GB2395636A - Serial concatenated coding or parallel concatenated coding in an optical fibre transmission system - Google Patents
Serial concatenated coding or parallel concatenated coding in an optical fibre transmission system Download PDFInfo
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- GB2395636A GB2395636A GB0226926A GB0226926A GB2395636A GB 2395636 A GB2395636 A GB 2395636A GB 0226926 A GB0226926 A GB 0226926A GB 0226926 A GB0226926 A GB 0226926A GB 2395636 A GB2395636 A GB 2395636A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0045—Arrangements at the receiver end
- H04L1/0047—Decoding adapted to other signal detection operation
- H04L1/005—Iterative decoding, including iteration between signal detection and decoding operation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
- H03M13/2903—Methods and arrangements specifically for encoding, e.g. parallel encoding of a plurality of constituent codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
- H03M13/2906—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes using block codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
- H03M13/2906—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes using block codes
- H03M13/2927—Decoding strategies
- H03M13/293—Decoding strategies with erasure setting
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
- H03M13/2948—Iterative decoding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
- H03M13/2957—Turbo codes and decoding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0064—Concatenated codes
- H04L1/0065—Serial concatenated codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0064—Concatenated codes
- H04L1/0066—Parallel concatenated codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/27—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes using interleaving techniques
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0057—Block codes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0071—Use of interleaving
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- Probability & Statistics with Applications (AREA)
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- Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
- Error Detection And Correction (AREA)
Abstract
In the serial concatenation embodiment of Figure 2 (shown below) input data is forward error correction encoded using a first encoder (preferably a Reed-Solomon RS (247, 239) encoder) to produce a first codeword which is interleaved and then the interleaved codeword is encoded using a second encoder (preferably a RS (255, 247) encoder) to produce a concatenated codeword. In the parallel concatenation embodiment of Figure 1 input data is passed to a first encoder and an interleaved version of the original input data is encoded using a second encoder. Both the first and second encoders have the same encoding rate and are preferably both RS (247, 239) encoders. The preferred serial and parallel concatenation embodiments thus each have code rate RS (255, 239).
Description
System and Method for Forward Error Correction in Optical Fiber
Transmission Systems The present invention relates to the field of optical fiber transmission
5 systems. More particularly, the invention proposes a system and a method for providing forward error correction in an optical fiber transmission system by means of which improved performance is achieved in terms of coding gain. 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
As it is widely known, transmission of data through an optical fiber transmission system may become subject to deterioration and degradation caused by loss, distortion, dispersion, etc. In order to overcome signal attenuation and deterioration, a number of solutions are known. One of these 15 known solutions is, for example, the use of optical amplifiers located at predetermined distances along the transmission line in order to boost the power in the transmitted signal.
Nevertheless, there are certain limitations in using such optical amplifiers as the noise introduced by successive amplifications can itself degrade 20 substantially the signal and thus regeneration becomes necessary.
Forward Error Correction (FEC) is another known technique by means of which error occurring during the transmission of the optical signal can be detected and corrected. According to this procedure, redundant information is added to and transmitted together with transported useful data, using a 25 pre-determined algorithm. The detection and correction of multiple bit errors that could occur during transmission is performed at the receiving side by examining the status of the redundant information. This solution gives rise to a more robust signal transmission thus allowing to build up longer distance connections without the deployment of many repeater stations.
- 2 One of the known methods in performing FEC is the so-called Reed-
Solomon coding. According to this method, a Reed-Solomon encoder adds the redundant bits to a block of digital data on the basis of a coding scheme.
On the receiver side, a Reed-Solomon decoder receives and processes the 5 data for correction of errors. Different coding schemes can provide for different levels of correction of errors.
The general format of a Reed-Solomon coding scheme is represented as: RS(n,k), where n is the total number of the symbols in the data block and k is the number of symbols carrying useful data. A symbol may be mapped into a 10 group of bits, for example a byte of 8 bits. The difference between n and k, namely n -k (n minus k) represents the redundant symbols.
The use of Reed-Solomon codes can help reduce substantially the probability of an error remaining in the received and decoded data as compared to when Reed-Solomon coding is not used. In other words, in 15 order for a transmission without Reed-Solomon FEC to obtain a performance comparable to the case where Reed-Solomon coding is used, the transmission would require much higher energy. The difference in value of power required for each case represents a saving in energy, which is usually referred to as coding gain.
