US20040142958A1 - Combination therapy for the treatment of pain - Google Patents

Combination therapy for the treatment of pain Download PDF

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US20040142958A1
US20040142958A1 US10/718,034 US71803403A US2004142958A1 US 20040142958 A1 US20040142958 A1 US 20040142958A1 US 71803403 A US71803403 A US 71803403A US 2004142958 A1 US2004142958 A1 US 2004142958A1
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trifluoromethyl
pyridin
phenyl
quinazolin
amine
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Uri Herzberg
Daniel Cortright
Mark Hurtt
James Krause
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Neurogen Corp
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/485—Morphinan derivatives, e.g. morphine, codeine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/498—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- and peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. quinoxaline, phenazine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
    • A61P25/36—Opioid-abuse
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to compositions and methods for the treatment of pain. More specifically, the invention relates to compositions and methods for reducing and preventing the development of acquired drug tolerance and adverse effects such as dependence in patients treated with addictive therapeutic agents, such as narcotic analgesics or other neuroactive drugs. In addition, the invention provides compositions and methods for improving the efficacy of narcotic analgesic therapy.
  • Narcotic analgesic agents such as morphine
  • morphine are often the most effective drugs for the treatment of severe pain. Their usefulness is limited, however, by tolerance (the progressive loss in analgesic effectiveness) and physical dependence (behavioral and/or physical symptoms resulting from sudden withdrawal of the drug). Both tolerance and physical dependence have been found to develop rapidly (e.g., within two or three days) upon repeated or continuous administration. To avoid withdrawal symptoms, some patients suffering from severe pain are not treated with narcotic analgesics, or are treated with doses that are too low to provide optimal pain relief.
  • compositions provided herein comprise an addictive therapeutic substance (preferably a narcotic analgesic) and at least one nontoxic type I vanilloid receptor (VR1) antagonist.
  • addictive therapeutic substance preferably a narcotic analgesic
  • VR1 nontoxic type I vanilloid receptor
  • Packaged pharmaceutical compositions are also provided.
  • Certain such packaged compositions comprise (i) a container holding a composition comprising a nontoxic VR1 antagonist; and (ii) instructions indicating that the VR1 antagonist is to be administered to a patient contemporaneously with administration of an addictive substance.
  • the addictive substance is a narcotic analgesic.
  • the instructions indicate that the VR1 antagonist is to be used for: (a) inhibiting the development of tolerance to an addictive substance in a patient; (b) inhibiting the development of dependence on an addictive substance in a patient; and/or (c) enhancing pain relief resulting from administration of an addictive substance to a patient.
  • the VR1 antagonist may be present, for example, in a tolerance-reducing amount, a dependence-reducing amount and/or a pain relief-enhancing amount.
  • Further packaged pharmaceutical compositions comprise: (i) a nontoxic VR1 antagonist; (ii) a narcotic analgesic and (iii) instructions indicating that the VR1 antagonist and narcotic analgesic are to be administered to a patient for the treatment of pain.
  • the VR1 antagonist may be present, for example, in a tolerance-reducing amount, a dependence-reducing amount and/or a pain relief-enhancing amount.
  • methods for treating pain in a patient comprising administering to a patient, simultaneously or sequentially in either order, (i) a narcotic analgesic and (ii) a nontoxic VR1 antagonist.
  • Methods are further provided, within other aspects, for inhibiting the development of tolerance to an addictive substance, such as a narcotic analgesic, in a patient, comprising administering to a patient, simultaneously or sequentially in either order, (i) a narcotic analgesic and (ii) a tolerance-reducing amount of a nontoxic VR1 antagonist.
  • an addictive substance such as a narcotic analgesic
  • methods for inhibiting the development of dependence on an addictive substance, such as a narcotic analgesic, in a patient, comprising administering to a patient, simultaneously or sequentially in either order, (i) a narcotic analgesic and (ii) a dependence-reducing amount of a nontoxic VR1 antagonist.
  • an addictive substance such as a narcotic analgesic
  • methods for enhancing narcotic analgesic-induced pain relief in a patient, comprising administering to a patient, simultaneously or sequentially in either order, (i) a narcotic analgesic and (ii) a pain relief-enhancing amount of a nontoxic VR1 antagonist.
  • methods for treating withdrawal symptoms resulting from prior administration of an addictive substance (preferably a narcotic analgesic) in a patient, comprising administering at least one nontoxic VR1 antagonist to a patient experiencing or susceptible to such withdrawal symptoms.
  • an addictive substance preferably a narcotic analgesic
  • FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the effect of a representative VR1 antagonist on morphine-induced tolerance. The results are presented as percent of maximum potential efficacy (% MPE) in a von Frey fiber test as a function of days following treatment initiation, and are presented for vehicle alone (dark line with diamonds), VR1 antagonist (10 mg/kg body weight; light line with squares), morphine (3 mg/kg body weight; light line with circles) and VR1 antagonist in combination with morphine (dark line with triangles).
  • % MPE percent of maximum potential efficacy
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the analgesic effect of a representative VR1 antagonist in combination with morphine (dotted line) as compared to morphine alone (3 mg/kg body weight; light line with squares) or VR1 antagonist alone (0.5 mg/kg body weight; dark line with diamonds). The results are presented as percent of maximum potential efficacy (% MPE) in a von Frey fiber test as a function of days following treatment initiation, and are normalized to treatment with vehicle alone.
  • % MPE percent of maximum potential efficacy
  • FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the effect of a representative VR1 antagonist on morphine-induced tolerance in rats. The results are presented as withdrawal threshold from a von Frey filament (in gram force) as a function of treatment over a 5 day period. Post CFA BL is the von Frey filament threshold 7 days after injection of CFA in the left ankle. Drugs were then administered, and results are shown for days 1-4 following treatment, for vehicle alone (squares), VR1 antagonist (0.3 mg/kg body weight; triangles), morphine (3 mg/kg body weight; circles) and VR1 antagonist in combination with morphine (X's).
  • FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the analgesic effect of a representative VR1 antagonist in combination with morphine as compared to morphine alone, VR1 antagonist alone or vehicle, as indicated. The results are presented as the decrease in thermal paw withdrawal latency in seconds, as compared to the latency observed prior to treatment.
  • the present invention provides combination therapy for the treatment of pain.
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for inhibiting the development of tolerance to addictive substances, such as therapeutic agents, as well as for minimizing adverse effects (e.g., dependence) resulting from administration of such agents.
  • the compositions and methods provided herein may be used to prevent, delay, decrease the magnitude of or treat tolerance and/or adverse effects such as dependence in a patient treated with an addictive substance.
  • compositions and methods provided herein are used to enhance the efficacy of a narcotic analgesic (i.e., to improve the level of pain relief achieved by a specified amount of narcotic analgesic).
  • compositions provided herein generally comprise a nontoxic VR1 antagonist and (optionally) an addictive substance, in combination with a physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • Methods provided herein generally involve the administration of a VR1 antagonist and an addictive substance to a patient, where the VR1 antagonist is administered before, during and/or after administration of the addictive substance.
  • a VR1 antagonist is any compound that detectably inhibits vanilloid ligand binding to VR1 and/or VR1-mediated signal transduction resulting from binding of a vanilloid ligand agonist (e.g., capsaicin or a capsaicin analogue such as olvanil or resiniferatoxin) to VR1.
  • a VR1 antagonist inhibits VR1 activation with an IC 50 value of less than 1 micromolar, preferably less than 100 nanomolar, and more preferably less than 10 nanomolar within the assay provided in Example 7.
  • a VR1 antagonist displays no detectable agonist activity within an assay as described in Example 7, herein.
  • a VR1 antagonist is multi-aryl (i.e., has a plurality of unfused and/or fused aryl groups), is non-peptide and is amino acid free.
  • Prodrugs of VR1 antagonists may also be used within the compositions and methods provided herein.
  • VR1 antagonists include both capsaicin analogues, such as capsazepine and lodo-RTX, and compounds that are not vanilloid compounds.
  • a VR1 antagonist is not a vanilloid compound.
  • a “vanilloid compound” is capsaicin or any capsaicin analogue or other compound that comprises a phenyl ring with two oxygen atoms bound to adjacent ring carbons (one of which oxygen atoms is located para to a point of attachment of the phenyl ring to another substituent), and that binds to VR1 with a K i value (determined as described herein) that is no greater than 10 mM.
