US20050089210A1 - Flatness measurement system for metal strip - Google Patents

Flatness measurement system for metal strip Download PDF

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Publication number
US20050089210A1
US20050089210A1 US10/677,880 US67788003A US2005089210A1 US 20050089210 A1 US20050089210 A1 US 20050089210A1 US 67788003 A US67788003 A US 67788003A US 2005089210 A1 US2005089210 A1 US 2005089210A1
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Prior art keywords
strip
flatness
measurement
camera
line pattern
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Abandoned
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US10/677,880
Inventor
Ulrich Muller
Gustav Peuker
Detlef Sonnenschein
Detlef Winter
Michael Degner
Gerd Thiemann
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ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG
BFI VDEH Institut fuer Angewandte Forschung GmbH
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BFI VDEH Institut fuer Angewandte Forschung GmbH
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Application filed by BFI VDEH Institut fuer Angewandte Forschung GmbH filed Critical BFI VDEH Institut fuer Angewandte Forschung GmbH
Priority to US10/677,880 priority Critical patent/US20050089210A1/en
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Assigned to THYSSENKRUPP STAHL AG reassignment THYSSENKRUPP STAHL AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KRUPP HOESCH STAHL GMBH
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/30—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
    • G01B11/306—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces for measuring evenness
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/28—Control of flatness or profile during rolling of strip, sheets or plates
    • B21B37/42—Control of flatness or profile during rolling of strip, sheets or plates using a combination of roll bending and axial shifting of the rolls
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/28—Control of flatness or profile during rolling of strip, sheets or plates
    • B21B37/44—Control of flatness or profile during rolling of strip, sheets or plates using heating, lubricating or water-spray cooling of the product
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B38/00—Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product
    • B21B38/02—Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product for measuring flatness or profile of strips
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/48—Tension control; Compression control
    • B21B37/52—Tension control; Compression control by drive motor control
    • B21B37/54—Tension control; Compression control by drive motor control including coiler drive control, e.g. reversing mills
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B37/00—Control devices or methods specially adapted for metal-rolling mills or the work produced thereby
    • B21B37/74—Temperature control, e.g. by cooling or heating the rolls or the product
    • B21B37/76—Cooling control on the run-out table
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B38/00—Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product
    • B21B38/006—Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product for measuring temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B38/00—Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product
    • B21B38/04—Methods or devices for measuring, detecting or monitoring specially adapted for metal-rolling mills, e.g. position detection, inspection of the product for measuring thickness, width, diameter or other transverse dimensions of the product
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B45/00—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
    • B21B45/02—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills for lubricating, cooling, or cleaning
    • B21B45/0203—Cooling
    • B21B45/0209—Cooling devices, e.g. using gaseous coolants
    • B21B45/0215—Cooling devices, e.g. using gaseous coolants using liquid coolants, e.g. for sections, for tubes
    • B21B45/0218—Cooling devices, e.g. using gaseous coolants using liquid coolants, e.g. for sections, for tubes for strips, sheets, or plates

