US20050164075A1 - Method for operating redox flow battery and redox flow battery cell stack - Google Patents

Method for operating redox flow battery and redox flow battery cell stack Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050164075A1
US20050164075A1 US10/512,155 US51215504A US2005164075A1 US 20050164075 A1 US20050164075 A1 US 20050164075A1 US 51215504 A US51215504 A US 51215504A US 2005164075 A1 US2005164075 A1 US 2005164075A1
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Prior art keywords
cell
redox flow
battery
flow battery
stop
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Abandoned
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US10/512,155
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English (en)
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Takahiro Kumamoto
Nobuyuki Tokuda
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Publication of US20050164075A1 publication Critical patent/US20050164075A1/en
Priority to US12/390,802 priority Critical patent/US8221911B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/2455—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with liquid, solid or electrolyte-charged reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04186—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • H01M8/188—Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/20—Indirect fuel cells, e.g. fuel cells with redox couple being irreversible
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
    • H01M2250/40—Combination of fuel cells with other energy production systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/249—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells comprising two or more groupings of fuel cells, e.g. modular assemblies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an operating method of a redox flow battery and to a cell stack of the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to an operating method of a redox flow battery capable of constantly grasping the state of charge to stabilize an output capacity most suitably, and to a cell stack of the redox flow battery most suitable for this operating method.
  • FIG. 3 shows an explanatory view showing an operating principle of a redox flow secondary battery.
  • This battery has a cell 100 which is separated into a positive electrode cell 100 A and a negative electrode cell 100 B by a membrane 103 of an ion-exchange membrane.
  • a positive electrode 104 and a negative electrode 105 are contained in the positive electrode cell 100 A and the negative electrode cell 100 B, respectively.
  • a positive electrode tank 101 for feeding and discharging positive electrode electrolyte to and from the positive electrode cell 100 A is connected to the positive electrode cell 100 A through conduit pipes 106 , 107 .
  • a negative electrode tank 102 for feeding and discharging negative electrode electrolyte to and from the negative electrode cell 100 B is connected to the negative electrode cell 100 B through conduit pipes 109 , 110 .
  • Aqueous solution containing ions that change in valence, such as vanadium ion, is used for the respective electrolytes and is circulated by using pumps 108 , 111 , to charge or discharge with an ionic valence change reaction on the positive and negative electrodes 104 , 105 .
  • the electrolyte containing the vanadium ions is used, the following reactions occur in the cell during the charge or discharge of electricity:
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a cell stack used for the battery.
  • a structure comprising a plurality of sub-stacks 201 stacked in layers, each comprising a plurality of cells stacked in layers, what is called a cell stack 200 , is used for battery described above.
  • Each cell has the positive electrode 104 made of carbon felt and the negative electrode 105 made of carbon felt which are arranged at both sides of the membrane 103 .
  • Cell frames 210 are arranged at the outside of the positive electrode 104 and at the outside of the negative electrode 105 , respectively.
  • Each cell frame 210 comprises a bipolar plate 211 made of a plastic carbon and a frame 212 surrounding the bipolar plate.
  • the frame 212 has a plurality of holes, which are called manifolds, formed therein.
  • Each cell frame has e.g. eight manifolds in total, four in a lower side thereof and four in an upper side thereof. Two of the four manifolds in the lower side of the cell frame are used for supplying positive electrode electrolyte, and the remaining two are used for supplying negative electrode electrolyte. Two of the four manifolds in the upper side of the cell frame are used for discharging the positive electrode electrolyte, and the remaining two are used for discharging the negative electrode electrolyte.
  • the manifolds are formed into flow channels for the electrolytes to pass through by stacking a number of cells in layers and in turn are connected to circuit pipes 106 , 107 , 109 , 110 in FIG. 3 .
  • the electrolytes are supplied and discharged in each of the sub-stacks 201 .
  • electrolyte supplying pipes 220 , 221 for supplying the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte and electrolyte discharging pipes 222 , 223 for discharging the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte are connected to each of the sub-stacks 201 .
