US20060234955A1 - Cardiac glycosides to treat cystic fibrosis and other il-8 dependent disorders - Google Patents

Cardiac glycosides to treat cystic fibrosis and other il-8 dependent disorders Download PDF

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US20060234955A1
US20060234955A1 US10/515,260 US51526005A US2006234955A1 US 20060234955 A1 US20060234955 A1 US 20060234955A1 US 51526005 A US51526005 A US 51526005A US 2006234955 A1 US2006234955 A1 US 2006234955A1
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Bette Pollard
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the use of cardiac glycosides such as oleandrin to inhibit the secretion of IL-8 from cells secreting elevated levels of IL-8.
  • Cystic fibrosis is the most common autosomal recessive lethal disease in the United States (Welsh, et al. (1995)). Approximately 5% of the population carries one mutant CFTR gene (Rommens, et al. (1989); Riordan, et al. (1989); Kerem, et al. (1989)), and the disease occurs in a frequency of 1 in 2500 live births. Statistically, death occurs in the majority of patients by age 28. At the present time the respiratory difficulties and ensuing complications of inflammation and lung infection are directly responsible for the eventual death of over 90% of CF patents. In control individuals, inflammation is regulated by well-characterized signaling pathways. However, in CF inflammation is out of control, eventually causing destruction of the lung. The consequences are terminal if a lung cannot be found for transplantation.
  • the CF lung has been described as microscopically normal at birth, with subtle abnormalities in mucus secretion appearing very early (Pilewski, et al. (1999)). Bacterial infection and objective evidence of inflammation occur at later times, with a clear temporal evolution of different principal bacterial pathogens. For example, Staphylococcus aureus and Hemophilus influenzae take up residence in the CF airway early, the mean age of positive culture being 12.4 months (Abman, et al., 1991). By comparison, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection follows at a substantially later time, the mean age of first positive culture being 20.8 months. Persistent colonization by P. aeruginosa characterizes the older CF patient, and profound, persistent cellular evidence of inflammation accompanies persistent infection as the patient approaches the terminal phases of the disease.
  • the CF lung becomes characterized by elevated levels of white cells. These include polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes and eosinophils. It is hypothesized that these cells are attracted from the circulation into the airway by the high levels of interleukin-8 (IL8) and other pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1 ⁇ , IL-6, leukotriene B 4 , RANTES, and TNF ⁇ . These factors mark the character of the CF lumenal milieu (Bonfield, et al. (1995a); ibid (1995b)). Among these factors, IL-8 ranks as the most prevalent and potent.
  • IL-8 interleukin-8
  • IL-8 is an 8 kDa chemokine protein which is a principal chemotactic agent for neutrophils and T cells (Cruse, et al. (1995)). This chemokine is of specific importance for cystic fibrosis because it is profoundly elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, sputum, and serum from CF patients (Dean, et al. (1993); Richman-Eisenstat, et al. (1993); Francoeur, et al. (1995); Armstrong, et al. (1997)). It had been considered possible that high IL-8 levels might be secondary to chronic or persistent infections.
  • IL8 message and protein are elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from infants with CF as early as 4 weeks of age (Khan, et al. (1995)).
  • hypersecretion of IL-8 occurs prior to objective evidence of infection by viruses, fungi or common CF pathogenic bacteria (Khan, et al (1995)).
  • the concept of the generality of a pro-inflammatory state for CF epithelia is further manifest by the fact that fecal IL-8 levels in CF children are approximately 1000-fold elevated over non-CF controls (Briars, et al. (1995)).
  • Fecal IL-8 levels are correlated with lung function (FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second), and only to some extent with established Pseudomonas infection.
  • FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second
  • a recent study with bronchial biopsies from CF patients undergoing lung transplant has demonstrated consistent up-regulation of IL-8 expression in submucosal gland cells (Tabary, et al. (1998)).
  • high IL8 levels would appear to be intrinsic to the CF lung.
  • airway epithelial cells isolated from CF patients secrete more IL-8 than do cells cultured from patients without CF (Bedard, et al. (1993); Ruef, et al. (1993); Dimango, et al. (1998)).
  • cells cultured from much higher in the airway such as those from the nasal epithelium, do not show this disparity between control and CF patients (Black, et al. (1998)).
