US20050221259A1 - Dental or orthopaedic implant - Google Patents

Dental or orthopaedic implant Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050221259A1
US20050221259A1 US10/513,946 US51394605A US2005221259A1 US 20050221259 A1 US20050221259 A1 US 20050221259A1 US 51394605 A US51394605 A US 51394605A US 2005221259 A1 US2005221259 A1 US 2005221259A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
implant
oxide film
composite
implant according
metal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/513,946
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English (en)
Inventor
Duncan Anderson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Plasma Coatings Ltd
Original Assignee
Plasma Coatings Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Plasma Coatings Ltd filed Critical Plasma Coatings Ltd
Assigned to PLASMA COATINGS LIMITED reassignment PLASMA COATINGS LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ANDERSON, DUNCAN M.
Publication of US20050221259A1 publication Critical patent/US20050221259A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/28—Materials for coating prostheses
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    • A61L27/32—Phosphorus-containing materials, e.g. apatite
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    • A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
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    • A61C8/0012—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the material or composition, e.g. ceramics, surface layer, metal alloy
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    • A61C8/0012—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the material or composition, e.g. ceramics, surface layer, metal alloy
    • A61C8/0013—Means to be fixed to the jaw-bone for consolidating natural teeth or for fixing dental prostheses thereon; Dental implants; Implanting tools characterised by the material or composition, e.g. ceramics, surface layer, metal alloy with a surface layer, coating
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    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00389—The prosthesis being coated or covered with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00592—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of ceramics or of ceramic-like compounds
    • A61F2310/00598—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of compounds based on metal oxides or hydroxides
    • A61F2310/0064—Coating made of niobium oxide or hydroxides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2310/00—Prostheses classified in A61F2/28 or A61F2/30 - A61F2/44 being constructed from or coated with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00389—The prosthesis being coated or covered with a particular material
    • A61F2310/00592—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of ceramics or of ceramic-like compounds
    • A61F2310/00796—Coating or prosthesis-covering structure made of a phosphorus-containing compound, e.g. hydroxy(l)apatite
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/10—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing inorganic materials
    • A61L2300/102—Metals or metal compounds, e.g. salts such as bicarbonates, carbonates, oxides, zeolites, silicates
    • A61L2300/104—Silver, e.g. silver sulfadiazine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
    • A61L2300/404—Biocides, antimicrobial agents, antiseptic agents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a dental or orthopaedic implant, and a method for forming the same.
  • Metal and metal alloys for example titanium and alloys thereof, are conventionally used in the construction of orthopaedic and dental implants. Such implants are used to replace damaged or diseased bone tissue, and are implanted into living bone, for example employing bone cement, or by direct press-fit contact with the host bone.
  • An object of the present invention is to seek to alleviate such problems associated with conventional implants.
  • a dental or orthopaedic implant comprising a metal or metal alloy whose surface has been converted at least over part of its area to an oxide film, the oxide film comprising a calcium phosphate-containing material as a composite component over at least part of its area.
  • the oxide film provides a highly wear resistant and bio-inert surface, whilst the composite oxide/calcium phosphate-containing material area affords both wear resistance and bioactive properties to encourage direct bone attachment.
  • the oxide film can help prevent wear due to fretting, i.e. unintended motion of the implant.
  • the oxide film can impart properties to the implant surface similar to those of heat-treated tool steel, for example so as to have a hardness on the Rockwell C hardness scale of from 50 to 60, for example 55.
  • the oxide/calcium phosphate-containing material composite is provided by converting the metal or metal alloy surface, rather than by applying an additional coating thereto, the dimensions of the implant are not significantly altered.
  • the calcium phosphate-containing material is incorporated to form a composite comprising the metal or metal alloy oxide and the calcium phosphate-containing material.
  • the calcium phosphate-containing material is thus incorporated within the structure of the oxide film, which provides strength and reliability to any areas of contact between the implant and the host bone.
  • Calcium phosphate is a major constituent of human bones, and the calcium phosphate-containing material encourages bone growth around the implant, which is beneficial in assisting the healing process.
