US20070099380A1 - Methods of fabricating flash memory devices including substantially uniform tunnel oxide layers - Google Patents

Methods of fabricating flash memory devices including substantially uniform tunnel oxide layers Download PDF

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US20070099380A1
US20070099380A1 US11/555,796 US55579606A US2007099380A1 US 20070099380 A1 US20070099380 A1 US 20070099380A1 US 55579606 A US55579606 A US 55579606A US 2007099380 A1 US2007099380 A1 US 2007099380A1
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substrate
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Jae-hoon Kim
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
    • H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
    • H01L27/04—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being a semiconductor body
    • H01L27/10—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being a semiconductor body including a plurality of individual components in a repetitive configuration
    • H01L27/105—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being a semiconductor body including a plurality of individual components in a repetitive configuration including field-effect components
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
    • H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
    • H01L29/401—Multistep manufacturing processes
    • H01L29/4011—Multistep manufacturing processes for data storage electrodes
    • H01L29/40114—Multistep manufacturing processes for data storage electrodes the electrodes comprising a conductor-insulator-conductor-insulator-semiconductor structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
    • H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
    • H01L29/66007—Multistep manufacturing processes
    • H01L29/66075—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials
    • H01L29/66227—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials the devices being controllable only by the electric current supplied or the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. three-terminal devices
    • H01L29/66409—Unipolar field-effect transistors
    • H01L29/66477—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an insulated gate, i.e. MISFET
    • H01L29/66825—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an insulated gate, i.e. MISFET with a floating gate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
    • H10B41/00—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates
    • H10B41/40—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates characterised by the peripheral circuit region
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
    • H10B41/00—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates
    • H10B41/40—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates characterised by the peripheral circuit region
    • H10B41/42—Simultaneous manufacture of periphery and memory cells
    • H10B41/49—Simultaneous manufacture of periphery and memory cells comprising different types of peripheral transistor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S438/00—Semiconductor device manufacturing: process
    • Y10S438/981—Utilizing varying dielectric thickness

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to memory devices, and more particularly, to flash memory devices.
  • a flash memory cell of a flash memory device may have a structure that includes a control gate, a coupling oxide, a floating gate and a tunnel oxide on a semiconductor substrate.
  • the flash memory cell may be designed so that a positive voltage applied to the control gate may be coupled to the floating gate through the coupling oxide layer, and electrons in the semiconductor substrate may pass through the tunnel oxide layer by a Fowler-Nordheim (hereinafter, referred to as “F-N”) tunneling and may be captured in the floating gate.
  • F-N Fowler-Nordheim
  • the flash memory cell may be erased by applying a positive voltage to the semiconductor substrate that causes the electrons in the floating gate to return to the semiconductor substrate by F-N tunneling.
  • a string of serially connected flash memory cells can be connected to a bit line for serially reading data from the flash memory cells or writing data to the flash memory cells. Since this control gate may be connected to several flash memory cells along a row orthogonal to the bit line for one or more words, it may be referred to as a word line.
  • a program voltage on the control gate may enable transmission of data from the bit line or an adjacent flash memory cell into the flash memory cell.
  • the coupling oxide layer which is formed on the floating gate, may couple the program voltage applied to the control gate during a write operation to the floating gate so as to elevate the electric potential of the floating gate to create a write voltage between the floating gate and the semiconductor substrate across the tunnel oxide.
  • the coupling ratio K is a factor that may determine the amount of write voltage applied across the tunneling oxide during a write operation.
  • the write voltage (i.e., V tunnel write ) applied to the tunneling oxide layer during a write operation may be expressed as shown in Equation 1 below.
  • V tunnel write V floating gate+ K write ⁇ V bitline/adjacent cell (1)
  • V floating gate refers to a voltage applied to the floating gate due to a program voltage application
  • K write is a coupling ratio during a write operation
  • V bitline/adjacent cell is a bit line or adjacent flash memory cell programming voltage.
  • the coupling ratio K write for a write operation can be expressed as shown in Equation 2 below.
  • K write 1 ⁇ C tunnel /( C coupling +C parasitic +C tunnel ) (2)
  • C coupling is the capacitance of the coupling oxide
  • C tunnel is the capacitance of the tunnel oxide
  • C parasitic is the parasitic capacitance of oxide variations or anomalies at or adjacent to the edges of the of the tunnel oxide.
  • the coupling ratio K write for a write operation may decrease.
  • a decrease in the coupling ratio K write for a write operation may reduce the write efficiency for transferring data from the bit line or an adjacent flash memory cell.
  • Such a reduction in write efficiency may be compounded each time data is serially transferred along a string of serially connected flash memory cells that each have the same reduced write efficiency.
  • parasitic capacitance C parasitic among the string of serially connected flash memory cells may be desirable to reduce the parasitic capacitance C parasitic of a flash memory cell.
  • the parasitic capacitance C parasitic may be reduced in each of the flash memory cells in a string of serially connected flash memory cells to increase write efficiency. Further, it may be desirable for the parasitic capacitance C parasitic in the flash memory cells of a string of serially connected flash memory cells to be relatively consistent across the string of serially connected flash memory cells.
  • EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read only memory
  • FIGS. 6 a to 6 d are cross-sectional views illustrating a conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device.
  • a semiconductor substrate 10 includes a cell region and a peripheral region.
  • the semiconductor substrate 10 can be single crystal silicon.
  • the cell region is for flash memory devices and selection circuitry devices for the flash memory devices.
  • the peripheral region is for high voltage power devices, such as power buffers, and low voltage devices that support both the selection circuits and the flash memory cells of the cell region.
  • the conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device illustrated in FIGS. 6 a to 6 d starts by forming a buffer oxide layer 12 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 10 . Then, a hardmask layer 14 is formed on the buffer oxide layer 12 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 10 . A mask (not shown) is then used to etch trenches 15 in both the cell region and the peripheral region through the hardmask layer 14 and the buffer oxide layer 12 . Then, each of the trenches 15 and the openings in the hardmask layer 14 and in the buffer oxide layer 12 corresponding to each of the trenches 15 are filled with a dielectric, such as silicon dioxide, to form dielectric isolators 16 . For increased electrical isolation between the high voltage devices of the peripheral region, the trenches 15 in the peripheral area can be wider and/or deeper than the trenches in the cell region.
