmission signal.
  • a transmitter that transmits an information frame, which is sufficiently short to an extent that a burst error cannot be corrected satisfactorily when the information frame is interleaved as a single frame is constructed such that it includes: a frame generator that generates a frame sufficiently longer than a codeword, by combining a plurality of information frames; an interleaver that rearranges positions of bits in the frame generated by the frame generator, based on a predetermined rule; an error correction encoder that carries out an error correction encoding to the frame whose bit positions have been rearranged; and a transmission signal generator that inserts error correction parities obtained by the encoding operation, into predetermined positions of the information frame.
  • a receiver that has an error correction function, and receives an information frame sufficiently longer than a codeword, is constructed such that it includes: a reception signal extractor that extracts a part corresponding to an information frame and a part corresponding to an error correction parity, from a reception signal; an interleaver that rearranges positions of the bits in the information frame part, based on the same rule as that used at a transmitter side; a decoder that corrects an error of bits rearranged by the interleaver, based on the error correction parity part; and a de-interleaver that reproduces an information frame by returning positions of the error-corrected bits to the original bit positions.
  • a receiver which has an error correction function, and receives an information frame that is sufficiently short to an extent that a burst error cannot be corrected satisfactorily when the information frame is interleaved as a single frame, is constructed such that it includes: a reception signal extractor that extracts a part corresponding to an information frame and a part corresponding to a plurality of error correction parities, from a reception signal; a frame generator that generates a frame sufficiently longer than a codeword, by combining a plurality of information frames; an interleaver that rearranges positions of bits in the frame generated by the frame generator, based on the same rule as that used at a transmitter side; a decoder that corrects an error of bits rearranged by the interleaver, based on the error correction parity part; a de-interleaver that returns positions of the error-corrected bits to the original bit positions; and a frame divider that divides the error-corrected frame obtained by the de-inter
  • an error-correction optical communication system includes a transmitting unit and a receiving unit constructed as disclosed above, each of which has an error correction function, and transmits and receives respectively an information frame which is sufficiently longer than a codeword.
  • an error-correction optical communication system includes a transmitting unit and a receiving unit constructed as disclosed above, each of which has an error correction function, and transmits and receives respectively an information frame that is sufficiently short to an extent that a burst error cannot be corrected satisfactorily when the information frame is interleaved as a single frame.
  • FIG. 1 is a configuration example of an error correction optical communication system according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2A is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 2B is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 2C is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 2D is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 2E is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 2F is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 3A is one example of an Ethernet® frame which is made an FEC frame
  • FIG. 3B is another example of an Ethernet® frame which is made an FEC frame
  • FIG. 4 is still another example of an Ethernet® frame which is made an FEC frame
  • FIG. 5 is a configuration example of the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 6A is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 6B is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 6C is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 6D is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 6E is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 6F is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 6G is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 6H is an explanatory diagram of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system
  • FIG. 1 is a configuration example of an error correction optical communication system according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • the error correction optical communication system includes a transmitter 1 as a communication apparatus at a transmission side, and a receiver 2 as a communication apparatus at a reception side.
  • the transmitter 1 includes an interleaver 11 , and an FEC encoder 12 , a buffer 13 and a selector 14 .
  • the receiver 2 includes a selector 21 , an interleaver 22 , an FEC decoder 23 and a de-interleaver 24 .
  • communications are carried out in one direction from the transmitter 1 to the receiver 2 to simplify the explanation.
  • each communication apparatus has both a transmitter and a receiver, and can achieve communications in both directions.
  • the transmitter 2 branches a received transmission information frame into two.
  • the interleaver 11 changes the order of the bits that constitute the transmission information frame, based on a predetermined rule
  • the FEC encoder 12 carries out an error correction encoding, thereby generating an FEC parity.
  • the buffer 13 adds a delay to the transmission information frame for the time period required to carry out the interleave and the error correction.
  • the selector 14 adds the FEC parity to a predetermined position of the transmission information frame received via the buffer 13 , thereby generating a transmission signal.
  • the receiver 2 receives the transmission signal that receives the influence of noise in the transmission path.
  • the selector 21 divides the received signal into an information frame part and an FEC parity part.
  • the interleaver 22 changes the order of bits of the information frame part in the same order as that carried out by the interleaver 11 at the transmitter 1 side.
  • the FEC decoder 23 carries out the error correction using the FEC parity extracted in the selector 21 .
  • the de-interleaver 24 returns the order of the bits of the error-corrected information frame to the original order.
  • the de-interleaver 24 of the receiver 2 outputs the bits whose positions have been rearranged, as a reception information frame.
  • FIGS. 2A to 2 F are explanatory diagrams of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system. Specifically, the flow includes the encoding of a transmission information frame, and the reproduction of the reception information from the reception signal.
