US20040242673A1 - Heterocyclic compounds and uses thereof - Google Patents

Heterocyclic compounds and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20040242673A1
US20040242673A1 US10/847,897 US84789704A US2004242673A1 US 20040242673 A1 US20040242673 A1 US 20040242673A1 US 84789704 A US84789704 A US 84789704A US 2004242673 A1 US2004242673 A1 US 2004242673A1
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Prior art keywords
compound
disease
compounds
alkyl
aryl
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David Lockhart
Hitesh Patel
Shamal Mehta
Zdravko Milanov
Robert Grotzfeld
Andiliy Lai
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Ambit Bioscience Corp
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Ambit Bioscience Corp
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Assigned to AMBIT BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION reassignment AMBIT BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GROTZFELD, ROBERT M., LOCKHART, DAVID J., PATEL, HITESH K., LAI, ANDILIY G., MEHTA, SHAMAL ANIL, MILANOV, ZDRAVKO V.
Publication of US20040242673A1 publication Critical patent/US20040242673A1/en
Assigned to HORIZON TECHNOLOGY FUNDING COMPANY LLC reassignment HORIZON TECHNOLOGY FUNDING COMPANY LLC SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: AMBIT BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION
Assigned to AMBIT BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION reassignment AMBIT BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HORIZON TECHNOLOGY FUNDING COMPANY LLC
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    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
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Definitions

  • Phosphodiesterase 6 delta was originally identified as a regulatory (non-catalytic) subunit of the enzyme PDE6.
  • PDE6 is expressed exclusively in photoreceptor cells, and plays a critical role in retinal phototransduction.
  • the PDE6 holoenzyme exists as both membrane-associated and-soluble forms, and only the membrane-associated form is active in phototransduction. Importantly, only the soluble form contains the PDE6D subunit.
  • PDE6D regulates the subcellular localization and thus the activity of PDE6, and the release of PDE6 from membranes is mediated by PDE6D.
  • PDE6D has been observed to reduce light-induced cGMP hydrolysis in rod outer segments (Cook et al., J. Biol. Chem 276(7):5248-5255 (2001)), presumably by removing the PDE6 holoenzyme from the membrane.
  • PDE6D solubilizes PDE6 by binding specifically to prenylated peptide sequences near the C-termini of the PDE6A and PDE6B subunits.
  • PDE6D is referred to in the scientific literature by a several designations, including PDE delta, PDE ⁇ , PDE6 delta, PDE6 ⁇ , PDE6D and PDED.
  • PDE6D interacts specifically with a host of important cell signaling proteins through their post-translational modification with isoprenoid intermediates, which are products of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.
  • One such modification is called prenylation and involves the attachment of phospholipids to proteins after translation, particularly the large class of GTP-binding proteins.
  • Prenyl groups are important for proper cellular localization and trafficking.
  • the availability of isoprenoid intermediates for prenylation of GTP-binding proteins has been associated with various cardiovascular, inflammatory, cancerous and neurological diseases.
  • a reduction in the amount of available prenyl groups has been associated with improved endothelial function, decreased oxidative stress, decreased inflammation and increased neuroprotective effects.
  • the present invention provides methods and compositions for treating and preventing diseases, in particular PDE6-realated diseases.
  • the compounds of the invention, having the thiophene or furan structure can be delivered alone or in combination with additional agents, and are used for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases.
  • the invention is directed to methods for treating or preventing such diseases in a subject in need thereof.
  • the methods comprise administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound having the thiophene or furan skeleton.
  • the invention provides methods for modulating the activity of phosphodiesterase 6D (PDE6D) with a compound having the thiophene or furan skeleton.
  • PDE6D phosphodiesterase 6D
  • the compounds and compositions of the invention modulate the activity of PDE6D, and hence are useful as therapeutic or prophylactic agents for conditions and diseases caused by or aggravated by the localization and function of prenylated proteins, for example, cardiovascular diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, hypertension, arrhythmia (e.g. ischemic arrhythmia, arrhythmia due to myocardial infarction, myocardial stunning, myocardial dysfunction, arrhythmia, and the like), angina pectoris, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, heart failure (e.g.
  • renal diseases such as, diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, ischemic acute renal failure, acute renal failure, and the like
  • cerebrovascular diseases such as ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and the like
  • cerebro ischemic disorders such as disorders associated with cerebral infarction, disorders caused after cerebral apoplexy as sequelae, or cerebral edema.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for treating and preventing neurodegenerative conditions and diseases.
  • These compounds disclosed herein can be delivered alone or in combination with additional agents, and are used for the treatment and/or prevention of neurodegenerative conditions and diseases such as those resulting from ischemic strokes.
  • the neurodegenerative conditions and disease can be ischemic stroke, basal ganglia or Parkinson's disease, epilepsy or brain or spinal cord ischemia or trauma; Alzheimer's disease, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Huntington's disease, heart failure (e.g.
  • thiophene-containing and furan-containing compounds of the invention are preferably administered in a pharmaceutical composition containing a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present invention provides methods and compositions for the rehabilitation of a subject with a central nervous system disorder, such as stroke and traumatic brain injury.
  • the invention is directed to methods for treating or preventing neurodegenerative conditions or diseases in a subject in need thereof, or, optionally preventing further progression of the disease.
  • the thiophene-containing and furan-containing compounds can be administered for a length of time necessary to allow for the recovery from the neurodegenerative condition or disease, such as, for example, from about 1 month to about 3 months to about a year or more if necessary.
  • the neurodegenerative condition or disease can be ischemic stroke, basal ganglia or Parkinson's disease, epilepsy or brain or spinal cord ischemia or trauma, Alzheimer's disease, diabetic-peripheral neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, or Huntington's disease.
  • FIG. 1 shows thiophene-containing compounds that are illustrative of formula I, as described below, along with the corresponding compound identification numbers.
  • FIG. 2 shows thiophene-containing compounds that are illustrative of formula II, as described below, along with the corresponding compound identification numbers.
  • FIG. 3 shows furan-containing compounds that are illustrative of formula III, as described below, along with the corresponding compound identification numbers.
  • an “effective amount” or “pharmaceutically effective amount” refer to a nontoxic but sufficient amount of the agent to provide the desired biological, therapeutic, and/or prophylactic result. That result can be reduction and/or alleviation of the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired alteration of a biological system.
  • an “effective amount” for therapeutic uses is the amount of the compound having the thiophene or furan skeleton as disclosed herein per se or a composition comprising the compound required to provide a clinically significant decrease in a disease.
  • An appropriate effective amount in any individual case may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable or “pharmacologically acceptable” is meant a material which is not biologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing any undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • salts of a compound means a salt that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound.
  • Such salts include:
  • (1) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2,2,2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, gluco
  • Acceptable organic bases include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
  • Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like. It should be understood that a reference to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes the solvent addition forms or crystal forms thereof, particularly solvates or polymorphs.
  • Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are often formed during the process of crystallization. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and solubility. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.