  • CF respiratory epithelial cells are hyper-responsive in terms of IL-8 secretion to Pseudomonas cells and toxins (Massion, et al. (1994); Dimango, et al.
  • CFTR levels in human lung are highest in submucosal glands. High levels of IL-8 mRNA and protein have been shown in these tissues from CF patients, both in vitro and in vivo (Tabary, et al. (1998)). In the latter study, other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 ⁇ and IL-6 were unaffected by the CF condition.
  • IL-8 production by CF epithelial cells have been proposed to be due to retention of mutant CFTR in the endoplasmic reticulum, which, by an unknown mechanism, activates NF ⁇ B via activation of I ⁇ B (DiMango, et al. (1998)). Attention is drawn to the NF ⁇ B system because it is known that transcription of the IL-8 gene is activated in normal epithelial cells when activated NF ⁇ B migrates from the cytosol to the nucleus and binds to the IL-8 promotor.
  • adenovirus hyperexpressing IkB ⁇ has been employed to suppress IL-8 secretion both from a CF cell line (“CFTE”), as well as from mouse lung (as MIP2), when instilled simultaneously with an infectious dose of P. aeruginosa (Griesenbach, et al. (1999); ibid (2000).
  • compositions that reduce the secretion of IL-8 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines from cells secreting elevated levels of these compounds. These compositions could be useful in the treatment of disease conditions characterized by elevated levels of these compounds.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the NF ⁇ B activation pathway leading to synthesis of IL-8
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the Activation of IL-8 promoter by NFkB and other cis acting transcription factors
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of oleandrin on IL-8 secretion from cystic fibrosis lung epithelial cell IB-3;
  • FIG. 4A illustrates the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of oleandrin used in these experiments
  • FIG. 4B illustrates the mass spectrum of oleandrin used in these experiments.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the structures of various oleandrin analogues.
  • a method of inhibiting the secretion of IL-8 from a cell secreting elevated levels of IL-8 comprising contacting the cell with a composition comprising a cardiac glycoside.
  • the cell can be a CF lung epithelial cell.
  • the cardiac glycoside can be selected from the group consisting of oleandrin, digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain, digoxigenen, digitoxigenen, and acetyl-stropanthidin.
  • a method of treating disease conditions characterized by elevated levels of IL-8 comprising administering to a mammal suffering from the disease a composition comprising an effective amount of a cardiac glycoside.
  • the mammal can be a human.
  • the elevated levels of IL-8 can result from a condition selected from the group consisting of: cardiopulmonary bypass surgery; cardiopulmonary arrest; inflammatory bowel disease; lung disorders and lung conditions; traumatic brain injury; stroke; transplant graft rejection; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease; HIV; viral infections; and fevers resistant to cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
  • a method of treating conditions characterized by elevated levels of IL-8 in a human suffering from cystic fibrosis comprising administering to the human an effective amount of a composition comprising a cardiac glycoside is provided.
  • IL-8 secretion by the CF tracheal epithelial cell line IB-3 is elevated compared to IL-8 secretion by the same cell line corrected with wildtype CFTR (Eidelman, et al. (2001a)). Therefore, elevated levels of IL-8 secretion may be caused by mutant CFTR and a drug or gene able to correct the trafficking defect of ⁇ F508-CFTR may also lower IL-8 secretion.
  • the present inventor has found that IL-8 secretion by IB3 cells is suppressed not only by wildtype CFTR but also by CPX and the phospholipid modifying agent MEA (methyl-ethylamine).
  • MEA methyl-ethylamine
  • the present inventor has also found that hypersecretion of IL-8 from CFTE cells is suppressed by CPX. This finding supports the concept that IL-8 secretion is relevant to understanding the pathology of cystic fibrosis from the vantage point of CF epithelial cell dysfunction.
  • the NF ⁇ B signaling pathway has been implicated in IL-8 expression.
  • the number of actual or potential components in this pathway is enormous.
  • FIG. 1 initially independent pathways involving TNF ⁇ , IL-1 and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are hypothesized to converge on NIK, or on members of the MAP6K family, which then activate a complex of I ⁇ B kinases (IKK ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ ).
  • IKK ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ complex of I ⁇ B kinases
  • the NF ⁇ B complex composed of p65 and p50 components, sits inactive when complexed with I ⁇ B.
  • the proteosome attacks the phospho-I ⁇ B, releasing the residual p65/p50 complex.
