US20060131618A1 - Chalcogenide random access memory and method of fabricating the same - Google Patents
Chalcogenide random access memory and method of fabricating the same Download PDFInfo
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- US20060131618A1 US20060131618A1 US11/163,062 US16306205A US2006131618A1 US 20060131618 A1 US20060131618 A1 US 20060131618A1 US 16306205 A US16306205 A US 16306205A US 2006131618 A1 US2006131618 A1 US 2006131618A1
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- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 231
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000005468 ion implantation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen(.) Chemical compound [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 79
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 3
- -1 chalcogenide compound Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001459 lithography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007943 implant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003463 sulfur Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/34—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies not provided for in groups H01L21/0405, H01L21/0445, H01L21/06, H01L21/16 and H01L21/18 with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/42—Bombardment with radiation
- H01L21/423—Bombardment with radiation with high-energy radiation
- H01L21/425—Bombardment with radiation with high-energy radiation producing ion implantation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/02—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/04—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their crystalline structure, e.g. polycrystalline, cubic or particular orientation of crystalline planes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/762—Charge transfer devices
- H01L29/765—Charge-coupled devices
- H01L29/768—Charge-coupled devices with field effect produced by an insulated gate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/011—Manufacture or treatment of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/041—Modification of switching materials after formation, e.g. doping
- H10N70/043—Modification of switching materials after formation, e.g. doping by implantation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/231—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on solid-state phase change, e.g. between amorphous and crystalline phases, Ovshinsky effect
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/821—Device geometry
- H10N70/826—Device geometry adapted for essentially vertical current flow, e.g. sandwich or pillar type devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/821—Device geometry
- H10N70/828—Current flow limiting means within the switching material region, e.g. constrictions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/841—Electrodes
- H10N70/8418—Electrodes adapted for focusing electric field or current, e.g. tip-shaped
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a phase transformation memory and fabricating method thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) and method of fabricating the same.
- CRAM chalcogenide random access memory
- phase-transformation is a process of changing a material from a non-crystalline state into a crystalline state or changing the crystalline state to a non-crystalline state. Because a non-crystalline material has a different light reflecting properties and electrical resistance from a crystalline material, the non-crystalline state and the crystalline state of the material can be used to represent a “0” and a “1” logic state in data storage. The aforementioned phase-transformation will occur when a laser beam or an electrical field is applied.
- chalcogenide consisting of germanium (Ge), antimony (Sb) and tellurium (Te) of the sulfur series
- the electrical properties after the phase transformation are particularly suitable for fabricating a memory.
- the area occupation of the chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) is only 1 ⁇ 3 of the magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and the ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) and the CRAM can easily integrate with a logic circuit. Therefore, CRAM has gradually become one of the most promising techniques for producing a whole new generation of memory products, especially for miniaturized portable products.
- the chalcogenide RAM store data by effecting a phase transformation through the power source controlled by a transistor.
- the current that can be provided by a transistor is quite limited.
- one major issue is to achieve a balance between the operating current of the chalcogenide RAM and the current range provided by the transistor.
- At least one objective of the present invention is to provide a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) capable of reducing the difference between an operating current of the CRAM and a current provided by a control transistor.
- CRAM chalcogenide random access memory
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can reduce the driving current of the CRAM.
- CRAM chalcogenide random access memory
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can reduce the operating current of the CRAM and ignore the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the chalcogenide material and other materials used in semiconductor production.
- CRAM chalcogenide random access memory
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can reduce the difference between the operating current of the CRAM and the current provided by a control transistor.
- CRAM chalcogenide random access memory
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can reduce the contact area between the chalcogenide material and the bottom electrode therein beyond the lithography limit.
- CRAM chalcogenide random access memory
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can simplify the fabrication process and reduce the operating current of the CRAM.
- CRAM chalcogenide random access memory
- the invention provides a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM).
- the CRAM comprises a substrate, a first dielectric layer, a top electrode, a bottom electrode, a second dielectric layer, a modified chalcogenide spacer and an un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
- the first dielectric layer is disposed on the substrate surface and the bottom electrode is located within the first dielectric layer.
- the second dielectric layer is disposed on the first dielectric layer, wherein the second dielectric layer has at least one opening exposing the bottom electrode.
- the modified chalcogenide spacer is disposed on the sidewall of the opening exposing portion of the bottom electrode.
- the top electrode is disposed on the bottom electrode.
- the un-modified chalcogenide thin film is disposed between the modified chalcogenide spacer and the top electrode and also disposed between the bottom electrode and the top electrode. Furthermore, the modified chalcogenide spacer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
- the modified chalcogenide spacer contains oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity and increasing etching resistivity of the phase transformation material.
- the present invention also provides another chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM).
- the CRAM comprises a substrate, a dielectric layer, a top electrode, a bottom electrode, a spacer, a un-modified chalcogenide material and a modified chalcogenide layer.
- the dielectric layer is disposed on the substrate surface and the bottom electrode is located within the first dielectric layer.
- the modified chalcogenide layer is disposed on the dielectric layer, wherein the modified chalcogenide layer has at least one opening exposing the bottom electrode.
- the spacer is disposed on the sidewall of the opening exposing portion of the bottom electrode.
- the top electrode is disposed on the bottom electrode.
- the un-modified chalcogenide material is disposed in the opening between the top electrode and the bottom electrode.
- the modified chalcogenide layer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide material.
- the modified chalcogenide layer contains oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity of the phase transformation material.
- the invention further provides a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM).
- the CRAM comprises a substrate, a dielectric layer, a top electrode, a bottom electrode, a modified chalcogenide layer and an un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
- the dielectric layer is disposed on the substrate surface and the bottom electrode is located within the dielectric layer.