20 The ratio of the number of binary errors received in a specific period to the total number of bits received in the same period is called Bit Error Ratio (also referred to as Bit Error Rate), commonly abbreviated as BER.
In a typical Reed-Solomon coding of RS(255,239) the coding gain is about 5.3dB at a BER of 10-'3 with a code rate of 0.937. The code rate is the ratio 25 of information data bits to the total number of bits transmitted in one data block, or code word. Thus the higher the code rate, the higher amount of information data is transmitted in the code word and thus less redundancy is added thereto.
- 3 This means that a trade off is involved between the data information transmitted, namely the available bandwidth, and the level of error correction used for such transmission. Clearly it is desirable that each transmission is provided with maximum bandwidth possible while at the same time the level 5 of error correction is maintained at an optimum level.
In fact, in optical transmission systems, RS(255,239) is a standard FEC coding scheme. Therefore it is further desirable to maintain the same bit rate as used in usual practice, for example the standard code rate and increase the coding gain.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In order to overcome the above drawbacks, the solution provided by the present invention is proposed. According to the invention, concatenation of two or more FEC codes with a low redundancy is employed in order to 15 construct a FEC coding scheme having a coding rate as used in the conventional Reed-Solomon codes, e.g. RS(255,239).
Although in the description that follows, Reed-Solomon FEC coding scheme
is used for describing the solution, the invention is not to be construed as being limited to only Reed-Solomon coding schemes. Other known FEC 20 coding schemes such as, for example, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem generally referred to as BCH in the related art - or a combination of Reed Solomon and BCH may also be used for arriving to the solution proposed by the invention. Nevertheless, RS(255,239) coding scheme has been chosen as a preferred example due to the fact that it is a standard code used in 25 optical transmission systems according to ITU G975 and ITU G709 definitions. An advantage of the solution proposed by the present invention lies in the fact that the overall code rate of the concatenated codes is maintained at the same as that proposed by standards, e.g. RS(255,239) scheme for Reed
- 4 Solomon applications. Therefore the implementation of the solution herein proposed would be readily possible on conventional optical transmission systems without a need for performing modifications on the equipment conventionally used.
5 After transmission, the concatenated FEC scheme is decoded at the receiver side, preferably by an iterative decoding process as will be discussed further below. Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide a system for forward error correction in optical fiber transmission systems, said forward 10 error correction system comprising a first encoder for encoding a data bit stream by adding redundant symbols thereto thereby producing a first code word having a first code rate, characterized in that the system comprises an interleaver for interleaving said first code word and at least one additional encoder for encoding said interleaved code word by adding further 15 redundant symbols thereto thereby producing a concatenated code word having an overall code rate such that the overall code rate of the concatenated code word scheme is equal to a predetermined code rate.
According to an aspect of the invention, said resulting concatenated code word is decoded at a receiver by means of iterative decoding.
20 According to another aspect of the invention said concatenation is serial or parallel. According to yet another aspect of the invention, said predetermined code rate is equal to RS(255,239).
Another object of the present invention is that providing a method for forward 25 error correction in optical fiber transmission systems, comprising the step of encoding, by a first encoder of said forward error correction system, of a data bit stream by adding redundant symbols thereto thereby producing a first code word having a first code rate, characterized by the further steps of interleaving said first code word by means of an interleaver and encoding, by
- 5 at least one additional encoder of said forward error correction system, of said data bit stream by adding redundant symbols thereto thereby producing an additional code word and concatenating said first code word and said additional code word such that the overall code rate of the concatenated 5 coding scheme is equal to a predetermined code rate.
These and other features of the present invention will be further described hereinbelow with the aid of the accompanying drawings.