  • active regions 17 are revealed in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 10 by removing the hardmask layer 14 and the buffer oxide layer 12 .
  • the dielectric isolators 16 are in the trenches 15 and extend above the active regions 17 in the semiconductor substrate 10 .
  • the dielectric isolators 16 in the cell region have the same height as the dielectric isolators 16 in the peripheral region.
  • tunnel oxide layers 18 a are then thermally grown on each of the active regions 17 in the cell region while gate oxide layers 18 b are thermally grown on each of the active regions in the peripheral region.
  • a conductive layer 20 is deposited over all of the cell region and the peripheral region, and onto the tunnel oxide layers 18 a and the gate oxide layers 18 b . Further, the conductive layer 20 fills the space between the dielectric isolators 16 .
  • floating gates 20 a are formed over the tunnel oxide layers 18 a in the cell region while gate layers 20 b are formed in the peripheral region by a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process. More specifically, the conductive layer 20 shown in FIG. 6 c is planarized to the top of the dielectric isolators 16 such that the conductive layer 20 is separated into floating gates 20 a in the cell region and gate layers 20 b in the peripheral region. Because of the increased width of the space between the dielectric isolators 16 in the peripheral region, there may be some dishing in the gate layers 20 b from the CMP process.
  • CMP chemical-mechanical polishing
  • FIG. 7 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a floating gate and a tunnel oxide grown by the related art method of fabricating illustrated in FIGS. 6 a to 6 d .
  • the tunnel oxide 18 a is thinner near the edge of active region 17 , as shown in region E 1 of FIG. 7 .
  • This thinning effect may be caused by the thermal growth of the tunnel oxide 18 a being suppressed at the edges of the tunnel oxide 18 a because the edges of the tunnel oxide 18 a are adjacent to the dielectric isolators 16 .
  • the amount of the thinning effect may not be the same for each flash memory cell of a string of flash memory cells. In other words, the thinning effect may not be consistent along a string of serially connected flash memory cells.
  • the thinning effect may cause variations in parasitic capacitance C parasitic in the flash memory cells along a string of serially connected flash memory cells. Further, the thinning effect may cause electric field focusing at the bottom edges of the floating gates 20 a . Such electric field focusing causes further variations in the parasitic capacitance C parasitic in the flash memory cells along a string of serially connected flash memory cells.
  • FIG. 8 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a floating gate and a tunnel oxide of another conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device.
  • the other conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device starts by thermally growing a tunnel oxide layer over the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate 10 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate. Then, a conductive layer is formed on the tunnel oxide layer in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 10 . A mask is then used to etch trenches 15 in both the cell region and the peripheral region through the conductive layer and the tunnel oxide layer to form a gate layer 20 c on a tunnel oxide layer 18 c above an active region 17 .
  • Such a fabrication method is known as a self-aligned trench isolation method.
  • the thinning effect at the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c does not occur in a self-aligned trench isolation method. However, the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c tend to be thicker than a center portion of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c , as shown in region E 2 of FIG. 8 . This thickening at the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c may occur during a repair processing to repair dry etch damage caused by the etching of the trenches 15 and to round the edges of the active regions 17 to prevent stress defects in the active regions 17 of both the cell region and the peripheral region.
  • the repair processing may grow thin oxide layers on the semiconductor substrate 10 in the trenches 15 and on the sides of the gate layer 20 c.
  • the gate layer 20 c is made of polycrystalline silicon.
  • the oxidation rate of polycrystalline silicon is greater than single crystal silicon. Because the gate layer 20 c is made of polycrystalline silicon, the repair processing thickens the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c due to oxidation of the edges of the gate layer 20 c adding to the thickness of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c at the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c.
  • the thickened edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c may increase the parasitic capacitance C parasitic of the flash memory cell. Further, the thickened edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c may prevent shrinkage of the design rules for obtaining a functional tunneling oxide layer.
  • a method of forming flash memory devices in a cell region of a semiconductor substrate may include forming a first gate oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate, forming a first gate layer on the first gate oxide layer; forming trench isolation regions in the semiconductor substrate through the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer to define active regions, and removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the first active regions in the cell region.
  • a method of forming a flash memory circuit in a semiconductor substrate with a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region may include forming a first gate oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate, forming a first gate layer on the first gate oxide layer, forming trench isolation regions in the semiconductor substrate through the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer to define first active regions of the cell region and second active regions of the peripheral circuit region, and removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the first active regions in the cell region.
  • a method of forming a flash memory circuit in a semiconductor substrate with a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region may include forming a first gate oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate in both the cell region and the peripheral region, forming a first gate layer on the first gate oxide layer in both the cell region and the peripheral region, forming trench isolation regions in the peripheral region and cell region of the semiconductor substrate, forming a masking layer over the first gate layer, the first gate oxide layer and trench isolation region in the peripheral region, and removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the cell region.
  • a method of fabricating a flash memory device in a memory cell region of a substrate may include forming a first insulating layer on the substrate, and forming a first conductive layer on the first insulating layer.
  • Trench isolation regions may be formed in the substrate extending through the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer to define an active region in the memory cell region between the trench isolation regions.
  • the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer may be selectively removed from the memory cell region of the substrate to expose a surface of the active region between the trench isolation regions.
  • at least a portion of the active region between the trench isolation regions may be removed to reduce rounding at edges of the surface of the active region adjacent sidewalls of the trench isolation regions.
  • portions of the sidewalls of the trench isolation regions adjacent the edges of the surface of the active region may be removed to form curved sidewall portions of the of the trench isolation regions adjacent the edges of the surface of the active region.
  • a second insulating layer may be formed on the surface of the active region, and a floating gate electrode may be formed on the second insulating layer.
  • a third insulating layer may be formed on the floating gate electrode, and a control gate electrode may be formed on the third insulating layer.
  • a second insulating layer having a substantially uniform thickness may be formed on the surface of the active region.
  • a floating gate electrode having curved edge portions may be formed on the curved sidewall portions of the of the trench isolation regions.
  • the substrate may include a peripheral circuit region adjacent the memory cell region.
  • a masking layer may be formed over the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region. As such, the first insulating layer and the first conductive layer may be selectively etched in the memory cell region while maintaining the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region.