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a flatness measurement and control system for metal strip and for the end faces of the coil when coiling strip.
  • Strip flatness is therefore preferably measured without contact.
  • it is known to measure departures from flatness by means of spots of light projected on to the strip.
  • the position in space of the light spot produced on the surface of the strip, preferably by means of a laser beam, is detected using a range finder.
  • the two plane position coordinates of a particular point on the surface are known from the position of the scanning or illuminating beam relative to the surface of the strip.
  • the height coordinate of the point on the surface which is currently being measured is detected by a position-sensitive sensor.
  • the position of the image point on the sensor varies simultaneously with the height coordinate.
  • the moiré technique provides more accurate measurement results than measurement using spots of light, and moreover it covers substantially the whole of the surface to be measured and avoids the measurement gaps mentioned above.
  • its use involves problems, particularly in a hot strip mill.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a system which allows strip quality to be improved by a simple and effective measurement of the strip flatness and permits fine control of the rolling and/or coiling parameters.
  • a line pattern is produced on the measurement surface and/or on the end face of a coil being formed, the line pattern is detected by a camera which can resolve the line pattern, and the measurement data obtained are compared with a reference measurement.
  • the measurement results are directly converted into control parameters for the finishing train and the coiler and coordinated.
  • measurement surface is to be understood here the surface of the strip or, in the case of coiling, the end face of a coil made up of a larger or smaller number of turns of the strip.
  • a projector produces by projection, for example through a slide, a line pattern on the strip surface or the end face of the coil corresponding to the resolution of the camera.
  • the projector is mounted above the metal strip and projects the line pattern on the surface of the metal strip at an angle to the vertical, so that the lines preferably run transverse to the strip surface and consequently take in the whole width of the strip.
  • a CCD camera having a resolution of, for example, eight pixels per line detects the lines running transversely across the strip surface. In the event of absolute flatness of the strip a uniform pattern of straight lines with constant line spacing is formed.
  • Deviations of the strip surface from the ideal plane bring about a change in the spacing between the lines in the region of the unevenness. This change is recorded by the camera. It can be converted by calculation in a simple manner into differences in height by a comparison with an ideal pattern.
  • the flatness of the end faces during coiling can be monitored and ensured by means of the measuring system of the invention.
  • the end face of the coil being formed in the coiler then corresponds to the strip surface.
  • the system in accordance with the invention makes possible a rapid determination of the actual height differences of the strip surface and in this way permits measurement of continuous lengths of strip in real time. This has the advantage that the measurement results permit the rolling parameters to be adapted immediately after the appearance of an unevenness.
  • the invention makes possible a measurement which is insensitive to spurious measurement results. Such spurious results are obtained with conventional measuring systems for example as a result of movement of the whole strip surface relative to the height coordinate (fluttering). Furthermore, the invention allows the transverse arching of the strip to be determined. Conventional measuring systems only measure the length of the strip fibres. In addition the intensity and thickness of the measurement lines can be adapted to meet different conditions. The problems of the fine, low-intensity and low-contrast moiré lines do not occur.
  • the system of the invention is particularly suitable for making a measurement on the strip emerging from the finishing stands combined with a measurement of the strip on the coiler.
  • the measurement data can be evaluated for control of the finishing stands and of the coiler and for control of the coiling line.
  • Measurement results which incorporate a departure from an intended value bring about an immediate and interdependent adaptation of the parameters for the finishing stands, the cooling line and the coiler.
  • the system in accordance with the invention can also be used in subsequent production lines, for example in the control of stretch straightening devices and in pickling lines.
  • FIG. 1 shows the production and detection of the measurement lines on a length of strip
  • FIG. 2 shows a projector and a camera arranged after a finishing train
  • FIG. 3 shows the projector and the camera arranged before a coiler pit
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the flatness control system.
  • Measurement lines 2 running transverse to the strip 1 are produced on the measurement or strip surface 4 using a projector 3 .
  • the measuring arrangement is disposed in one case in the run-out from the finishing stands 6 and in the other case before the coiler 7 , on an instrument case 13 .
  • the CCD camera 5 is located on the side of the instrument case nearer to the coiler 7 , in a water-cooled housing.
  • the projector 3 is located on the side of the instrument case remote from the coiler 7 . To remove heat the housing is cooled with air. The cooling of the projector 3 and of the camera 5 is necessary to remove their intrinsic heat and the radiant heat from the strip 1 , which is at about 1000° C.
  • the camera 5 and the projector 3 are arranged in succession relative to the direction of travel of the strip and are aimed at a region of the strip located between them, on which the line pattern is produced and sampled.
  • the projector used may, for example, be a xenon light source, which produces an easily readable line pattern even on a hot slab.
  • Unevennesses on the strip surface 4 cause the measurement lines 2 to follow an irregular course or to depart from geometric straightness.
  • the measurement lines 2 By means of a CCD camera 5 the measurement lines 2 , and consequently also the changes in their course caused by unevennesses, are detected. After it has been detected the measurement image is compared by computer with a previously recorded reference pattern. The height differences and the parameters for the control of the finishing train are derived directly from the deviations.