BREIF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
10 Figure 1 illustrates a block diagram of a FEC coding scheme according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 2 illustrates a block diagram of a FEC coding scheme according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 3 illustrates a simulated performance in terms of BER vs Q factor of 15 an optical signal transmitted using concatenated code scheme according to the invention including illustration of iterative decoding at the receiver side.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a FEC coding scheme according to an 20 embodiment of the present invention wherein parallel concatenation is performed. In said figure, information data bit streams are carried through the transmission path 1. A branch 2 provides a separate path for encoding the information data. Branch 2 is in turn branched into parallel paths 21 and 22. As it can be appreciated in the figure, path 22 has a first FEC encoder 23 25 in order to encode the data information and provide a code word for performing forward error correction at the destination of the signal. In the case of the example of figure 1, the FEC encoder may be a Reed-Solomon encoder with a predetermined, low redundancy coding scheme such as for example RS(247,239). This means that 239 symbols of useful data are
- 6 encoded in a block of 247 symbols, thus the remaining 8 symbols are redundancies added to the information data. Therefore the code rate of the code word in this example would be slightly over 0.967.
In path 22 an interleaver 24 is placed in order to store and interleave the 5 information data carried through this path. A second FEC encoder 25 is used in order to provide a second coding and redundancies. In the case of the example of figure 1, this second FEC encoder may also be a ReedSolomon encoder with a coding rate being the same as that of the first FEC encoder 23. However, it is to be noted that the coding rate of the second FEC need 10 not be always the same as that of the first FEC and being the same is only an option chosen for the example given in the present case.
The resulting 8 redundancy symbols are outputted from each FEC encoders 23 and 25 and travel through paths 26 and 27 where they are added at a point 28 to the original 239 information symbols on to the main transmission 15 line 1 for further transmission towards the destination. The obtained code word therefore has a length of 255.
As mentioned above, the line bit rate and the FEC frame of the proposed solution are the same as those of a standard FEC scheme for optical transmission systems. However, the proposed solution yields better 20 performance in terms of coding gain. This is because using an interleaving process provides the possibility of spreading the errors into different code words and thus more errors could be corrected as compared to the case where only a single code scheme is used.
The performance can be improved even further when iterative decoding is 25 used. Concatenated codes associated to an adequate interleaving/de-
interleaving process allow the implementation of an iterative decoding process. With iterative decoding, the number of errors decreases after each iteration. This improvement will be discussed further below in relation to figure 3.
Referring now to Figure 2, there is provided an alternative embodiment of the solution proposed by the present invention wherein serial concatenation is performed. In this figure, for the sake of easy understanding, like elements are represented by like reference numerals as in figure 1. In the embodiment 5 of figure 2, useful information data is carried through the transmission path 1.
A branch 2 provides a separate path for encoding the information data.
Branch 2 inputs the signal in a first FEC encoder 23 in order to encode the data information providing a code word for performing forward error correction at the destination of the signal. In the case of the example of 10 figure 2, the FEC encoder may also be a Reed-Solomon encoder with a predetermined, low redundancy coding scheme such as for example RS(247, 239) with a code rate of slightly over 0.967.
The encoded signal outputted from the FEC encoder 23 is inputted in an interleaver 24 so as to provide interleaving of the encoded data as the latter 15 is outputted from the interleaver and inputted in a second FEC encoder 25.
The redundancies produced by the two encoders travel through path 29 and are added at a point 28 to the original 239 information symbols, thus transferring the concatenated code words of encoded signals on to the main transmission line 1 for further transmission towards the destination.
20 It is to be noted that the procedures of encoding the information data bit streams as well as those of concatenation of the code words are performed according to known and conventional methods; therefore details on how these procedures are carried out are considered not necessary for the sake of understanding the solution herein disclosed.
25 The above-mentioned improvement obtained by iterative decoding may be seen in the simulation graphs of figure 3 representing performance in terms of bit error rate (BER in the Y axis of the figure) vs Q factor per information bit (the X axis of the figure in dB). It may be appreciated in this figure that a conventional FEC decoding provides a response as the one shown with the
- 8 dotted line of the figure. First, second, third and forth iterations of the decoding process improves the response as shown in the subsequent curves in the figure. It can readily be appreciated that the solution proposed by the invention increases up to an additional 2dB in the coding gain margin 5 compared with a standard FEC solution. Therefore, the proposed solution can be implemented in a standard compliant optical transmission system with a very small cost by changing only the FEC circuitry. The additional coding gain margin may be used for increasing the capacity, the length and/or the span of the transmission system. The use of the same bit rate 10 means that this improvement in coding gain margin can be deployed in DWDM systems without any impact on the channel planning, unlike other super FEC schemes which result in increased bit rate.