  • VR1 antagonists for use as described herein are compounds that satisfy one or more formulas provided below, or are a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such a compound.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an acid or base salt that is generally considered in the art to be suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings or animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication.
  • Such salts include mineral and organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, as well as alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids.
  • Specific pharmaceutical salts include, but are not limited to, salts of acids such as hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, malic, glycolic, fumaric, sulfuric, sulfamic, sulfanilic, formic, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, benzene sulfonic, ethane disulfonic, 2-hydroxyethylsulfonic, nitric, benzoic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, citric, tartaric, lactic, stearic, salicylic, glutamic, ascorbic, pamoic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, propionic, hydroxymaleic, hydroiodic, phenylacetic, alkanoic such as acetic, HOOC—(CH 2 ) n —COOH where n is 0-4, and the like.
  • acids such as hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrobromic, malic, glycolic, fumaric, sulfuric
  • pharmaceutically acceptable cations include, but are not limited to sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminum, lithium and ammonium.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts for the compounds provided herein, including those listed by Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., p. 1418 (1985).
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid or base salt can be synthesized from a parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by any conventional chemical method.
  • such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred.
  • a “prodrug” is a compound that may not fully satisfy the structural requirements of the formulas provided herein, but is modified in vivo, following administration to a patient, to produce a compound of one or more such formulas.
  • a prodrug may be an acylated derivative of a compound as provided herein.
  • Prodrugs include compounds wherein hydroxy, amine or sulfhydryl groups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammalian subject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, or sulfhydryl group, respectively.
  • Examples of prodrugs include, but, are not limited to, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and amine functional groups within the compounds provided herein.
  • Prodrugs of the compounds provided herein may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved to the parent compounds.
  • Prodrugs of the compounds specifically recited herein may be used in the compositions and methods described herein.
  • A is chosen from O, S, NR A , CR B R B ′, NR A CR B R B ′, CR B R B ′NR A , —CR A ⁇ CR B —, and C 3 H 4 ; where R A , R B , and R B ′ are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen or alkyl.
  • Z is oxygen or sulfur.
  • R 1 and R 2 independently represent hydrogen or lower alkyl; or R 1 and R 2 are taken together to form a 5 to 8 membered nitrogen containing ring of the formula:
  • n is 1, 2, or 3; and wherein R 3 and R4 are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen; halogen; hydroxy; amino; cyano; nitro; —COOH; —CHO, optionally substituted alkyl; optionally substituted alkenyl; optionally substituted alkynyl; optionally substituted alkoxy; optionally substituted mono or dialkylamino; optionally substituted alkylthio; optionally substituted alkyl ketone; optionally substituted alkylester; optionally substituted alkylsulfinyl; optionally substituted alkylsulfonyl; optionally substituted mono- or di-alkylcarboxamide; optionally substituted —S(O) n NHalkyl; optionally substituted —S(O) n N(alkyl)(alkyl); optionally substituted —NHC( ⁇ O)alkyl; optionally substituted —NC( ⁇ O)(alkyl)(alkyl)(alkyl
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 of Formula I are the same or different and independently represent optionally substituted cycloalkyl; an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl ring of from 5 to 8 atoms, which heterocycloalkyl ring contains 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S; optionally substituted aryl having from 1 to 3 rings; or optionally substituted heteroaryl, said heteroaryl having from 1 to 3 rings, 5 to 8 ring members in each ring and, in at least one of said rings, from 1 to about 3 heteroatoms per ring selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.
  • R 1 and R 2 of Formula I are joined to form a 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring (e.g., R 1 and R 2 may be joined to form a piperazine ring).
  • This 5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring is preferably unsubstituted or substituted at one or two positions with a C 1-6 alkyl group, such as methyl or ethyl.
  • the variable “Z” is preferably oxygen and the variable “A” is generally NH, CH ⁇ CH or CH 2 NH.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are preferably optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted pyridyl; optionally substituted 2-pyridyl is preferred for Ar 2
  • Substituents that may occur on Ar 1 and Ar 2 include, but are not limited to, butyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, nitro, methyl, and halogen. Substitution at the 4 position of Ar 1 (when Ar 1 is phenyl or pyridyl) and substitution at the 3 position of Ar 2 (when Ar 2 is phenyl or pyridyl) are described in specific embodiments of the invention.
  • VR1 antagonists include substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues. Certain such analogues are characterized by Formula II:
  • V and X are each independently N or CR 1 , with the proviso that at least one of V and X is N; U is N or CR 2 , with the proviso that if V and X are N, then U is CR 2 ; and W, Y and Z are each independently N or CR 1 .
  • R 1 of Formula II is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, haloC 1 -C 8 alkoxy and mono- and di-(C 1 -C 8 alkyl)amino.
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl; in other embodiments, each R 1 is H.
  • R 2 of Formula II is: (i) hydrogen, halogen, cyano or —COOH; (ii) C 2 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyl, C 1 -C 8 alkanoyl, C 2 -C 8 alkanone, C 1 -C 8 alkanoyloxy, C 1 -C 8 carbonate or C 1 -C 8 carbamate, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 9 substituents independently selected from R b or R d ; or (iii) a group of the formula —R c -M-A-R y , wherein: R c is C 0 -C 3 alkyl; M is a bond, N(R z ), O, S, SO 2 , —C( ⁇ O) p N(R z ), N(R z )C( ⁇ O) p , SO 2 N(R z ), or N(R z )SO 2 , wherein
  • R b is independently chosen at each occurrence from hydroxy, halogen, amino, aminocarbonyl, amido, cyano, nitro, oxo, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, C 1 -C 8 alkyl ether, hydroxyC 1 -C 8 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 8 alkyl, phenyl, phenyl(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), mono-and di-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)amino, (SO 2 )C 1 -C 8 alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heterocycle and (5- to 7-membered heterocycle)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl).
  • R d is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxy, halogen, amino, aminocarbonyl, amido, cyano, nitro, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, hydroxyC 1 -C 8 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 8 alkyl, phenyl, phenyl(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), mono-and di-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)amino, (SO 2 )C 1 -C 8 alkyl, 5- to 7-membered heterocycle and (5- to 7-membered heterocycle)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl).
  • U is CR 2
  • R 2 is: (i) hydrogen or halogen; or (ii) C 1 -C 6 alkyl, —(CH 2 ) n NH 2 , —(CH 2 ) n NH(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), —(CH 2 ) n N(C 1 -C 8 alkyl) 2 , —(CH 2 ) n (5- to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl), or —(CH 2 ) n OH, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently chosen from halogen, cyano, hydroxy, amino, mono- and di-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)amino, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and haloC 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently selected from 5- to 10-membered aromatic carbocycles and heterocycles, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from groups of the formula LR a .
  • L is independently selected at each occurrence from a bond, —O—, —C( ⁇ O)—, —OC( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —O—C( ⁇ O)O—, —S(O) m , —NR x —, —C( ⁇ O)NHR x —, —NHR x C( ⁇ O)—, —NR x S(O) m —, —S(O) m NR x — and —N[S(O) m R x ]S(O) m —; wherein m is independently selected at each occurrence from 0, 1 and 2; and R x is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen and C 1 -C
  • R a is independently selected at each occurrence from: (i) hydrogen, halogen, cyano and nitro; and (ii) C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 2 -C 8 alkyl ether, 3- to 10-membered heterocycles, mono- and di-(C 1 -C 8 alkyl)amino and (3- to 10-membered heterocycle)C 1 -C 6 alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 9 substituents independently selected from R b .
  • Ar 2 is a 5- to 7-membered aromatic heterocycle, optionally substituted as described above.
  • VR1 antagonists that are substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues are characterized by Formula III:
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 of Formula III are independently selected from phenyl and 5- to 7-membered aromatic heterocycles, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from groups of the formula LR a , as described above.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each independently: (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, phenylC 0 -C 4 alkyl, indanylC 0 -C 4 alkyl, 5- to 6-membered heteroarylC 0 -C 4 alkyl, or 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkylC 0 -C 4 alkyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, amino, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy and haloC 1 -C 6 alkoxy.