  • This NF ⁇ B heterodimer enters the nucleus and binds to ⁇ B sites on promotors for IL-8, I ⁇ B, TNF ⁇ , IL-1, and several other inflammatory signaling molecules. In this manner IL-8 gets transcribed and eventually secreted.
  • the NF ⁇ B complex is removed from the ⁇ B sites by a fresh I ⁇ B molecule from the cytosol, which then leaves the nucleus as an p65/p50/I ⁇ B complex, ready for future activation.
  • the p50 component is synthesized as a larger p105 precursor, which is able to bind to p65.
  • p105 acts not only as a p50 ligand to p65, but also as an inhibitory I ⁇ B-like ligand. In this latter role, the IKK's have no activating effect on the NF ⁇ B complex.
  • the TNF ⁇ R1 receptor transduces the TNF ⁇ signal to the I ⁇ B kinase system through a complex of gene products including TRADD (TNF Receptor-1 Associated Death Domain protein), TRAF2 (TNF Receptor Associated Factor), RIP (TNF Receptor Interacting Protein), and CIAP1 ⁇ 2 (Inhibitor of Apotosis Protein 1).
  • TRADD TNF Receptor-1 Associated Death Domain protein
  • TRAF2 TNF Receptor Associated Factor
  • RIP TNF Receptor Interacting Protein
  • CIAP1 ⁇ 2 Inhibitor of Apotosis Protein 1
  • this system is closely connected to regulation not only of inflammation but also the apoptotic pathway.
  • the TRADD adapter also transduces interactions between TNF ⁇ R and downstream apoptotic components such as caspase 7, FLICE, FAS antigen, FAN, and TRAMP (not shown).
  • the sequence of known cis-acting elements in the IL-8 promoter is summarized in FIG. 2 .
  • Some of these elements are responsive to intrinsic regulators such as NF ⁇ B and AP-1, while others are pathogen-specific. It is therefore possible that certain combinations of these factors may be responsible for the high intrinsic levels of IL-8 expression and secretion in CF cells. In addition, they may also be responsible for the suppression of the baseline levels of IL-8 secretion in the presence of wildtype CFTR or CPX, as well as for the physiological response to P. aeruginosa .
  • RSVRE binding site: ⁇ 162 to ⁇ 132
  • IFNRF1 the Interferon Regulating Factor 1
  • AP-1 binding site: ⁇ 126 to ⁇ 120
  • CMVRE1 CMV Responsive Element
  • NF-IL6 binding site: ⁇ 94 to ⁇ 81
  • C/EBP ⁇ CCAAT box enhancer binding protein ⁇
  • NF ⁇ B binding site: ⁇ 80 to ⁇ 70
  • CMV1E1 CMV1E1
  • C/EBP ⁇ binding site: ⁇ 91 to ⁇ 81
  • NRF binding site: partial overlap with NF ⁇ B
  • NF ⁇ B Repressing Factor which is principally responsible for basal silencing, but is also required for full IL-8 mRNA production
  • TATA box binding site: ⁇ 20 to ⁇ 13
  • Oleandrin with the structure of 16 ⁇ -(acetyloxy)-3 ⁇ -[2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-L-arabino-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-14 hydroxycard-2O-(22)enolide (Merck Index #6786, 11th Edition, 1989), is a cardiac glycoside derived from the botanical source Nerium Oleander, Linné, commonly known as Oleander or Whyr rose. The oleander is known as a poisonous plant, and oleandrin, and related compounds such as oleandrogenin, and others, are responsible for the toxicity of the entire plant (Kingsbury (1964)).
  • the LD50 for intravenous administration to the cat is 0.3 mg/kg.
  • LD-50 stands for dose that is lethal to 50% of, in this case, cats. Assuming the body weight is all water and that the distribution is uniform, this corresponds to a concentration of 0.6 ⁇ M. Since these assumptions minimize the apparent concentration, the LD-50 is probably higher.
  • the mechanism of death is cardiotoxicity due to cardiacglycoside structure and properties of oleandrin.
  • a hot-water extract of oleander leaves a sort of oleander “tea”, is sold under the trade name AnvirzelTM by Salud Integral (Sanitary Registration Number M-07708), Republic of Honduras, for “treatment of cancer, AIDS, hepatitis C, as well as other diseases related to the immune system.”