  • FIG. 2A depicts one example of a transmission information frame.
  • one transmission information frame is divided into four sub-frames ( 1 ) to ( 4 ).
  • FIG. 2B depicts a bit string after the interleaver 11 and the FEC encoder 12 of the transmitter 1 carried out the process.
  • the interleaver 11 divides the sub-frame into four sub-frames, and arranges the divided pieces in the order of the sub-frames (a) to (d).
  • the FEC parities, corresponding to A, B, C, and D in FIG. 2B are added respectively to the four-piece blocks after the interleaving operation is carried out.
  • Each of the four-piece blocks and the FEC parities added to each of the four-piece blocks constitute one codeword.
  • the transmission signal (corresponding to the output of the selector 14 ) is transmitted in a state that the FEC parities are inserted into the four non-interleaved sub-frames.
  • FIG. 2C depicts the output of the selector 21 of the receiver 2 .
  • a state that a burst error has occurred in the sub-frame ( 2 ) due to a noise on the transmission path is shown.
  • the selector 21 selectively outputs the sub-frame part (corresponding to the information frame part) and the FEC parity part.
  • FIG. 2D depicts a state that the interleaver 22 of the receiver 2 changes the order of the bits. The order of the bits is changed based on the same rule as that used at the transmission side, and the burst error that has occurred in the sub-frame ( 2 ) is allocated to four different codewords.
  • FIG. 2E depicts a state that the FEC decoder 23 has corrected all the errors. For example, even when a burst error that cannot be corrected straight has occurred as shown in FIG. 2C , the interleaver 22 can correct the burst error by allocating the error to plural codewords.
  • FIG. 2F depicts a state that the de-interleaver 24 has reproduced original sub-frames ( 1 ) to ( 4 ).
  • the transmission information frame is sufficiently longer than the error correction codewords and those plural sub-frames can be interleaved.
  • the method of interleaving is not limited to that described above, and the positions of the bits of the information frame can be rearranged based on any rule.
  • the communication apparatus at the transmission side generates the FEC parities using the interleaver and the FEC encoder, and inserts the FEC parities into the transmission information frame and sends this frame.
  • the communication apparatus at the reception side extracts the error information frame and the FEC parities from the received signal.
  • the interleaver rearranges the order of bits of the extracted information frame based on the same rule as that used at the transmission side.
  • the FEC decoder corrects the information frame whose bit positions are rearranged, using the extracted FEC parities.
  • the de-interleaver rearranges the bits of the error-corrected reception information frame, based on the rule opposite to the used above.
  • the frame obtained as a result of rearranging the bits is output as the reproduced reception information frame. Consequently, a burst error can be corrected satisfactorily, without requiring the communication apparatus at the transmission side to send the interleaved signal.
  • the error correction optical communication system has the same configuration as that of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 .
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B depict an example of an Ethernet® frame which is made an FEC frame (codeword).
  • the Ethernet® frame corresponds to the above transmission information frame.
  • the Ethernet® frame is prescribed by the “IEEE Std 802.3ah.”
  • FIG. 3A depicts that all areas other than the FEC parities are to be interleaved
  • FIG. 3B depicts that only the Ethernet® frame is to be interleaved
  • S_FEC denotes a marker that expresses the head of the FEC frame
  • T_FEC denotes a marker that expresses the tail of the FEC frame.
  • the whole frames shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B correspond to one codeword, i.e., correspond to one of the four codewords shown in FIG. 2B .
  • the FEC frames shown in FIG. 3A , FIG. 3B , and FIG. 4 are 8B-to-10B converted in the transmission path.
  • a byte of eight bits that constitute the FEC frame and a byte as one unit of the 8B-to-10B conversion are byte-synchronized so that the header bits of these bytes coincide with each other.
  • propagation of a bit error that has occurred in the transmission path to plural bytes of the FEC frames can be prevented.
  • an original Ethernet® frame the Ethernet® frame before dividing
  • the area which is short is filled with dummy bits by a virtual calculation of the FEC parity.
  • the dummy bits are virtual, and are not actually present in the serial bit string to be transmitted to the transmission path.
  • the Ethernet® frame when the Ethernet® frame is to be applied to the error correction optical communication system, it is made an FEC frame (codeword) as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B .
  • the Ethernet® frame is divided into plural sub-frames, and the plural sub-frames are interleaved as described above. Based on this arrangement, the same effect as that achieved in the first embodiment can be also achieved in the system using the Ethernet® frame.
  • the error correction optical communication system has the same configuration as that of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the Ethernet® frame that is made an FEC frame (codeword) is explained like in the second embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 depicts one example in which the Ethernet® frame is made an FEC frame (codeword).