  • R 3 and R 4 are each independently: (i) hydrogen; or (ii) C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, 5- to 7-membered heterocycloC 0 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkyl ether, indanyl, benzyl, 1-phenyl-ethyl, 1-phenyl-propyl and 2-phenyl-ethyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from hydroxy, halogen and C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 may be pyridylC 0 -C 4 alkyl, pyrimidylC 0 -C 4 alkyl, imidazolylC 0 -C 4 alkyl or tetrazolylC 0 -C 4 alkyl, each of which is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents.
  • R 3 and R 4 are joined to form a 5 to 10-membered heterocyclic group that is substituted with from 0 to 4 substituents.
  • the heterocyclic group is substituted with at least one substituent selected from hydroxy, halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, haloC 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkanoyl, and aminocarbonyl.
  • the heterocyclic group comprises an aromatic ring.
  • One heterocyclic group is 3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl, substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents.
  • the heterocyclic group is a 5- to 10-membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted with from 0 to 4 substituents.
  • the heterocycloalkyl may be piperadinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, azepanyl, azocinyl, decahydroquinolinyl or 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkanoyl and C 1 -C 4 alkoxycarbonyl.
  • heterocyclic groups include morpholino, thiomorpholino or 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholin-4-yl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkanoyl and C 1 -C 4 alkoxycarbonyl.
  • the heterocyclic group is substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from methyl and ethyl.
  • V, X, W, Y, Z, R 5 , R 6, Ar 1 , Ar 2 , and n of Formula IV are as defined for Formula III.
  • R 3 of Formula IV is selected from: (i) hydrogen; (ii) C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 2 -C 8 alkanoyl, C 2 -C 8 alkyl ether, C 6 -C 10 arylC 0 -C 8 alkyl, and 5- to 10-membered heterocycleC 0 -C 8 alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 to 9 substituents independently selected from R b ; and (iii) groups that are joined to an R 5 or R 6 to form a 5- to 10-membered heterocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from R b .
  • V and/or X are N, or U and X are N.
  • V and X may be N.
  • W, Y and Z are each CH or N; for example, all three may be CH or one of Y and Z may be N with the others CH.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are independently selected from phenyl and 6-membered aromatic heterocycles, each of which is substituted with 0, 1 or 2 substituents.
  • Ar 1 is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, mono- and di-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)amino, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy and haloC 1 -C 6 alkoxy; and
  • Ar 2 is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, mono- and di-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)amino,
  • Ar 1 is pyridyl, unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl; and (ii) Ar 2 is phenyl or pyridyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, cyano, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkyl ether, C 1 -C 4 alkanoyl or —SO 2 )R a , wherein R a is C 1 -C 4 alkyl or haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • Ar 1 is pyridin-2-yl, 3-methyl-pyridin-2-yl, 3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl or 3-halo-pyridin-2-yl; and (ii) Ar 2 is phenyl, 2-pyridyl or 3-pyridyl, each of which is substituted at the 4-position with trifluoromethanesulfonyl, propanesulfonyl, propane-2-sulfonyl, t-butyl, trifluoromethyl or 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methyl-ethyl.
  • Ar 2 is selected from pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl and thiadiazolyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halogen, cyano, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 6 alkyl, hydroxyC 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl ether, C 1 -C 6 alkanoyl, amino, mono- and di-(C 1 -C 6 alkyl)amino.
  • Ar 2 is phenyl or a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle such as pyridyl, each of which is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 substituents selected from halogen, cyano, C 1 -C 6 alkyl and haloC 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Ar 2 is pyridyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl or pyrazolyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 may each be pyridyl, substituted with 1 substituent independently chosen from halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • Ar 2 is phenyl, optionally substituted with halogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl or haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • VR1 antagonists for use as described herein do not substantially modulate ligand binding to other cell surface receptors, such as EGF receptor tyrosine kinase or the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
  • such antagonists do not substantially inhibit activity of a cell surface receptor such as the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase or the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (e.g., the IC 50 or IC 40 at such a receptor is preferably greater than 1 micromolar, and most preferably greater than 10 micromolar).
  • a VR1 antagonist does not detectably inhibit EGF receptor activity or nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity at a concentration of 0.5 micromolar, 1 micromolar or more preferably 10 micromolar.
  • Assays for determining cell surface receptor activity are commercially available, and include the tyrosine kinase assay kits available from Panvera (Madison, Wis.).
  • preferred VR1 antagonists are non-sedating.
  • a dose of VR1 antagonist that is twice the minimum dose sufficient to provide analgesia in an animal model for determining pain relief causes only transient (i.e., lasting for no more than 1 ⁇ 2 the time that pain relief lasts) or preferably no statistically significant sedation in an animal model assay of sedation (using the method described by Fitzgerald et al. (1988) Toxicology 49(2-3):433-9).
  • a dose that is five times the minimum dose sufficient to provide analgesia does not produce statistically significant sedation.
  • a VR1 antagonist provided herein does not produce sedation at intravenous doses of less than 25 mg/kg (preferably less than 10 mg/kg) or at oral doses of less than 140 mg/kg (preferably less than 50 mg/kg, more preferably less than 30 mg/kg).
  • VR1 antagonists may be selected for certain pharmacological properties including, but not limited to, oral bioavailability (preferred compounds are orally bioavailable to an extent allowing for therapeutically effective concentrations of the compound to be achieved at oral doses of less than 140 mg/kg, preferably less than 50 mg/kg, more preferably less than 30 mg/kg, even more preferably less than 10 mg/kg, still more preferably less than 1 mg/kg and most preferably less than 0.1 mg/kg), toxicity (a preferred VR1 antagonist is nontoxic when a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount, and preferably a tolerance-reducing amount, is administered to a subject), side effects (a preferred VR1 antagonist produces side effects comparable to placebo when a tolerance-reducing amount of the compound is administered to a subject), serum protein binding and in vitro and in vivo half-life (a preferred VR1 antagonist exhibits an in vitro half-life that is equal to an in vivo half-life allowing for Q.I.D.
  • oral bioavailability preferred compounds are orally bioavailable to an
  • Penetration of the blood brain barrier of a compound in humans may be predicted from the brain levels of the compound in laboratory animals given the compound (e.g., intravenously).
  • Serum protein binding may be predicted from albumin binding assays.
  • Preferred VR1 antagonists are nontoxic.
  • the term “nontoxic” as used herein shall be understood in a relative sense and is intended to refer to any substance that has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or the European Medicines Evaluation Agency (“EMEA”) for administration to mammals (preferably humans) or, in keeping with established criteria, is susceptible to approval by the FDA or EMEA for administration to mammals (preferably humans).
  • FDA United States Food and Drug Administration
  • EMEA European Medicines Evaluation Agency
  • a highly preferred nontoxic compound generally satisfies one or more of the following criteria: (1) does not substantially inhibit cellular ATP production; (2) does not significantly prolong heart QT intervals; (3) does not cause substantial liver enlargement, and (4) does not cause substantial release of liver enzymes.
  • a VR1 antagonist that “does not substantially inhibit cellular ATP production” is a compound that satisfies the criteria set forth in Example 9, herein.
  • cells treated as described in Example 9 with 100 ⁇ M of such a compound exhibit ATP levels that are at least 50% of the ATP levels detected in untreated cells.
  • such cells exhibit ATP levels that are at least 80% of the ATP levels detected in untreated cells.
  • a VR1 antagonist that “does not significantly prolong heart QT intervals” is a compound that does not result in a statistically significant prolongation of heart QT intervals (as determined by electrocardiography) in guinea pigs, minipigs or dogs upon administration of twice the minimum dose yielding a therapeutically effective in vivo concentration.
  • a dose of 0.01, 0.05. 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 40 or 50 mg/kg administered parenterally or orally does not result in a statistically significant prolongation of heart QT intervals.
  • statically significant is meant results varying from control at the p ⁇ 0.1 level or more preferably at the p ⁇ 0.05 level of significance as measured using a standard parametric assay of statistical significance such as a student's T test.
  • a VR1 antagonist “does not cause substantial liver enlargement” if daily treatment of laboratory rodents (e.g., mice or rats) for 5-10 days with twice the minimum dose that yields a therapeutically effective in vivo concentration results in an increase in liver to body weight ratio that is no more than 100% over matched controls. In more highly preferred embodiments, such doses do not cause liver enlargement of more than 75% or 50% over matched controls. If non-rodent mammals (e.g., dogs) are used, such doses should not result in an increase of liver to body weight ratio of more than 50%, preferably not more than 25%, and more preferably not more than 10% over matched untreated controls. Preferred doses within such assays include 0.01, 0.05. 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 40 or 50 mg/kg administered parenterally or orally.
