Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
  • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K8/046—Aerosols; Foams
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/28—Organic compounds containing silicon
  • C10L1/285—Organic compounds containing silicon macromolecular compounds
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S516/00—Colloid systems and wetting agents; subcombinations thereof; processes of
  • Y10S516/924—Significant dispersive or manipulative operation or step in making or stabilizing colloid system
  • Y10S516/925—Phase inversion

Definitions

• the present invention relates to polyaphron (or biliquid foam) compositions and in particular to polyaphron fuel compositions which have a high level of an organic oxygenate in the continuous phase.
• Nitrogen oxides comprise a major irritant and pollutant in the atmosphere.
• Environmental pressures and government regulations have increased the need to reduce NO x emissions from internal combustion engines.
• One problem with using diesel-fuelled engines is that relatively high temperatures are reached during combustion, thereby increasing the tendency of nitrogen from the air, or from nitrogen compounds present in the fuel, to be oxidised to nitrogen oxides.
• Various methods have been preposed for reducing the production of NO x , including the use of catalytic convertors, the use of clean fuels, the adjustment of the engine tuning etc. These methods have not achieved a widespread use.
• the rate at which nitrogen oxides are produced is related to the combustion temperature and a small reduction in combustion temperature can result in a large reduction in the production of nitrogen oxides.
• Emulsified fuels have been shown to provide significant advantages in relation to the control of emissions from internal combustion engines, particularly NO, emissions, by lowering the peak combustion temperature of the fuel.
• the emulsified fuel compositions which have previously been proposed in the art are water-in-oil emulsions.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,669,938 discloses a fuel composition which consists of (i) a water-in-oil emulsion comprising a major proportion of a hydrocarbonaceous middle distillate fuel and about 1 to 40 volume percent water (ii) a co-emission and particulate reducing amount of at least one fuel-soluble organic ignition improver and other optional ingredients.
• EP-B-0475620 discloses a diesel fuel composition which comprises (a) a diesel fuel, (b) 1.0 to 3.0 weight percent of water based upon the diesel fuel, (c) a cetane number improver additive in an amount of up to less than 20.0 weight percent based upon the water, and (d) 0.5 to 15 weight percent based upon the diesel fuel of a mixed surfactant system as defined.
• EP-A-0561600 discloses a water-in-oil emulsion comprising a discontinuous aqueous phase containing at least one oxygen-supplying component such as ammonium nitrate, a continuous organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, and a minor emulsifying amount of at least one emulsifier as defined.
• WO-A-01/04239 discloses a process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition comprising: (A) mixing a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel and at least one chemical additive to form a hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture; and (B) mixing the hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture with water under high shear mixing conditions in a high shear mixer to form said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition including a discontinuous aqueous phase, said discontinuous aqueous phase being comprised of aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of 1.0 micrometres or less.
• WO-A-00/15740 discloses an emulsified water-blended fuel composition
• a hydrocarbon boiling in the gasoline or diesel range (B) water, (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one fuel soluble salt made by reacting an acylating agent having about 16 to 500 carbon atoms with ammonia or an amine, and (D) about 0.001 to 15% by weight of the water-blended fuel composition of a water-insoluble amine salt distinct from component (C).
• Biliquid foams are known in the art in which small droplets of a non-polar liquid such as an oil are encapsulated in a surfactant-stabilized film of a hydrogen bonded liquid, such as water, and separated from one another by a thin film of the hydrogen bonded liquid.
• a hydrogen bonded liquid such as water
• U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,333 discloses a method for the preparation of biliquid foam compositions which may comprise the non-polar liquid in a total amount of about 60% to about 98% by volume, the hydrogen bonded liquid constituting the balance.
• the non-polar liquid may comprise a petroleum derivative, paraffin or a liquid halogenated hydrocarbon.
• the biliquid fuel composition prepared comprising 96% by volume methanol and 4% by volume water had a limited stability of only several days.
• a biliquid fuel composition which meets these requirements and which comprises an aqueous continuous phase with a high alcohol level. This results in a more acceptable odour, lower emissions and a safer fuel with no loss of power.
• the bifluid fuel composition is safer to the environment as it has a polar continuous phase, and therefore in the case of spillage it can be washed away as it is water disperisble. The presence of organic oxygenates will also lower the freezing point compared to a fuel in water only composition.
• the bifluid fuel composition which we have developed has improved storage stability as compared with the prior art compositions disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,333.
• the present invention provides a fuel composition which comprises a biliquid foam consisting of from 10% to 97.5% by weight of non-coalescing droplets of a non-polar liquid comprising a petroleum derivative, paraffin or a liquid halogenated hydrocarbon and from 2 to 87% by weight of a continuous phase polar liquid comprising a C 1 -C 3 alcohol, a C 4 alcohol containing at least two hydroxy groups, or ethylene glycol, or mixtures thereof, in an amount of from 60% to 100% by weight thereof, wherein the biliquid foam is stabilized with an amount of from 0.5 to 3.0% by weight based on the total formulation of a surfactant which is selected from castor oil/poly(alkylene glycol) adducts containing from 20 to 50 alkoxy groups, or hydrogenated castor oil/poly(alkylene glycol) adducts containing from 20 to 60 alkoxy groups, or mixtures thereof.