- the modified chalcogenide layer is disposed on the first dielectric layer, wherein the modified chalcogenide layer has at least one funneled opening exposing the bottom electrode.
- the top electrode is disposed on the modified chalcogenide layer in a position to correspond with the bottom electrode.
- the un-modified chalcogenide thin film is disposed between the modified chalcogenide layer and the top electrode and also disposed between the bottom electrode and the top electrode. Furthermore, the modified chalcogenide layer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
- the modified chalcogenide layer contains oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity of the phase transformation material.
- the present invention also provides a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM).
- a substrate having a first dielectric layer thereon is provided.
- the first dielectric layer also has a bottom electrode therein.
- a chalcogenide film is formed on the substrate and then a patterned mask is formed on the chalcogenide film.
- the chalcogenide film is patterned to form a chalcogenide block that has contact with the bottom electrode.
- a tilt ion implantation process is carried out on the chalcogenide block to convert a peripheral region of the contact area between the chalcogenide block and the bottom electrode into a modified chalcogenide structure.
- the modified chalcogenide structure has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide block.
- the patterned mask is removed and then the un-modified chalcogenide block is removed, too.
- a conformal chalcogenide thin film is formed over the substrate to cover the modified chalcogenide structure and contact with the bottom electrode.
- a second dielectric layer is deposited over the substrate and patterned to expose the conformal chalcogenide thin film on the bottom electrode.
- a top electrode is formed over the conformal chalcogenide thin film.
- the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film in the aforementioned tilt ion implantation process includes oxygen (O 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), atomic oxygen (O), atomic nitrogen (N) or oxygen ion (O + ).
- the present invention also provides an another method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM).
- a substrate having a first dielectric layer thereon is provided.
- the first dielectric layer also has a bottom electrode therein.
- a chalcogenide film is formed on the substrate and then a patterned mask is formed on the chalcogenide film.
- the patterned mask corresponds in position with the bottom electrode.
- an ion implantation process is carried out on the chalcogenide film to covert a portion of the chalcogenide film into a modified region. Meanwhile, the chalcogenide film underneath the patterned mask is prevented from receiving any dopants and hence is kept as an un-modified region.
- the modified region has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified region of the chalcogenide film.
- the patterned mask is removed and then the un-modified region of the chalcogenide film is removed to form a opening.
- a spacer id formed on a sidewall of the opening to expose portion of the bottom electrode, and then filling the opening with an un-modified chalcogenide material.
- a top electrode is formed over the un-modified chalcogenide material.
- the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film in the aforementioned ion implantation process includes oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion.
- the present invention also provides a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM).
- a substrate having a dielectric layer thereon is provided.
- the dielectric layer also has a bottom electrode therein.
- a chalcogenide film is formed on the substrate and then a patterned mask is formed on the chalcogenide film.
- a tilt ion implantation process is carried out on the chalcogenide film to convert a portion of the chalcogenide film into a modified region and keep the chalcogenide film without receiving any dopants as an un-modified region.
- the modified region has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified region.
- the patterned mask is removed and then the un-modified region of the chalcogenide film is removed, too. Afterwards, a conformal chalcogenide thin film is formed over the substrate to cover the modified region of the chalcogenide film and contact with the bottom electrode. Then, a top electrode is formed over the conformal chalcogenide thin film in a position to correspond with the bottom electrode.
- the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film in the tilt ion implantation process comprises oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion.
- a material modification treatment is performed to reduce the contact area between the chalcogenide film and the bottom electrode inside the CRAM.
- the operating current of the CRAM is reduced to match the current value provided by a common control transistor.
- the aforementioned material modification treatment can simplify the production process, reduce the contact area between the chalcogenide material and the bottom electrode beyond the lithography limit and resolve the problems caused by a difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the chalcogenide material and other materials used in semiconductor fabrication.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 4A through 4H are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 5A through 5E are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 6A through 6E are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- the chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) of the present embodiment mainly comprises a substrate 100 , a first dielectric layer 102 , a bottom electrode 104 , a top electrode 106 , a second dielectric layer 108 , a modified chalcogenide spacer 110 and a un-modified chalcogenide thin film 112 .
- the first dielectric layer 102 is disposed on the substrate 100 and the bottom electrode 104 is located inside the first dielectric layer 102 .
- the second dielectric layer 108 is disposed on the first dielectric layer 102 , wherein the second dielectric layer 108 has at least one opening 109 exposing the bottom electrode 104 .
- the modified chalcogenide spacer 110 is disposed on the sidewall of the opening 109 exposing portion of the bottom electrode 104 .
- the top electrode 106 is disposed on the bottom electrode 104 .
- the un-modified chalcogenide thin film 112 is disposed between the modified chalcogenide spacer 110 and the top electrode 106 and also disposed between the bottom electrode 104 and the top electrode 106 .
- the modified chalcogenide spacer 110 has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film 112 .
- the modified chalcogenide spacer 110 contains elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity of the phase transformation material for modifying the intrinsic physical properties of the chalcogenide compound.
- the top electrode 106 and the bottom electrode 104 can be fabricated using a metal, a metal alloy, a semiconductor, a silicon compound, silicon or other conductive materials, for example. Furthermore, the top electrode 106 and the bottom electrode 104 can be set in an elemental state, a compound state, an alloy state or a composite state. In addition, because two chalcogenide random access memory units are displayed in FIG. 1 , a third dielectric layer 114 can be disposed between the two upper electrodes 106 , for example.
- the operating current (also known as the driving current) of the CRAM is lowered to match the current value capable of being provided by a common control transistor.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- the chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) in the present embodiment mainly comprises a substrate 200 , a dielectric layer 202 , a bottom electrode 204 , a top electrode 206 , a modified chalcogenide layer 208 , a spacer 210 and a un-modified chalcogenide material 212 .