  • the invention includes the enantiomeric compounds resulting from the chiral center as well as racemic mixtures thereof.
  • halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
  • alkyl refers to a substituted or unsubstituted straight, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon chain fragment or radical, preferably containing between about one and about twenty carbon atoms, more preferably between about one and about ten carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, adamantyl, noradamantyl and the like).
  • hydrocarbon chains having ten or fewer carbon atoms will also be referred to herein as “lower alkyl”.
  • the hydrocarbon chains may further include one or more degrees of unsaturation, i.e., one or more double or triple bonds (e.g., vinyl, propargyl, allyl, 2-buten-1-yl, 2-cyclopenten-1-yl, 1,3-cyclohexadien-1-yl, 3-cyclohexen-1-yl and the like.
  • Alkyl groups containing double bonds such as just described will also be referred to herein as “alkylenes”.
  • aryl refers to cyclic aromatic, hydrocarbon chains having twenty or fewer carbon atoms, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl and anthracenyl.
  • One or more carbon atoms of the aryl group may also be substituted with, e.g., alkyl; aryl; heterocycle; formyl; halogen; nitro; cyano; hydroxyl, alkoxyl or aryloxyl; thio or mercapto, alkyl-, or arylthio; amino, alkylamino, arylamino, dialkyl-, diaryl-, or arylalkylamino; aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, diarylaminocarbonyl or arylalkylaminocarbonyl; carboxyl, or alkyl- or aryloxycarbonyl; carboxaldehyde, or aryl- or alkylcarbonyl; iminyl, or aryl- or alkyliminyl; sulfo; alkyl- or arylsulfonyl; hydroxi
  • alkyl or heteroalkyl substituents of an aryl group may be combined to form fused aryl-alkyl or aryl-heteroalkyl ring systems (e.g., tetrahydronaphthyl).
  • aryl-alkyl or aryl-heteroalkyl ring systems e.g., tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • Substituents including heterocyclic groups e.g., heterocycleoxy, heteroaryloxy, and heteroaralkylthio
  • aliphatic includes alkanes, olefins (alkenes or alkyldienes), and alkynes.
  • Alicyclic includes substituted or unsubstituted cycloparaffins (saturated), cycloolefins (unsaturated with two or more double bonds), and cycloacetylenes (cyclynes) with at least one triple bond.
  • Non-limiting examples include cyclopropane, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, cyclopentadiene, and cycloctatetraene.
  • Aromatic refers to substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons of one or more rings and includes aryl structures typified, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthalyl, phenanthrenyl, and anthracenyl.
  • Non-limiting aromatic examples include 6 membered (typified by benzene) as well as 5 membered (typified by furan, thiophene, pyrrole, and indole) rings.
  • Heterocycle refers to the presence of at least one non-carbon atom in a cyclic structure.
  • Non-limiting examples include the presence of a nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atom to result in heterocyclic rings including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thienyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzpyrazolyl, benzothiofuranyl, cinnolinyl, pterindinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthypyridinyl, quinoxalin
  • All of the above described aliphatic, carboxyalkyl, carbalkoxyalkyl, alkoxy, alicyclic, aryl, aromatic, and heterocyclic moieties may, of course, also be optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), alkyl, and alkoxy.
  • Sulfonyl refers to the presence of a sulfur atom, which is optionally linked to another moiety such as an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, an aryl group, an alicyclic group, or a heterocyclic group.
  • Aryl or alkyl sulfonyl moieties have the formula —SO 2 R′
  • alkoxy moieties have the formula —O—R′, wherein R′ is alkyl, as defined above, or is aryl wherein aryl is phenyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents independently selected from halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo), lower alkyl (1-6C) and lower alkoxy (1-6C).
  • the present invention is directed to thiophene-containing and furan-containing compounds and methods for their use as drugs.
  • the compounds described herein may be used to treat a variety of diseases.
  • the compounds described herein are used in the treatment of PDE6-related conditions.
  • the compounds of the present invention preferably modulate PDE6 and have minimal effects on HMG CoA reductase.
  • the compounds described herein are used in conditions wherein a modulation of PDE6 is desired with minimal effects on HMG CoA reductase.
  • the compounds described herein may exhibit the phenomena of tautomerism, conformational isomerism, geometric isomerism and/or optical isomerism. It should be understood that the invention encompasses any tautomeric, conformational isomeric, optical isomeric and/or geometric isomeric forms of the compounds described herein, as well as mixtures of these various different forms.
  • the compounds of the present invention comprise several chiral atoms and it is intended that the present invention encompass all possible stereoisomers and racemic mixtures thereof Accordingly, the compounds described herein may be administered in their entantiomerically pure forms or as a mixture of enantiomers, such as a racemic mixture.
  • thiophene-containing and furan-containing compounds may metabolize to produce active compounds.
  • active metabolites is also within the scope of the present invention.
  • the invention provides compounds having the thiophene skeleton, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such a compound.
  • the thiophene containing compound have the general formula I:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR 5 C(O)R 7 , C(O)NR 5 R 6 , C(O)R 7 and C(O)OR 7 , wherein R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are independently selected to be hydrogen, lower alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and where R 5 and R 6 or R 5 and R 7 together can optionally form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered ring optionally having one or more degrees of substitution.
  • R 5 and R 6 or R 5 and R 7 together can optionally form substituted or unsubstituted aziridino, substituted or unsubstituted piperidino, substituted or unsubstituted morpholino, substituted or unsubstituted imadazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidino rings.
  • thiophene containing compounds of formula II, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such a compound are provided:
  • R 10 and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR 5 C(O)R 7 , C(O)NR 5 R 6 , C(O)R 7 and C(O)OR 7 , wherein R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are independently selected to be hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, and where R 5 and R 6 or R 5 and R 7 together can optionally form a 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 membered ring optionally having one or more substitutions.
  • R 5 and R 6 or R 5 and R 7 together can optionally form substituted or unsubstituted aziridino, substituted or unsubstituted piperidino, substituted or unsubstituted morpholino, substituted or unsubstituted imadazolyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl, or substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidino ring.
  • the invention provides compounds having the furan skeleton, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such a compound.
  • the furan containing compound have the general formula III:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is as defined above for formula I.
  • the invention also provides prodrug forms of the above-described compounds, wherein the prodrug is metabolized in vivo to produce a derivative as set forth above. Indeed, some of the above-described derivatives may be a prodrug for another derivative or active compound.
  • the invention further provides for the optical isomers of the compounds disclosed herein, especially those resulting from the chiral carbon atoms in the molecule. In additional embodiments of the invention, mixtures of enantiomers and/or diastereoisomers, resulting from a single preparative step, combination, or interconversion are provided.
  • the compounds of the invention comprise thiophene-containing and furan-containing compounds, as described above.
  • the compounds can be obtained from commercial sources, such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.), Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.), or Maybridge (Cornwall, England), or the compounds can be synthesized;
  • the compounds of the present invention, and other related compounds having different substituents identified by any of the methods described above can be synthesized using techniques and materials known to those of skill in the art, such as described, for example, in March, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 4 th Ed., (Wiley 1992); Carey and Sundberg, ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTY 3 rd Ed., Vols.