  • AnvirzelTM Salud Integral
  • the composition of a vial of 10 ml volume contains 150 mg of Nerium oleander extract.
  • the details of the extract are not specified in the Sanitary Registration Certificate, but it probably contains many components, mostly unknown (http://www.saludintegral/hn/company_health_registration.htm). Manna, et al.
  • oleandrin at 1 ⁇ M concentration, suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF ⁇ )-dependent activation of NF ⁇ B in a variety of cultured cancer cells by acting in the vicinity of the NF ⁇ B-inducing kinase (NIK).
  • TNF ⁇ tumor necrosis factor
  • NIK NF ⁇ B-inducing kinase
  • IL-8 is thought to play a role in other disease states and conditions.
  • cardiopulmonary bypass operations are associated with a transient rise in circulating IL-8 and other cytokines (Nandate, et al. (1999)).
  • Brain dysfunction following the operation occurs in a portion of the patients, and the mechanism may involve activation of inflammatory processes in the brain.
  • Nandate, et al. (1999) show that during and following the bypass operation, IL-8 levels are consistently higher in the jugular bulb, containing blood coming from the brain to the heart, than in the paired arterial samples.
  • specific and significant IL-8 production could be found to be produced in the cerebrovascular bed during and following the operation.
  • the authors also report that at least one intervention, hypothermia, suppresses the changes.
  • drugs that interfere with IL-8 production should be useful in ameliorating morbidity and mortality associated with cardiopulmonary bypass operations.
  • Drabe, et al. have pursued genetic components associated with increased IL-8 production during cardiopulmonary bypass operations.
  • the apolipoprotein E4 allele is historically associated with increased propensity to atherosclerosis, higher levels of lipoprotein (a), and early Alzheimers Disease.
  • Drabe, et al. show that patients carrying the apolipoprotein E4 allele have higher baseline levels of IL-8 and TNF ⁇ than patients lacking this alleles.
  • the apolipoprotein E4 patients comprising 27% of the patient cohort, also have increased release of both IL-8 and TNF ⁇ , compared to patients lacking this allele. It is therefore suggested that patients with the E4 genotype should have additional perioperative therapy for the aberrantly increased systemic inflammatory response.
  • drugs that interfere with IL-8 production should thus be useful in ameliorating morbidity and mortality associated with cardiopulmonary bypass operations.
  • IL-8 and other chemokines have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (Imada, et al. (2001)).
  • the levels of IL-8 are especially elevated in acute organ cultures of patients with active ulcerative colitis.
  • Imada, et al. (2001) show that increased expression of IL-8 message can be detected in macrophages, pericrypt myofibroblasts, and epithelium. Dietary fat has been proposed to exacerbate intestinal inflammation, and studies with monolayers of colon epithelial cells indicate that medium-chain fatty acids such as oleic acid cause a five-fold elevation of IL-8 secretion (Tanaka, et al. (2001)).
  • Inflammation processes are historically associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and high levels of IL-8 have been found in atheromatous plaques (Wang, et al. (1996)).
  • high IL-8 has been directly implicated, and the processes regulating IL-8 synthesis can be studied in vitro in cultures of human aortic endothelial cells.
  • IL-8 is synthesized in these cells via multiple convergent pathways (Takata, et al. (2001)).
  • prevastatin an inhibitor of 1,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A reductase
  • prevastatin an inhibitor of 1,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A reductase
  • IL-8 levels in CF lungs are tonically elevated over controls by factors of 1000 fold or more, much more modest levels of IL-8 elevation, in the range of 2-10 fold, have been noted in some other pulmonary diseases and disorders. Modest but significant elevations of IL-8 have been reported in noneosinophilic asthma (Gibson, et al. (2001)). IL-8 levels in asthmatic children are detectable, and are correlated with symptoms (Marguet, et al. (2001)). Somewhat elevated IL-8 levels have been found in asymptomatic nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness (BHR; Betz, et al. (2001)).
  • Thermal injuries are closely associated with increases in cytokines such as TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 in the systemic circulation, normal and thermally injured skin and lung (Rodriguez, et al. (1993); Vindenes, et al. (1995)).
  • the lung cytokine response to acute thermal injury is thought to be responsible for initiating local organ failure.
  • the highest levels of IL-8 are associated with septic patients who died (Yeh, et al. (1997)).
