US20040133113A1 - Method and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture Download PDF

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US20040133113A1
US20040133113A1 US10/648,844 US64884403A US2004133113A1 US 20040133113 A1 US20040133113 A1 US 20040133113A1 US 64884403 A US64884403 A US 64884403A US 2004133113 A1 US2004133113 A1 US 2004133113A1
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fossa ovalis
catheter
tissue
interatrial septum
unipolar
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Subramaniam Krishnan
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St Jude Medical Atrial Fibrillation Division Inc
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Krishnan Subramaniam C.
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Priority to US10/648,844 priority Critical patent/US20040133113A1/en
Publication of US20040133113A1 publication Critical patent/US20040133113A1/en
Assigned to ST. JUDE MEDICAL, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DIVISION, INC. reassignment ST. JUDE MEDICAL, ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DIVISION, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KRISHNAN, SUBRAMANIAM C.
Priority to US11/901,755 priority patent/US7824341B2/en
Priority to US12/536,757 priority patent/US8128573B2/en
Priority to US12/972,788 priority patent/US9504398B2/en
Priority to US15/359,920 priority patent/US20170079541A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/279—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses
    • A61B5/28—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/283—Invasive
    • A61B5/287—Holders for multiple electrodes, e.g. electrode catheters for electrophysiological study [EPS]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/34—Trocars; Puncturing needles
    • A61B17/3478—Endoscopic needles, e.g. for infusion
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0033—Features or image-related aspects of imaging apparatus classified in A61B5/00, e.g. for MRI, optical tomography or impedance tomography apparatus; arrangements of imaging apparatus in a room
    • A61B5/0036—Features or image-related aspects of imaging apparatus classified in A61B5/00, e.g. for MRI, optical tomography or impedance tomography apparatus; arrangements of imaging apparatus in a room including treatment, e.g., using an implantable medical device, ablating, ventilating
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves 
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/06—Devices, other than using radiation, for detecting or locating foreign bodies ; determining position of probes within or on the body of the patient
    • A61B5/065—Determining position of the probe employing exclusively positioning means located on or in the probe, e.g. using position sensors arranged on the probe
    • A61B5/068—Determining position of the probe employing exclusively positioning means located on or in the probe, e.g. using position sensors arranged on the probe using impedance sensors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103—Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/107—Measuring physical dimensions, e.g. size of the entire body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/1076—Measuring physical dimensions, e.g. size of the entire body or parts thereof for measuring dimensions inside body cavities, e.g. using catheters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/279—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses
    • A61B5/28—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/283—Invasive
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/318—Heart-related electrical modalities, e.g. electrocardiography [ECG]
    • A61B5/333—Recording apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4836—Diagnosis combined with treatment in closed-loop systems or methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
    • A61M25/06—Body-piercing guide needles or the like
    • A61M25/0662—Guide tubes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00017—Electrical control of surgical instruments
    • A61B2017/00022—Sensing or detecting at the treatment site
    • A61B2017/00039—Electric or electromagnetic phenomena other than conductivity, e.g. capacity, inductivity, Hall effect
    • A61B2017/00044—Sensing electrocardiography, i.e. ECG
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/00234—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/00238—Type of minimally invasive operation
    • A61B2017/00243—Type of minimally invasive operation cardiac
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/00234—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/00238—Type of minimally invasive operation
    • A61B2017/00243—Type of minimally invasive operation cardiac
    • A61B2017/00247—Making holes in the wall of the heart, e.g. laser Myocardial revascularization
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M25/00—Catheters; Hollow probes
    • A61M25/01—Introducing, guiding, advancing, emplacing or holding catheters
    • A61M25/0105—Steering means as part of the catheter or advancing means; Markers for positioning
    • A61M2025/0166—Sensors, electrodes or the like for guiding the catheter to a target zone, e.g. image guided or magnetically guided

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis, as well as methods and apparatus for performing transseptal punctures.