  • the sub-stacks 201 are electrically interconnected through conductive plates 224 , such as copper plates, interposed between adjacent sub-stacks.
  • Each sub-stack 201 has electrical terminals (not shown) provided on a side thereof different from the sides on which the electrolyte supplying pipes 220 , 221 and the electrolyte discharging pipes 222 , 223 are provided.
  • the entirety of the cell stack 200 is usually connected to a DC/AC converter 225 through the electrical terminals.
  • the conventional redox flow battery has the following problems, however.
  • Operating conditions of the battery vary depending on changes in battery resistance caused by degradation of the battery, variation in the environment, such as temperature variation, and the like. For example, generally speaking, the higher the temperature is, the more effectively the battery can charge and discharge.
  • the variations in operating condition may cause variations in charging rate of the cell, i.e., variations in output capacity of the cell (kWh), at the stop of charging and discharging.
  • the present invention accomplishes the above-said object by provision of an auxiliary cell, integrally incorporated in a cell stack, for monitoring a circuit voltage.
  • the present invention is directed to an operating method of a redox flow battery comprising a cell stack comprising a plurality of cells. At least a part of the cells in the cell stack to and from which positive electrode electrolyte and negative electrode electrolyte are supplied and discharged and which is not normally connected to a DC/AC converter is in the form of an auxiliary cell used for measuring a charging rate of the electrolyte. Also, at least either of a stop of charge of the battery and a stop of discharge of the battery is controlled in accordance to a circuit voltage obtained from the auxiliary cell.
  • a selected cell(s) of the cells in the cell stack which are constructed to share the electrolyte with each other is/are in the form of an auxiliary cell used for measuring a charging rate.
  • This auxiliary cell serves as a cell which does not normally charge and discharge, but works to simply put the electrolyte in circulation through the cell stack.
  • the remaining cells serve as the cells (main cell) used for charging and discharging electricity.
  • the stop of charge of the main cell and the stop of discharge of the main cell can be made when the circuit voltage measured from the auxiliary cell reaches a certain value.
  • the provision of this auxiliary cell enables the circuit voltage to be monitored and measured substantially constantly without any need to stop the charge/discharge operation of the battery as usual.
  • the battery can be used in substantially the same charging state, thus ensuring the stabilized output capacity of the battery.
  • the present invention provides an operating method wherein at least a part of the cells in the cell stack which is not normally connected to a DC/AC converter is in the form of an auxiliary cell, as is the case with the above, and the auxiliary cell is charged or discharged in accordance to the circuit voltage obtained from the auxiliary cell, to change a charging rate of the electrolyte.
  • the stop of charge of the main cell and the stop of discharge of the main cell are controlled with reference to the circuit voltage measured from the auxiliary cell, and the auxiliary cell is solely used for measuring the circuit voltage substantially constantly.
  • the auxiliary cell when the circuit voltage measured from the auxiliary cell is in a constant level, the auxiliary cell is brought to a halt to monitoring and is temporally used for charging and discharging electricity, in addition to being used for measuring the circuit voltage.
  • This operating method is optimum for combination of the redox flow battery with a wind generation system or a solar photovoltaic system and also is optimum for any battery operation that may provide an unstable output capacity, including a demand control.
  • the charging rate of the main cell which is usually operated to recharge and discharge can be surely grasped by the auxiliary cell.
  • the main cell can be allowed to charge and discharge continuously by putting the auxiliary cell into operation to charge and discharge. This can produce a stabilized output capacity.
  • a power source can be additionally attached to the auxiliary cell.
  • the present invention provides a cell stack of a redox flow battery comprising a plurality of cells, the cell stack including the combination of a main cell and an auxiliary cell being integrally combined with each other as given below:
  • the main cell to and from which positive electrode electrolyte and negative electrode electrolyte are supplied and discharged and which is connected to a DC/AC converter;
  • the auxiliary cell for measuring a charging rate of the electrolyte which is connected to the main cell in such a manner as to share the electrolytes with the main cell and is not normally connected to the DC/AC converter.