  • High IL-8 levels are also associated with delayed healing of thermal wounds, by mechanisms involving suppression of fibroblast replication and inhibition of myosin ATPase (Iocono, et al. (2000)). Thus suppression of IL-8 production in burn patients might be expected to make a therapeutic contribution.
  • Acute pancreatitis in humans is often associated with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), principally affecting the lung (Bhatia, et al. (2001)).
  • MODS multi-organ dysfunction syndrome
  • IL-8 is elevated in serum and lung, and acute lung injury observed (Osman, et al. (1998); Osman, et al. (1999)).
  • Infusion of an antibody against IL-8 during the acute pancreatitis challenge prevents lung damage, as evidenced by reduced neutrophil infiltration in the lung, while pancreatic necrosis and systemic release of pancreatic enzymes is unaffected (Osman, et al. (1998).
  • suppression of IL-8 production during acute pancreatitis may be useful in suppressing MODS, with special emphasis on the lung.
  • Smoke inhalation causes lung endothelial injury and formation of pulmonary edema.
  • Laffon, et al. (1999) have developed a rabbit model in which cooled smoke causes significant increases in alveolar epithelial permeability and a significant reduction in bidirectional transport of protein across the pulmonary epithelium.
  • Laffon, et al. (1999) show that administration of an anti-IL-8 antibody restores alveolar epithelial permeability to normal levels and significantly increases bidirectional transport of protein.
  • increased IL-8 is an important mediator of lung injury following smoke inhalation, and drugs capable of suppressing IL-8 should be useful therapeutics for smoke inhalation problems affecting lung function.
  • Acid injury to the lung is associated with an increase in alveolar epithelial permeability to protein and a reduction in net alveolar fluid clearance (Modelska, et al. (1999)).
  • pretreatment with an anti-IL-8 antibody significantly reduces the acid mediated increase in bi-directional transport of protein across the alveolar epithelium, and restores alveolar fluid clearance to normal (Modelska, et al. (1999)).
  • drugs capable of suppressing IL-8 should be useful therapeutics for acid injury to the lung.
  • Reexpansion pulmonary edema often follows reexpansion of a collapsed lung due to a mechanism of increased microvascular permeability and inflammatory cell accumulation (Nakamura, et al. (2000)).
  • Local overproduction of IL-8 is responsible for the process.
  • Pretreatment with anti-IL-8 antibody significantly reduces the neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and suppresses REPE.
  • BAL bronchoalveolar lavage
  • drugs capable of suppressing IL-8 should be useful therapeutics for reexpansion pulmonary edema in the lung.
  • IL-8 and related agents play a central role in the cellular cascade of injury, both centrally and peripherally by inducing fever, neutrophilia, muscle breakdown, alterned amino acid metabolism, depression of serum zinc levels, production of hepatic acute phase reactants, increased endothelial permeability and expression of endothelial adhesion molecules.
  • Ott, et al. (1994) also emphasize that specific failures of gut, liver and lung have been identified due to IL-8 and other brain-derived cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF ⁇ .
  • Kossmann, et al. (1997) and Maier, et al. (2001) have validated the brain origin of circulating IL-8, as well as IL-1 and IL-6.
  • IL-8 cerebrospinal fluid
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • IL-8 levels increase immediately following stroke, and peak on day 2 (Tarkowski, et al. (1997)). Higher levels of IL-8 in the CSF are observed following white matter strokes than grey matter strokes.
  • Kostulas, et al. (1999) report that following stroke, IL-8 mRNA levels in perpheral blood neutrophils remain increased for up to 30 days following stroke, while other cytokines return to normal.
  • intracysternal administration of blocking antibodies to IL-8 are found to prevent cerebral reperfusion injury, and endotoxemia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome-(ARDS)-like lung injury (Matsumoto, et al. (1997a); Mukaida, et al. (1998)).
  • An intracysternal neutralizing IL-8 antibody has also been reported to reduce brain edema and infarct size in rabbit brain following experimental transient focal ischemia (Matsumoto, et al. (1997b)). We interpret these data to indicate that drugs with antibody-like capacities to lower brain levels of IL-8 might be useful in the treatment and possible prevention of stroke.
  • IL-8 glycosylated hemoglobin
  • the study was performed in a set of diabetic patients with no evidence of acute or chronic infection, renal failure or ketoacidosis, and a set of age-matched controls. Supportive data have been reported by Yuuki, et al. (2001).