  • transseptal catheterization The goal of transseptal catheterization is to cross from the right atrium to the left atrium through the fossa ovalis. Mechanical puncture of this area with a needle and catheter combination is required for the procedure.
  • a guidewire is inserted through the right femoral vein and advanced to the superior vena cava.
  • a sheath typically about 66 cm long
  • a dilator typically about 70 cm long
  • the guidewire is then removed and a 71 cm Brockenbrough needle is advanced up to the dilator tip.
  • the apparatus is dragged down into the right atrium, along the septum.
  • the needle When the dilator tip is positioned adjacent the fossa ovalis (some times determined under ultrasound guidance), the needle is then pushed forward so that it extends past the dilator tip, through the fossa ovalis into the left atrium. The dilator and sheath may then be pushed through the fossa ovalis over the needle. The dilator and needle are then removed, leaving the sheath in place in the left atrium. Thereafter, catheters may be inserted through the sleeve into the left atrium in order to perform various necessary procedures.
  • the present invention provides a method of identifying the fossa ovalis in a patient, comprising the steps of:
  • the fossa ovalis may also be identified on the basis of bipolar voltage reduction.
  • the fossa ovalis may be identified on the basis of at least two of the parameters noted above.
  • the present invention also provides a method of performing a transseptal puncture on a patient, comprising the steps of:
  • the one or more electrodes may be provided on the distal end of a catheter and the positioning step may comprise positioning the distal end of the catheter against the tissue of the interatrial septum of the patient.
  • the penetrating step may comprise urging a needle through the interior of the catheter and through the fossa ovalis into the left atrium.
  • This method may also include the step of observing ST segment elevation in the unipolar electrogram in order to ensure that the distal end of the catheter is in contact with the tissue of the interatrial septum.
  • the present invention also provides a catheter for use in transseptal punctures, comprising:
  • FIG. 1 is a light microscopy tissue section from a human atrial septum
  • FIG. 2 is depicts the use of a quadripolar EP catheter to obtain bipolar electrograms and identify the fossa ovalis on the basis of a decrease in amplitude as the catheter is dragged inferiorly along the interatrial septum and makes contact with the fossa ovalis;
  • FIG. 3 depicts unipolar and bipolar electrograms taken from tissue of the interatrial septum adjacent the fossa ovalis and the fossa itself, with the fossa providing low voltage, broad and fractionated signals with low slew rates;
  • FIG. 4 depicts unipolar and bipolar electrograms taken from tissue of the interatrial septum adjacent the fossa ovalis, wherein the unipolar electrogram exhibits ST segment elevation while the bipolar electrogram does not, and the bipolar electrogram exhibits a low voltage even though the probe was not at the fossa ovalis;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of the significance of the positioning of the interelectrode axis in bipolar electrograms with respect to the orientation of the wavefront of electrical excitation;
  • FIG. 6 is similar to FIG. 4, however the location of the probe is shown to indicate that the bipolar electrogram exhibits reduced voltage even though the probe is not at the fossa ovalis;
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a transseptal apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the distal portion of the catheter of the transseptal apparatus shown in FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of the use of the transseptal apparatus of FIG. 7 for obtaining unipolar electrograms, using a skin patch as the indifferent (or reference) electrode;
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the use of the transseptal apparatus of FIG. 7 for obtaining unipolar electrograms, using a Wilson's central terminal as the indifferent electrode;
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of the use of the transseptal apparatus of FIG. 7 for obtaining unipolar electrograms, using separate conventional EP catheter place in the inferior vena cava as the indifferent electrode.
  • the fossa ovalis can be located by measuring electrophysiological activity of the tissue of the interatrial septum.
  • Applicant has also developed an apparatus which may be used not only for locating the fossa ovalis, but also for performing transseptal punctures through the fossa ovalis.
  • the fossa ovalis is the depression at the site of the fetal interatrial communication termed the foramen ovale. In fetal life, this communication allows richly oxygenated IVC blood coming from the placenta to reach the left atrium and has a well-marked rim or limbus superiorly.