- the dielectric layer 202 is disposed on the substrate 200 and the bottom electrode 204 is located inside the dielectric layer 202 .
- the modified chalcogenide layer 208 is disposed on the dielectric layer 202 , wherein the modified chalcogenide layer 208 has at least one opening 209 exposing the bottom electrode 204 .
- the spacer 210 is disposed on the sidewall of the opening 209 so as to expose portion of the bottom electrode 204 , wherein the spacer 210 can be fabricated using a dielectric or a insulator.
- the top electrode 206 is disposed on the bottom electrode 204 .
- the un-modified chalcogenide material 212 is disposed in the opening 209 between the bottom electrode 204 and the top electrode 206 , wherein the modified chalcogenide layer 208 has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide material 212 .
- the modified chalcogenide layer 208 contains oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity of the phase transformation material so that the physical properties of the chalcogenide material are transformed.
- the materials and states of the aforementioned top electrode 206 and the bottom electrode 204 can be selected by referring to the first embodiment. Furthermore, because two chalcogenide random access memory units are shown in FIG. 2 , another dielectric layer 214 is disposed between the two top electrodes 206 , for example.
- the contact area between the un-modified chalcogenide material and the bottom electrode is less than that between the un-modified chalcogenide material and the top electrode due to the disposition of the spacer. Hence, the driving current of the CRAM is lowered.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- the chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) in the present embodiment is very similar to the one in the second embodiment.
- the CRAM mainly comprises a substrate 300 , a top electrode 302 , a bottom electrode 304 , a dielectric layer 306 , a modified chalcogenide layer 310 and a un-modified chalcogenide thin film 312 .
- the dielectric layer 306 is disposed on the substrate 300 and the bottom electrode 304 is located inside the dielectric layer 306 .
- the modified chalcogenide layer 310 is disposed on the dielectric layer 306 , wherein the modified chalcogenide layer 310 has at least one funneled opening 311 exposing the bottom electrode 304 .
- the top electrode 302 is disposed on the modified chalcogenide layer 310 in a position to correspond with the bottom electrode 304 .
- the un-modified chalcogenide thin film 312 is disposed between the modified chalcogenide layer 310 and the top electrode 308 , and it also disposed between the bottom electrode 304 and the top electrode 302 .
- the modified chalcogenide layer 310 has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film 312 .
- another dielectric layer 308 is disposed between the two top electrodes 302 , for example.
- the materials and states of the aforementioned top electrode 302 and the bottom electrode 304 can be selected by referring to the first embodiment.
- the modified chalcogenide layer in the present embodiment may also serve as a dielectric layer of the memory so that the conventional problem resulting from the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the chalcogenide compound and other materials can be avoided.
- FIG. 4A through 4H are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- a substrate 400 having a first dielectric layer 402 thereon is provided.
- the first dielectric layer 402 has a bottom electrode 404 therein.
- a chalcogenide film 406 is formed over the substrate 400 and then a patterned mask 408 is formed over the chalcogenide film 406 .
- the patterned mask 408 is a photoresist layer or a hard mask, for example.
- the chalcogenide film 406 (as shown in FIG. 4B ) is patterned using the pattern mask 408 to form a chalcogenide block 406 a in contact with the bottom electrode 404 .
- a tilt ion implantation process 410 is performed on the chalcogenide block 406 a so that a peripheral portion of the contact area between the chalcogenide block 406 a and the bottom electrode 404 is converted into a modified chalcogenide structure 406 b .
- the modified chalcogenide structure 406 b has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide block 406 a .
- the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film 406 include oxygen (O 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), atomic oxygen (O), atomic nitrogen (N) or oxygen ion (O + ), for example, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of increasing etching resistivity of the phase transformation material.
- the patterned mask 408 (as shown in FIG. 4D ) is removed.
- the un-modified chalcogenide block 406 a (as shown in FIG. 4E ) is removing and this removing step includes blanket etching the un-modified chalcogenide block, for example.
- a conformal chalcogenide thin film 412 is formed over the substrate 400 to cover the modified chalcogenide structure 406 b and contact with the bottom electrode 404 .
- a second dielectric layer 414 is deposited on the substrate 400 and then patterned to expose the conformal chalcogenide thin film 412 on the bottom electrode 404 . Thereafter, a top electrode 416 is formed over the conformal chalcogenide thin film 412 and then an inter-layer dielectric layer 418 is disposed between two neighboring top electrodes 416 .
- the contact area between the conformal chalcogenide thin film and the bottom electrode inside the CRAM is significantly reduced. Consequently, the operating current of the CRAM is lowered to match the current value provided by a common control transistor.
- FIG. 5A through 5E are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- a substrate 500 having a first dielectric layer 502 thereon is provided.
- the first dielectric layer 502 has a bottom electrode 504 therein.
- a chalcogenide film 506 is formed over the substrate 500 and then a patterned mask 508 is formed over the chalcogenide film 506 .
- the patterned mask 508 is a photoresist layer or a hard mask, for example.
- an ion implantation process 510 is performed on the chalcogenide film 506 (shown in FIG. 5B ).
- the ion implantation process 510 implants dopants vertically into the substrate 500 to convert a portion of the chalcogenide film into a modified region 506 b .
- the chalcogenide film underneath the patterned mask 508 is prevented from receiving any dopants and hence is kept as a un-modified region 506 a .
- the modified region 506 b has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified region 506 a .
- the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film 506 in the ion implantation process 510 include oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion, for example, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of increasing etching resistivity of the phase transformation material.
- the patterned mask 508 (as shown in FIG. 5C ) is removed and then the un-modified region 506 a (as shown in FIG. 5C ) is remove to form a opening 507 .
- a spacer 512 is formed on a sidewall of the opening 507 to expose portion of the bottom electrode 504 .