  • the metal or metal alloy is preferably a light metal or metal alloy, for example a Group IIIA or IVA transition metal or alloy containing the same.
  • suitable metals include titanium, zirconium, and niobium, with titanium and titanium-containing alloys being particularly preferred. Titanium is particularly strong, light, corrosion resistant, and well tolerated by the human body.
  • the metal or metal alloy surface of the implant is preferably converted to the oxide by way of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO).
  • PEO Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
  • a coating is formed on a substrate, in this case the implant, by anode-cathode oxidation in an electrolyte (typically, an alkaline electrolyte) using an alternating current (e.g. an alternating current of 50-60 Hz).
  • alternating current e.g. an alternating current of 50-60 Hz.
  • Suitable PEO processes for preparing the implant of the present invention are disclosed, for example, in WO 99/31303 and WO 01/12883.
  • PEO has an advantage over other coating techniques, for example thermal spraying, in that a relatively thin coating may be applied, which is particular suitable for coating implants which have particularly thin or intricate portions, such as wires.
  • those embodiments of the implant provided by the present invention in which the oxide film and/or the oxide/calcium phosphate-containing material composite are formed by PEO are particularly suited for applications where geometrically small implants are required, such as wires (e.g. toe or finger fusing wires), or where particularly delicate or complex implant shapes are required (for example, implants having small recesses, threads or holes).
  • PEO enables the oxide film and/or composite to be relatively thin (for example, 8 to 12 8 to 12 ⁇ m, as discussed above), which should not disrupt the effectiveness of the implant.
  • the oxide film may have a thickness in the range of 5 to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 8 to 12 ⁇ m.
  • the calcium phosphate-containing material may comprise an apatite, for example hydroxylapatite.
  • Crystalline hydroxyapatite has a thin amorphous phase at its surface, which can initiate an osteoconductive response from host bone. Following implantation, the hydroxylapatite may over time eventually be substantially incorporated into living bone.
  • the calcium phosphate-containing material may comprise tricalcium phosphate (TCP), for example ⁇ - or ⁇ -TCP, or a mixture thereof.
  • TCP tricalcium phosphate
  • ⁇ - or ⁇ -TCP is also osteoconductive, and can also thus initiate an osteoconductive response from host bone, and may over time eventually be substantially replaced by living bone.
  • the replacement of TCP by living bone over time makes TCP coating particularly advantageous for implants which are to be removed from a patient, such as fusing pins and wires. Implants coated with TCP are more easy to remove from a patient that implants coated with hydroxylapatite.
  • the calcium phosphate-containing material is preferably incorporated in the oxide film by PEO, discussed above.
  • At least part of the area of the surface of the implant of the present invention comprises the oxide/calcium phosphate-containing material composite.
  • the composite may extend over substantially the entire surface area of the implant.
  • the surface of the implant also comprises silver particles, as an antimicrobial agent.
  • the use of silver particles reduces the need for antibiotics, after implantation of the implant.
  • the silver particles may be applied to the surface of the implant by PEO, discussed above, in the form of a silver salt present in the electrolyte. Suitable silver salts for this purpose include silver nitrate, silver sulphate, and silver chloride.
  • the silver particles may be applied to the surface of the implant when forming the composite, i.e. the electrolyte used in the PEO process may comprise both the calcium phosphate-containing material, and a silver salt.
  • the silver particles may be applied to the surface of the implant when oxidising the implant surface.
  • the concentration of silver particles in the implant surface should be controlled so as not to render the implant cytotoxic.
  • the composite preferably comprises 5 to 10 mol % of silver, more preferably from 6 to 9 mol %.
  • the surface of the metal or metal alloy implant will typically be polished prior to applying the oxide and calcium phosphate-containing coating. This facilitates' removal of implants from a patient.
  • portions of the surface of the implant may be rendered macroporous, for example by having a series of surface grooves or channels, by which mechanical union of the surface with bone tissue is facilitated, which in turn provides additional stability and stress transmission of the implant.
  • PEO has particular advantages in coating such macroporous portions of an implant, since it a complete coating can be applied to the implant surface, even within such grooves or channels.