  • a VR1 antagonist “does not promote substantial release of liver enzymes” if administration of twice the minimum dose yielding a therapeutically effective in vivo concentration does not elevate serum levels of ALT, LDH or AST in laboratory rodents by more than 100% over matched mock-treated controls. In more highly preferred embodiments, such doses do not elevate such serum levels by more than 75% or 50% over matched controls.
  • a VR1 antagonist “does not promote substantial release of liver enzymes” if, in an in vitro hepatocyte assay, concentrations (in culture media or other such solutions that are contacted and incubated with hepatocytes in vitro) equivalent to two-fold the minimum in vivo therapeutic concentration of the compound do not cause detectable release of any of such liver enzymes into culture medium above baseline levels seen in media from matched mock-treated control cells.
  • concentrations in culture media or other such solutions that are contacted and incubated with hepatocytes in vitro
  • certain preferred VR1 antagonists do not inhibit or induce microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, such as CYP1A2 activity, CYP2A6 activity, CYP2C9 activity, CYP2C19 activity, CYP2D6 activity, CYP2E1 activity or CYP3A4 activity at a concentration equal to the minimum therapeutically effective in vivo concentration.
  • Certain preferred VR1 antagonists are not clastogenic (e.g., as determined using a mouse erythrocyte precursor cell micronucleus assay, an Ames micronucleus assay, a spiral micronucleus assay or the like) at a concentration equal to the minimum therapeutically effective in vivo concentration.
  • certain preferred VR1 antagonists do not induce sister chromatid exchange (e.g., in Chinese hamster ovary cells) at such concentrations.
  • An addictive substance is any compound that, when taken (e.g., ingested, inhaled or injected) by an individual, induces detectable symptoms of tolerance and/or dependence in the individual.
  • Addictive therapeutic agents are any compounds that, when administered to a patient for therapeutic purposes (e.g., pain relief, sleep induction, or treatment of anxiety, depression or other mental illness), induce detectable symptoms of tolerance and/or dependence.
  • Tolerance refers to a lowered response to a drug over time (i.e., a need to increase the drug dosage to maintain the original pharmacological effect).
  • Dependence refers to physical dependence, in which a patient who has been treated with an addictive substance is likely to experience a withdrawal reaction if the drug is abruptly withdrawn.
  • Withdrawal symptoms may include transpiring, feeling cold, goose flesh/pimples, running nose, stomach cramps, aching muscles and/or diarrhea. Any agent that has been found to induce tolerance and/or dependence in a patient is considered an addictive therapeutic agent, regardless of whether psychological dependence occurs.
  • Certain addictive therapeutic agents are narcotic analgesic agents, which are natural or synthetic drugs that have morphine-like activity and typically act at one or more opioid receptor subtypes (e.g., ⁇ , ⁇ , and/or ⁇ ), preferably as agonists or partial agonists.
  • opioid receptor subtypes e.g., ⁇ , ⁇ , and/or ⁇
  • Such agents include opiates, opiate derivatives and opioids, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates thereof.
  • narcotic analgesics include acetorphine, acetyldihydrocodeine, alfentanyl, acetylmethadol, allylprodine, alphracetylmethadol, alphameprodine, alphamethadol, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzethidine, benzylmorphine, betacetylmethadol, betameprodine, betamethadol, betaprodine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, codeine methylbromide, codeine-N-oxide, cyprenorphine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dextropropoxyphene, diacetyldihydromorphine, diacetylmorphine, diampromide, diethylthiambutene, difenoxin, dihydrocodeine, dihydroe
  • narcotic analgesics are provided in combination with another narcotic analgesic and/or a non-narcotic agent such as acetaminophine or aspirin, and such combinations may also be used in the compositions and methods provided herein.
  • preferred narcotic analgesics include alfentanyl, alphaprodine, anileridine, bezitramide, codeine, dextropropoxyphene, dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, ethylmorphine, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, isomethadone, levomethorphan, levorphanol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pethidine, phenazocine, piminodine, racemethorphan, racemorphan, thebaine, their mixtures and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates.
  • narcotic analgesics for use in the compositions and methods provided herein are codeine, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, morphine, oxycodone, their mixtures and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates.
  • Addictive therapeutic agents may further include analgesic peptide morphine-like substances such as, for example, enkephalins (e.g., methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin); endorphins (e.g., ⁇ -endorphin, ⁇ -endorphin, and ⁇ -endorphin); and dynorphins (e.g., dynorphin A and dynorphin B, and precursors thereof such as proenkephalins, propiomelanocortins and prodynorphins).
  • analgesic peptide morphine-like substances such as, for example, enkephalins (e.g., methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin); endorphins (e.g., ⁇ -endorphin, ⁇ -endorphin, and ⁇ -endorphin); and dynorphins (e.g., dynor
  • Further specific representative addictive therapeutic agents include, for example: TALWIN® Nx and DEMEROL® (both available from Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals; New York, N.Y.); LEVO-DROMORAN®; BUPRENEX® (Reckitt & Coleman Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Richmond, Va.); MSIR® (Purdue Pharma L.P.; Norwalk, Conn.); DILAUDID® (Knoll Pharmaceutical Co.; Mount Olive, N.J.); SUBLIMAZE®; SUFENTA® (Janssen Pharmaceutica Inc.; Titusville, N.J.); PERCOCET®, NUBAIN® and NUMORPHAN® (all available from Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Chadds Ford, Pa.) HYDROSTAT® IR, MS/S and MS/L (all available from Richwood Pharmaceutical Co. Inc; Florence, Ky.), ORAMORPH® SR and ROXICODONE® (both available from Roxanne Laboratories; Columbus Ohio) and ST
  • Other addictive substances include ethanol and the cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, including delta 9 THC, delta 8 THC, delta 1 THC, delta 1(6) THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and metabolites thereof such as 7-hydroxy-delta 1(6) -THC).
  • THC tetrahydrocannabinol
  • CBD cannabidiol
  • CBN cannabinol
  • metabolites thereof such as 7-hydroxy-delta 1(6) -THC.
  • compositions for use in the present invention generally comprise a VR1 antagonist in combination with at least one physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • suitable carriers and excipients include, for example, water, buffers (e.g., neutral buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline), ethanol, mineral oil, vegetable oil, dimethylsulfoxide, carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans), mannitol, proteins, adjuvants, polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine, antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione and/or preservatives.
  • Certain compositions comprise a VR1 antagonist in combination with an addictive therapeutic agent (preferably a narcotic analgesic).
  • compositions may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration, including, for example, topical, oral, nasal, rectal or parenteral administration.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intradermal, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, spinal, intracranial, intrathecal and intraperitoneal injection, as well as any similar injection or infusion technique.
  • pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for oral delivery to humans or other animals (e.g., companion animals such as dogs).
  • Such forms include, for example, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
  • compositions of the present invention may be formulated as a lyophilizate.
  • compositions intended for oral use may further comprise one or more components such as sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide appealing and palatable preparations.
  • Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with physiologically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients include, for example, inert diluents (e.g., calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate), granulating and disintegrating agents (e.g., corn starch or alginic acid), binding agents (e.g., starch, gelatin or acacia) and lubricating agents (e.g., magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc).
  • the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.
  • Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin), or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oilmedium (e.g., peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil).
  • an inert solid diluent e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • an oilmedium e.g., peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil
  • Aqueous suspensions comprise the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • excipients are suspending agents (e.g., sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia); and dispersing or wetting agents (e.g., naturally-occurring phosphatides such as lecithin, condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids such as polyoxyethylene stearate, condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols such as heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides such as polyethylene sorbitan monooleate
  • Aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • preservatives for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  • coloring agents for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  • flavoring agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil (e.g., arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and/or flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations.
  • Such suspension may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
  • a dispersing or wetting agent e.g., sodium EDTA
  • suspending agent e.g., sodium EDTA
  • preservatives e.g., sodium EDTA, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate
  • compositions may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil (e.g., olive oil or arachis oil) or a mineral oil (e.g., liquid paraffin) or mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums (e.g., gum acacia or gum tragacanth), naturally-occurring phosphatides (e.g., soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol), anhydrides (e.g., sorbitan monoleate) and condensation products of partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol with ethylene oxide (e.g., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate).