  • the procedures described herein for synthesizing the compounds of the invention may include one or more steps of protection and deprotection (e.g., the formation and removal of acetal groups).
  • protection and deprotection e.g., the formation and removal of acetal groups.
  • Examples of protecting groups can be found in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry , 3 rd Ed., 1999, John Wiley & Sons, NY and Harrison et al., Compendium of Synthetic Organic Methods , Vols. 1-8, 1971-1996, John Wiley & Sons, NY.
  • Representative amino protecting groups include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, benzyl, benzyloxycarbonyl (“CBZ”), tert-butoxycarbonyl (“Boc”), trimethylsilyl (“TMS”), 2-trimethylsilyl-ethanesulfonyl (“SES”), trityl and substituted trityl groups, allyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (“FMOC”), nitro-veratryloxycarbonyl (“NVOC”) and the like.
  • hydroxyl protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those where the hydroxyl group is either acylated (e.g., methyl and ethyl esters, acetate or propionate groups or glycol esters) or alkylated such as benzyl and trityl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilyl ethers (e.g., TMS or TIPPS groups) and allyl ethers.
  • acylated e.g., methyl and ethyl esters, acetate or propionate groups or glycol esters
  • alkylated such as benzyl and trityl ethers, as well as alkyl ethers, tetrahydropyranyl ethers, trialkylsilyl ethers (e.g., TMS or TIPPS groups) and allyl ethers.
  • the synthetic procedures can include various purifications, such as column chromatography, flash chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), recrystallization, distillation, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the like.
  • various techniques well known in the chemical arts for the identification and quantification of chemical reaction products such as proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H and 13 C NMR), infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy (IR and UV), X-ray crystallography, elemental analysis (EA), HPLC and mass spectroscopy (MS) can be used as well.
  • Methods of protection and deprotection, purification and identification and quantification are well known in the chemical arts.
  • the compounds of the invention can be screened for their ability to bind to PDE6D and to modulate the activity of the protein, i.e. identify compounds that increase (stimulate) or decrease (inhibit) the function and/or activity of PDE6D polypeptides or fragments, portions, or analogs thereof.
  • the methods may be performed in vitro or in vivo as described in detail in the copending patent application U.S. Ser. No. ______, entitled “Pyrrole compounds and uses thereof,” Docket No. 30583-715.201, filed on May 17, 2004.
  • one method for identifying whether a thiophene-containing or furan-containing compound can bind and modulate the activity of PDE6D comprises providing an indicator composition comprising a PDE6D polypeptide or fragment, portion, or analog thereof, contacting the indicator composition with one or more of the compounds disclosed above (a potential PDE6D activator or inhibitor), and determining the effect of the compound on PDE6D activity in the indicator composition to identify a compound that stimulates or inhibits the activity or function of the target.
  • the methods are preferably used to identify stimulators and inhibitors for use in the treatment or prevention of diseases as disclosed herein.
  • a compound affects the function and/or activity of PDE6D such that it may be administered to a subject, preferably human, in need of a change in the function and/or activity of PDE6D.
  • the invention thus provides for the treatment of a disease or undesirable condition mediated by insufficient or unwanted, or in the alternative excess, PDE6D activity, including the binding of PDE6.D to its binding partner(s) or its association with other protein(s), particularly prenylated proteins.
  • the compounds of the invention are expected to include those useful for the modulation of cellular signaling cascades mediated by PDE6D as well as those for the treatment or prevention of cancer and sacral agenesis.
  • ischemic cell death such as myocardial infarction, stroke, glaucoma, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Neurodegenerative conditions are characterized by the dysfunction and death of neurons, leading to the loss of functions mediated by the brain, spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system.
  • Other examples of chronic neurodegenerative diseases include diabetic peripheral neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
  • Normal brain aging is also associated with loss of normal neuronal function and may entail the depletion of certain neurons.
  • stroke broadly refers to the development of neurological deficits associated with impaired blood flow to the brain regardless of cause.
  • Potential causes include, but are not limited to, thrombosis, hemorrhage and embolism. Thrombus, embolus, and systemic hypotension are among the most common causes of cerebral ischemic episodes.
  • Other injuries may be caused by hypertension, hypertensive cerebral vascular disease, rupture of an aneurysm, an angioma, blood dyscrasias, cardiac failure, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, head trauma, spinal cord trauma, seizure, bleeding from a tumor, or other blood loss.
  • a stroke can cause coma, paralysis, speech problems and dementia.
  • Some of the major causes of cerebral infarction are vascular thrombosis, cerebral embolism, hypotension, hypertensive hemorrhage, and anoxia/hypoxia.
  • the compounds disclosed herein are useful in the treatment of stroke.
  • the compounds disclosed herein are useful for preventing and treating conditions associated with ischemic cell death, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, glaucoma, and other neurodegenerative conditions.
  • ischemic cell death such as myocardial infarction, stroke, glaucoma, and other neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Various neurodegenerative conditions which may involve apoptotic cell death include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's Disease, ALS and motor neuron degeneration, Parkinson's disease, peripheral neuropathies, Down's Syndrome, age related macular degeneration (ARMD), traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Huntington's Disease, spinal muscular atrophy, and HIV encephalitis.
  • the thiophene-containing or furan-containing compounds can be used in methods and compositions for imparting neuroprotection and for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
  • the compounds of formulas I, II and III can be used in a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and/or the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of arthritis (including osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease, spondyloarthropathies, gouty arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, juvenile arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis), common cold, dysmenorrhea, menstrual cramps, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Alzheimer's disease, organ transplant toxicity, cachexia, allergic reactions, allergic contact hypersensitivity, cancer (such as solid tumor cancer including colon cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and prostrate cancer; hematopoietic malignancies including leukemias and lymphomas; Hodgkin's disease; aplastic anemia, skin cancer and familiar adenomatous polyposis), tissue ulceration, peptic ulcer
  • PDE6D phosphodiesterase 6D
  • a compound can be contacted (in vitro or in vivo) with cells that express the protein, after which phenotypic changes in the cell culture can be scored as compared to control cells that were not exposed to the compound.
  • PDE type 6 family members are associated with retinal phototransduction (Stryer, L, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 266:10711-14 (1991)).
  • phototransduction photoreceptor cells absorb light to trigger a nerve signal via activation of an intracellular cascade of biochemical reactions leading to cGMP hydrolysis by PDE6.
  • Decreases in cGMP result in closure of a membrane-bound cGMP-gated cation channel in the photoreceptor cell to generate a nerve signal.
  • the dark state of the cell is recovered by PDE6 deactivation, guanylcyclase activation, and restoration of cGMP levels.