- the opening 507 is filled with a un-modified chalcogenide material 514 .
- the step of filling the opening includes depositing a chalcogenide layer on the substrate 500 , and then etching back the foregoing chalcogenide layer. Then, a top electrode 518 is formed over the un-modified chalcogenide material 514 . Finally, an inter-layer dielectric layer 516 can be disposed between neighboring top electrodes 518 .
- a special material modifying treatment that is, the ion implantation process is performed.
- the fabrication process is very much simplified.
- FIG. 6A through 6E are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- a dielectric layer 602 having a bottom electrode 604 is formed on a substrate 600 .
- a chalcogenide film 606 and a patterned mask 608 are sequentially formed over the substrate 600 .
- the patterned mask 608 is a photoresist layer or a hard mask, for example.
- a tilt ion implantation process 610 is performed on the chalcogenide film 606 (shown in FIG. 6B ) to convert a portion of the chalcogenide film 606 into a modified region 606 b and keep the chalcogenide film without receiving any dopants as a un-modified region 606 a .
- the modified region 606 b has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified region 606 a .
- the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film 606 include oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion, for example, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of increasing etching resistivity of the phase transformation material.
- the patterned mask 608 (shown in FIG. 6C ) is removed and then the un-modified region 606 a (shown in FIG. 6C ) is removed, too. Thereafter, a conformal chalcogenide thin film 612 is formed over the substrate 600 to cover the modified region 606 b and contact with the bottom electrode 604 .
- a top electrode 614 is formed over the conformal chalcogenide thin film 612 in at least a position to correspond with the bottom electrode 604 .
- an inter-layer dielectric layer 616 can be disposed between neighboring top electrodes 614 .
- the characteristic of the present invention is that a material modification treatment is performed to reduce the contact area between the chalcogenide film and the bottom electrode inside the CRAM. Hence, the operating current of the CRAM is reduced to match the current value provided by a common control transistor.
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Abstract
A chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) is provided. The CRAM includes a substrate, a first dielectric layer, a bottom electrode, a top electrode, a second dielectric layer, a modified chalcogenide spacer and an un-modified chalcogenide thin film. The first dielectric layer is disposed on the substrate and the bottom electrode is located inside the first dielectric layer. The second dielectric layer is disposed on the first dielectric layer and it has at least one opening exposing the bottom electrode. The modified chalcogenide spacer is disposed on the sidewall of the opening exposing portion of the bottom electrode. The top electrode is disposed on the bottom electrode. The un-modified chalcogenide thin film is disposed between the modified chalcogenide spacer and the top electrode and also disposed between the bottom electrode and the top electrode. The modified chalcogenide spacer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
Description
- This application is a continuation-in-part of a prior application Ser. No. 10/905,115, filed Dec. 16, 2004.
- 1. Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to a phase transformation memory and fabricating method thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) and method of fabricating the same.
- 2. Description of the Related Art
- To satisfy the need for varieties, compactness, high density, low production cost and customization in memory products, an increasing large list of memory fabrication techniques are being investigated. One type of technique that receives particular attention is a phase-transformation memory. Phase-transformation is a process of changing a material from a non-crystalline state into a crystalline state or changing the crystalline state to a non-crystalline state. Because a non-crystalline material has a different light reflecting properties and electrical resistance from a crystalline material, the non-crystalline state and the crystalline state of the material can be used to represent a “0” and a “1” logic state in data storage. The aforementioned phase-transformation will occur when a laser beam or an electrical field is applied.
- At present, a film fabricated using a compound from an alloy system material having erasable and phase-transformable properties called chalcogenide, consisting of germanium (Ge), antimony (Sb) and tellurium (Te) of the sulfur series, can be made to phase-transformation at a relatively low voltage. Moreover, the electrical properties after the phase transformation are particularly suitable for fabricating a memory. Furthermore, the area occupation of the chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) is only ⅓ of the magnetic random access memory (MRAM) and the ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) and the CRAM can easily integrate with a logic circuit. Therefore, CRAM has gradually become one of the most promising techniques for producing a whole new generation of memory products, especially for miniaturized portable products.
- The chalcogenide RAM store data by effecting a phase transformation through the power source controlled by a transistor. However, the current that can be provided by a transistor is quite limited. Hence, one major issue is to achieve a balance between the operating current of the chalcogenide RAM and the current range provided by the transistor.
- Accordingly, at least one objective of the present invention is to provide a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) capable of reducing the difference between an operating current of the CRAM and a current provided by a control transistor.
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can reduce the driving current of the CRAM.
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can reduce the operating current of the CRAM and ignore the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the chalcogenide material and other materials used in semiconductor production.
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can reduce the difference between the operating current of the CRAM and the current provided by a control transistor.
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can reduce the contact area between the chalcogenide material and the bottom electrode therein beyond the lithography limit.
- At least another objective of the present invention is to provide a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) that can simplify the fabrication process and reduce the operating current of the CRAM.
- To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention provides a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM). The CRAM comprises a substrate, a first dielectric layer, a top electrode, a bottom electrode, a second dielectric layer, a modified chalcogenide spacer and an un-modified chalcogenide thin film. The first dielectric layer is disposed on the substrate surface and the bottom electrode is located within the first dielectric layer. The second dielectric layer is disposed on the first dielectric layer, wherein the second dielectric layer has at least one opening exposing the bottom electrode. The modified chalcogenide spacer is disposed on the sidewall of the opening exposing portion of the bottom electrode. The top electrode is disposed on the bottom electrode. The un-modified chalcogenide thin film is disposed between the modified chalcogenide spacer and the top electrode and also disposed between the bottom electrode and the top electrode. Furthermore, the modified chalcogenide spacer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
- According to the CRAM of the present invention, the modified chalcogenide spacer contains oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity and increasing etching resistivity of the phase transformation material.