  • the emulsions may also contain sweetening and/or flavoring agents.
  • Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also comprise one or more demulcents, preservatives, flavoring agents and/or coloring agents.
  • sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose.
  • Such formulations may also comprise one or more demulcents, preservatives, flavoring agents and/or coloring agents.
  • Formulations for topical administration typically comprise a topical vehicle combined with active agent(s), with or without additional optional components.
  • Suitable topical vehicles and additional components are well known in the art, and it will be apparent that the choice of a vehicle will depend on the particular physical form and mode of delivery.
  • Topical vehicles include water; organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., ethanol or isopropyl alcohol) or glycerin; glycols (e.g., butylene, isoprene or propylene glycol); aliphatic alcohols (e.g., lanolin); mixtures of water and organic solvents and mixtures of organic solvents such as alcohol and glycerin; lipid-based materials such as fatty acids, acylglycerols (including oils, such as mineral oil, and fats of natural or synthetic origin), phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids and waxes; protein-based materials such as collagen and gelatin; silicone-based materials (both non-volatile and volatile); and hydrocarbon-based materials such as microsponges and polymer matrices.
  • organic solvents such as alcohols (e.g., ethanol or isopropyl alcohol) or glycerin
  • glycols e.g., butylene, isoprene or
  • a composition may further include one or more components adapted to improve the stability or effectiveness of the applied formulation, such as stabilizing agents, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, viscosity adjusters, gelling agents, preservatives, antioxidants, skin penetration enhancers, moisturizers and sustained release materials.
  • stabilizing agents such as hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles or nanocapsules.
  • Typical modes of delivery for topical compositions include application using the fingers; application using a physical applicator such as a cloth, tissue, swab, stick or brush; spraying (including mist, aerosol or foam spraying); dropper application; sprinkling; soaking; and rinsing. Controlled release vehicles can also be used.
  • a pharmaceutical composition may be prepared as a sterile injectible aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
  • the active agent(s), depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
  • Such a composition may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing, wetting agents and/or suspending agents such as those mentioned above.
  • suitable dispersing, wetting agents and/or suspending agents such as those mentioned above.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils may be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectible compositions, and adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and/or buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
  • compositions may also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., for rectal administration).
  • Such compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable excipients include, for example, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
  • compositions may be formulated as sustained release formulations (i.e., a formulation such as a capsule that effects a slow release of active agent(s) following administration).
  • sustained release formulations i.e., a formulation such as a capsule that effects a slow release of active agent(s) following administration.
  • Such formulations may generally be prepared using well known technology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal or subcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired target site.
  • Carriers for use within such formulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; preferably the formulation provides a relatively constant level of active agent(s) release.
  • the amount of active agent(s) contained within a sustained release formulation depends upon the site of implantation, the rate and expected duration of release and the nature of the condition to be treated or prevented.
  • a VR1 antagonist may be conveniently added to food or drinking water (e.g., for administration to non-human animals including companion animals (such as dogs and cats) and livestock).
  • Animal feed and drinking water compositions may be formulated so that the animal takes in an appropriate quantity of the composition along with its diet. It may also be convenient to present the composition as a premix for addition to feed or drinking water.
  • VR1 antagonists are generally present within a pharmaceutical composition in a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount, and preferably a tolerance-reducing amount, a dependence-reducing amount or a pain relief-enhancing amount.
  • a “capsaicin receptor modulatory amount” is an amount that, upon administration, achieves a concentration of VR1 antagonist at a capsaicin receptor that is sufficient to alter the binding of vanilloid ligand to VR1 in vitro (using the assay provided in Example 6) and/or VR1-mediated signal transduction (using an assay provided in Example 7).
  • the capsaicin receptor may be present, or example, in a body fluid such as blood, plasma, serum, CSF, synovial fluid, lymph, cellular interstitial fluid, tears or urine.
  • a tolerance-reducing amount is an amount which, when administered once, continuously or repeatedly (contemporaneously with the repeated or continuous administration of an addictive substance) to a patient at a prescribed level or frequency, results in a decrease in tolerance to the addictive substance induced by the repeated or continuous administration of the addictive substance.
  • Constemporaneously refers to a time frame such that the VR1 antagonist is present in a body fluid of a patient (at concentration that is sufficient to alter the binding of vanilloid ligand to VR1 and/or VR1-mediated signal transduction in vitro) at the same time as the addictive substance is present in a body fluid of a patient (at a concentration that results in a detectable effect, such as pain relief, tolerance and/or symptoms of dependence).
  • a decrease in tolerance may be evidenced by a delay in such a dosage increase and/or a decrease in the amount of additional addictive substance needed to maintain a level of benefit.
  • a dependence-reducing amount is an amount which, when administered once, continuously or repeatedly (contemporaneously with the continuous or repeated administration of an addictive substance) to a patient at a prescribed level or frequency, results in a decrease in dependence on the addictive substance induced by the repeated or continuous administration of the addictive substance.
  • a decrease in dependence may be detected based on decrease in the number and/or severity of behavioral or physical symptoms as the patient withdraws from the addictive substance.
  • a pain relief-enhancing amount is an amount which, when administered to a patient contemporaneously with an addictive analgesic results in synergistic pain relief (i.e., pain relief that is greater than the sum of the pain relief that would be achieved by the separate administration of the same amounts of VR1 antagonist and addictive analgesic).
  • synergistic pain relief i.e., pain relief that is greater than the sum of the pain relief that would be achieved by the separate administration of the same amounts of VR1 antagonist and addictive analgesic.
  • Such synergism may be detected using any standard pain relief assay, including those described herein.
  • compositions providing dosage levels ranging from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day are preferred (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per human patient per day).
  • Compositions providing intravenous dosages ranging from about 0.001 mg to about 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day may also be preferred, with oral doses generally being about 5-20 fold higher than intravenous doses (e.g., ranging from 0.01 to 40 mg per kilogram of body weight per day).
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient. Optimal dosages may be established using routine testing, and procedures that are well known in the art. Dosages of addictive therapeutic agents can be found, for example, in the manufacturer's instructions set forth in the package insert for the agent, or in the Physician's Desk Reference.
  • compositions may be packaged for inhibiting the development of tolerance and/or dependence.
  • Packaged pharmaceutical compositions generally include a container holding a tolerance-reducing and/or dependence reducing amount of at least one VR1 antagonist and instructions (e.g., labeling) indicating that the contained composition is to be used for inhibiting the development of tolerance to or dependence on an addictive substance in the patient.
  • the instructions may indicate that the composition is to be administered in combination (ie., simultaneously or sequentially in either order) with an addictive therapeutic agent.
  • Such packaged compositions may further comprise one or more addictive therapeutic agents (preferably a narcotic analgesic) in the same container or in a separate container within the package.
  • the package comprises a label bearing indicia indicating that the one or more VR1 antagonists and one or more addictive therapeutic agents are to be taken together for the treatment of a pain condition.
  • the present invention provides methods for using a VR1 antagonist in combination with an addictive substance for the treatment of pain and/or to inhibit the development of tolerance and/or adverse effect(s) such as dependence in patients treated with an addictive substance.
  • the VR1 antagonist may be administered to the patient at the same time as the addictive substance (e.g., as a single dosage unit), or may be administered separately (before or after the addictive substance).
  • the VR1 antagonist and addictive substance are ultimately simultaneously present in effective amounts in a body fluid (e.g., blood) of the patient.
  • Administration of the VR1 antagonist and addictive substance to the patient can be by way of any means discussed above, including oral, topical, nasal or transdermal administration, or intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal, epidural, intracerebroventrilcular or like injection.
  • a mixture of one or more VR1 antagonists and one or more addictive therapeutic agents, as described above, is administered.
  • Preferred mixtures are formulated for oral administration (e.g., as pills, capsules, tablets or the like) or intravenous administration.
  • a “patient,” as used herein, is any individual treated with a VR1 antagonist and an addictive substance. Patients include humans, as well as other animals such as companion animals (e.g., dogs and cats) and livestock. In certain embodiments, patients may be experiencing tolerance or other adverse effect(s) of addictive substance treatment, or may be considered to be at risk for such symptom(s).