  • PDE6 is a tetrameric protein made up of two catalytic subunits (alpha and beta) and two inhibitory (gamma) subunits. Release of the gamma subunits from the PDE6 complex is mediated by transducin, which activates the enzyme. Reassociation of the gamma subunits is mediated by recoverin, which deactivates the enzyme. While PDE6 is associated primarily with disk membranes of outer rod segments in retinal cells, a soluble form of the enzyme contains a fourth (delta) subunit (Florio, S. K. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 271:24036-47 (1996)).
  • the PDE6 holoenzyme exists as both membrane-associated and soluble forms, and only the membrane-associated form is active in phototransduction. Importantly, only the soluble form contains the PDE6D subunit. PDE6D regulates the subcellular localization and thus the activity of PDE6, and the release of PDE6 from membranes is mediated by PDE6D. Indeed, PDE6D has been observed to reduce light-induced cGMP hydrolysis in rod outer segments (Cook et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276(7):5248-5255.(2001)), presumably by removing the PDE6 holoenzyme from the membrane.
  • PDE6D solubilizes PDE6 by binding specifically to prenylated peptide sequences near the C-termini of the PDE6A and PDE6B subunits.
  • the invention provides for treatment of visual impairment disorders, particularly those associated with the phototransduction signaling cascade through the modulation PDE6's participation in cGMP hydrolysis.
  • the PDE6 delta (PDE6D) is a 17 kDa subunit that has not been found in association with membrane bound PDE6 but has been observed to solubilize membrane-bound PDE6. This release of PDE6 from the rod membrane appears to be via delta subunit binding to the C-terminal portion of PDE6 and is thought to reduce the likelihood of PDE6 activation by membrane-bound transducing.
  • the delta subunit is also hypothesized as providing another level of enzyme regulation.
  • PDE6D The human PDE delta gene product
  • PDE6D has been recognized as a chaperone for the catalytic PDE alpha and beta subunits.
  • Prenylated PDE alpha and beta subunits have been found to be bound by PDE6D and to be solubilized from membranes possibly as a regulatory mechanism in the-visual cascade.
  • Retinitis pigmentosa RP is a hereditary retinal dystrophy characterized by impaired dark adaptation and severe reductions in visual acuity.
  • the RP gene has been identified as the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) protein, which has been observed to have binding affinity for members of the PDE6 family even in the absence of prenylation (Linari M, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:1315-1320 (1999)).
  • PDE6D interacts with the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) in a thermosensitive fashion. Interaction is abolished by mutations in the RCC1-domain of RPGR.
  • the invention provides for treatment of RP through the modulation of PDE6 interaction with RPGR and other molecules involved in the phototransduction cascade.
  • PDE6D is expressed in many cell types and has a general role in regulating the intracellular localization and transport of prenylated proteins, including H-Ras, Rheb, Rho6, Rac, Rap, and PDE6 (Hanzal-Bayer et al. EMBO J. 21(9):2095-2106 (2002) and Linari et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 96(4):1315-1320).
  • the role of PDE6D in regulating the membrane localization of these prenylated proteins is still unclear, but it has been proposed that PDE6D delivers proteins from endomembranes (endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi) to trafficking structures that ensure correct delivery to the ultimate membrane compartment.
  • PDE6D interacts with GTPases, a large super-family of proteins that play a major role at the cell membrane as molecular switches, active when GTP-bound and inactive when GDP-bound.
  • GTPases a large super-family of proteins that play a major role at the cell membrane as molecular switches, active when GTP-bound and inactive when GDP-bound.
  • the majority of these GTPases have a covalently attached prenyl group for anchorage to the intracellular side of the cell membrane. They function by shuttling between the membrane-anchored form and a free cytosolic form.
  • the delta subunit can bind the isoprenylated region of the small Rab13 GTPase and displace it from the plasma membrane. (Marzesco et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273(35):22340-22345 (1998)).
  • PDE6D is capable of interacting with the C-terminal regions of both the Ras and Rap GTPases and regulating their association with the plasma membrane.
  • Ras binding PDE6D requires a prenylated region of the C-terminus.
  • PDE6D has also been observed to interact with H-Ras, Rheb, Rho6 and Ga(il) and suggested as a transport factor for prenylated proteins, including subunits of PDE and small GTP-binding proteins. (Hanzal-Bayer et al. EMBO J. 21(9):2095-2106 (2002)).
  • cGMP PDE-specific inhibitors which act on PDE6 and PDE5 include zaprinast, desmethylsildenophil, vinopocetine, milrinone, amnrinone, pimobendan, cilostamide, enoximone, peroximone, vesnarinone, rolipran, R020-1724, and dipyridamole.
  • the compounds of the invention may be administered to treat medical disorders or diseases attributable to errant intracellular transport of prenylated proteins and/or GTP-binding proteins.
  • prenyl groups e.g. farnesyl and geranyl-geranyl
  • cholesterol e.g. farnesyl and geranyl-geranyl
  • PDE6D can also be considered an important component of the prenylation pathway since it regulates the transport and localization of prenylated proteins.
  • Prenylated proteins have critical roles in signal transduction (e.g. Ras), and there is evidence suggesting a role for prenylated proteins in neurotoxicity (Liao J. K. J. Clinical Investigation, 110: 285-288 (2002)).
  • compounds that bind to PDE6D and modulate its activity should perturb directly the localization and function of prenylated proteins, and be useful in the prevention and treatment of conditions and diseases.
  • PDE6D has been observed to reduce light-induced cGMP hydrolysis in rod outer segments (Cook et al., J. Biol. Chem. 276(7):5248-5255 (2001)).
  • the delta subunit interacts directly with the prenylated C-terminal regions of two G-protein coupled rhodopsin kinases, GRK1 and GRK7 that are specific to photoreceptors.
  • Rhodopsin kinases phosphorylate membrane photoreceptors to regulate phototransduction.
  • the invention provides for a method of treatment of visual impairment through modulation of PDE6 interaction with rhodopsin kinases and other molecules involved in the phototransduction signaling cascade.
  • PDE6D has also been found to interact with other proteins absent post-translational prenylation.
  • PDE6D interacts with the unprenylated region of the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) protein.
  • RPGR retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator
  • the delta subunit can interact with two members of the GTPase subfamily known as Arl proteins or the ARF (ADP-ribosylation factor)-like proteins.
  • PDE6D interacts with the Arl2 and Arl3 proteins independent of any post-translational modification (Hanzal-Bayer et al., EMBO J. 21(9):2095-2106 (2002) and Linari et al., FEBS Letter 458:55-59 (1999)).
  • Hanzal-Bayer et al. have posited that the delta subunit is a transport factor for membrane bound prenylated proteins, such as the GTP binding molecules, and Arl2/3 serves as the mediator of the delta subunit in the release and/or uptake of prenylated proteins.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a PDE6-related and/or GTP-binding protein-related disorder through the modulation of Arl2/3 molecule activity.
  • PDE6 and references to its activities and/or modulation, herein, is intended to also include activity and/or modulation of PDE6D without an interaction with PDE6.
  • the compounds of formulas I, II and III may be used to treat a variety of diseases and unwanted conditions.