Claims (1)
- - 9 - CLAIMS1- A system for forward error correction in optical fiber transmission systems, said forward error correction system comprising a first encoder 5 (23) for encoding a data bit stream by adding redundant symbols thereto thereby producing a first code word having a first code rate, characterized in that the system comprises an interleaver (24) for interleaving said first code word and at least one additional encoder (25) for encoding said interleaved code word by adding further redundant symbols thereto 10 thereby producing a concatenated code word having an overall code rate such that the overall code rate of the concatenated code word scheme is equal to a predetermined code rate.2- A system for forward error correction according to claim 1 wherein, said resulting concatenated code word is decoded at a receiver by means of 15 iterative decoding.3- A system for forward error correction according to any one of the previous claims wherein said concatenated code word is obtained using serial or parallel concatenation.4- A system for forward error correction according to any one of the previous 20 claims wherein, said predetermined code rate is equal to RS(255,239) using Reed-Solomon code scheme.5- A method for forward error correction in optical fiber transmission systems, comprising the step of encoding, by a first encoder (23) of said forward error correction system, of a data bit stream by adding redundant 25 symbols thereto thereby producing a first code word having a first code rate, characterized by the further steps of interleaving said first code word by means of an interleaver (24) and encoding, by at least one additional encoder (25) of said forward error correction system, of said data bit stream by adding redundant symbols thereto thereby producing an- 10 additional code word and concatenating said first code word and said additional code word such that the overall code rate of the concatenated coding scheme is equal to a predetermined code rate.6- A method for forward error correction according to claim 5 wherein, said 5 resulting concatenated code word is decoded at a receiver by means of iterative decoding.7- A method for forward error correction according to any one of the claims 5 or 6, wherein said concatenated code word is obtained using serial or parallel concatenation.10 8- A method for forward error correction according to any one of the claims 5 to 7 wherein, said predetermined code rate is equal to RS(255, 239) using Reed-Solomon code scheme
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0226926A GB2395636A (en) | 2002-11-19 | 2002-11-19 | Serial concatenated coding or parallel concatenated coding in an optical fibre transmission system |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| GB0226926A GB2395636A (en) | 2002-11-19 | 2002-11-19 | Serial concatenated coding or parallel concatenated coding in an optical fibre transmission system |
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| GB2395636A true GB2395636A (en) | 2004-05-26 |
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2275393A (en) * | 1993-02-20 | 1994-08-24 | Northern Telecom Ltd | Digital transmission system with error correcting coding |
| US5841776A (en) * | 1995-12-29 | 1998-11-24 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Apparatus and method for a high throughput fiber-optic access network using code division multiple access |
| EP1098446A2 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-05-09 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Multiple coding method and apparatus, multiple decoding method and apparatus, and information transmission system |
| EP1134902A1 (en) * | 2000-03-13 | 2001-09-19 | Mitsubishi Electric Information Technology Centre Europe B.V. | Adaptive turbo coding and decoding |
-
2002
- 2002-11-19 GB GB0226926A patent/GB2395636A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2275393A (en) * | 1993-02-20 | 1994-08-24 | Northern Telecom Ltd | Digital transmission system with error correcting coding |
| US5841776A (en) * | 1995-12-29 | 1998-11-24 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Apparatus and method for a high throughput fiber-optic access network using code division multiple access |
| EP1098446A2 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-05-09 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Multiple coding method and apparatus, multiple decoding method and apparatus, and information transmission system |
| EP1134902A1 (en) * | 2000-03-13 | 2001-09-19 | Mitsubishi Electric Information Technology Centre Europe B.V. | Adaptive turbo coding and decoding |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| Ait Sab, O and Fang, J, "Concatenated forward error correction scheme for long-haul DWDM optical transmission systems", Proc. of 25th European Conference on Optical Communication, 26-30 Sept. 1999. * |
| Jifeng Li, "Erasure iterative decoding of concatenated Reed-Solomon codes", Proc. 2nd International Symposium on Turbo Codes and Related Topics, 4-7 Sept. 2000. * |
| Osnato F., et al, "FEC codes for optical transmission systems at 40Gbit/s", Proc. of IASTED International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications, 17-19 July 2002. * |
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| GB0226926D0 (en) | 2002-12-24 |
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