  • the VR1 antagonist is generally administered in a capsaicin receptor modulatory amount, and preferably in a tolerance-reducing, dependence-reducing or pain relief-enhancing amount. Frequency of dosage may vary depending on the compound used and amount and nature of the particular addictive substance. In general, a dosage regimen of 4 times daily or less is preferred, as is the use of the minimum dosage that is sufficient to provide effective therapy.
  • the preferred dose of nontoxic VR1 antagonist generally ranges from about 0.001 mg to about 50 mg, 0.01 mg to about 10 mg or 0.01 mg to about 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.
  • a dose ranging from 0.25 to about 250 mg/day may be suitable; actual doses will vary according to the particular active substances being used, the particular formulation containing the active substances and the state and circumstances of the patient. It will be apparent that administration may be by any conventional means, such as those described herein, including intravenous administration (continuously or in discrete doses) and oral administration.
  • Doses of addictive therapeutic agent may be found, for example, on the package insert for the agent.
  • the combination administration of a VR1 antagonist with an addictive therapeutic agent results in a reduction of the dosage of the addictive therapeutic agent required to produce a therapeutic effect.
  • the dose of addictive therapeutic agent in a combination or combination treatment method provided herein may be less than the maximum dose advised by the manufacturer for administration of the addictive therapeutic agent without combination administration of a VR1 antagonist. In certain embodiments, this dose is less than 3 ⁇ 4, 1 ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ 4 or 10% of the maximum dose advised by the manufacturer for administration of the addictive therapeutic agent(s) when administered without combination administration of a VR1 antagonist. In further embodiments, the dose of addictive therapeutic agent is lower than the minimum dose suggested by the manufacturer.
  • Reduced dosages of certain preferred addictive therapeutic agents or narcotic analgesics which are appropriate for use in combination with a contemporaneously administered dose of a VR1 antagonist for the treatment of pain include:
  • alfenantyl administered intravenously at less than about 3 ⁇ g/kg (or more preferably administered intravenously at a dose of less than about 2.5 ⁇ g/kg, less than about 2 ⁇ g/kg, less than about 1.5 ⁇ g/kg, less than about 1 ⁇ g/kg, less than about 0.5 ⁇ g/kg, or intravenously at a dose of less than about 0.1 ⁇ g/kg),
  • anileridine administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 25 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 20 mg, less than about 15 mg, less than about 10 mg, less than about 5 mg, or at a dose of less than about 2.5 mg
  • codeine administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • codeine administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 30 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 25 mg, less than about 20 mg, less than about 15 mg, less than about 10 mg, less than about 5 mg, or at a dose of less than about 3 mg
  • Dextroproposyphene administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 50 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 40 mg, less than about 30 mg, less than about 20mg, less than about 15 mg, less than about 10 mg, or at a dose of less than about 5 mg
  • Dihydrocodeine administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 30 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 25 mg, less than about 20 mg, less than about 15 mg, less than about 10 mg, less than about 5 mg, or at a dose of less than about 3 mg
  • Diphenoxylate administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 5 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 4 mg, less than about 3 mg, less than about 2 mg, less than about 1.5 mg, less than about 1 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.5 mg
  • Fenantyl administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • Hydrocodone administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 2.5 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 2 mg, less than about 1.5 mg, less than about 1 mg, less than about 0.5 mg, less than about 0.5 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.25 mg
  • Hydromorphone administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 2 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 1.5 mg, less than about 1.25 mg, less than about 1 mg, less than about 0.8 mg, less than about 0.5 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.2 mg
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 1 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 0.8 mg, less than about 0.6 mg, less than about 0.4, less than about 0.25 mg, less than about 0.2 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.1 mg
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • Meperidine administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 25 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 20 mg, less than about 15 mg, less than about 10 mg, less than about 5 mg, less than about 2.5 mg, or at a dose of less than about 1 mg
  • Methadone administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 5 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 4 mg, less than about 3 mg, less than about 2.5 mg, less than about 2 mg, less than about 1 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.5 mg
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation of at less than about 5 mg (or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 4 mg, less than about 3 mg, less than about 2.5 mg, less than about 2 mg, less than about 1 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.5 mg)
  • Morphine administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation of at less than about 10 mg (or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 7.5 mg, less than about 5 mg, less than about 4 mg, less than about 2.5 mg, less than about 1 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.5 mg),
  • Oxycodon administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation of at less than about 2.5 mg (or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 2 mg, less than about 1.5 mg, less than about 1 mg, less than about 0.5 mg, less than about 0.25 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.1 mg),
  • Oxymorphone administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation of at less than about 1 mg (or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 0.8 mg, less than about 0.6 mg, less than about 0.5 mg, less than about 0.4 mg, less than about 0.25 mg, or at a dose of less than about 0.1 mg),
  • Pethidine administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 50 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 40 mg, less than about 30 mg, less than about 25 mg, less than about 15 mg, less than about 10 mg, or at a dose of less than about 5 mg
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • Proposyphene administered in a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • a single dose form e.g., a pill, tablet, or other single use formulation
  • at less than about 50 mg or more preferably administered at a dose of less than about 40 mg, less than about 30 mg, less than about 25 mg, less than about 15 mg, less than about 10 mg, or at a dose of less than about 5 mg.
  • Other preferred addictive therapeutic agents or narcotic analgesics which may be administered in combination with a VR1 antagonist to a patient to prevent or treat pain at a reduced dosage amount for the addictive therapeutic agents or narcotic analgesics alone include alphaprodine, bezitramide, ethylmorphine, heroin, isomethadone, isomethadone, levomethorphan, metazocine, metopon, opium, phenazocine, piminodine, racemethorphan, racemorphan, thebaine and the like.
  • preferred dosages of the addictive therapeutic agents or narcotic analgesics when administered for the treatment of pain in combination with a VR1 antagonist is less than about 80% of the dosage necessary for pain reduction in the absence of VR1 antagonist administration. More preferably, the dosage is less than about 75%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, or less than about 10% of the dosage necessary for pain reduction in the absence of VR1 antagonist administration.
  • Adverse effects of addictive therapeutic agents that may be reduced (e.g., delayed, prevented, or decreased in severity or duration) using the methods provided herein include, in addition to dependence, effects such as sedation, constipation, respiratory depression, dizziness, nausea, decreased appetite, immune system effects and other known adverse effects of the particular addictive therapeutic agent being administered.
  • methods are provided for inhibiting the development of tolerance to a narcotic analgesic in a patient, comprising administering to a patient, simultaneously or sequentially in either order; (i) a narcotic analgesic; and (ii) a tolerance-reducing amount of a nontoxic VR1 antagonist.
  • methods are provided for inhibiting the development of dependence on a narcotic analgesic in a patient, comprising administering to a patient, simultaneously or sequentially in either order; (i) a narcotic analgesic; and (ii) a dependence-reducing amount of a nontoxic VR1 antagonist.
  • the VR1 antagonists provided herein may be used to enhance the pain relief obtained from an addictive analgesic, preferably a narcotic analgesic.
  • the VR1 antagonist and narcotic analgesic function synergistically, resulting in a decrease in the therapeutically effective dosage of narcotic analgesic (i.e., an increase in pain relief resulting from administration of a given dose of narcotic analgesic).
  • Such methods generally comprise administering to a patient, simultaneously or sequentially in either order; (i) a narcotic analgesic; and (ii) a pain-relief enhancing amount of a nontoxic VR1 antagonist.
  • Suitable narcotic analgesics for use within the above methods are as described above and include, but are not limited to, alfentanyl, alphaprodine, anileridine, bezitramide, codeine, dihydrocodeine, diphenoxylate, ethylmorphine, fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, isomethadone, levomethorphan, levorphanol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, meperidine, morphine, opium extracts, opium fluid extracts, powdered opium, granulated opium, raw opium, tincture of opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, pethidine, phenazocine, piminodine, racemethorphan, racemorphan, thebaine, their mixtures and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates.
  • VR1 antagonists may also be used to treat withdrawal symptoms resulting from prior administration of an addictive substance.
  • a nontoxic VR1 antagonist is administered to a patient experiencing or susceptible to withdrawal symptoms.
  • a patient is considered susceptible to withdrawal symptoms if the patient has previously taken (via any mode of administration described herein) an addictive substance in an amount generally considered sufficient to be likely to induce symptoms upon withdrawal of the substance).