  • the compounds described herein are used in the treatment of PDE6-related conditions.
  • Diseases that may be treated with the compounds described herein include, but are not limited to, cerebral accident (or cerebrovascular accident, including stroke), inflammation (including inflammation due to autoimmune diseases), multiple sclerosis, blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), bone formation/bone growth, immune system stimulation, acute coronary syndromes (including myocardial infarction, non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and unstable angina), and cardiovascular disease.
  • the compounds of the invention may be used to reduce the likelihood of stroke or cardiovascular disease, and to decrease damage following brain and/or heart infarction or other trauma.
  • the compounds may be used to reduce the severity of damage caused by stroke or cardiovascular disease in a subject.
  • Non-limiting examples of the benefit provided by the compounds include decreased brain and/or heart infarction.
  • the use of the compounds described herein is not intended to be limited to PDE6-related conditions or modulation of PDE6; the present compounds can be used to treat other conditions and modulate other biological targets.
  • PDE6-related condition refers to a condition in which directly or indirectly modulating the activity and/or production of a PDE6 molecule, respectively, is desirable. This modulation includes modulation of one or more molecules in the upstream or downstream signaling cascades of PDE6.
  • a PDE6-related condition may involve over-production or unwanted production of one or more prenylated PDE6 subunits, such as PDE6D, prenylated PDE6 ⁇ or PDE6 ⁇ , or other chemical messengers of cell signaling pathways associated with phototransduction (including responses to and expression of PDE6 alpha and PDE6 beta).
  • the methods of the present invention employ a PDE6 modulating compound.
  • PDE6 modulating compound refers to a compound that preferably modulates PDE6, for example by binding to PDE6, preferably by binding to PDE6D.
  • a PDE6 modulating compound may modulate one or more prenylated PDE6 subunits, such as PDE6D, prenylated PDE6 ⁇ or PDE6 ⁇ , or other chemical messengers of cell signaling pathways associated with phototransduction (including responses to and expression of PDE6 alpha and PDE6 beta).
  • the term “preferable modulation” and its grammatical conjugations refers to a specific modulation of PDE6. In other embodiments, the term refers to preferable modulation of PDE6 with minimal modulation of HMG Co A reductase.
  • the term “minimal modulation” refers to essentially no modulation, but does not require a complete lack of modulation; it refers to essentially no observable or measurable activity. In treatment scenarios, “minimal modulation” refers to modulation that is not sufficient to produce a therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit in a condition caused by the activity that is not being modulated.
  • Modulating the activity of a PDE6 molecule includes reducing, increasing, or stabilizing the activity of these molecules. Reducing the activity of PDE6 is also referred to as “inhibiting” the molecule.
  • the term “inhibits” and its grammatical conjugations, such as “inhibitory,” is not intended to require complete inhibition in PDE6 activity. Such reduction is preferably by at least about 50%, at least about 75%, at least about 90%, and more preferably by at least about 95% of the activity of the molecule in the absence of the inhibitory effect, e.g., in the absence of an inhibitor. Most preferably, the term refers to an observable or measurable reduction in activity.
  • the inhibition is sufficient to produce a therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit in the condition being treated.
  • the phrase “does not inhibit” and its grammatical conjugations does not require a complete lack of effect on the activity. For example, it refers to situations where there is less than about 20%, less than about 10%, and preferably less than about 5% of reduction in PDE6 activity in the presence of an inhibitor such as a compound of the invention.
  • the PDE6-modulating agents of the invention can be administered to a mammalian subject to treat a disorder by modulating the binding of PDE6D to prenylated GTPases, thereby modulating GTPase-dependent signal transduction pathways.
  • GTPase-dependent pathways contributes to a variety of medical conditions, such as vascular hyperplasia, thrombin-induced cell death, the pathogenesis and progression of bladder cancer, chronic inflammatory disease, endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease, cardiac hypertrophy, a change in cerebral blood flow to ischemic regions of the brain, phagocytosis of amloid-beta fibrils in Alzheimer's disease patients, immunodeficiency disorders and increased free radical production in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells.
  • PDE6-related conditions can include neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemic stroke, basal ganglia or Parkinson's disease, epilepsy or brain or spinal cord ischemia or trauma; Alzheimer's disease, dementia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Huntington's disease, heart failure (e.g. congestive heart failure, acute heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, etc.) or renal diseases.
  • neurodegenerative diseases including ischemic stroke, basal ganglia or Parkinson's disease, epilepsy or brain or spinal cord ischemia or trauma; Alzheimer's disease, dementia, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Huntington's disease, heart failure (e.g. congestive heart failure, acute heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, etc.) or renal diseases.
  • PDE6-related conditions can include visual impairment disorders, including macular degeneration, amblyopia, Blepharitis, Bietti's Crystalline Dystrophy, corneal disease, diabetic eye disease, glaucoma, histoplasmosis, and retinitis pigmentosa.
  • PDE6-related conditions can include cardiovascular-related conditions, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, ischemic-reperfusion injury and other vascular inflammatory conditions.
  • PDE6-related conditions can also include proliferative disorders, including cancers, e.g., leukemia, melanoma, Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, as well as bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, head and neck, lung, ovarian, prostate and rectal cancers.
  • cancers e.g., leukemia, melanoma, Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, as well as bladder, breast, colon, endometrial, head and neck, lung, ovarian, prostate and rectal cancers.
  • PDE6-related conditions can also include neurological deficits that develop from a stroke-induced impairment of blood flow to the brain regardless of cause.
  • Potential causes include, but are not limited to, thrombosis, hemorrhage and embolism. Thrombus, embolus, and systemic hypertension are among the most common causes of cerebral ischemic episodes.
  • Other injuries may be caused by hypertension, hypertensive cerebral vascular disease, rupture of an aneurysm, an angioma, blood dyscrasias, cardiac failure, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, head trauma, spinal cord trauma, seizure, bleeding from a tumor, or other blood loss.
  • the PDE6-modulating agent modulates the activity small GTP binding protein Rho in its role in cell proliferation. It has been reported that Rho proteins are more abundant in tumor bladders than in non-tumor bladders and upregulated in ovarian carcinomas (Kamai T, et al., Clin. Cancer Res . July; 9(7):2632-41 (2003) and Horiuchi A, et al., Lab Invest. June 2003; 83(6): 861-70 (2003)).
  • Rho GTP binding activity has been shown to have the neuroprotective effect of increasing cerebral blood flow to ischemic regions of the brain (Laufs U, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 106(1):15-24 (2000)).
  • An embodiment of the invention provides for the treatment of ischemic stroke by modulation of Rho by a compound of the invention.
  • the PDE6-modulating agent modulates the activity of the small GTP binding protein Rac in its role in Alzheimer's disease. Rac has been observed to participate in the phagocytosis of amyloid-beta fibrils from extracellular senile plaques. (Kitamura Y, et al, J. Pharmacol. Sci. 92(2):115-23 2003)).