  • the hot strip 1 passes through the finishing rolls 6 and the strip cooling line 8 to the coiler 7 in the coiler pit.
  • the flatness of the hot strip is detected, analysed and evaluated for control of the last stands of the finishing rolls (roll bending and tilting).
  • This internal flatness-control loop 9 is supplemented by an external flatness-control loop 10 .
  • the external flatness-control loop 1 is designed for adaptation of the intended value of the internal control loop.
  • a first secondary control loop 11 is also produced which permits the intended value for the cooling line 8 to be adapted and a second secondary control loop 12 which permits the intended value for the coiler tension 7 to be adapted.
  • the detection and control in accordance with the invention can be used effectively to achieve a high strip flatness at the usual high finishing speeds of up to 25 m/s used in hot strip mills.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices With Unspecified Measuring Means (AREA)
  • Control Of Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • A Measuring Device Byusing Mechanical Method (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a flatness measurement and control system for metal strip, which makes it possible to obtain improved strip or coil quality by a simple and effective measurement of departures from flatness and to control the finishing parameters through the evaluation of a line pattern on the strip surface or on the end face of a coil as it is coiled.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention relates to a flatness measurement and control system for metal strip and for the end faces of the coil when coiling strip.
    • BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART
  • The contact measurement usually used in cold strip mills is only possible in the hot strip field at the expense of substantial outlay on maintenance, because of the high strip temperature of from about 1000° C. Contact measurement on the end faces of a coil being formed in a coiler is also not possible. It is therefore difficult, if not completely impossible, to coil strip in such a way that in the coil every turn lies exactly over the preceding one so that flat end faces are obtained. And even in cold strip mills efforts are made to avoid contact measurement, since the mechanical measuring elements have only a limited life.
  • Strip flatness is therefore preferably measured without contact. For example, it is known to measure departures from flatness by means of spots of light projected on to the strip. The position in space of the light spot produced on the surface of the strip, preferably by means of a laser beam, is detected using a range finder.
  • The two plane position coordinates of a particular point on the surface are known from the position of the scanning or illuminating beam relative to the surface of the strip. The height coordinate of the point on the surface which is currently being measured is detected by a position-sensitive sensor. The position of the image point on the sensor varies simultaneously with the height coordinate.
  • Using a large number of sources of radiation and sensors a flatness image can be built us over the whole width of the strip which is made up from the results of measurement of the spots of light projected on the strip at particular distances apart. Nevertheless, in this method the regions between the points of light are not detected and in the case of continuous strip form strip-shaped measurement gaps in which the flatness is not determined. Moreover, this can result in measurement errors, for example through wobbling or fluttering of the strip being detected by the measuring method as unevenness of the strip.
  • In the automobile industry it is known to measure relatively small surfaces using the moiré technique. In this method an interference pattern is produced on the surface of the object by means of a light source. The interference pattern is detected using a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. The camera is arranged so that an angle is formed between the light source, the surface and the camera. By the use of a reference grid in the image plane a so-called moiré effect is obtained by superposition of the detected pattern and the reference pattern. The height differences can be determined quantitatively from the moiré lines.
  • The moiré technique provides more accurate measurement results than measurement using spots of light, and moreover it covers substantially the whole of the surface to be measured and avoids the measurement gaps mentioned above. However, its use involves problems, particularly in a hot strip mill.
  • To determine the height differences of the rolled strip a complicated conversion of the pattern detected by the camera is necessary. The height differences pictured as moiré lines cannot be converted into quantitative measured values in real time.
  • But in a rolling mill train rapid results are precisely what is required from measurements, since otherwise it is hardly possible to use the measurement for direct adjustment of the rolling parameters so as to improve the flatness of the continuous strip. Moreover for industrial application the fine interference patterns are lacking in contrast and intensity.
  • In the case of conventional metal strip mill trains, in which the strip flatness is measured by one of the above-mentioned methods, departures from flatness are not measured from the cooling line, and this can result in considerable loss in quality.
    • OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
  • The object of the invention is to provide a system which allows strip quality to be improved by a simple and effective measurement of the strip flatness and permits fine control of the rolling and/or coiling parameters.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • To this end, a line pattern is produced on the measurement surface and/or on the end face of a coil being formed, the line pattern is detected by a camera which can resolve the line pattern, and the measurement data obtained are compared with a reference measurement. By means of a process control computer the measurement results are directly converted into control parameters for the finishing train and the coiler and coordinated.
  • By measurement surface is to be understood here the surface of the strip or, in the case of coiling, the end face of a coil made up of a larger or smaller number of turns of the strip.