  • the IL-8 signal is a strong beacon for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and the relationship is consistent with a pro-inflammatory phenotype for diabetes. It is thus likely that drugs that suppress baseline levels of IL-8 should be useful for the treatment of complications of diabetes.
  • PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy
  • Alzheimer's Disease affecting an ever increasing fraction of the aging population, is believed to be due to toxic effects of brain-derived amyloid beta peptide (A ⁇ P).
  • a ⁇ P brain-derived amyloid beta peptide
  • the pathological basis of A ⁇ P action on neurons is the increase in intracellular Ca 2+ via calcium channels formed by the A ⁇ P itself (Arispe, et al. (1993); (1996)).
  • IL-8 brain-derived amyloid beta peptide
  • Such affected areas include cortex and hippocampus). Gitter, et al. (1995) show that A ⁇ P stimulates IL8 secretion from human astrocytoma cells.
  • IL1b potentiates A ⁇ P action on IL-8 secretion by astrocytes by 10-fold, a process which is altogether blocked by calcium chelators such as EGTA.
  • the immediate target of the secreted IL-8 may be IL-8 receptors, which are plentiful in the central nervous system.
  • IL-8 receptors which are plentiful in the central nervous system.
  • Xia et al (1997) report that IL-8RB colocalizes with A ⁇ P-positive neurites in Alzheimer Disease brain, but not with paired helical filaments (PHF) or hyperphosphorylated tau (AT8).
  • PHF paired helical filaments
  • AT8 hyperphosphorylated tau
  • IL-8 may be important in normal brain for signaling between neurons and glia, the action in Alzheimer Disease brain may be to potentiate immune destruction of neurons.
  • Parkinson's Disease caused by destruction of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the midbrain, joins Alzheimer's Disease as one of the neurodegenerative disorders whose incidence is increasingly manifest in the aging population.
  • Polymorphisms of genes associated with the proinflammatory TNF ⁇ pathway have been discovered and interpreted as indicating a immunomodulatory effect on sporadic Parkinson's Disease (Kruger, et al. (2000); Nishimura, et al. (2001)).
  • Nishimura, et al. (2000) suggest that TNF ⁇ may have a toxic effect on Parkinson's Disease, implying action at the level of the substantia nigra in the brain.
  • MPTP N-methyl-1-4 phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
  • MPTP N-methyl-1-4 phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
  • MPTP Grunblatt, et al. (2001); Mandel, et al. (2000)
  • TNFa pathway terminates at the IL-8 promoter as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • Drugs suppressing IL-8 secretion should therefore be useful in treating Parkinson's Disease.
  • HIV-1 infection of macrophages results in elevation of Interleukin-8 synthesis and secretion of IL-8 by the infected cells.
  • IL-8 itself stimulates HIV-1 replication in macrophages and T-lymphocytes (Lane, et al. (2001)). Consistently, Lane, et al. (2001) show that increased levels of IL-8 are present in the lymphoid tissue of patients with AIDS.
  • compounds which block IL-8 receptors also inhibit HIV-1 replication in both T lymphocytes and macrophages.
  • drugs that are able to interfere with IL-8 secretion might be useful as therapeutics for HIV-1 infection, and AIDS.
  • HIV-1 infected patients often develop neurological disorders and HIV-1-associated dementia following invasion of the brain by activated T cells and infected macrophages.
  • Kutsch, et al. (2000) show that the HIV-1 Tat (72aa) peptide potently induces IL-8 and related cytokines in astrocytes. IL-8 message is seen within an hour, and IL-8 protein is produced. Given the fact that IL-8 potyentiates HIV-1 infection, it follows that drugs that are able to interfere with IL-8 secretion might be useful in preventing or suppressing HIV-1 infections in the CNS leading to HIV-1-associated dementia.
  • adenovirus the adenoviral gene product E1A primes alveolar epithelial cells to produce elevated levels of IL-8 when exposed to environmental particulate matter that is less than 10 microns in diameter [e.g., PM (10) or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )].
  • HRV-14 the human rhinovirus
  • the growth factors TNFa and EGF induced the cells to both synthesize increased levels of IL-8 and to support increased viral replication in a line of human bronchial epithelial cells.