  • the compounds I, II, and III of the invention can be used to treat a variety of diseases and unwanted conditions, including, but not limited to, cerebral accident (or cerebrovascular accident, including stroke), inflammation (including inflammation due to autoimmune diseases), multiple sclerosis, blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), bone formation/bone growth, immune system stimulation, acute coronary syndromes (including myocardial infarction, non-Q-wave myocardial infarction and unstable angina), and cardiovascular disease.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used to reduce the likelihood of stroke or cardiovascular disease, and to decrease damage following brain and/or heart infarction or other trauma.
  • the compounds can be used to reduce the severity or damage caused by stroke or cardiovascular disease in a subject.
  • Non-limiting examples of the benefit provided by the compounds include decreased brain and/or heart infarction.
  • the compounds of formulas I, II, and III are preferably used to prepare a medicament, such as by formulation into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to a subject using techniques generally known in the art. A summary of such pharmaceutical compositions may be found, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.
  • the compounds of the invention can be used singly or as components of mixtures. Preferred forms of the compounds are those for systemic administration as well as those for topical or transdermal administration. Formulations designed for sustained and/or delayed release are also with the scope of the invention.
  • compositions can be used to treat PDE6-related conditions, as described in detail above. If necessary or desirable, the modulator or inhibitor may be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents.
  • therapeutic agents that can be co-administered with the compositions of the invention will depend, in part, on the condition being treated.
  • the modulators may be administered per se or in the form of a pharmaceutical composition wherein the active compound(s) is in an admixture or mixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers compromising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
  • modulators useful in the present invention can be delivered to the patient using a number of routes or modes of administration, including oral, buccal, topical, rectal, transdermal, transmucosal, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular applications, as well as by inhalation.
  • compositions comprising the compounds of the invention include formulating the derivatives with one or more inert, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to form either a solid or liquid.
  • Solid compositions include, but are not limited to, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories.
  • Liquid compositions include solutions, emulsions, or a solution containing liposomes, micelles, or nanoparticles comprising a compound as disclosed herein.
  • Compounds of this invention may also be integrated into foodstuffs, e.g, cream cheese, butter, salad dressing, or ice cream to facilitate solubilization, administration, and/or compliance in certain patient populations.
  • foodstuffs e.g, cream cheese, butter, salad dressing, or ice cream to facilitate solubilization, administration, and/or compliance in certain patient populations.
  • the compounds of the invention may be labeled isotopically (e.g. with a radioisotope) or by another other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.
  • the compositions may be in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in a liquid prior to use, or as emulsions.
  • Suitable excipients or carriers are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, alcohols, aloe vera gel, allantoin, glycerin, vitamin A and E oils, mineral oil, propylene glycol, PPG-2 myristyl propionate, and the like.
  • these compositions may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic, auxiliary substances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, and so forth.
  • the compounds can be formulated readily by combining the active compound(s) with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include chewable tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, lozenges, hard candy, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, powders, suspensions, elixirs, wafers, and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated.
  • Such formulations can comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers including solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous media and various non-toxic organic solvents.
  • Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; flavoring elements, cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP).
  • disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a sustained release preparation.
  • Dragee cores can be provided with suitable coatings.
  • suitable coatings For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
  • Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
  • compositions that can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
  • the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
  • stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for administration.
  • Aqueous suspensions may contain a compound of this invention with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as a suspending agent (e.g., methyl cellulose), a wetting agent (e.g., lecithin, lysolecithin and/or a long-chain fatty alcohol), as well as coloring agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and the like.
  • a suspending agent e.g., methyl cellulose
  • a wetting agent e.g., lecithin, lysolecithin and/or a long-chain fatty alcohol
  • the inhibitors of the present invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer.
  • Such compositions may also include one or more excipients, for example, preservatives, solubilizers, fillers, lubricants, stabilizers, albumin, and the like.
  • excipients for example, preservatives, solubilizers, fillers, lubricants, stabilizers, albumin, and the like.
  • Methods of formulation are known in the art, for example, as disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton P.
  • These compounds may also be formulated for transmucosal administration, buccal administration, for administration by inhalation, for parental administration, for transdermal administration, and rectal administration.
  • the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation or transcutaneous delivery (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly), intramuscular injection or use of a transdermal patch.
  • the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
  • compositions comprising compounds of the present invention exert local and regional anti-inflammatory effects when administered topically or injected at or near particular sites of inflammation.
  • ocular allergic, inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions can be effectively treated with ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointments or inserts comprising one or more compounds of the present invention.
  • Allergic, inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions of the ear can be effectively treated with otic solutions, suspensions, ointments or inserts comprising one or more compounds of the present invention.
  • Allergic, inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions of the skin and skin structures can be effectively treated with skin ointments comprising one or more compounds of the present invention in an oleaginous hydrocarbon base, an anhydrous absorption base, a water-in-oil absorption base, an oil-in-water water-removable base and/or a water-soluble base.
  • Gastrointestinal allergic, inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions can be effectively treated with orally- or rectally delivered solutions, suspensions, ointments, enemas and/or suppositories comprising one or more compounds of the present invention.
  • Respiratory allergic, inflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions can be effectively treated with aerosol solutions, suspensions or dry powders comprising one or more compounds of the present invention.
  • a cream comprising a compound of the invention may be topically applied to the affected site, for example, sites displaying red plaques or dry scales in psoriasis, or areas of irritation and dryness in dermatitis.
  • a suppository formulation of a compound disclosed herein can be used for treating inflammatory bowel disease.
  • the active ingredient produces a benefit locally at or near the site of application, rather than systemically, by modulating PDE6, e.g., PDE6D.
  • Direct topical application e.g., of a viscous liquid, gel, jelly, cream, lotion, ointment, suppository, foam, or aerosol spray
  • Pharmaceutically appropriate vehicles for such formulation include, for example, lower aliphatic alcohols, polyglycols (e.g., glycerol or polyethylene glycol), esters of fatty acids, oils, fats, silicones, and the like.
  • Such preparations may also include preservatives (e.g., p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) and/or antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid and tocopherol). See also Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous absorption, Barry (Ed.), Marcel Dekker Incl, 1983.
  • the compounds of the present invention are delivered in soluble rather than suspension form, which allows for more rapid and quantitative absorption to the sites of action.
  • formulations such as jellies, creams, lotions, suppositories and ointments can provide an area with more extended exposure to the compounds of the present invention, while formulations in solution, e.g., sprays, provide more immediate, short-term exposure.
  • the formulations also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients that increase penetration or help delivery of inhibitory compounds of this invention across the permeability barrier of the skin.
  • suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients that increase penetration or help delivery of inhibitory compounds of this invention across the permeability barrier of the skin.
  • these penetration-enhancing compounds are known in the art of topical formulation.