  • a method of fabricating a flash memory device on a substrate including a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region may include forming a first insulating layer on the substrate, and forming a first conductive layer on the first insulating layer.
  • Trench isolation regions may be formed in the substrate extending through the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer to define a first active region in the memory cell region and a second active region in the peripheral circuit region.
  • a masking layer may be formed over the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region, and the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer may be selectively etched in the memory cell region to expose a surface of the first active region while maintaining the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region.
  • a second insulating layer may be formed on the exposed surface of the first active region, and a floating gate electrode may be formed on the second insulating layer in the memory cell region.
  • FIGS. 1 a to 1 h are cross-sectional views illustrating methods of fabricating flash memory devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 b;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 c;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 d;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 h;
  • FIGS. 6 a to 6 d are cross-sectional views illustrating a conventional method of fabricating flash memory devices
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a floating gate and a tunnel oxide formed by the conventional method illustrated in FIGS. 6 a to 6 h ;
  • FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a floating gate and a tunnel oxide formed by another conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device.
  • first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention.
  • spatially relative terms such as “beneath”, “below”, “lower”, “under”, “above”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” or “under” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary terms “below” and “under” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
  • Embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to cross-section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of the invention. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region.
  • a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place.
  • the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
  • FIGS. 1 a to 1 h are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of fabricating a flash memory device in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention.
  • a semiconductor substrate 50 includes a cell region and a peripheral region.
  • the semiconductor substrate can be single crystal silicon.
  • the cell region is for flash memory devices and selection circuitry devices for the flash memory devices.
  • the peripheral region is for high voltage power devices, such as power buffers, and low voltage devices that support both the selection circuits and flash memory cells of the cell region.
  • a first gate oxide layer 52 a is formed in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 , as shown in FIG. 1 a .
  • the semiconductor substrate 50 can be thermally oxidized to the form the first gate oxide layer 52 a . Because there are power devices in the peripheral region that may require a thicker gate oxide than other low-voltage devices in the peripheral region, the thickness of the first gate oxide layer 52 a in the power device section of the peripheral region can be increased to be a thick first gate oxide layer 52 b , which is thicker than the first gate oxide layer 52 a .
  • the first gate oxide layer 52 a can be thickened by forming a mask over all of the first gate oxide layer 52 a except for the portion to be thickened, and then thickening the exposed portion of the first gate oxide layer 52 a with an O 2 gas treatment, for example.
  • a first gate layer 54 such as polycrystalline silicon layer, is then formed on the first gate oxide layer 52 a in the cell region and on both the first gate oxide layer 52 a and the thicker first gate oxide layer 52 b in the peripheral region, as shown in FIG. 1 a .
  • a first hardmask layer 60 is formed on the first gate layer 54 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 .
  • the first hardmask layer 60 can be formed of silicon nitride (SiN), or a laminate of silicon nitride and silicon oxide (SiN/SiO).
  • the first gate oxide 52 a may serve as a stress release layer for the first hardmask layer 60 in the cell region.
  • the first gate oxide layer 52 a may serve as a stress release layer for the first hardmask layer 60 in the peripheral region and as gate oxide layers of subsequently formed low-voltage devices in the peripheral region.
  • the thicker first gate oxide layer 52 b can also serve as a stress release layer for the first hardmask layer 60 in the peripheral region and as gate oxide layers of subsequently formed power devices in the peripheral region.
  • the first gate layer 54 can serve as first gate electrodes of subsequently formed low-voltage devices and power devices in the peripheral region.
  • a mask (not shown) is then used to etch trenches 61 in both the cell region and the peripheral region through the first hardmask layer 60 , the first gate layer 54 and the first gate oxide layers 52 a / 52 b .
  • the trenches 61 define active regions 65 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 .
  • each of the trenches 61 , and the openings in the first hardmask layer 60 , the first gate layer 54 , the first gate oxide layers 52 a and the thicker first gate oxide layer 52 b corresponding to each of the trenches 61 are filled with a dielectric, such as silicon dioxide, to form dielectric isolators 62 .
  • the trenches 61 in the peripheral area can be wider and/or deeper than the trenches in the cell region. Further, the power devices in the peripheral region having the thicker first gate oxide 52 b are separated from the low-voltage devices in the peripheral region having the first gate oxide 52 a by the trenches 61 .
  • FIG. 2 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 b .
  • thermal processing is performed to repair dry etch damage caused by the etching of the trenches 61 and to round the edges of the active regions 65 to prevent stress defects in the active region 65 .
  • the thermal processing grows a thin oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate 10 in the trenches 61 and at sidewalls of the first gate layer 54 .
  • the thermal processing thickens the edges of the first gate oxide layer 52 a due to oxidation of the edges of the first gate layer 54 adding to the thickness of the first gate oxide layer 52 a at the edges of the first gate oxide layer 52 a , as shown in region E 3 of FIG. 2 .
  • the thin oxide layer can be removed from the edges of the first gate oxide layer 52 a and the trenches 61 in the semiconductor substrate.
  • a mask insulation 64 is formed over the first hardmask layer 60 , the first gate layer 54 , the first gate oxide layers 52 a , the thicker first gate oxide layer 52 b and the dielectric isolators 62 in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 , as shown in FIG. 1 c .
  • the active regions 65 in the cell region are exposed by a selective wet etching of the first hardmask layer 60 , the first gate layer 54 and the first gate oxide layers 52 a in the cell region.
  • portions of the active regions 65 in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 are also slightly reduced/removed by the selective wet etch so as to widen and flatten the surfaces of the active regions 65 .
  • FIG. 3 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 c .
  • the active regions 65 are tapered portions of the semiconductor substrate 50 , slightly reducing and/or removing surface portions of the active regions 65 may widen the surfaces of the active regions. Further, the reduction of the of the active regions 65 lessens some of the rounding at the edges of the active regions 65 to flatten the active regions 65 , as shown in region E 4 of FIG. 3 .
  • the selective wet etch also slightly reduces the sidewalls of the dielectric isolators 62 so as to provide a gentle slope or curved portion in the dielectric isolators 62 at the edges of the active regions 65 , as shown in region E 4 of FIG. 3 .
  • tunnel oxide layers 66 are then formed on the active regions 65 in the cell region of the substrate 50 , as shown in FIG. 1 d .