  • the Ethernet® frame is divided into sub-frames, and plural sub-frames are interleaved (as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B ), thereby generating the FEC parities, in a similar manner to that described above.
  • the Reed-Solomon codes having a high error correction capacity are used as the FEC to the error correction optical communication system shown in the first embodiment. Based on this arrangement, the same effect as that achieved in the first and the second embodiments can be also achieved, and a general-purpose system can be obtained.
  • an error correction optical communication system according to a fourth embodiment is explained below.
  • the error correction optical communication system can achieve a similar effect to that of the above embodiments, even in a case in which one transmission information frame is short, and thus a satisfactory burst error correction effect cannot be achieved when the transmission information frame is interleaved as a single frame. This is explained below.
  • FIG. 5 is a configuration diagram of the error correction optical communication system according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
  • the error correction optical communication system includes a transmitter 1 a as a communication apparatus at a transmission side, and a receiver 2 a as a communication apparatus at a reception side.
  • the transmitter 1 a includes a framer 15 a , in addition to the configuration of the first embodiment.
  • the receiver 2 a includes a framer 25 a , and a de-framer 26 a , in addition to the configuration of the first embodiment. Configurations similar to those explained in the first to the third embodiments are not explained herein.
  • a frame sufficiently longer than the codeword is formed by combining plural transmission information frames as in the above embodiments.
  • the burst error is corrected using this long frame.
  • the framers 15 a and 25 a generate one frame by combining plural short transmission frames.
  • the de-framer 26 a disassembles the bit string, which is de-interleaved by the de-interleaver 24 in advance, into an original short transmission information frame, thereby generating the reception information frame.
  • FIGS. 6A to 6 H are explanatory diagrams of a flow of transmission and reception processes in the error correction optical communication system. Specifically, the flow includes the encoding of a transmission information frame, and the reproduction of the reception information from the reception signal.
  • FIG. 6A depicts one example of a transmission information frame.
  • each of transmission information frames ( 1 ) to ( 4 ) (shown by “Information” in FIG. 6A ) has only the same length as that of a codeword that constitutes an error correction code.
  • FIG. 6B depicts an output of the framer 15 a that combines the four transmission information frames to compose one frame.
  • FIG. 6C depicts a bit string after the interleaver 11 and the FEC encoder 12 of the transmitter 1 a carry out the process.
  • the interleaver 11 divides the frame generated by the framer 15 a , into four frames, and arranges the divided pieces in the order of (a) to (d).
  • the transmission signal corresponding to the output of the selector 14 , is transmitted in the state that the FEC parities are inserted into the four non-interleaved transmission information frames.
  • FIG. 6D depicts the output of the selector 21 of the receiver 2 a .
  • a state that a burst error has occurred in the information frame ( 2 ) due to a noise on the transmission path is shown.
  • the selector 21 selectively outputs the information frame part and the FEC parity part.
  • FIG. 6E depicts a state that the interleaver 22 of the receiver 2 a changes the order of the bits. The order of the bits is changed based on the same rule as that used at the transmission side, and the burst error that has occurred in the information frame ( 2 ) is allocated to four different codewords.
  • FIG. 6F depicts a state that the FEC decoder 23 has corrected all the errors. Even when a burst error that cannot be corrected straight has occurred as shown in FIG. 6D , the interleaver 22 can correct the burst error by allocating the error into plural codewords.
  • FIG. 6G depicts a state that the de-interleaver 24 has reproduced the original frame by combining the four transmission information frames.
  • FIG. 6H depicts a state that the de-framer 26 a divides the frame shown in FIG. 6G , thereby generating the reception information frame.
  • the framers 15 a , 25 a and the de-framer 26 a can interleave the frame as plural transmission information frames. Accordingly, when a burst error as shown in FIG. 6D occurs, the burst error can be corrected satisfactorily, like in the above embodiments.
  • a burst error can be corrected satisfactorily, without requiring the communication apparatus at the transmission side to send the interleaved signal.

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US20090080510A1 (en) * 2007-09-21 2009-03-26 Thomas Wiegand Information Signal, Apparatus and Method for Encoding an Information Content, and Apparatus and Method for Error Correcting an Information Signal
US20090254793A1 (en) * 2006-06-26 2009-10-08 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Communication apparatus
US20110158653A1 (en) * 2006-12-06 2011-06-30 Mazed Mohammad A Dynamic intelligent bidirectional optical access communication system with object/intelligent appliance-to-object/intelligent appliance interaction
US11146288B2 (en) * 2017-09-29 2021-10-12 Intel Corporation Technologies for applying a redundancy encoding scheme to segmented network packets
US20220276924A1 (en) * 2019-03-15 2022-09-01 Nvidia Corporation Techniques for storing data to enhance recovery and detection of data corruption errors
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