  • carriers and excipients include humectants (e.g., urea), glycols (e.g., propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol), alcohols (e.g., ethanol), fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), surfactants (e.g., isopropyl myristate and sodium lauryl sulfate), pyrrolidones, glycerol monolaurate, sulfoxides, terpenes (e.g., menthol), amines, amides, alkanes, alkanols, ORGEL
  • the pharmaceutical compositions will include one or more penetration enhancers such as water, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, decylmethyl sulfoxide, tetradecylmethyl sulfoxide, 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidone, laurocapram, acetone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, L- ⁇ -amino acids, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, nonionic surfactants, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, clofibric acid amides, hexamethylene lauramide, proteolytic enzymes, ⁇ -bisabolol, d-limonene, urea, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, and the like.
  • penetration enhancers such as water,
  • the pharmaceutical compositions will include one or more antimicrobial preservatives such as quaternary ammonium compounds, organic mercurials, p-hydroxy benzoates, aromatic alcohols, chlorobutanol, and the like.
  • antimicrobial preservatives such as quaternary ammonium compounds, organic mercurials, p-hydroxy benzoates, aromatic alcohols, chlorobutanol, and the like.
  • compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are present in an effective amount, i.e., in an amount effective to achieve therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit in at least one of a PDE6-related condition.
  • an effective amount i.e., in an amount effective to achieve therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit in at least one of a PDE6-related condition.
  • the actual amount effective for a particular application will depend on the condition or conditions being treated, the condition of the subject, the formulation, and the route of administration, as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. Determination of an effective amount of a PDE6 modulator is well within the capabilities of those skilled in the art, in light of the disclosure herein, and will be determined using routine optimization techniques.
  • the compounds of the invention are administered to a subject at dosage levels of from about 0.05 mg/kg to about 10.0 mg/kg of body weight per day.
  • a dosage of from 40 mg to 600 mg per day may be used as a non-limiting example.
  • Preferred doses include about 1 mg/kg, about 2.5 mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, and about 7.5 mg/kg. Lower or higher doses than those disclosed herein may be used, as required.
  • Such dosages may be altered depending on a number of variables, not limited to the activity of the compound used, the condition to be treated, the mode of administration, the requirements of the individual subject, the severity of the condition being treated, and the judgment of the practitioner. The foregoing ranges are merely suggestive, as the number of variables in regard to an individual treatment regime is large, and considerable excursions from these recommended values are not uncommon.
  • the effective amount for use in humans can be determined from animal models.
  • a dose for humans can be formulated to achieve circulating, liver, topical and/or gastrointestinal concentrations that have been found to be effective in animals.
  • the effective amount when referring to an inhibitor of the invention will generally mean the dose ranges, modes of administration, formulations, etc., that have been recommended or approved by any of the various regulatory or advisory organizations in the medical or pharmaceutical arts (e.g. FDA, AMA) or by the manufacturer or supplier.
  • administration of compounds of the present invention may be intermittent, for example administration once every two days, every three days, every five days, once a week, once or twice a month, and the like.
  • the amount, forms, and/or amounts of the different forms may be varied at different times of administration.
  • kits and articles of manufacture are also within the scope of the invention.
  • Such kits can comprise a carrier, package, or container that is compartmentalized to receive one or more containers such as vials, tubes, and the like, each of the container(s) comprising one of the separate elements to be used in a method of the invention.
  • Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, and test tubes.
  • the containers can be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
  • the container(s) can comprise one or more thiophene-containing or furan-containing compounds of the invention, optionally in a composition or in combination with another agent as disclosed herein.
  • the container(s) optionally have a sterile access port (for example the container can be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
  • kits optionally comprising a thiophene-containing or furan-containing compound with an identifying description or label or instructions relating to its use in the methods of the present invention.
  • a kit of the invention typically may comprise one or more additional containers, each with one or more of various materials (such as reagents, optionally in concentrated form, and/or devices) desirable from a commercial and user standpoint for use of a thiophene-containing or furan-containing compound of the invention.
  • materials include, but not limited to, buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes; carrier, package, container, vial and/or tube labels listing contents and/or instructions for use, and package inserts with instructions for use.
  • a set of instructions will also typically be included.
  • a label can be on or associated with the container.
  • a label can be on a container when letters, numbers or other characters forming the label are attached, molded or etched into the container itself; a label can be associated with a container when it is present within a receptacle or carrier that also holds the container, e.g., as a package insert.
  • a label can be used to indicate that the contents are to be used for a specific therapeutic application. The label can also indicate directions for use of the contents, such as in the methods described herein.
  • T7 phage displaying human PDE6D and CLB2 were obtained following the procedure of WO 01/18234, published Mar. 15, 2001, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/115,442, “Phage Display Affinity Filter and Forward Screen, filed Apr. 2, 2002. Briefly, a T7 phage-display-based affinity chromatography procedure was used where atorvastatin was chemically coupled to a biotinylated linker moiety, which enabled the attachment of atorvastatin to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. The atorvastatin-coated magnetic beads were used as an affinity matrix to probe the human proteome for atorvastatin-binding proteins.
  • T7 phage display libraries that broadly cover the human proteome were mixed with the atorvastatin affinity matrix and non-binding clones were removed by washing. Atorvastatin-binding clones were eluted by incubating the affinity matrix with soluble atorvastatin. The phage eluate was then amplified by growth in E. coli and the affinity enrichment procedure was repeated. After four rounds of affinity enrichment, predominant atorvastatin-binding clones emerged and was identified by DNA sequencing as human PDE6D and CLB2.
  • atorvastatin The binding of atorvastatin to PDE6D and CLB2 was further validated by competition binding assays, where the Kd's for the interactions between soluble atorvastatin (non-immobilized, no linker moiety) and the proteins were determined to be 65 nM and 500 nM for PDE6D and CLB2, respectively.
  • Kd's The dissociation constants, Kd's, for the interaction between the thiophene compounds and the novel targets were obtained following the procedure of the co-pending patent applications U.S. Ser. Nos. 10/115,442, “Phage Display Affinity Filter and Forward Screen,” filed Apr. 2, 2002 and 60/480,587, “Protein Family Profiling Tool and Methods,” filed Jun. 20, 2003.
  • the T7 phage displaying human PDE6D or CLB2 were incubated with an atorvastatin-coated affinity matrix in the presence of various concentrations of a soluble (non-immobilized) thiophene compounds of the invention, as described in detail above.
  • Soluble thiophene compounds that bind PDE6D and/or CLB2 prevent binding of PDE6D and/or CLB2 phage to the affinity matrix; hence, fewer phage are recovered in the phage eluate in the presence of an effective competitor than in the absence of an effective competitor.
  • the Kd for the interaction between the soluble thiophene compound (competitor) molecule and PDE6D or CLB2 is equal to the concentration of soluble competitor molecule that causes a 50% reduction in the number of phage recovered in the eluate compared to a control sample lacking soluble competitor.
  • Table 1 displays the ⁇ M Kd of certain thiophene compounds for PDE6D. TABLE 1 Thiophene Kd PDE6D Compound (nM) 781560 830 779974 348 781456 567 783172 469 783146 1675
  • mice All animals will be housed for 7 days prior to surgery for acclimation purposes. At the end of the training period, animals will be randomized and assigned to different groups. Animals will be given a unique identification number by tail marking. The animals will be identified by tail number and cage cards.