- The present invention also provides another chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM). The CRAM comprises a substrate, a dielectric layer, a top electrode, a bottom electrode, a spacer, a un-modified chalcogenide material and a modified chalcogenide layer. The dielectric layer is disposed on the substrate surface and the bottom electrode is located within the first dielectric layer. The modified chalcogenide layer is disposed on the dielectric layer, wherein the modified chalcogenide layer has at least one opening exposing the bottom electrode. The spacer is disposed on the sidewall of the opening exposing portion of the bottom electrode. The top electrode is disposed on the bottom electrode. The un-modified chalcogenide material is disposed in the opening between the top electrode and the bottom electrode. Furthermore, the modified chalcogenide layer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide material.
- According to the CRAM of the present invention, the modified chalcogenide layer contains oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity of the phase transformation material.
- The invention further provides a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM). The CRAM comprises a substrate, a dielectric layer, a top electrode, a bottom electrode, a modified chalcogenide layer and an un-modified chalcogenide thin film. The dielectric layer is disposed on the substrate surface and the bottom electrode is located within the dielectric layer. The modified chalcogenide layer is disposed on the first dielectric layer, wherein the modified chalcogenide layer has at least one funneled opening exposing the bottom electrode. The top electrode is disposed on the modified chalcogenide layer in a position to correspond with the bottom electrode. The un-modified chalcogenide thin film is disposed between the modified chalcogenide layer and the top electrode and also disposed between the bottom electrode and the top electrode. Furthermore, the modified chalcogenide layer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
- According to the CRAM of the present invention, the modified chalcogenide layer contains oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity of the phase transformation material.
- The present invention also provides a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM). First, a substrate having a first dielectric layer thereon is provided. The first dielectric layer also has a bottom electrode therein. Thereafter, a chalcogenide film is formed on the substrate and then a patterned mask is formed on the chalcogenide film. Using the patterned mask, the chalcogenide film is patterned to form a chalcogenide block that has contact with the bottom electrode. After that, using the patterned mask again, a tilt ion implantation process is carried out on the chalcogenide block to convert a peripheral region of the contact area between the chalcogenide block and the bottom electrode into a modified chalcogenide structure. The modified chalcogenide structure has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide block. The patterned mask is removed and then the un-modified chalcogenide block is removed, too. Afterwards, a conformal chalcogenide thin film is formed over the substrate to cover the modified chalcogenide structure and contact with the bottom electrode. Then, a second dielectric layer is deposited over the substrate and patterned to expose the conformal chalcogenide thin film on the bottom electrode. Finally, a top electrode is formed over the conformal chalcogenide thin film.
- According to the method of fabricating the CRAM of the present invention, the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film in the aforementioned tilt ion implantation process includes oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), atomic oxygen (O), atomic nitrogen (N) or oxygen ion (O+).
- The present invention also provides an another method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM). First, a substrate having a first dielectric layer thereon is provided. The first dielectric layer also has a bottom electrode therein. Thereafter, a chalcogenide film is formed on the substrate and then a patterned mask is formed on the chalcogenide film. The patterned mask corresponds in position with the bottom electrode. Using the patterned mask as a mask, an ion implantation process is carried out on the chalcogenide film to covert a portion of the chalcogenide film into a modified region. Meanwhile, the chalcogenide film underneath the patterned mask is prevented from receiving any dopants and hence is kept as an un-modified region. The modified region has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified region of the chalcogenide film. After that, the patterned mask is removed and then the un-modified region of the chalcogenide film is removed to form a opening. Thereafter, a spacer id formed on a sidewall of the opening to expose portion of the bottom electrode, and then filling the opening with an un-modified chalcogenide material. Finally, a top electrode is formed over the un-modified chalcogenide material.
- According to the method of fabricating a CRAM of the present invention, the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film in the aforementioned ion implantation process includes oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion.
- The present invention also provides a method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM). First, a substrate having a dielectric layer thereon is provided. The dielectric layer also has a bottom electrode therein. Thereafter, a chalcogenide film is formed on the substrate and then a patterned mask is formed on the chalcogenide film. Using the patterned mask again, a tilt ion implantation process is carried out on the chalcogenide film to convert a portion of the chalcogenide film into a modified region and keep the chalcogenide film without receiving any dopants as an un-modified region. The modified region has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified region. The patterned mask is removed and then the un-modified region of the chalcogenide film is removed, too. Afterwards, a conformal chalcogenide thin film is formed over the substrate to cover the modified region of the chalcogenide film and contact with the bottom electrode. Then, a top electrode is formed over the conformal chalcogenide thin film in a position to correspond with the bottom electrode.
- According to the method of fabricating a CRAM of the present invention, the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film in the tilt ion implantation process comprises oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion.
- In the present invention, a material modification treatment is performed to reduce the contact area between the chalcogenide film and the bottom electrode inside the CRAM. Hence, the operating current of the CRAM is reduced to match the current value provided by a common control transistor. Furthermore, the aforementioned material modification treatment can simplify the production process, reduce the contact area between the chalcogenide material and the bottom electrode beyond the lithography limit and resolve the problems caused by a difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the chalcogenide material and other materials used in semiconductor fabrication.
- It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.
- The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a first embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a second embodiment of the present invention. -
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a third embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGS. 4A through 4H are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGS. 5A through 5E are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. -
FIGS. 6A through 6E are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. - Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts.