  • a dental or orthopaedic implant comprising the steps of:—
  • the surface of the implant is preferably at least partially converted to the oxide film by PEO, discussed above.
  • the composite oxide film is also preferably formed by PEO.
  • the electrolyte conveniently comprises the calcium phosphate-containing material.
  • a preferred PEO process is available from Keronite Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and involves the use of high frequency current pulses of a particular form, and within a particular frequency range, combined with the generation of acoustic vibrations in a sonic frequency range in the electrolyte, the frequency ranges of the current pulses and the acoustic vibrations overlapping.
  • ultra-dispersed powders can be introduced into the electrolyte, the acoustic vibrations helping to form a stable hydrosol, to create coatings with specific properties.
  • the method of the present invention is performed in discrete stages.
  • a first stage at least a part of the surface of the implant is oxidised, following which, in a second discrete stage, the composite is formed with the calcium phosphate-containing material.
  • An advantage of this preferred process is that the composite is formed only to a shallow depth on the surface of the implant (for example, 2 to 5 ⁇ m).
  • antimicrobial silver particles may be included in the implant surface during either or both of the oxidation and composite forming stages of this preferred method.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B show side and front views of an implant of the present invention.
  • the orthopaedic implant 1 is a Femoral Stem.
  • the implant 1 comprises two areas, designated “X” and “Y”.
  • area “X” of the implant 1 Prior to processing, area “X” of the implant 1 has a polished surface.
  • area “Y” has a macroporous surface, formed by a series of surface grooves, shown as hatched areas in the Figures. The macroporous surface facilitates mechanical union of area “Y” with bone tissue, which in turn provides additional stability and stress transmission of the implant.
  • Area “X” is not required to form a union with the host bone, but will have intimate contact with the bone, whereas area “Y” is intended to form a union with the host bone.
  • Both areas “X” and “Y” have a thin outer oxide film, formed by a PEO treatment. Subsequently, a further PEO treatment is applied to both areas, during which submicron particle size tricalcium phosphate (TCP) is incorporated into the oxide film to form a composite therewith.
  • TCP submicron particle size tricalcium phosphate
  • the TCP preferably forms a component of the electrolyte used during the PEO process.
  • PEO is particularly useful for coating areas of particular surface detail, such as the grooved surface area “Y”, since it allows for coating of the inside of the grooves.
  • the metal oxide film provides a highly wear resistant surface. Incorporating the calcium phosphate as part of the PEO manufacturing process enables the formation of a highly wear resistant yet bone compatible surface for the purposes of bone attachment.
  • the metal or metal alloy is preferably a light metal or metal alloy, for example a Group IIIA or IVA transition metal or alloy containing the same.
  • suitable metals include titanium, zirconium, and niobium, with titanium and titanium-containing alloys being particularly preferred. Titanium is particularly strong, light, corrosion resistant, and well tolerated by the human body.
  • the implant is immersed in tanks containing suitable electrolyte for forming the respective films at surfaces “X” and “Y”.
  • suitable electrolyte for forming the respective films at surfaces “X” and “Y”.
  • the formation of the composite film is preferably carried out in a tank in which the electrolyte includes TCP, as discussed above.
  • the area of implant surface not being converted in each step can be masked off.
  • the electrolyte preferably also comprises a silver salt, for incorporation of antimicrobial silver particles into the surface film.
  • Suitable silver salts include silver nitrate, silver sulphate, and silver chloride.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)
  • Dental Preparations (AREA)
US10/513,946 2002-05-10 2003-05-12 Dental or orthopaedic implant Abandoned US20050221259A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0210786.0 2002-05-10
GBGB0210786.0A GB0210786D0 (en) 2002-05-10 2002-05-10 Orthopaedic and dental implants
PCT/GB2003/002039 WO2003094774A1 (en) 2002-05-10 2003-05-12 A dental or orthopaedic implant

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EP (1) EP1509160A1 (ja)
JP (1) JP2005525165A (ja)
AU (1) AU2003224334A1 (ja)
GB (1) GB0210786D0 (ja)
WO (1) WO2003094774A1 (ja)

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