• a surfactant which is selected from castor oil/poly(alkylene glycol)
• the biliquid fuel of the present invention preferably comprises from 60% to 90% by weight of the fuel, more preferably from 75% to 85% by weight of the fuel.
• the preferred fuel for use in the present invention is diesel, gasoline or kerosene.
• the polar liquid preferably comprises from 50% to 99% by weight of the C 1 -C 4 alcohol or ethylene glycol, or mixtures thereof.
• the balance of the polar liquid is preferably water, in particular deionized water.
• the preferred polar liquids for use in the invention are methanol or ethanol, or mixtures thereof.
• the particular classes of surfactant used in the present invention have been selected for use because of their ability to assist in the preparation of the biliquid fuel compositions and because they impart long term stability (e.g. 30 to 90 days) upon the majority of the biliquid fuel compositions of the present invention prepared using them.
• the preferred classes of surfactants for use in the present invention are hydrogenated castor oil/polyethylene glycol adducts containing from 25 to 50 ethoxy groups, more preferably 40 to 45 ethoxy groups or castor oil/polyethylene glycol adducts containing from 25 to 45 ethoxy groups.
• surfactant will also depend upon the particular fuel and the particular polar liquid and the amount thereof which are used in the preparation of the bifluid fuels.
• Polyisobutylene succinimide esters or polyisobutylene succinimide amines or Mannich bases, known to those skilled in the art as ashless dispersants, may be used as co-surfactants in the present invention.
• the preferred amount of surfactant for use in the present invention is about 1% by weight based on the total formulation.
• the biliquid fuel compositions of the present invention may also contain other additives such as preservatives (for instance to prevent microbiological spoilage), corrosion inhibitors, lubricity improves cleaning/detergent additives, urea and other additives These additives may be included in the non-polar liquid or the continuous phase to enhance the performance and address legislative requirements.
• preservatives for instance to prevent microbiological spoilage
• corrosion inhibitors for instance to prevent microbiological spoilage
• lubricity improves cleaning/detergent additives
• urea urea
• additives may be included in the non-polar liquid or the continuous phase to enhance the performance and address legislative requirements.
• Such an apparatus comprises a tank provided with a stirrer in which the stirrer blade breaks the interface between the liquid and air.
• a delivery device is provided through which the oil phase (non-polar liquid), which will comprise the internal phase of the dispersion is delivered to the tank.
• the design of the delivery device is such that the rate of addition of the internal phase fluid can be controlled and varied during the production process.
• a feature of the production process is that the internal (oil) phase is added to the stirred aqueous phase slowly at first until sufficient droplets have been formed to constitute a large, additional surface area for the more rapid formation of new droplets. At this point, the rate of addition of the oil phase may be increased.
• Biliquid fuel composition were prepared in 50 g batches by adding to a 250 ml squat beaker of 67 ml internal diameter a premixed and homogeneous methanol, ethanol and/or ethylene glycol-water mixture and surfactant.
• a 4 blade axial flow impeller of diameter 55 mm was lowered into the beaker to agitate the aqueous phase ensuring that the impeller cut the air/liquid interface and was rotated at 200 rpm.
• the fuel was slowly added dropwise to the aqueous phase over a ten to fifteen minute period of time. After all of the fuel had been added, the mixture was stirred for a further fifteen minutes to form the desired biliquid fuel compositions.
• compositions comprising 80% by weight diesel, 1% by weight surfactant and 19% by weight of alcohol-water mixture are given in Table 1 below.
• the percentage column in Table 1 for the alcohol refers to the percentage in the alcohol-water mixture.
• compositions comprise the surfactants Protachem CAH-16, Etocas 15 and Protachem CA-200, which do not fall within the scope of the present invention.
• Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated substituting unleaded petrol for the diesel fuel. The resulting biliquid fuel was stable for 64 days after which some instability was seen.
• Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated substituting kerosene for the diesel fuel. The resulting biliquid fuel was stable for 43 days after which the sample began to show some signs of instability.
• Example 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated for a composition comprising 75% by weight of diesel fuel, 1% by weight of Croduret 50 and 24% by weight of an ethanol-water mixture comprising 70% by weight of ethanol. The resulting bifluid fuel was stable for over 123 days.
• Example 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated for compositions comprising 85% by weight of diesel fuel, 1% of a surfactant and 14% by weight of an alcohol-water mixture. The results are given in Table 2 below. The percentage column in Table 1 for the alcohol refers to the percentage in the alcohol-water mixture. TABLE 2 Ex. Stability No. Alcohol (%) Surfactant in days Comments on stability. 28 Ethanol 70 Croduret 126+ Stable.