  • RSV respiratory syncytial virus
  • RSVRE respiratory syncytial virus
  • the viral literature is extensive on this point, and so we can only conclude that drugs able to interfere with production of IL-8 during viral infection should have the capacity either to interfere with some viral infections, or to suppress associated inflammatory symptoms.
  • adenoviral gene therapy with antisense to IL-8 has been successful in reducing growth of human bladder tumor cells growing subcutaneously in the nude mouse (Inoue, et al. (2001)).
  • the injections of the adenoviral construct were directly into the body of the tumor, and only resulted in inhibition of growth rate relative to control capacity.
  • drugs able to interfere with production of IL-8 could have/the capacity either to interfere with tumor growth, development or metastases.
  • Certain fevers are known to be resistant to cyclooxygenase inhibitors, and a type of fever caused by intracerebrovascular injection of IL-8 falls into this category (Zampronio, et al. (1994)). These data suggest that drugs able to interfere with IL-8 secretion in brain should be useful as antipyretics for fevers resistant to cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
  • Psoriasis is an disabling, proliferative skin disorder associated with systemic elevation of lymphocytes (Hoxtermann, et al. (1998)) and other evidences of aberrant cytokine production (Stoof, et al. (2001)).
  • Stoof, et al. (2001)) in a study of the mechanism of action of the antipsoriatic drug dimethylfumarate (DMF), show that DMF, in the range of 5-50 ⁇ M, suppresses interferon-gamma-stimulated production of IL-8 and related cytokines by human karatinocytes. These cytokines are thought to be responsible for the perpetuation of psoriatic lesions.
  • the mechanism of action of DMF on IL-8 production may be via the NF ⁇ B pathway, since DMF causes nuclear accumulation of cytokine-induced NF ⁇ B1/p50 in human dermal fibroblast cells (Vandermeeren, et al., 2001). These data suggest that drugs able to interfere with IL-8 secretion in dermal cells should be useful as anti-psoriatic agents.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis afflicting approximately 1% of the population, is a chronic multisystem disease of unknown cause, characterized by persistent inflammatory synovitis, principally in symmetrical peripheral joints (Lipsky (2001)).
  • High basal levels of IL-8 are found in synovial fluid and in synovial cells (Troughton, et al. (1996); Rothe, et al. (1998); Rodenburg, et al. (1999); Olszewski, et al. (2001); Nanki, et al. (2001); Hayashida, et al. (2001)).
  • IL-8 participates in synovial lesions at the earliest stages of rheumatoid disease (Takahashi, et al. (1999)), and that symptoms coincide with increased synthesis of IL-8 (Kraan, et al. (2001)).
  • the synthesis of IL-8 by synovial attracts ingress of peripheral monocytes (Hayashida, et al. (2001)), as well as angiogenesis, possibly to support the chromic inflammatory state (Koch, et al. (2001)).
  • the mechanism of IL-8 synthesis by synovial cells involves the NFkB pathway (Morel, et al. (2001)) and increases in IL-8 mRNA.
  • Certain other categories of arthritis are also characterized by high levels of IL-8, including Behcet's (Ertenti, et al. (2001)), psoriatic (Konig, et al. (1997)), and Sjogren's (Amin, et al. (2001)).
  • methotrexate Gao, et al. (1998)
  • aurothioglucose Yoshida, et al. (1999)
  • cystic fibrosis is characterized by a high level of spontaneous, baseline IL-8 secretion.
  • the mechanism of this high baseline secretion is not known, but may be associated with upregulation of a set of genes associated with the TNF ⁇ R/NF ⁇ B pathway (Eidelman, et al. (2001a)). It was therefore hypothesized that if oleandrin could suppress TNF ⁇ -activated activation of NF ⁇ B in tumor cells, it might also suppress the high baseline levels of IL-8 in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) cells. To test this hypothesis, the CF lung epithelial cell line IB-3 was exposed to different concentrations of oleandrin over a 48 hour incubation period.
  • FIG. 3 The data are shown in FIG. 3 , where the titration shows an ID50 (dose for 50% inhibition) for spontaneous IL-8 secretion of approximately 1 nM.
  • Oleandrin was obtained from Indofine Chemicals.
  • the ID50 for oleandrin is approximately 1 nM.