  • the tunnel oxide layers 66 can be formed by thermal oxidation of the active regions 65 in the cell region of the substrate 50 .
  • second gate layers 68 are formed on the tunnel oxide layers 66 between the dielectric isolators 62 by depositing a conductive layer over the active regions 65 and the dielectric isolators 62 in the cell region, and planarizing the conductive layer to the top surface of the dielectric isolators 62 with a CMP process.
  • the mask insulation 64 over the peripheral region can also be removed by the CMP process for forming the second gate layers 68 .
  • FIG. 4 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 d .
  • the tunnel oxide layer 66 has a substantially consistent and/or relatively uniform thickness across the surface of the active region 65 , as shown in region E 5 of FIG. 4 . There is relatively little thinning effect at the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 66 . Due to the gentle slope in the dielectric isolators 62 to the edges of the active regions 65 , the tunnel oxide layer 66 has a consistent thickness at the edges of the active region 65 .
  • the middle portions of the dielectric isolators 62 in the cell region are recessed below the top surface of the active regions 65 using a mask (not shown) and a two-step etching process, including an isotropic etch followed by an anisotropic etch. Accordingly, shallow trench isolators 69 are formed between devices in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 and dielectric isolators 62 between the devices of the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 .
  • a coupling oxide layer 70 is then formed over the second gate layers 68 and the shallow trench isolators 69 in the cell region, and over the first gate layers 54 and the dielectric isolators 62 in the peripheral region.
  • the coupling oxide layer 70 can be formed of oxide, nitride, oxynitride or laminates thereof, such as a silicon oxide/silicon nitride/silicon oxide laminate (SiO/SiN/SiO).
  • a third gate layer 72 is then provided on the coupling oxide layer 70 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 .
  • the third gate layer 72 can be made of doped polycrystalline silicon.
  • a second hardmask layer 74 is formed completely over the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 , as shown in FIG. 1 f . Then, the second gate layer 72 and the coupling oxide layer 70 in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 are removed. The dielectric isolators 62 are reduced below the first hardmask layers 60 above the active regions in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 . Then, the first hardmask layers 60 in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 are removed and the second hardmask layer 74 in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 is removed.
  • a fourth gate layer 76 is provided on the third gate layer 72 in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 and on the first gate layers 54 in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 .
  • the fourth gate layer 76 can be undoped polycrystalline silicon or metal. In another alternative, the fourth gate layer 76 can be silicide.
  • the fourth gate layer 76 , the third gate layer 72 , the coupling oxide layer 70 , the floating gate pattern 68 can be patterned to form a flash memory cell structure in the cell region.
  • the fourth gate layer 76 can be patterned in the peripheral region for connections to the first gate layers 54 .
  • At least some of the second gate layers 68 in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 are floating gates for the flash memory cells.
  • the fourth gate layer 76 together with the third gate layer 72 forms the control gate/word line in the of the semiconductor substrate 50 .
  • FIG. 5 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 h .
  • the bottom edges of the second gate layers 68 (floating gate) have a gentle curve or round.
  • electric field focusing does not occur at the bottom edges of the of the second gate layers 68 (floating gates).
  • Embodiments of the present invention form a flash memory device having reduced parasitic capacitance by forming a tunnel oxide with a relatively consistent and/or substantially uniform thickness. Variations in parasitic capacitance are reduced by providing a gentle slope in the dielectric isolators at the edges of the active regions in the flash memory cells. Further, other variations in parasitic capacitance are reduced by providing a gentle curve in the bottom edges of the floating gates.

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Abstract

A method of forming a flash memory device in a memory cell region of a substrate includes forming a first insulating layer on the substrate, forming a first conductive layer on the first insulating layer, forming trench isolation regions in the substrate extending through the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer to define an active region in the memory cell region between the trench isolation regions, and selectively removing the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer from the memory cell region of the substrate to expose a surface of the active region between the trench isolation regions.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • The present invention claims priority from Korean Patent Application No. 10-2005-0105098 filed in Korea on Nov. 3, 2005, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to memory devices, and more particularly, to flash memory devices.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • In general, a flash memory cell of a flash memory device may have a structure that includes a control gate, a coupling oxide, a floating gate and a tunnel oxide on a semiconductor substrate. The flash memory cell may be designed so that a positive voltage applied to the control gate may be coupled to the floating gate through the coupling oxide layer, and electrons in the semiconductor substrate may pass through the tunnel oxide layer by a Fowler-Nordheim (hereinafter, referred to as “F-N”) tunneling and may be captured in the floating gate. The flash memory cell may be erased by applying a positive voltage to the semiconductor substrate that causes the electrons in the floating gate to return to the semiconductor substrate by F-N tunneling.
  • A string of serially connected flash memory cells can be connected to a bit line for serially reading data from the flash memory cells or writing data to the flash memory cells. Since this control gate may be connected to several flash memory cells along a row orthogonal to the bit line for one or more words, it may be referred to as a word line. During a write operation of the flash memory cell, a program voltage on the control gate may enable transmission of data from the bit line or an adjacent flash memory cell into the flash memory cell. The coupling oxide layer, which is formed on the floating gate, may couple the program voltage applied to the control gate during a write operation to the floating gate so as to elevate the electric potential of the floating gate to create a write voltage between the floating gate and the semiconductor substrate across the tunnel oxide.
  • The coupling ratio K is a factor that may determine the amount of write voltage applied across the tunneling oxide during a write operation. The write voltage (i.e., Vtunnel write) applied to the tunneling oxide layer during a write operation may be expressed as shown in Equation 1 below.
    V tunnel write= V floating gate+ K write ×V bitline/adjacent cell   (1)
    Herein, Vfloating gate refers to a voltage applied to the floating gate due to a program voltage application, Kwrite is a coupling ratio during a write operation, Vbitline/adjacent cell is a bit line or adjacent flash memory cell programming voltage. The coupling ratio Kwrite for a write operation can be expressed as shown in Equation 2 below.
    K write=1−C tunnel/(C coupling +C parasitic +C tunnel)   (2)
    Herein, Ccoupling is the capacitance of the coupling oxide, Ctunnel is the capacitance of the tunnel oxide, and Cparasitic is the parasitic capacitance of oxide variations or anomalies at or adjacent to the edges of the of the tunnel oxide.