  • the auxiliary cell can be formed to have the same construction as the sub-stack forming the main cell and can be formed by stacking a plurality of cells in layers.
  • a smaller number of auxiliary cell than the number of cells forming the sub-stack is preferably used in that reduction in scale of facilities as well as in cost can be achieved.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a cell stack of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of a conventional cell stack.
  • FIG. 3 is an explanatory view of an operating principle of the redox flow battery.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the construction of the cell stack used for the redox flow battery.
  • a redox flow battery of AC170 kW ⁇ 8 hrs. was produced and the changes of the battery capacity with variation of temperature was monitored.
  • the redox flow battery system as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 was fabricated.
  • the test sample No. 1-1 was a redox flow battery using the cell stack 1 comprising a total of five sets of cells, namely, four sets of sub-stacks 201 (main cell 3 ), each comprising twenty-five cells stacked in layers, not shown, and one set of auxiliary cell 2 comprising the same cell 1 , as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • 1-2 was a redox flow battery using the cell stack 200 comprising four sets of sub-stacks 201 and having no auxiliary cell (the cell stack comprising the main cell only), as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the operating conditions for the test are shown below.
  • the test results are shown in TABLE 1.
  • Test Sample No. 1-1 The circuit voltage is constantly measured by the auxiliary cell so that the stop of charge of the main cell and the stop of discharge of the same are controlled with reference to the circuit voltage as constantly measured by the auxiliary cell.
  • the battery is recharged till a circuit voltage of 1.46V/cell and is discharged till a circuit voltage of 1.33V/cell.
  • Test Sample No. 1-2 The distribution voltage is constantly measured so that the stop of charge of the main cell and the stop of discharge of the same are controlled with reference to the distribution voltage.
  • the battery is operated with a charging voltage of 1.55V/cell and a discharging voltage of 1V/cell.
  • both of the test samples exhibited a rated discharging output capacity of 8 hours at a relatively high temperature of 35° C.
  • the test sample No. 1-2 wherein the stop of charge and discharge of the main cell was controlled with reference to the distribution voltage exhibited only a capacity lower than the rated discharging output capacity at a relatively low temperature of 25° C.
  • the test sample No. 1-1 wherein the stop of charge and discharge of the main cell was controlled with reference to the circuit voltage exhibited the rated discharging output capacity of 8 hours at the relatively low temperature of 25° C.
  • the method of the present invention wherein the circuit voltage is measured by the auxiliary cell, so that the stop of charge of the main cell and the stop of discharge of the same is controlled with reference to the circuit voltage as measured by the auxiliary cell can provide a stabilized output capacity of free of influence from the temperature and the like.
  • the auxiliary cell is integrally combined with the cell stack, for the measurement of the circuit voltage, the circuit voltage can be measured by the auxiliary cell without any need to stop the charge/discharge operation of the main cell.
  • a redox flow battery of AC170 kW ⁇ 6 hrs. was produced.
  • the auxiliary cell was charged.
  • the basic configuration of the battery used in this example was the same as that of the redox flow battery taken as the test sample No. 1-1 used in the Test Example 1.
  • the test was carried out in the following manner. When the circuit voltage as measured by the auxiliary cell reached 1.35V/cell, a direct-current power source additionally provided on the auxiliary cell was turned on to start the charging and discharging operation of the auxiliary cell.
  • the auxiliary cell can be used not only for measuring the circuit voltage constantly, but also for additionally supporting the charge of the main cell, as occasion demands.
  • the application of the auxiliary cell to the charge of electricity can produce an increased output capacity.
  • Examples 2 and 3 the ways of increasing the charging rate of the main cell were examined.
  • the charging rate of the main cell increased so excessively that the main cell could not charge any more, the charging rate of the main cell could be reduced by using the above-mentioned ways in reverse, such as, for example, discharging electricity from the auxiliary cell or increasing the total output.