• Croduret 25, Croduret 40LD and Croduret 50 are Trade Names for hydrogenated castor oil/polyethylene glycol adducts available from Croda Chemicals Limited where the suffixes 25, 40LD and 50 refer to increasing numbers of ethylene oxide groups in the polyethylene oxide chain.
• Etocas 15, Etocas 25, Etocas 35 and Etocas 40 are Trade Names for castor oil/polyethylene glycol adducts available from Croda Limited where the suffixes 15, 25, 35 and 40 refer to the number of ethylene oxide groups in the polyethylene oxide chain.
• Protachem CA-30, Protachem CA-40 and Protachem CA-200 are Trade Names for castor oil/polyethylene glycol adducts available from Protameen Chemicals Inc. where the suffixes CA-30, CA-40 and CA-200 refer to the number of ethylene oxide groups in the polyethylene oxide chain.
• Protachem CAH-16 and CAH-60 are a Trade Names for a hydrogenated castor oil/polyethylene glycol adducts available from Protameen Chemicals Inc. where the suffix CAH-16 and CAH-60 refers to the number of ethylene oxide groups in the polyethylene oxide chain.
• a biliquid fuel composition was prepared by making a 0.5% solution of a silicone block copolymer L5614 in 96% methanol, foaming 5 ml of this solution and gradually adding thereto 45 ml of kerosene containing 0.1% Tergitol 15-S-3 with vigorous shaking after each addition of the oil phase.
• Example 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,486,333 was modified using as the sole surfactant 1% Croduret 50 in 96% methanol.
• a bifluid fuel composition was prepared by stirring 5 ml of the methanol solution and gradually adding thereto 45 ml of kerosene using the stirring method as described in Example 1. After all of the fuel had been added, the mixture was stirred at 300 rpm for a further 15 minutes to form the bifluid fuel composition.
• the formulation remained stable for three weeks.
• Examples 35 to 38 illustrate the preparation of bifluid fuel compositions using isopropyl alcohol/water and isopropylalcohol/ethanol/water mixtures as the polar liquid.
• the bifluid fuels were prepared according to the teaching of Example 1 but with an addition time for the oil phase of 20 minutes and an additional stirring time of 20 minutes after completion of the oil addition.
• Examples 36 and 37 were prepared as 25 g batches.
• the results obtained for compositions comprising 80% by weight of diesel, 1% of surfactant and 19% of an alcohol/water mixture are given in Table 3 below.
• the percentage column in Table 3 for the alcohol refers to the percentage in the alcohol-water mixture.
• TABLE 3 Ex. Stability No. Alcohol (%) Surfactant in days Comments on stability. 34 Isopropyl 70 Croduret 16 Slight decomposition in upper layer after 5 days alcohol 50 leading to progressive deterioration.
• Examples 38 to 42 illustrate the preparation of bifluid fuel compositions using butylene glycol/water, butylene glycol/ethylene glycol/water or propylene glycol/water mixtures as the polar liquid.
• the bifluid fuels were prepared according to the teaching of Example 1 but with an addition time for the oil phase of 20 minutes and an additional stirring time of 20 minutes after completion of the oil addition.
• the results obtained for compositions comprising 80% by weight of diesel, 1% of surfactant and 19% of the glycol/water mixture are given in Table 4 below.
• the percentage column in Table 4 for the glycol refers to the percentage in the glycol-water mixture.
• TABLE 4 Ex. Stability No. Alcohol (%) Surfactant in days Comments on stability. 38 Butylene 35 Croduret 40+ Stable. glycol 50 Ethylene 35 glycol 39 Butylene 50 Croduret 40+ Stable. glycol 50 Ethylene 20 glycol 40 Butylene 60 Croduret 40+ Stable. glycol 50 41 Butylene 70 Croduret 39+ Stable. glycol 50 42 Propylene 70 Croduret 39+ Stable. glycol 50
• a bifluid fuel composition was prepared using the stirring method as described in Example 1 as a 25 g sample using 80% by weight of kerosene Jet A1 fuel, 1% by weight Croduret 50 and 19% by weight of a 96% methanol-4% water (by weight) mixture. The addition of the oil phase was carried out over a 20 minute period and the composition was stirred for an additional 20 minutes after completion of the oil addition.
• the resulting composition was stable for 32 days after which time there was decomposition leading to progressive deterioration.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Dermatology (AREA)
• Birds (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
• Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
• Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
• Cosmetics (AREA)
• Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
• Silicon Polymers (AREA)
• Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)

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• 2002
  • 2002-01-31 GB GBGB0202312.5A patent/GB0202312D0/en not_active Ceased
• 2003
  • 2003-01-31 JP JP2003571377A patent/JP2006503116A/ja active Pending
  • 2003-01-31 WO PCT/GB2003/000421 patent/WO2003064024A1/en not_active Ceased
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  • 2003-01-31 AU AU2003248336A patent/AU2003248336A1/en not_active Abandoned
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