  • As the parasitic capacitance Cparasitic increases, the coupling ratio Kwrite for a write operation may decrease. A decrease in the coupling ratio Kwrite for a write operation, may reduce the write efficiency for transferring data from the bit line or an adjacent flash memory cell. Such a reduction in write efficiency may be compounded each time data is serially transferred along a string of serially connected flash memory cells that each have the same reduced write efficiency. Further, there can be variations of parasitic capacitance Cparasitic among the string of serially connected flash memory cells. To increase write efficiency, it may be desirable to reduce the parasitic capacitance Cparasitic of a flash memory cell. In a string of serially connected flash memory cells, the parasitic capacitance Cparasitic may be reduced in each of the flash memory cells in a string of serially connected flash memory cells to increase write efficiency. Further, it may be desirable for the parasitic capacitance Cparasitic in the flash memory cells of a string of serially connected flash memory cells to be relatively consistent across the string of serially connected flash memory cells. Hereinafter, a method of manufacturing a conventional electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 a to 6 d.
  • FIGS. 6 a to 6 d are cross-sectional views illustrating a conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device. As shown in FIG. 6 a, a semiconductor substrate 10 includes a cell region and a peripheral region. The semiconductor substrate 10 can be single crystal silicon. The cell region is for flash memory devices and selection circuitry devices for the flash memory devices. The peripheral region is for high voltage power devices, such as power buffers, and low voltage devices that support both the selection circuits and the flash memory cells of the cell region.
  • The conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device illustrated in FIGS. 6 a to 6 d starts by forming a buffer oxide layer 12 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 10. Then, a hardmask layer 14 is formed on the buffer oxide layer 12 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 10. A mask (not shown) is then used to etch trenches 15 in both the cell region and the peripheral region through the hardmask layer 14 and the buffer oxide layer 12. Then, each of the trenches 15 and the openings in the hardmask layer 14 and in the buffer oxide layer 12 corresponding to each of the trenches 15 are filled with a dielectric, such as silicon dioxide, to form dielectric isolators 16. For increased electrical isolation between the high voltage devices of the peripheral region, the trenches 15 in the peripheral area can be wider and/or deeper than the trenches in the cell region.
  • As shown in FIG. 6 b, active regions 17 are revealed in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 10 by removing the hardmask layer 14 and the buffer oxide layer 12. The dielectric isolators 16 are in the trenches 15 and extend above the active regions 17 in the semiconductor substrate 10. The dielectric isolators 16 in the cell region have the same height as the dielectric isolators 16 in the peripheral region.
  • As shown in FIG. 6 c, tunnel oxide layers 18 a are then thermally grown on each of the active regions 17 in the cell region while gate oxide layers 18 b are thermally grown on each of the active regions in the peripheral region. Subsequently, a conductive layer 20 is deposited over all of the cell region and the peripheral region, and onto the tunnel oxide layers 18 a and the gate oxide layers 18 b. Further, the conductive layer 20 fills the space between the dielectric isolators 16.
  • As shown in FIG. 6 d, floating gates 20 a are formed over the tunnel oxide layers 18 a in the cell region while gate layers 20 b are formed in the peripheral region by a chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process. More specifically, the conductive layer 20 shown in FIG. 6 c is planarized to the top of the dielectric isolators 16 such that the conductive layer 20 is separated into floating gates 20 a in the cell region and gate layers 20 b in the peripheral region. Because of the increased width of the space between the dielectric isolators 16 in the peripheral region, there may be some dishing in the gate layers 20 b from the CMP process.
  • FIG. 7 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a floating gate and a tunnel oxide grown by the related art method of fabricating illustrated in FIGS. 6 a to 6 d. As shown in FIG. 7, the tunnel oxide 18 a is thinner near the edge of active region 17, as shown in region E1 of FIG. 7. This thinning effect may be caused by the thermal growth of the tunnel oxide 18 a being suppressed at the edges of the tunnel oxide 18 a because the edges of the tunnel oxide 18 a are adjacent to the dielectric isolators 16. The amount of the thinning effect may not be the same for each flash memory cell of a string of flash memory cells. In other words, the thinning effect may not be consistent along a string of serially connected flash memory cells. Thus, the thinning effect may cause variations in parasitic capacitance Cparasitic in the flash memory cells along a string of serially connected flash memory cells. Further, the thinning effect may cause electric field focusing at the bottom edges of the floating gates 20 a. Such electric field focusing causes further variations in the parasitic capacitance Cparasitic in the flash memory cells along a string of serially connected flash memory cells.
  • FIG. 8 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a floating gate and a tunnel oxide of another conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device. The other conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device starts by thermally growing a tunnel oxide layer over the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate 10 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate. Then, a conductive layer is formed on the tunnel oxide layer in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 10. A mask is then used to etch trenches 15 in both the cell region and the peripheral region through the conductive layer and the tunnel oxide layer to form a gate layer 20 c on a tunnel oxide layer 18 c above an active region 17. Such a fabrication method is known as a self-aligned trench isolation method.
  • The thinning effect at the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c does not occur in a self-aligned trench isolation method. However, the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c tend to be thicker than a center portion of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c, as shown in region E2 of FIG. 8. This thickening at the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c may occur during a repair processing to repair dry etch damage caused by the etching of the trenches 15 and to round the edges of the active regions 17 to prevent stress defects in the active regions 17 of both the cell region and the peripheral region. The repair processing may grow thin oxide layers on the semiconductor substrate 10 in the trenches 15 and on the sides of the gate layer 20 c.
  • The gate layer 20 c is made of polycrystalline silicon. The oxidation rate of polycrystalline silicon is greater than single crystal silicon. Because the gate layer 20 c is made of polycrystalline silicon, the repair processing thickens the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c due to oxidation of the edges of the gate layer 20 c adding to the thickness of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c at the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c.
  • The thickened edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c may increase the parasitic capacitance Cparasitic of the flash memory cell. Further, the thickened edges of the tunnel oxide layer 18 c may prevent shrinkage of the design rules for obtaining a functional tunneling oxide layer.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • According to some embodiments of the present invention, a method of forming flash memory devices in a cell region of a semiconductor substrate may include forming a first gate oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate, forming a first gate layer on the first gate oxide layer; forming trench isolation regions in the semiconductor substrate through the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer to define active regions, and removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the first active regions in the cell region.