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FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a first embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 1 , the chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) of the present embodiment mainly comprises asubstrate 100, a firstdielectric layer 102, abottom electrode 104, atop electrode 106, asecond dielectric layer 108, a modifiedchalcogenide spacer 110 and a un-modified chalcogenidethin film 112. Thefirst dielectric layer 102 is disposed on thesubstrate 100 and thebottom electrode 104 is located inside thefirst dielectric layer 102. Thesecond dielectric layer 108 is disposed on thefirst dielectric layer 102, wherein thesecond dielectric layer 108 has at least oneopening 109 exposing thebottom electrode 104. The modifiedchalcogenide spacer 110 is disposed on the sidewall of theopening 109 exposing portion of thebottom electrode 104. Thetop electrode 106 is disposed on thebottom electrode 104. The un-modified chalcogenidethin film 112 is disposed between the modifiedchalcogenide spacer 110 and thetop electrode 106 and also disposed between thebottom electrode 104 and thetop electrode 106. The modifiedchalcogenide spacer 110 has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenidethin film 112. The modifiedchalcogenide spacer 110 contains elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity of the phase transformation material for modifying the intrinsic physical properties of the chalcogenide compound. - As shown in
FIG. 1 , thetop electrode 106 and thebottom electrode 104 can be fabricated using a metal, a metal alloy, a semiconductor, a silicon compound, silicon or other conductive materials, for example. Furthermore, thetop electrode 106 and thebottom electrode 104 can be set in an elemental state, a compound state, an alloy state or a composite state. In addition, because two chalcogenide random access memory units are displayed inFIG. 1 , a thirddielectric layer 114 can be disposed between the twoupper electrodes 106, for example. - Because the contact area between the un-modified chalcogenide thin film and the bottom electrode inside the CRAM is extremely less than that between the un-modified chalcogenide thin film and the top electrode in the present embodiment, the operating current (also known as the driving current) of the CRAM is lowered to match the current value capable of being provided by a common control transistor.
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FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a second embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 2 , the chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) in the present embodiment mainly comprises asubstrate 200, adielectric layer 202, abottom electrode 204, atop electrode 206, a modifiedchalcogenide layer 208, aspacer 210 and a un-modifiedchalcogenide material 212. Thedielectric layer 202 is disposed on thesubstrate 200 and thebottom electrode 204 is located inside thedielectric layer 202. The modifiedchalcogenide layer 208 is disposed on thedielectric layer 202, wherein the modifiedchalcogenide layer 208 has at least oneopening 209 exposing thebottom electrode 204. Thespacer 210 is disposed on the sidewall of theopening 209 so as to expose portion of thebottom electrode 204, wherein thespacer 210 can be fabricated using a dielectric or a insulator. Thetop electrode 206 is disposed on thebottom electrode 204. The un-modifiedchalcogenide material 212 is disposed in theopening 209 between thebottom electrode 204 and thetop electrode 206, wherein the modifiedchalcogenide layer 208 has a better etching resistivity than the un-modifiedchalcogenide material 212. In addition, the modifiedchalcogenide layer 208 contains oxygen, nitrogen, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of reducing conductivity of the phase transformation material so that the physical properties of the chalcogenide material are transformed. - As shown in
FIG. 2 , the materials and states of the aforementionedtop electrode 206 and thebottom electrode 204 can be selected by referring to the first embodiment. Furthermore, because two chalcogenide random access memory units are shown inFIG. 2 , anotherdielectric layer 214 is disposed between the twotop electrodes 206, for example. - In the CRAM of the present embodiment, the contact area between the un-modified chalcogenide material and the bottom electrode is less than that between the un-modified chalcogenide material and the top electrode due to the disposition of the spacer. Hence, the driving current of the CRAM is lowered.
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FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a chalcogenide random access memory according to a third embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 3 , the chalcogenide random access memory (CRAM) in the present embodiment is very similar to the one in the second embodiment. The CRAM mainly comprises asubstrate 300, atop electrode 302, abottom electrode 304, adielectric layer 306, a modifiedchalcogenide layer 310 and a un-modified chalcogenidethin film 312. Thedielectric layer 306 is disposed on thesubstrate 300 and thebottom electrode 304 is located inside thedielectric layer 306. The modifiedchalcogenide layer 310 is disposed on thedielectric layer 306, wherein the modifiedchalcogenide layer 310 has at least one funneledopening 311 exposing thebottom electrode 304. Thetop electrode 302 is disposed on the modifiedchalcogenide layer 310 in a position to correspond with thebottom electrode 304. The un-modified chalcogenidethin film 312 is disposed between the modifiedchalcogenide layer 310 and thetop electrode 308, and it also disposed between thebottom electrode 304 and thetop electrode 302. Furthermore, the modifiedchalcogenide layer 310 has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenidethin film 312. In addition, anotherdielectric layer 308 is disposed between the twotop electrodes 302, for example. The materials and states of the aforementionedtop electrode 302 and thebottom electrode 304 can be selected by referring to the first embodiment. - In the present embodiment, because area of contact between the un-modified chalcogenide thin film and the bottom electrode is smaller, the operating current of the CRAM is reduced. In addition, the modified chalcogenide layer in the present embodiment may also serve as a dielectric layer of the memory so that the conventional problem resulting from the difference in the thermal expansion coefficient between the chalcogenide compound and other materials can be avoided.