  • the data plotted in FIG. 3 are the average of 3 separate experiments. The assay is performed exactly as described in Eidelman et al. (2001a), except that the compound to be tested is oleandrin, and the ethanol concentration is 0.001%. The purity of oleandrin was confirmed by NMR and Mass Spectroscopy.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B show plots generated for the oleandrin used in these experiments by NMR and Mass Spectroscopy, respectively.
  • oleandrin has advantages over competitive candidate drugs currently under therapeutic consideration for cystic fibrosis.
  • the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) for oleandrin can be elucidated from consideration of the relative activities of structural analogues.
  • the most active species tested i.e., Species I and Species II
  • Species III and Species IV are also characterized by sugars of different structures.
  • Species III has an equatorial hydroxyl moiety on the 12 position of the C ring
  • Species IV has an axial hydroxyl on the neighboring 11 position of the C ring.
  • the next most active species i.e., Species V and Species VI
  • Species V also has an equatorial hydroxyl moiety on the 12 position of the C ring while Species VI lacks substitutions on this ring.
  • the next most active species i.e., Species VII
  • Species VII also lacks both sugars on the 3 position and substitutions on the C ring. However, it has an equatorial carbonyl on the 19 position between the A and B rings. In all other compounds except Species IV, this position is occupied by an equatorial methyl group.
  • Species VIII which appears to be entirely inactive even at a concentration of 1000 nM (1 micromolar).
  • Species VIII is characterized by an equatorial acetyl group at the 12 position of the C ring, as well as an acetyl group on the 3 position. This position is usually occupied in other species by sugar moieties.
  • the present invention therefore provides a method of suppressing IL-8 secretion from CF lung epithelial cells using cardiac glycosides such as oleandrin.
  • the present invention also provides a method of suppressing spontaneously high levels of IL-8 secretion from cells using cardiac glycosides such as oleandrin.
  • a method of treating disease conditions characterized by high levels of IL-8 secretion is also provided.
  • Disease conditions characterized by high levels of IL-8 include the following: cardiopulmonary bypass risk following surgery, cardiopulmonary arrest, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, noneosinophilic asthma, asthma, non-specific airway hyperresponsiveness, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, nosocomial pneumonia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, cerebral reperfusion injury, endotoxemia-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, transplant graft rejection (including kidney transplant graft rejection, lung transplant graft rejection, pancreas transplant graft rejection, intestine transplant graft rejection, heart transplant graft rejection, bladder transplant graft rejection, multiple organ transplant graft rejection), Alzheimers Disease, Parkinson's Disease, HIV-1 infection, AIDS, HIV-1-associated dementia, viral infections, infection with adenovirus, infection with human rhino virus, infection with influenza virus, infection with herpes virus, cancer, cyclooxy
  • a method of administering a cardiac glycoside in which the compound is immobilized in a biocompatible, biodegradable substance.
  • the cardiac glycoside according to the invention can be immobilized in a biocompatible, biodegradable substance and administered locally by brachytherapy.
  • the cardiac glycoside according to the invention can also be formulated as an intravenous solution.
  • the cardiac glycoside can be formulated for oral administration (e.g., as an elixer, powder, tablet or capsule).
  • the cardiac glycoside for example, can be formulated for oral administration in an acid stable capsule.
  • the cardiac glycoside according to the invention can also be formulated for administration by injection or for aerosol administration to the respiratory tract.
  • the cardiac glycoside can be formulated as nose drops or as a nasal spray.
  • the cardiac glycoside according to the invention can also be formulated as a suppository or for dermal administration.
  • the cardiac glycoside can be formulated in a salve or as a solution for topical application or as a patch for transdermal or superdermal controlled or spontaneous release.
  • the cardiac glycoside can also be formulated as a ear drops, eye drops, or as a gargle.
  • the cardiac glycoside can also be formulated as an implant in the central nervous system.
  • compositions comprising cardiac glycosides and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and methods of treating using such compositions are also provided according to the invention.

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CA2487732A1 (fr) 2003-12-04
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US20140187505A1 (en) 2014-07-03
AU2003240818A1 (en) 2003-12-12
AU2003240818B2 (en) 2006-05-04
US20100120704A1 (en) 2010-05-13
EP1513403A4 (fr) 2006-08-30
JP2010070575A (ja) 2010-04-02
CA2487732C (fr) 2013-10-15
US9511083B2 (en) 2016-12-06
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US8569248B2 (en) 2013-10-29
WO2003099011A1 (fr) 2003-12-04

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