  • In other embodiments, a method of forming a flash memory circuit in a semiconductor substrate with a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region may include forming a first gate oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate, forming a first gate layer on the first gate oxide layer, forming trench isolation regions in the semiconductor substrate through the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer to define first active regions of the cell region and second active regions of the peripheral circuit region, and removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the first active regions in the cell region.
  • In still other embodiments, a method of forming a flash memory circuit in a semiconductor substrate with a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region may include forming a first gate oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate in both the cell region and the peripheral region, forming a first gate layer on the first gate oxide layer in both the cell region and the peripheral region, forming trench isolation regions in the peripheral region and cell region of the semiconductor substrate, forming a masking layer over the first gate layer, the first gate oxide layer and trench isolation region in the peripheral region, and removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the cell region.
  • According to further embodiments of the present invention, a method of fabricating a flash memory device in a memory cell region of a substrate may include forming a first insulating layer on the substrate, and forming a first conductive layer on the first insulating layer. Trench isolation regions may be formed in the substrate extending through the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer to define an active region in the memory cell region between the trench isolation regions. The first conductive layer and the first insulating layer may be selectively removed from the memory cell region of the substrate to expose a surface of the active region between the trench isolation regions. In addition, at least a portion of the active region between the trench isolation regions may be removed to reduce rounding at edges of the surface of the active region adjacent sidewalls of the trench isolation regions. Also, portions of the sidewalls of the trench isolation regions adjacent the edges of the surface of the active region may be removed to form curved sidewall portions of the of the trench isolation regions adjacent the edges of the surface of the active region.
  • In some embodiments, a second insulating layer may be formed on the surface of the active region, and a floating gate electrode may be formed on the second insulating layer. In addition, a third insulating layer may be formed on the floating gate electrode, and a control gate electrode may be formed on the third insulating layer.
  • In other embodiments, a second insulating layer having a substantially uniform thickness may be formed on the surface of the active region. In addition, a floating gate electrode having curved edge portions may be formed on the curved sidewall portions of the of the trench isolation regions.
  • In some embodiments, the substrate may include a peripheral circuit region adjacent the memory cell region. A masking layer may be formed over the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region. As such, the first insulating layer and the first conductive layer may be selectively etched in the memory cell region while maintaining the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region.
  • According to still further embodiments of the present invention, a method of fabricating a flash memory device on a substrate including a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region may include forming a first insulating layer on the substrate, and forming a first conductive layer on the first insulating layer. Trench isolation regions may be formed in the substrate extending through the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer to define a first active region in the memory cell region and a second active region in the peripheral circuit region. A masking layer may be formed over the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region, and the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer may be selectively etched in the memory cell region to expose a surface of the first active region while maintaining the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region. A second insulating layer may be formed on the exposed surface of the first active region, and a floating gate electrode may be formed on the second insulating layer in the memory cell region.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIGS. 1 a to 1 h are cross-sectional views illustrating methods of fabricating flash memory devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 b;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 c;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 d;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 h;
  • FIGS. 6 a to 6 d are cross-sectional views illustrating a conventional method of fabricating flash memory devices;
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a floating gate and a tunnel oxide formed by the conventional method illustrated in FIGS. 6 a to 6 h; and
  • FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a floating gate and a tunnel oxide formed by another conventional method of fabricating a flash memory device.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention is described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, the size and relative sizes of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
  • It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention.
  • Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath”, “below”, “lower”, “under”, “above”, “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” or “under” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the exemplary terms “below” and “under” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
  • The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
  • It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on”, “connected to” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected or coupled to the other element or layer or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly connected to” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present.
  • Embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to cross-section illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments (and intermediate structures) of the invention. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, embodiments of the invention should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of regions illustrated herein but are to include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. For example, an implanted region illustrated as a rectangle will, typically, have rounded or curved features and/or a gradient of implant concentration at its edges rather than a binary change from implanted to non-implanted region. Likewise, a buried region formed by implantation may result in some implantation in the region between the buried region and the surface through which the implantation takes place. Thus, the regions illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
  • Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and/or the present specification and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
  • FIGS. 1 a to 1 h are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of fabricating a flash memory device in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention. As shown in FIG 1 a, a semiconductor substrate 50 includes a cell region and a peripheral region. The semiconductor substrate can be single crystal silicon. The cell region is for flash memory devices and selection circuitry devices for the flash memory devices. The peripheral region is for high voltage power devices, such as power buffers, and low voltage devices that support both the selection circuits and flash memory cells of the cell region.
  • A first gate oxide layer 52 a is formed in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50, as shown in FIG. 1 a. The semiconductor substrate 50 can be thermally oxidized to the form the first gate oxide layer 52 a. Because there are power devices in the peripheral region that may require a thicker gate oxide than other low-voltage devices in the peripheral region, the thickness of the first gate oxide layer 52 a in the power device section of the peripheral region can be increased to be a thick first gate oxide layer 52 b, which is thicker than the first gate oxide layer 52 a. The first gate oxide layer 52 a can be thickened by forming a mask over all of the first gate oxide layer 52 a except for the portion to be thickened, and then thickening the exposed portion of the first gate oxide layer 52 a with an O2 gas treatment, for example.
  • A first gate layer 54, such as polycrystalline silicon layer, is then formed on the first gate oxide layer 52 a in the cell region and on both the first gate oxide layer 52 a and the thicker first gate oxide layer 52 b in the peripheral region, as shown in FIG. 1 a. Subsequently, a first hardmask layer 60 is formed on the first gate layer 54 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50. The first hardmask layer 60 can be formed of silicon nitride (SiN), or a laminate of silicon nitride and silicon oxide (SiN/SiO).
  • The first gate oxide 52 a may serve as a stress release layer for the first hardmask layer 60 in the cell region. The first gate oxide layer 52 a may serve as a stress release layer for the first hardmask layer 60 in the peripheral region and as gate oxide layers of subsequently formed low-voltage devices in the peripheral region. The thicker first gate oxide layer 52 b can also serve as a stress release layer for the first hardmask layer 60 in the peripheral region and as gate oxide layers of subsequently formed power devices in the peripheral region. The first gate layer 54 can serve as first gate electrodes of subsequently formed low-voltage devices and power devices in the peripheral region.