  • MCAo Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
  • Male Sprague Dawley rats 300-350 grams, are anesthetized with an intramuscular 4 ml/kg “cocktail” of Ketamine (25 mg/ml), Xylazine (1.3 mg/mL) and Acepromazine (0.33 mg/mL).
  • the common carotid arteries are exposed through a ventral midline cervical incision in the neck.
  • the temporalis muscle is bisected and reflected through an incision performed midway between the eye and the eardrum canal.
  • a 3 mm burr hole is made at the junction of the zygomatic arch and the squamos bone such that the bifurcation of the frontal and parietal branch of the middle cerebral artery is exposed.
  • the right middle cerebral artery is permanently occluded using electrocoagulation directly below the bifurcation of the frontal and parietal branch and superior to the rhinal vein on the MCA, the common carotid arteries are temporarily occluded using atraumatic aneurysm clips for one hour.
  • Body temperature is maintained at 38° C. ⁇ 1 throughout the entire procedure. Animals are euthanized at various time periods after MCA occlusion and the brains are removed for histological analysis.
  • the total infarct volumes are calculated for each animal and subsequent group means are determined as volume of area (mm 3 ). To account for tissue shrinkage and possible edema indirect method of infarct volume is calculated using the formula:
  • Body Temperature and Weight The body temperatures of all animals are monitored throughout the surgery and maintained near normal values (37-38° C). The body weight of all animals are measured and documented before surgery and at the end of the study immediately before euthanation.
  • mice All animals will be housed for 7 days prior to surgery for acclimation purposes. At the end of the training period, animals will be randomized and assigned to different groups. Animals will be given a unique identification number by tail marking. The animals will be identified by tail number and cage cards.
  • MCAo Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
  • Male Sprague Dawley rats 300-350 grams, are anesthetized with an intramuscular 4 ml/kg “cocktail” of ketamine (25 mg/ml), xylazine (1.3 mg/mL) and acepromazine (0.33 mg/mL).
  • ketamine 25 mg/ml
  • xylazine 1.3 mg/mL
  • acepromazine 0.33 mg/mL
  • the common carotid arteries are exposed through a ventral midline cervical incision in the neck.
  • the temporalis muscle is bisected and reflected through an incision performed midway between the eye and the eardrum canal.
  • a 3 mm burr hole is made at the junction of the zygomatic arch and the squamos bone such that the bifurcation of the frontal and parietal branch of the middle cerebral artery is exposed.
  • the right middle cerebral artery is permanently occluded using electrocoagulation directly below the bifurcation of the frontal and parietal branch and superior to the rhinal vein on the MCA, the common carotid arteries are temporarily occluded using atraumatic aneurysm clips for one hour.
  • Body temperature is maintained at 38° C. ⁇ 1 throughout the entire procedure. Animals are euthanatized at various time periods after MCA occlusion and the brains are removed for histological analysis.
  • the total direct infarct volumes are calculated for each animal and subsequent group means are determined as volume of area (mm 3 ).
  • Body Temperature and Weight The body temperatures of each animal are monitored throughout the surgery and maintained near normal values (37-38° C.). Animal's body weights are measured and documented before surgery and at the end of the study immediately before euthanation.
  • Tamura model of MCAo will be utilized to determine the effect of one or more of the compounds described herein in alleviating the neurological deficit demonstrated as motor skill performance. Behavioral assessment as well as infarct volume of compound treated animals in comparison to control (vehicle) volume animals will be used for evaluating efficacy of the compound(s) over a 7 day period.
  • mice All animals will be housed and handled for behavioral assessment for 7 days prior to surgery for acclimation purposes. At the end of the training period, animals will be randomized and assigned to different groups. Animals will be given a unique identification number by tail marking. Tail number and cage cards will identify the animals.
  • MCAo Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
  • Tamura Model Focal cerebral infarcts are made by permanent occlusion of the proximal right middle cerebral artery using a modification of the method of Tamura et al.
  • Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350 g) are anesthetized with 2% isoflourane in 50% Air/50% O 2 , and is maintained with 1-1.5 % isoflourane.
  • the temporalis muscle is bisected and reflected through an incision made midway between the eye and the eardrum canal.
  • the proximal MCA is exposed through a subtemporal craniectomy without removing the zygomatic arch and without transecting the facial nerve.
  • the artery is then occluded by microbipolar coagulation from just proximal to the olfactory tract to the inferior cerebral vein, and is transected.
  • Body temperature is maintained at 38° C. ⁇ 1 throughout the entire procedure. Animals are euthanatized at various time periods after MCA occlusion and the brains are removed for histological analysis.
  • Cerebral Blood Flow Measurement Blood Flow Monitoring will take place in one group of forty animals to determine the effects of the three experimental compounds selected from the compounds disclosed herein on cerebral blood flow at certain times in relation to the MCAo.
  • a Perimed Laser Doppler System 500 will be used to determine percent changes in cerebral blood before MCAo, sixty minutes post MCAO and then days 1 and 5 after MCAo.
  • the limb placing tests are divided into both forelimb and hindlimb tests.
  • the examiner holds the rat close to a tabletop and scores the rat's ability to place the forelimb on the tabletop in response to whisker, visual, tactile, or proprioceptive stimulation.
  • Body Swing Test The animal is held approximately 1 inch from the base of its tail. It is then elevated to an inch above a surface of a table. The animal is held in the vertical axis, defined as no more than 10° to either the left or the right side. A swing is recorded whenever the animal moves its head out of the vertical axis to either side. Before attempting another swing, the animal must return to the vertical position for the next swing to be counted. Thirty total swings are counted. A normal animal typically has an equal number of swings to either side. Following focal stroke, the animal tends to swing to the contralateral side. There is a slow spontaneous recovery of body swing during the first month after stroke.
  • the total infarct volumes are calculated for each animal and subsequent group means are determined as volume of area (mm 3 ).
  • the indirect method of infarct volume is calculated using the formula:
  • the compound of FIGS. 1, 2, or 3 (10.0 g) is mixed with lactose (85.5 g), hydroxypropyl cellulose HPC-SL (2.0 g), hydroxypropyl cellulose L-HPC, LH-22 (2.0 g) and purified water (9.0 g), the resulting mixture is subjected to granulation, drying and grading, and the thus obtained granules are mixed with magnesium stearate (0.5 g) and subjected to tablet making, thereby obtaining tablets containing 10 mg per tablet of the compound.
  • the tablet prepared in Example 5 is provided to a subject at time 0. One tablet every 24 h is provided for a period of one week. After administration of the third tablet, the subject is exposed to a neurodegenerative event. The treated subject exhibits symptoms of neurological disorder that are less severe compared to the subject that was not treated.

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US20040259880A1 (en) 2004-12-23
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US20040248957A1 (en) 2004-12-09
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WO2004110998A1 (en) 2004-12-23
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