  • the floor of the fossa ovalis is a thin, fibromuscular partition. In fact, because the fossa ovalis is thinner than the rest of the interatrial septum, light may even be used to selectively transilluminate the fossa ovalis.
  • the fossa ovalis has considerable scar tissue.
  • Autopsy studies done on human hearts revealed that the fossa ovalis has significantly more fibrous tissue that the non fossa portion of the interatrial septum.
  • the non fossa portion of the interatrial septum consistently had around 70% muscle and 30% fibrous tissue, whereas the fossa ovalis had an average of 33% muscle and 67% fibrous tissue.
  • FIG. 1 is a light microscopy tissue section from a human atrial septum with hematoxylin & eosin staining (panels A, C & E) as well as Masson trichrome stain (panels B, D & F).
  • Panels A & B show the superior limbus as well as the membrane of the fossa ovalis.
  • Panels C & D show the superior limbus of the interatrial septum, while panels E & F show the membrane of the fossa ovalis.
  • the fossa ovalis has significantly more fibrous scar tissue than other portions of the interatrial septum. Applicant has found that this increased scar tissue, coupled with the reduced thickness of the fossa ovalis, allows one to locate the fossa by measuring electrophysiological activity of the region.
  • the fossa ovalis may be located by measuring the electrophysiological (“EP”) activity of the fossa ovalis and surrounding heart tissue. By observing differences in the EP activity of tissue at various locations, the operator may determine the location of the fossa ovalis.
  • the lower muscle content and higher fibrous tissue content of the fossa ovalis with respect to the rest of the interatrial septum, as well as the relative “thinning” of the fossa results in changes in EP activity which may be readily observed via an intracardiac electrogram.
  • the fossa ovalis will record broader, fractionated electrograms of lower amplitude and lower slew rates.
  • one or more electrodes for acquiring EP data may be incorporated into a catheter/dilator used during transseptal puncture.
  • Intracardiac electrograms are typically performed by positioning a probe having one or more electrodes against the cardiac tissue to be examined.
  • the probe is typically inserted into the heart through a vein or artery via a sheath.
  • a recording device (well-known to those skilled in the art) is used to record and display an electrical signal produced by the cardiac tissue.
  • the lead from the single electrode on the probe is connected to the positive terminal of a recording device or amplifier, and an indifferent (or reference) electrode is then connected to the negative terminal of the recording device or amplifier.
  • the indifferent electrode is simply another electrode which is located away from the “exploring” electrode—typically positioned within or against a structure in which no electrical activity takes place.
  • the reference electrode may comprise a skin patch, a plurality of electrodes placed at various locations on the patient's body (i.e., Wilson's central terminal), or even an electrode placed in a separate catheter positioned in a large vein (e.g., the inferior vena cava).
  • the electrogram will display the difference in electrical potential between the unipolar electrode positioned against the cardiac tissue and the electrode connected to the negative electrode.
  • the probe typically comprises two electrodes spaced apart from one another by a short distance (typically less than about 5 mm) in a single probe.
  • the leads from the two electrodes are connected to a junction box of a recording device.
  • a signal in an intracardiac electrogram is characterized in terms of its amplitude (typically measured in millivolts), its duration (measured in milliseconds) and its slew rate (measured in volts per second).
  • the amplitude of an electrogram depends on several factors, including the mass of myocardium underlying the electrode, the contact of the electrode with the myocardium, the orientation of the electrode with respect to the axis of depolarization, and the presence of any inexcitable tissue (i.e., fibrous or connective tissue) between the myocytes and the electrode.
  • the slew rate represents the maximal rate of change of the electrical signal between the sensing electrodes and, mathematically, is the first derivative of the electrogram (dv/dt) and is a measure of the change in electrogram voltage over time. It is generally directly related to the electrogram amplitude and duration. In the region of the fossa ovalis, the slew rate will be lower in the region of the fossa ovalis, thus following the changes in electrogram amplitude.
  • FIG. 2 depicts a bipolar electrogram acquired using a standard EP deflectable catheter 30 .