  • Referring to FIG. 1 b, a mask (not shown) is then used to etch trenches 61 in both the cell region and the peripheral region through the first hardmask layer 60, the first gate layer 54 and the first gate oxide layers 52 a/52 b. The trenches 61 define active regions 65 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50. As shown in FIG. 1 b, each of the trenches 61, and the openings in the first hardmask layer 60, the first gate layer 54, the first gate oxide layers 52 a and the thicker first gate oxide layer 52 b corresponding to each of the trenches 61 are filled with a dielectric, such as silicon dioxide, to form dielectric isolators 62. For increased electrical isolation between the high voltage devices of the peripheral region, the trenches 61 in the peripheral area can be wider and/or deeper than the trenches in the cell region. Further, the power devices in the peripheral region having the thicker first gate oxide 52 b are separated from the low-voltage devices in the peripheral region having the first gate oxide 52 a by the trenches 61.
  • FIG. 2 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 b. Prior to dielectric being provided into the trenches 61, thermal processing is performed to repair dry etch damage caused by the etching of the trenches 61 and to round the edges of the active regions 65 to prevent stress defects in the active region 65. The thermal processing grows a thin oxide layer on the semiconductor substrate 10 in the trenches 61 and at sidewalls of the first gate layer 54. Because the first gate layer 54 is made of polycrystalline silicon and the oxidation rate of polycrystalline silicon is greater single crystal silicon, the thermal processing thickens the edges of the first gate oxide layer 52 a due to oxidation of the edges of the first gate layer 54 adding to the thickness of the first gate oxide layer 52 a at the edges of the first gate oxide layer 52 a, as shown in region E3 of FIG. 2. The thin oxide layer can be removed from the edges of the first gate oxide layer 52 a and the trenches 61 in the semiconductor substrate.
  • After the dielectric isolators 62 are formed in trenches 61, a mask insulation 64 is formed over the first hardmask layer 60, the first gate layer 54, the first gate oxide layers 52 a, the thicker first gate oxide layer 52 b and the dielectric isolators 62 in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50, as shown in FIG. 1 c. Then, the active regions 65 in the cell region are exposed by a selective wet etching of the first hardmask layer 60, the first gate layer 54 and the first gate oxide layers 52 a in the cell region. As such, portions of the active regions 65 in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 are also slightly reduced/removed by the selective wet etch so as to widen and flatten the surfaces of the active regions 65.
  • FIG. 3 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 c. Because the active regions 65 are tapered portions of the semiconductor substrate 50, slightly reducing and/or removing surface portions of the active regions 65 may widen the surfaces of the active regions. Further, the reduction of the of the active regions 65 lessens some of the rounding at the edges of the active regions 65 to flatten the active regions 65, as shown in region E4 of FIG. 3. The selective wet etch also slightly reduces the sidewalls of the dielectric isolators 62 so as to provide a gentle slope or curved portion in the dielectric isolators 62 at the edges of the active regions 65, as shown in region E4 of FIG. 3.
  • After the active regions 65 in the cell region are exposed, tunnel oxide layers 66 are then formed on the active regions 65 in the cell region of the substrate 50, as shown in FIG. 1 d. The tunnel oxide layers 66 can be formed by thermal oxidation of the active regions 65 in the cell region of the substrate 50. Then, second gate layers 68 are formed on the tunnel oxide layers 66 between the dielectric isolators 62 by depositing a conductive layer over the active regions 65 and the dielectric isolators 62 in the cell region, and planarizing the conductive layer to the top surface of the dielectric isolators 62 with a CMP process. The mask insulation 64 over the peripheral region can also be removed by the CMP process for forming the second gate layers 68.
  • FIG. 4 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 d. The tunnel oxide layer 66 has a substantially consistent and/or relatively uniform thickness across the surface of the active region 65, as shown in region E5 of FIG. 4. There is relatively little thinning effect at the edges of the tunnel oxide layer 66. Due to the gentle slope in the dielectric isolators 62 to the edges of the active regions 65, the tunnel oxide layer 66 has a consistent thickness at the edges of the active region 65.
  • As shown in FIG. 1 e, the middle portions of the dielectric isolators 62 in the cell region are recessed below the top surface of the active regions 65 using a mask (not shown) and a two-step etching process, including an isotropic etch followed by an anisotropic etch. Accordingly, shallow trench isolators 69 are formed between devices in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 and dielectric isolators 62 between the devices of the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50.
  • A coupling oxide layer 70 is then formed over the second gate layers 68 and the shallow trench isolators 69 in the cell region, and over the first gate layers 54 and the dielectric isolators 62 in the peripheral region. The coupling oxide layer 70 can be formed of oxide, nitride, oxynitride or laminates thereof, such as a silicon oxide/silicon nitride/silicon oxide laminate (SiO/SiN/SiO). A third gate layer 72 is then provided on the coupling oxide layer 70 in both the cell region and the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50. The third gate layer 72 can be made of doped polycrystalline silicon.
  • After the third gate layer 72 is deposited, a second hardmask layer 74 is formed completely over the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50, as shown in FIG. 1 f. Then, the second gate layer 72 and the coupling oxide layer 70 in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 are removed. The dielectric isolators 62 are reduced below the first hardmask layers 60 above the active regions in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50. Then, the first hardmask layers 60 in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50 are removed and the second hardmask layer 74 in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 is removed.
  • Referring to FIG. 1 g, a fourth gate layer 76 is provided on the third gate layer 72 in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 and on the first gate layers 54 in the peripheral region of the semiconductor substrate 50. The fourth gate layer 76 can be undoped polycrystalline silicon or metal. In another alternative, the fourth gate layer 76 can be silicide.
  • As shown in FIG. 1 h, the fourth gate layer 76, the third gate layer 72, the coupling oxide layer 70, the floating gate pattern 68 can be patterned to form a flash memory cell structure in the cell region. The fourth gate layer 76 can be patterned in the peripheral region for connections to the first gate layers 54. At least some of the second gate layers 68 in the cell region of the semiconductor substrate 50 are floating gates for the flash memory cells. The fourth gate layer 76 together with the third gate layer 72 forms the control gate/word line in the of the semiconductor substrate 50.