  • A projector produces by projection, for example through a slide, a line pattern on the strip surface or the end face of the coil corresponding to the resolution of the camera. For this purpose the projector is mounted above the metal strip and projects the line pattern on the surface of the metal strip at an angle to the vertical, so that the lines preferably run transverse to the strip surface and consequently take in the whole width of the strip.
  • A CCD camera having a resolution of, for example, eight pixels per line detects the lines running transversely across the strip surface. In the event of absolute flatness of the strip a uniform pattern of straight lines with constant line spacing is formed.
  • Deviations of the strip surface from the ideal plane bring about a change in the spacing between the lines in the region of the unevenness. This change is recorded by the camera. It can be converted by calculation in a simple manner into differences in height by a comparison with an ideal pattern.
  • In a similar manner to the measurement of flatness on he continuous strip, the flatness of the end faces during coiling can be monitored and ensured by means of the measuring system of the invention. The end face of the coil being formed in the coiler then corresponds to the strip surface.
  • The system in accordance with the invention makes possible a rapid determination of the actual height differences of the strip surface and in this way permits measurement of continuous lengths of strip in real time. This has the advantage that the measurement results permit the rolling parameters to be adapted immediately after the appearance of an unevenness.
  • The invention makes possible a measurement which is insensitive to spurious measurement results. Such spurious results are obtained with conventional measuring systems for example as a result of movement of the whole strip surface relative to the height coordinate (fluttering). Furthermore, the invention allows the transverse arching of the strip to be determined. Conventional measuring systems only measure the length of the strip fibres. In addition the intensity and thickness of the measurement lines can be adapted to meet different conditions. The problems of the fine, low-intensity and low-contrast moiré lines do not occur.
  • The system of the invention is particularly suitable for making a measurement on the strip emerging from the finishing stands combined with a measurement of the strip on the coiler. By this arrangement variations in the flatness of the strip due to cooling of the strip between the finishing stands and the coiler can be detected and evaluated for flatness control.
  • The measurement data can be evaluated for control of the finishing stands and of the coiler and for control of the coiling line.
  • Measurement results which incorporate a departure from an intended value bring about an immediate and interdependent adaptation of the parameters for the finishing stands, the cooling line and the coiler.
  • Besides its use for measurement of flatness in a finishing train the system in accordance with the invention can also be used in subsequent production lines, for example in the control of stretch straightening devices and in pickling lines.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • The invention will now be described in more detail, by way of example, with reference to an embodiment illustrated in the drawings, in which:
  • FIG. 1 shows the production and detection of the measurement lines on a length of strip;
  • FIG. 2 shows a projector and a camera arranged after a finishing train;
  • FIG. 3 shows the projector and the camera arranged before a coiler pit; and
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the flatness control system.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
  • Measurement lines 2 running transverse to the strip 1 are produced on the measurement or strip surface 4 using a projector 3.
  • The measuring arrangement is disposed in one case in the run-out from the finishing stands 6 and in the other case before the coiler 7, on an instrument case 13. The CCD camera 5 is located on the side of the instrument case nearer to the coiler 7, in a water-cooled housing. The projector 3 is located on the side of the instrument case remote from the coiler 7. To remove heat the housing is cooled with air. The cooling of the projector 3 and of the camera 5 is necessary to remove their intrinsic heat and the radiant heat from the strip 1, which is at about 1000° C.
  • The camera 5 and the projector 3 are arranged in succession relative to the direction of travel of the strip and are aimed at a region of the strip located between them, on which the line pattern is produced and sampled. The projector used may, for example, be a xenon light source, which produces an easily readable line pattern even on a hot slab.
  • Unevennesses on the strip surface 4 cause the measurement lines 2 to follow an irregular course or to depart from geometric straightness.
  • By means of a CCD camera 5 the measurement lines 2, and consequently also the changes in their course caused by unevennesses, are detected. After it has been detected the measurement image is compared by computer with a previously recorded reference pattern. The height differences and the parameters for the control of the finishing train are derived directly from the deviations.
  • A complete picture of the flatness of the strip 1 is thereby obtained as it moves along in the direction of the arrow.
  • From the diagram of the flatness control system (FIG. 4) the design in accordance with the invention can be seen. The hot strip 1 passes through the finishing rolls 6 and the strip cooling line 8 to the coiler 7 in the coiler pit. In the run-out from the finishing rolls 6 the flatness of the hot strip is detected, analysed and evaluated for control of the last stands of the finishing rolls (roll bending and tilting). This internal flatness-control loop 9 is supplemented by an external flatness-control loop 10. By a measurement of the strip flatness after the strip cooling line 8 before the coiler 7 the external flatness-control loop 1) is designed for adaptation of the intended value of the internal control loop.
  • Using the measured values detected after the scrip cooling line a first secondary control loop 11 is also produced which permits the intended value for the cooling line 8 to be adapted and a second secondary control loop 12 which permits the intended value for the coiler tension 7 to be adapted.
  • Altogether, the detection and control in accordance with the invention can be used effectively to achieve a high strip flatness at the usual high finishing speeds of up to 25 m/s used in hot strip mills.