  • the auxiliary cell is integrally combined with the cell stack, there can be provided the advantageous result that the circuit voltage can be measured substantially constantly by the auxiliary cell, without stopping the charge/discharge operation of the main cell. Also, in the operating method of the present invention, since the stop of charge of the main cell and the stop of discharge of the same are controlled with reference to the circuit voltage obtained by the measurement, the output capacity can be stabilized further. Hence, the operating method of the present invention can realize the stabilization of the output capacity even in an irregular operation, such as a power generation by wind and a demand control.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)
US10/512,155 2002-04-23 2003-04-21 Method for operating redox flow battery and redox flow battery cell stack Abandoned US20050164075A1 (en)

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JP2002120165A JP4140691B2 (ja) 2002-04-23 2002-04-23 レドックスフロー電池の運転方法
JP2002-120165 2002-04-23
PCT/JP2003/005060 WO2003092111A1 (fr) 2002-04-23 2003-04-21 Procede de fonctionnement d'une batterie redox et empilement de cellules de batterie redox

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US20090218984A1 (en) * 2008-02-28 2009-09-03 Deeya Energy, Inc. Battery charger
US20100003586A1 (en) * 2008-07-01 2010-01-07 Deeya Energy, Inc. A California C-Corp Redox flow cell
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US20100092813A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Saroj Kumar Sahu Thermal Control of a Flow Cell Battery
US20100092807A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Saroj Kumar Sahu Magnetic Current Collector
US20100094468A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Deeya Energy, Incorporated Level Sensor for Conductive Liquids
US20100092757A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Deeya Energy Technologies, Inc. Methods for Bonding Porous Flexible Membranes Using Solvent
US20100092843A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Deeya Energy Technologies, Inc. Venturi pumping system in a hydrogen gas circulation of a flow battery
US20100089480A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Saroj Kumar Sahu Flexible Multi-Walled Tubing Assembly
US20100261070A1 (en) * 2010-03-10 2010-10-14 Deeya Energy, Inc. Methods for the preparation of electrolytes for chromium-iron redox flow batteries
US20110070483A1 (en) * 2009-05-28 2011-03-24 Majid Keshavarz Preparation of flow cell battery electrolytes from raw materials
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Cited By (57)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080193828A1 (en) * 2007-02-12 2008-08-14 Saroj Kumar Sahu Apparatus and Methods of Determination of State of Charge in a Redox Flow Battery
US7855005B2 (en) 2007-02-12 2010-12-21 Deeya Energy, Inc. Apparatus and methods of determination of state of charge in a redox flow battery
US20090218984A1 (en) * 2008-02-28 2009-09-03 Deeya Energy, Inc. Battery charger
US8587150B2 (en) 2008-02-28 2013-11-19 Deeya Energy, Inc. Method and modular system for charging a battery
US20100003586A1 (en) * 2008-07-01 2010-01-07 Deeya Energy, Inc. A California C-Corp Redox flow cell
US7927731B2 (en) 2008-07-01 2011-04-19 Deeya Energy, Inc. Redox flow cell
US8906529B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2014-12-09 Enervault Corporation Redox flow battery system for distributed energy storage
US8785023B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2014-07-22 Enervault Corparation Cascade redox flow battery systems
US20100092807A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Saroj Kumar Sahu Magnetic Current Collector
US20100089480A1 (en) * 2008-10-10 2010-04-15 Saroj Kumar Sahu Flexible Multi-Walled Tubing Assembly
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AU2003227443A1 (en) 2003-11-10
EP1551074A4 (en) 2007-10-10
DK1551074T3 (da) 2013-08-19
WO2003092111A1 (fr) 2003-11-06
EP1551074B1 (en) 2013-07-31
EP1551074A1 (en) 2005-07-06
CA2486364C (en) 2010-01-12
US20090197151A1 (en) 2009-08-06
CA2486364A1 (en) 2003-11-06
JP2003317788A (ja) 2003-11-07
US8221911B2 (en) 2012-07-17

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