  • FIG. 5 is a close-up cross-sectional view of an active region in the cell region of FIG. 1 h. As shown in FIG. 5, the bottom edges of the second gate layers 68 (floating gate) have a gentle curve or round. Thus, electric field focusing does not occur at the bottom edges of the of the second gate layers 68 (floating gates).
  • Embodiments of the present invention form a flash memory device having reduced parasitic capacitance by forming a tunnel oxide with a relatively consistent and/or substantially uniform thickness. Variations in parasitic capacitance are reduced by providing a gentle slope in the dielectric isolators at the edges of the active regions in the flash memory cells. Further, other variations in parasitic capacitance are reduced by providing a gentle curve in the bottom edges of the floating gates.
  • While the present invention has been shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, as defined by the following claims.

Claims (25)

1. A method of forming a flash memory device in a cell region of a substrate, the method comprising:
forming a first gate oxide layer on the substrate;
forming a first gate layer on the first gate oxide layer;
forming trench isolation regions in the semiconductor substrate extending through the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer to define active regions; and
removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the active regions in the cell region.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the forming the trench isolation regions includes:
etching the first gate oxide layer, the first gate layer, and the substrate to form an opening extending into the substrate;
thermally processing the substrate to repair etching damages; and
depositing an insulator in the opening in the substrate.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein thermal processing the substrate to repair etching damages comprises:
growing an oxide film on the first gate layer and on the substrate in the opening therein.
4. The method according to claim 3, further comprising:
etching the grown oxide film on the first gate layer and on the substrate in the opening therein.
5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
recessing the trench isolation regions below an upper surface of the substrate.
6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising:
forming second gate oxide layers respectively on each of the active regions;
forming floating gate layers respectively on each of the second gate oxide layers;
forming a third gate oxide layer on the floating gate layers; and
forming a control gate on the third gate oxide layer.
7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising:
forming an upper control electrode on the control gate.
8. A method of forming a flash memory circuit in a substrate including a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region, the method comprising:
forming a first gate oxide layer on the substrate;
forming a first gate layer on the first gate oxide layer:
forming trench isolation regions in the substrate extending through the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer to define first active regions of the cell region and second active regions of the peripheral circuit region; and
selectively removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the first active regions in the cell region.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the forming trench isolation regions includes:
etching the first gate oxide layer, the first gate layer and the substrate to form an opening;
thermally processing the substrate to repair damage caused by the etching; and
depositing an insulator in the opening.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the thermal processing to repair damage caused by the etching includes:
growing an oxide film on the first gate layer and on the substrate in the opening.
11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising:
etching the grown oxide film on the first gate layer and on the substrate in the opening.
12. The method according to claim 8, further comprising the following after removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the first active regions in the cell region:
forming second gate oxide layers respectively on each of the first active regions;
forming floating gate layers respectively on each of the second gate oxide layers;
forming a third gate oxide layer on the floating gate layers; and
forming a control gate on the third gate oxide layer.
13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising:
forming an upper control electrode on the control gate.
14. The method according to claim 12, further comprising the following prior to removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from first active regions in the cell region:
forming a masking layer over the first gate layer and the first gate oxide layer in the peripheral circuit region,
wherein selectively removing the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer from the cell region comprises selectively etching the first gate oxide layer and the first gate layer in the cell region while maintaining the first gate layer and the first gate oxide layer in the peripheral circuit region.
15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising:
removing the masking layer;
forming an upper control electrode on the control gate in the first active regions of the cell region; and
forming an upper gate layer on the first gate layer in the second active regions of the peripheral circuit region.
16. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:
recessing the trench isolation regions in the cell region below an upper surface of semiconductor substrate in the cell region.
17. A method of fabricating a flash memory device in a memory cell region of a substrate, the method comprising:
forming a first insulating layer on the substrate;
forming a first conductive layer on the first insulating layer;
forming trench isolation regions in the substrate extending through the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer to define an active region in the memory cell region between the trench isolation regions; and
selectively removing the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer from the memory cell region of the substrate to expose a surface of the active region between the trench isolation regions.
18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
forming a second insulating layer on the surface of the active region; and
forming a floating gate electrode on the second insulating layer;
forming a third insulating layer on the floating gate electrode; and
forming a control gate electrode on the third insulating layer.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein selectively removing further comprises:
removing at least a portion of the active region between the trench isolation regions to reduce rounding at edges of the surface of the active region adjacent sidewalls of the trench isolation regions.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the forming the trench isolation regions includes:
etching the first insulating layer, the first conductive layer, and the substrate to form trenches extending into the substrate and defining the active region therebetween;
thermally processing the substrate to round the edges of the surface of the active region; and
depositing an insulator in the trenches in the substrate to form the sidewalls of the trench isolation regions adjacent the edges of the surface of the active region.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein selectively removing further comprises:
removing portions of the sidewalls of the trench isolation regions adjacent the edges of the surface of the active region to form curved sidewall portions of the of the trench isolation regions adjacent the edges of the surface of the active region.
22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
forming a second insulating layer having a substantially uniform thickness on the surface of the active region.
23. The method of claim 22, further comprising the following after forming the second insulating layer:
forming a floating gate electrode having curved edge portions on the curved sidewall portions of the of the trench isolation regions.
24. The method of claim 17, wherein the substrate includes a peripheral circuit region adjacent the memory cell region, and further comprising the following prior to selectively removing the first insulating layer and the first conductive layer from the memory cell region:
forming a masking layer over the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region,
wherein selectively removing the first insulating layer and the first conductive layer comprises selectively etching the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the memory cell region while maintaining the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region.
25. A method of fabricating a flash memory device on a substrate including a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region, the method comprising:
forming a first insulating layer on the substrate;
forming a first conductive layer on the first insulating layer;
forming trench isolation regions in the substrate extending through the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer to define a first active region in the memory cell region and a second active region in the peripheral circuit region;
forming a masking layer over the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region;
selectively etching the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the memory cell region to expose a surface of the first active region while maintaining the first conductive layer and the first insulating layer in the peripheral circuit region;
forming a second insulating layer on the exposed surface of the first active region; and
forming a floating gate electrode on the second insulating layer in the memory cell region.
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