  • the prior administration of the addictive substance may have been for therapeutic purposes, or the substance may have been self-administered by the patient for non-therapeutic purposes.
  • the VR1 antagonist is administered in an amount sufficient to decrease the severity of withdrawal symptoms in the patient.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of any non-toxic VR1 antagonist in the methods and compositions provided herein.
  • VR1 antagonists are described more fully below.
  • Compounds specifically recited herein are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
  • the starting materials may be varied and additional steps employed to produce a variety of VR1 antagonists.
  • alkyl refers to a straight chain, branched chain or cyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon.
  • An alkyl group may be bonded to an atom within a molecule of interest via any chemically suitable portion.
  • Alkyl groups include groups having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 8 alkyl), from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 6 alkyl) and from 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C 1 -C 4 alkyl), such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and norbornyl.
  • C 0 -C 4 alkyl refers to a bond or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group
  • C 0 -C 8 alkyl refers to a bond or a C 1 -C 8 alkyl group.
  • alkenyl refers to straight or branched chain alkene groups or cycloalkene groups. Within an alkenyl group, one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds are present. Alkenyl groups include C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl and C 2 -C 4 alkenyl groups, which have from 2 to 8, 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively, such as ethenyl, allyl or isopropenyl. “Alkynyl” refers to straight or branched chain alkyne groups, which have, one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, at least one of which is a triple bond.
  • Alkynyl groups include C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl and C 2 -C 4 alkynyl groups, which have from 2 to 8, 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • alkoxy is meant an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group as described above attached via an oxygen bridge.
  • Alkoxy groups include C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy groups, which have from 1 to 8, 1 to 6 or 1 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • Alkoxy groups include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy.
  • alkanoyl refers to an acyl group in a linear, branched or cyclic arrangement (e.g., —(C ⁇ O)-alkyl).
  • Alkanoyl groups include C 2 -C 8 alkanoyl, C 2 -C 6 alkanoyl and C 2 -C 4 alkanoyl groups, which have from 2 to 8, 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • alkanone is a ketone group in which carbon atoms are in a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl arrangement.
  • C 3 -C 8 alkanone refers to an alkanone having from 3 to 8, 6 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • alkyl ether refers to a linear or branched ether substituent linked via a carbon-carbon bond.
  • Alkyl ether groups include C 2 -C 8 alkyl ether, C 2 -C 6 alkyl ether and C 2 -C 6 alkyl ether groups, which have 2 to 8, 6 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • alkoxycarbonyl refers to an alkoxy group linked via a carbonyl (e.g., a group having the general structure —C( ⁇ O)—O-alkyl).
  • Alkoxycarbonyl groups include C 2 -C 8 , C 2 -C 6 and C 2 -C 4 alkoxycarbonyl groups, which have from 2 to 8, 6 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • Alkanoyloxy refers to an alkanoyl group linked via an oxygen bridge (e.g., a group having the general structure —O—C( ⁇ O)-alkyl).
  • Alkanoyloxy groups include C 2 -C 8 , C 2 -C 6 and C 2 -C 4 alkanoyloxy groups, which have from 2 to 8, 6 or 4 carbon atoms, respectively.
  • aminocarbonyl refers to an amide group (ie., —(C ⁇ O)NH 2 ).
  • halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
  • a “haloalkyl” is a branched, straight-chain or cyclic alkyl group, substituted with 1 or more halogen atoms (e.g., “haloC 1 -C 8 alkyl” groups have from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; “haloC 1 -C 6 alkyl” groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms).
  • haloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, mono-, di- or tri-fluoromethyl; mono-, di- or tri-chloromethyl; mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-fluoroethyl; and mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-chloroethyl.
  • Typical haloalkyl groups are trifluoromethyl and difluoromethyl.
  • not more than 5 or 3 haloalkyl groups are present.
  • haloalkoxy refers to a haloalkyl group as defined above attached via an oxygen bridge.
  • HaloC 1 -C 8 alkoxy have 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • a dash (“—”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CONH 2 is attached through the carbon atom.
  • a “heteroatom,” as used herein, is oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.
  • a “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic group” comprises at least one ring formed entirely by carbon-carbon bonds (referred to herein as a carbocyclic ring), and does not contain a heterocyclic ring. Unless otherwise specified, each carbocyclic ring within a carbocycle may be saturated, partially saturated or aromatic.
  • a carbocycle generally has from 1 to 3 fused, pendant or spiro rings, carbocycles within certain embodiments have one ring or two fused rings. Typically, each ring contains from 3 to 8 ring members (i.e., C 3 -C 8 ); C 5 -C 7 rings are recited in certain embodiments.
  • Carbocycles comprising fused, pendant or spiro rings typically contain from 9 to 14 ring members.
  • Certain representative carbocycles are optionally substituted cycloalkyl (i.e., groups that comprise saturated and/or partially saturated rings, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, adamantyl, decahydro-naphthalenyl, octahydro-indenyl, and partially saturated variants of any of the foregoing, such as cyclohexenyl), as well as aromatic groups (ie., groups that contain at least one aromatic carbocyclic ring, such as phenyl, benzyl, naphthyl, phenoxyl, benzoxyl, phenylethanonyl, fluorenyl, indanyl and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naph
  • Carbon atoms present within a carbocyclic ring may, of course, be further bonded to zero, one or two hydrogen atoms and/or any of a variety of ring substituents, such as hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -Calkynyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 2 -C 8 alkyl ether, C 3 -C 8 alkanone, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, amino, mono- or di-(C 1 -C 8 alkyl)amino, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkylC 0 -C 4 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 8 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 8 alkoxy, aminoC 1 -C 8 alkyl, hydroxyC 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkanoyl, C 2 -C 8 alkoxy
  • Certain carbocycles recited herein include C 6 -C 10 arylC 0 -C 8 alkyl groups (i.e., groups in which a carbocyclic group comprising at least one aromatic ring is linked via a direct bond or a C 1 -C 8 alkyl group).
  • Such groups include, for example, phenyl and indanyl, as well as groups in which either of the foregoing is linked via C 1 -C 8 alkyl, preferably via C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • Phenyl groups linked via a direct bond or alkyl group may be designated phenylC 0 -C 8 alkyl (e.g., benzyl, 1-phenyl-ethyl, 1-phenyl-propyl and 2-phenyl-ethyl).
  • a “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic group” has from 1 to 3 fused, pendant or spiro rings, at least one of which is a heterocyclic ring (i.e., one or more ring atoms is a heteroatom, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon).
  • a heterocyclic ring comprises 1-4 heteroatoms; within certain embodiments each heterocyclic ring has 1 or 2 heteroatoms per ring.
  • Each heterocyclic ring generally contains from 3 to 8 ring members (rings having from 5 to 7 ring members are recited in certain embodiments), and heterocycles comprising fused, pendant or spiro rings typically contain from 9 to 14 ring members.
  • Heterocycles may be optionally substituted at nitrogen and/or carbon atoms with a variety of substituents, such as those described above for carbocycles.
  • a heterocycle may be a heterocycloalkyl group (i.e., each ring is saturated or partially saturated) or a heteroaryl group (i.e., at least one ring within the group is aromatic).
  • a heterocyclic group may generally be linked via any ring or substituent atom, provided that a stable compound results.
  • N-linked heterocyclic groups are linked via a component nitrogen atom.
  • a “heterocycleC 0 -C 8 alkyl” is a heterocyclic group linked via a direct bond or C 1 -C 8 alkyl group.
  • a “heterocycleC 2 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyl” is a heterocyclic group linked via a C 2 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyl group.
  • heterocyclic groups are 3- to 10-membered or 5- to 10-membered groups that contain 1 heterocyclic ring or 2 fused or spiro rings, optionally substituted as described above.
  • C 3 -C 10 )heterocycloalkyls include, for example, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, azepanyl, 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholin-4-yl, as well as groups in which each of the foregoing is substituted with from 1 to 6 (preferably from 1 to 4) substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, haloC 1 -C 4 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 2 -C 4 alkanoyl and
  • a heterocycloalkyl may be a 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkylC 0 -C 4 alkyl group.
  • Such groups comprise a 4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group as described above, linked via a direct bond or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group.