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FIG. 4A through 4H are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 4A , asubstrate 400 having a firstdielectric layer 402 thereon is provided. Furthermore, thefirst dielectric layer 402 has abottom electrode 404 therein. - Thereafter, as shown in
FIG. 4B , achalcogenide film 406 is formed over thesubstrate 400 and then apatterned mask 408 is formed over thechalcogenide film 406. The patternedmask 408 is a photoresist layer or a hard mask, for example. - As shown in
FIG. 4C , the chalcogenide film 406 (as shown inFIG. 4B ) is patterned using thepattern mask 408 to form achalcogenide block 406 a in contact with thebottom electrode 404. - As shown in
FIG. 4D , using the patternedmask 408 again, a tiltion implantation process 410 is performed on thechalcogenide block 406 a so that a peripheral portion of the contact area between thechalcogenide block 406 a and thebottom electrode 404 is converted into a modifiedchalcogenide structure 406 b. The modifiedchalcogenide structure 406 b has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide block 406 a. The dopants implanted into thechalcogenide film 406 include oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), atomic oxygen (O), atomic nitrogen (N) or oxygen ion (O+), for example, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of increasing etching resistivity of the phase transformation material. - As shown in
FIG. 4E , the patterned mask 408 (as shown inFIG. 4D ) is removed. - As shown in
FIG. 4F , the un-modified chalcogenide block 406 a (as shown inFIG. 4E ) is removing and this removing step includes blanket etching the un-modified chalcogenide block, for example. - As shown in
FIG. 4G , a conformal chalcogenidethin film 412 is formed over thesubstrate 400 to cover the modifiedchalcogenide structure 406 b and contact with thebottom electrode 404. - As shown in
FIG. 4H , asecond dielectric layer 414 is deposited on thesubstrate 400 and then patterned to expose the conformal chalcogenidethin film 412 on thebottom electrode 404. Thereafter, atop electrode 416 is formed over the conformal chalcogenidethin film 412 and then aninter-layer dielectric layer 418 is disposed between two neighboringtop electrodes 416. - In the present embodiment, the contact area between the conformal chalcogenide thin film and the bottom electrode inside the CRAM is significantly reduced. Consequently, the operating current of the CRAM is lowered to match the current value provided by a common control transistor.
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FIG. 5A through 5E are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIG. 5A , asubstrate 500 having a firstdielectric layer 502 thereon is provided. Furthermore, thefirst dielectric layer 502 has abottom electrode 504 therein. - Thereafter, as shown in
FIG. 5B , achalcogenide film 506 is formed over thesubstrate 500 and then apatterned mask 508 is formed over thechalcogenide film 506. The patternedmask 508 is a photoresist layer or a hard mask, for example. - As shown in
FIG. 5C , anion implantation process 510 is performed on the chalcogenide film 506 (shown inFIG. 5B ). Theion implantation process 510 implants dopants vertically into thesubstrate 500 to convert a portion of the chalcogenide film into a modifiedregion 506 b. Meanwhile, the chalcogenide film underneath the patternedmask 508 is prevented from receiving any dopants and hence is kept as aun-modified region 506 a. The modifiedregion 506 b has a better etching resistivity than theun-modified region 506 a. The dopants implanted into thechalcogenide film 506 in theion implantation process 510 include oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion, for example, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of increasing etching resistivity of the phase transformation material. - As shown in
FIG. 5D , the patterned mask 508 (as shown inFIG. 5C ) is removed and then theun-modified region 506 a (as shown inFIG. 5C ) is remove to form aopening 507. Afterward, aspacer 512 is formed on a sidewall of theopening 507 to expose portion of thebottom electrode 504. - As shown in
FIG. 5E , theopening 507 is filled with a un-modifiedchalcogenide material 514. For example, the step of filling the opening includes depositing a chalcogenide layer on thesubstrate 500, and then etching back the foregoing chalcogenide layer. Then, atop electrode 518 is formed over the un-modifiedchalcogenide material 514. Finally, aninter-layer dielectric layer 516 can be disposed between neighboringtop electrodes 518. - In the present embodiment, a special material modifying treatment, that is, the ion implantation process is performed. Hence, the fabrication process is very much simplified.
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FIG. 6A through 6E are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention. As shown inFIGS. 6A , adielectric layer 602 having abottom electrode 604 is formed on asubstrate 600. - As shown in
FIG. 6B , achalcogenide film 606 and apatterned mask 608 are sequentially formed over thesubstrate 600. The patternedmask 608 is a photoresist layer or a hard mask, for example. - As shown in
FIG. 6C , a tiltion implantation process 610 is performed on the chalcogenide film 606 (shown inFIG. 6B ) to convert a portion of thechalcogenide film 606 into a modifiedregion 606 b and keep the chalcogenide film without receiving any dopants as aun-modified region 606 a. The modifiedregion 606 b has a better etching resistivity than theun-modified region 606 a. The dopants implanted into thechalcogenide film 606 include oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion, for example, or other possible atom, ion or compound capable of increasing etching resistivity of the phase transformation material. - As shown in
FIGS. 6D , the patterned mask 608 (shown inFIG. 6C ) is removed and then theun-modified region 606 a (shown inFIG. 6C ) is removed, too. Thereafter, a conformal chalcogenidethin film 612 is formed over thesubstrate 600 to cover the modifiedregion 606 b and contact with thebottom electrode 604. - As shown in
FIGS. 6E , atop electrode 614 is formed over the conformal chalcogenidethin film 612 in at least a position to correspond with thebottom electrode 604. Finally, aninter-layer dielectric layer 616 can be disposed between neighboringtop electrodes 614. - In summary, the characteristic of the present invention is that a material modification treatment is performed to reduce the contact area between the chalcogenide film and the bottom electrode inside the CRAM. Hence, the operating current of the CRAM is reduced to match the current value provided by a common control transistor.
- It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.
Claims (24)
1. A chalcogenide random access memory, comprising:
a substrate;
a first dielectric layer disposed on a surface of the substrate;
a bottom electrode disposed within the first dielectric layer;
a second dielectric layer disposed on the first dielectric layer, wherein the second dielectric layer has at least one opening exposing the bottom electrode;
a modified chalcogenide spacer disposed on the sidewall of the opening exposing portion of the bottom electrode;
a top electrode disposed on the bottom electrode; and
a un-modified chalcogenide thin film disposed between the modified chalcogenide spacer and the top electrode and disposed between the bottom electrode and the top electrode, wherein the modified chalcogenide spacer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
2. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 1 , wherein the material constituting the top electrode and the bottom electrode comprises metal, metal alloy, semiconductor, silicon compound or a silicon material.
3. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 1 , wherein the state of the top electrode and the bottom electrode comprises an elemental state, a compound, an alloy or a composite.
4. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 1 , wherein the modified chalcogenide spacer contains oxygen or nitrogen.
5. A chalcogenide random access memory, comprising:
a substrate;
a dielectric layer disposed on a surface of the substrate;
a bottom electrode disposed within the dielectric layer;
a modified chalcogenide layer disposed on the dielectric layer, wherein the modified chalcogenide layer has at least one opening exposing the bottom electrode;
a spacer disposed on the sidewall of the opening to expose portion of the bottom electrode;
a top electrode disposed on the bottom electrode; and
a un-modified chalcogenide material disposed in the opening between the bottom electrode and the top electrode, wherein the modified chalcogenide layer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide material.
6. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 5 , wherein the material constituting the top electrode and the bottom electrode comprises metal, metal alloy, semiconductor, silicon compound or a silicon material.
7. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 5 , wherein the state of the top electrode and the bottom electrode comprises an elemental state, a compound, an alloy or a composite.
8. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 5 , wherein the modified chalcogenide layer contains oxygen or nitrogen.
9. A chalcogenide random access memory, comprising:
a substrate;
a dielectric layer disposed on a surface of the substrate;
a bottom electrode disposed within the dielectric layer;
a modified chalcogenide layer disposed on the first dielectric layer, wherein the modified chalcogenide layer has at least one funneled opening exposing the bottom electrode;
a top electrode disposed on the modified chalcogenide layer in a position to correspond with the bottom electrode; and
a un-modified chalcogenide thin film disposed between the modified chalcogenide layer and the top electrode and disposed between the bottom electrode and the top electrode, wherein the modified chalcogenide layer has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide thin film.
10. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 9 , wherein the material constituting the top electrode and the bottom electrode comprises metal, metal alloy, semiconductor, silicon compound or a silicon material.
11. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 9 , wherein the state of the top electrode and the bottom electrode comprises an elemental state, a compound, an alloy or a composite.
12. The chalcogenide random access memory of claim 9 , wherein the modified chalcogenide layer contains oxygen or nitrogen.
13. A method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate, wherein the substrate has a first dielectric layer thereon and the first dielectric layer has a bottom electrode therein;
forming a chalcogenide film over the substrate;
forming a patterned mask over the chalcogenide film;
using the patterned mask, patterning the chalcogenide film to form a chalcogenide block in contact with the bottom electrode;
using the patterned mask, performing a tilt ion implantation process on the chalcogenide block to convert a peripheral portion of the contact area between the chalcogenide block and the bottom electrode into a modified chalcogenide structure, wherein the modified chalcogenide structure has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified chalcogenide block;
removing the patterned mask;
removing the un-modified chalcogenide block; forming a conformal chalcogenide thin film over the substrate to cover the modified chalcogenide structure and contact with the bottom electrode;
depositing a second dielectric layer over the substrate;
patterning the second dielectric layer to expose the conformal chalcogenide thin film on the bottom electrode; and
forming a top electrode over the conformal chalcogenide thin film.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide block in the tilt ion implantation process comprises oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), atomic oxygen (O), atomic nitrogen (N) or oxygen ion (O+).
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the patterned mask comprises a photoresist mask or a hard mask.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the step of removing the un-modified chalcogenide block comprises blanket etching the un-modified chalcogenide block.
17. A method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate, wherein the substrate has a dielectric layer thereon and the dielectric layer has a bottom electrode therein;
forming a chalcogenide film over the substrate;
forming a patterned mask over the chalcogenide film, wherein the patterned mask corresponds in position to the bottom electrode;
using the patterned mask, performing an ion implantation process on the chalcogenide film to convert a portion of the chalcogenide film into a modified region while the chalcogenide film underneath the patterned mask is prevented from receiving any dopants and hence is kept as a un-modified region, wherein the modified region has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified region;
removing the patterned mask;
removing the un-modified region of the chalcogenide film to form a opening;
forming a spacer on a sidewall of the opening to expose portion of the bottom electrode; filling the opening with a un-modified chalcogenide material; and
forming a top electrode over the un-modified chalcogenide material.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the ion implantation process comprises implanting dopants into the substrate at an angle perpendicular to the surface of the substrate.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film in the ion implantation process comprises oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the step of filling the opening comprising:
depositing a chalcogenide layer on the substrate; and
etching back the chalcogenide layer.
21. The method of claim 17 , wherein the patterned mask comprises a photoresist mask or a hard mask.
22. A method of fabricating a chalcogenide random access memory, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate, wherein the substrate has a dielectric layer thereon and the dielectric layer has a bottom electrode therein;
forming a chalcogenide film over the substrate;
forming a patterned mask over the chalcogenide film, wherein the patterned mask corresponds in position to the bottom electrode;
performing a tilt ion implantation process on the chalcogenide film to convert a portion of the chalcogenide film into a modified region and keep the chalcogenide film without receiving any dopants as a un-modified region, wherein the modified region has a better etching resistivity than the un-modified region;
removing the patterned mask;
removing the un-modified region of the chalcogenide film;
forming a conformal chalcogenide thin film over the substrate to cover the modified region of the chalcogenide film and contact with the bottom electrode; and
forming a top electrode over the conformal chalcogenide thin film in a position to correspond with the bottom electrode.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the dopants implanted into the chalcogenide film in the tilt ion implantation process comprises oxygen, nitrogen, atomic oxygen, atomic nitrogen or oxygen ion.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the patterned mask comprises a photoresist mask or a hard mask.
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