Claims (9)

1-7. (canceled)
8. A method for continuously measuring the flatness of a moving hot metal strip, the method comprising projecting a shadow in the form of a line pattern onto said moving hot metal strip, and detecting said line pattern on said moving hot metal strip with a camera.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said line pattern detected by said camera is compared continuously by a computer with a reference pattern.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein said line pattern detected by said camera is used for control of a finishing train.
11. A method for continuously measuring the flatness of an end face of a coil when coiling a metal strip, the method comprising the steps of projecting a shadow in the form of a line pattern onto said end face, and detecting said line pattern on said end face with a camera.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein said line pattern detected by said camera is compared continuously by a computer with a reference pattern.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein said line pattern detected by said camera is used for control of a finishing train.
14. A method according to claim 8, wherein projecting a shadow comprises using a projector to project through a slide.
15. A method according to claim 11, wherein projecting a shadow comprises using a projector through a slide.
US10/677,880 1997-03-11 2003-10-02 Flatness measurement system for metal strip Abandoned US20050089210A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/677,880 US20050089210A1 (en) 1997-03-11 2003-10-02 Flatness measurement system for metal strip

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19709992A DE19709992C1 (en) 1997-03-11 1997-03-11 Method for measuring the surface geometry of hot strip
DE19709992.0 1997-03-11
US09/034,481 US20010012388A1 (en) 1997-03-11 1998-03-04 Flatness measurement system for metal strip
US10/677,880 US20050089210A1 (en) 1997-03-11 2003-10-02 Flatness measurement system for metal strip

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US09/034,481 Continuation US20010012388A1 (en) 1997-03-11 1998-03-04 Flatness measurement system for metal strip

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US09/441,007 Expired - Lifetime US6286349B1 (en) 1997-03-11 1999-11-16 Flatness measurement system for metal strip
US10/677,880 Abandoned US20050089210A1 (en) 1997-03-11 2003-10-02 Flatness measurement system for metal strip

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US09/441,007 Expired - Lifetime US6286349B1 (en) 1997-03-11 1999-11-16 Flatness measurement system for metal strip

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US (3) US20010012388A1 (en)
EP (2) EP0864847B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH112511A (en)
AT (2) ATE430915T1 (en)
DE (4) DE19758466B4 (en)
DK (2) DK1418400T3 (en)
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CN110116138A (en) * 2019-06-13 2019-08-13 沈阳建筑大学 Hot steel plate length and lateral bending measurement method in a kind of operation of rolling
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FR2812082B1 (en) * 2000-07-20 2002-11-29 Vai Clecim PLANEITY MEASUREMENT ROLLER
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US20010012388A1 (en) 2001-08-09
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