  • Certain aromatic heterocycles include 5- to 10-membered heteroarylC 0 -C 8 alkyl groups (i.e., groups in which the heterocyclic group comprising at least one aromatic ring is linked via a direct bond or a C 1 -C 8 alkyl group).
  • groups include, for example, the heteroaryl groups recited above, as well as groups in which any of the foregoing is linked via C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • aromatic heterocycles are azocinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl and 3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl, as well as groups in which each of the foregoing is linked via C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • a “substituent,” as used herein, refers to a molecular moiety that is covalently bonded to an atom within a molecule of interest.
  • a “ring substituent” may be a moiety such as a halogen, alkyl group, haloalkyl group or other group discussed herein that is covalently bonded to an atom (preferably a carbon or nitrogen atom) that is a ring member.
  • substitution refers to replacing a hydrogen atom in a molecular structure with a substituent as described above, such that the valence on the designated atom is not exceeded, and such that a chemically stable compound (i.e., a compound that can be isolated, characterized, and tested for biological activity) results from the substitution.
  • Groups that are “optionally substituted” are unsubstituted or are substituted by other than hydrogen at one or more available positions, typically 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 positions, by one or more suitable groups (which may be the same or different).
  • Such optional substituents include, for example, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 2 -C 8 alkyl ether, C 3 -C 8 alkanone, C 1 -C 8 alkylthio, amino, mono- or di-(C 1 -C 8 alkyl)amino, haloC 1 -C 8 alkyl, haloC 1 -C 8 alkoxy, C 2 -C 8 alkanoyl, C 2 -C 8 alkanoyloxy, C 2 -C 8 alkoxycarbonyl, —COOH, —CON
  • VR1 type 1 vanilloid receptor
  • capsaicin receptor is used interchangeably herein. Unless otherwise specified, these terms encompass both rat and human VR1 receptors (e.g., GenBank Accession Numbers AF327067, AJ277028 and NM — 018727; sequences of certain human VR1 cDNAs are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, and the encoded amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:4 and 5, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,611), as well as homologs thereof found in other species.
  • GenBank Accession Numbers AF327067, AJ277028 and NM — 018727 sequences of certain human VR1 cDNAs are provided in SEQ ID NOs: 1-3, and the encoded amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs:4 and 5, of U.S. Pat. No. 6,482,611
  • Substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogues of Formulas II-IV may generally be prepared using standard synthetic methods. In general, starting materials are commercially available from suppliers such as Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, Mo.), or may be synthesized from commercially available precursors using established protocols. By way of example, a synthetic route similar to that shown in any of Schemes II:1-13, III:1-7 and IV:1-10 may be used, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art. “R,” in the following schemes, refers to any group consistent with the description of the compounds provided herein.
  • catalyst refers to a suitable transition metal catalyst such as, but not limited to, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) or palladium(II) acetate.
  • the catalytic systems may include ligands such as, but not limited to, 2-(Dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl and tri-tert-butylphosphine, and may also include a base such as K 3 PO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 or sodium or potassium tert-butoxide.
  • Transition metal-catalyzed reactions can be carried out at ambient or elevated temperatures using various inert solvents including, but not limited to, toluene, dioxane, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidinone, ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, diglyme and acetonitrile.
  • inert solvents including, but not limited to, toluene, dioxane, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidinone, ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, diglyme and acetonitrile.
  • transition metal-catalyzed (hetero)aryl-aryl coupling reactions can be used to prepare the certain compounds shown in the following Schemes.
  • reagent/catalyst pairs include aryl boronic acid/palladium(0) (Suzuki reaction; Miyaura and Suzuki (1995) Chemical Reviews 95:2457) and aryl trialkylstannane/palladium(0) (Stille reaction; T. N. Mitchell, Synthesis (1992) 803), arylzinc/palladium(0) and aryl Grignard/nickel(II).
  • the term “reduce” refers to the process of reducing a nitro functionality to an amino functionality. This transformation can be carried out in a number of ways well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis including, but not limited to, catalytic hydrogenation, reduction with SnCl 2 and reduction with titanium trichloride. For an overview of reduction methods see: Hudlicky, M. Reductions in Organic Chemistry , ACS Monograph 188, 1996.
  • activate refers to a synthetic transformation in which a carbonyl of an amide moiety is converted to a suitable leaving group.
  • Reagents suitable for carrying out this transformation are well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis and include, but are not limited to, SOCl 2 , POCl 3 and triflic anhydride.
  • deprotection generally refers to the process of liberating a functional group which had previously been protected with a blocking or masking agent.
  • a blocking or masking agent For an overview of protection and deprotection methods as used by those skilled in the art of organic synthesis, see: Greene, T. and Wuts, P. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1999.
  • “deprotection” refers to, for example, the process of cleaving the C—O bond of a benzylic ether to give a “deprotected” alcohol using various methods familiar to those who are skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • Methods to effect this transformation include, but are not limited to, hydrogenolysis using hydrogen gas and an appropriate catalyst system such as palladium on carbon or Raney nickel.
  • Deprotection conditions for other protected functional groups such as amines, carboxylates, and the like are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • hydrolyze refers to the conversion of a nitrile functionality to an amide functionality by reaction with water.
  • the reaction with water can be catalyzed by a variety of acids or bases well known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis.
  • diazotize refers to the synthetic transformation of an amino (—NH 2 ) to a diazonium salt (—N 2 + ) functionality. This transformation can be carried out in a variety of ways familiar to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis including, but not limited to, treatment with a mixture of nitrous acid (HNO 2 ) and sulfuric acid or a mixture of a nitrite salt (such as NaNO 2 ) in sulfuric acid.
  • HNO 2 nitrous acid
  • sulfuric acid or a mixture of a nitrite salt (such as NaNO 2 ) in sulfuric acid.
  • demethylation refers to the cleavage of the Me-O bond in a methyl ether functionality. This transformation can be carried out in a variety of ways familiar to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis including, but not limited to, treatment with HBr, treatment with Lewis acid/nucleophile combinations, Trimethylsilyl iodide, etc.
  • the term “oxidize” refers to a synthetic transformation wherein a methyl group is converted to a carboxylic acid functionality.
  • Various reagents familiar to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis may be used to carry out this transformation including, but not limited to, KMnO 4 in basic media (e.g., NaOH solution or aqueous pyridine) and K 2 Cr 2 O 7 in acidic media (e.g., H 2 SO 4 ).
  • cyclize refers to a synthetic transformation in which ortho-amino-benzoic acids, ortho-amino-benzoic esters, and ortho-amino-benzonitriles are converted to the corresponding 3H-Quinazolin-4-ones:
  • Methods for effecting the cyclization of ortho-amino-benzonitriles include, but are not limited to, reaction with refluxing formic acid containing sodium acetate.
  • Methods for effecting the cyclization of ortho-amino-benzoic acids include, but are not limited to, reaction with formamide at elevated temperatures or reaction with formamidine acetate in an inert solvent, also at elevated temperatures.
  • Methods for effecting the cyclization of ortho-amino-benzoic esters include, but are not limited to, reaction with formamidine acetate at elevated temperature in an inert solvent.
  • H 2 N-Prot refers to a protected amino functionality, such as 4-methoxybenzylamine
  • deprotect refers to a chemical method by which such a protecting group can be removed.
  • nucleophile refers to a primary or secondary amine, or an alkoxide.
  • VR1 antagonists of Formula I are prepared as described in PCT International Application Publication Number WO 02/08221, which published on Jan. 31, 2002. Such VR1 antagonists may be used in the compositions and methods provided herein.
  • This Example illustrates the preparation of representative substituted quinazolin-4-ylamine analogue VR1 antagonists, which may be used within the compositions and methods provided herein. Synthesis of the compounds provided in this Example is also described in PCT International Application Publication Number WO 03/062209, which published on Jul. 31, 2003.
  • the 2-chloro substituent in (4-tert-butyl-phenyl)-[2-chloro-7-(2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]-amine can be removed using a number of reducing conditions known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis e.g. hydrogenolysis or treatment with aluminum hydride reducing agents (See, e.g., Hudlicky, M. Reductions in Organic Chemistry , ACS Monograph 188: 1996).
  • 3-[4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenylamino)-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester is prepared from 3-[4-chloro-7-(3-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-quinazolin-2-yl]-propionic acid ethyl ester.

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AU2003300791A1 (en) 2004-07-09

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