  • quadripolar EP catheter 30 is located within the right atrium, against the interatrial septum above the fossa ovalis 25 (see FIG. 2A).
  • the superior vena cava is depicted at 21 , the aorta at 22 , the pulmonary artery at 23 and the coronary sinus at 24 .
  • the bipolar electroanatomical voltage 31 drops abruptly.
  • the region of the fossa ovalis consistently displays unipolar and bipolar electrograms of amplitudes less than about 1 mV while the rest of the interatrial septum displays electrograms greater than about 2 mV (see FIG. 3).
  • FIG. 3 depicts bipolar and unipolar electrograms obtained using the CARTO system.
  • Panel A of FIG. 3 depicts bipolar and unipolar electrograms for a location on the interatrial septum superior to the fossa ovalis.
  • the unipolar voltage is 2.66 mV and the bipolar voltage is 2.52 mV.
  • FIG. 3 depicts bipolar and unipolar electrograms for the fossa ovalis 25 .
  • the unipolar voltage for the fossa ovalis is 0.52 mV and the bipolar voltage is 0.84 mV.
  • the drop in voltage for the fossa ovalis as compared to the surrounding tissue of the interatrial septum may be effectively used to locate the fossa ovalis.
  • the region of the fossa ovalis also displays electrograms that are broad (greater than about 50 ms in duration) while the rest of the interatrial septum has signals that are less than about 35 ms in width.
  • Bipolar electrograms also show multiple spikes or deflections (fractionation), and the unipolar electrogram is broad with a low slew rate. This fractionation in the electrogram morphology is thought to be due to the substantially greater amounts of collagen in this tissue compared to the rest of the atrium resulting in complex anisotropic conduction.
  • the slew rate observed for the fossa ovalis is less than or equal to about 0.3 volts/second, whereas the rest of the interatrial septum provides slew rates of greater than about 0.5 volts/second.
  • the increased fractionation, increased signal width and decreased slew rate provide additional indicia of the location of the fossa ovalis.
  • the fossa ovalis is identified by observing reduced signal amplitude, and increased width, fractionation and slew rate, the fossa will also be evidenced by reduced local myocardial impedance and higher phase angle.
  • Myocardial tissue impedance is considered to be a passive electrical property of both healthy and diseased tissues.
  • the myocardial impedance (Z) is defined as the voltage (V) divided by the sinusoidal current (I) applied through it. It has been noted by several investigators that ventricular aneurysms from chronic myocardial infarctions display a lower local myocardial impedance measurement and a higher phase angle.
  • the fossa ovalis also can be identified by a sharp drop in impedance (typically about 15 ohms). Similarly, the fossa ovalis can also be identified by an increase in phase angle as compared to the surrounding tissue.
  • Impedance may be measured, for example, using the technique described by Wolf et al, Am. J. Physiol. 2001; 280: H179-H188.
  • a generator such as a Stockert generator, available from Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, Calif.
  • the output current source buffer with a high output impedance is connected to an intracardiac electrode and provided constant alternating current through the myocardial tissues.
  • a return electrode is connected to the reference point in the circuit and placed against the patient's back.
  • the intracardiac electrode is connected to one input of a differential amplifier and the return electrode is connected to the second input.
  • the output of the amplifier is then passed through a band pass filter with a central frequency equal to the measuring frequency.
  • a synchronous detector converts the AC voltage to the direct current.
  • pacing threshold refers to the amount of current from a pacemaker electrical impulse required to capture the heart. It is heavily dependent on the amount of muscle and scar/fibrous tissue that the pacing catheter is in contact with. The more scar/fibrous tissue that is present, the higher the pacing threshold.
  • an electrical pacing impulse may be applied to the interatrial septum through an electrode (e.g., a standard EP deflectable catheter or even an electrode on the transseptal apparatus of the present invention described further herein).
  • the minimum amplitude required to capture the heart is applied and the probe or catheter carrying the electrode is dragged inferiorly across the interatrial septum. As the electrode reached the fossa ovalis, the electrical impulse will no longer be of sufficient amplitude to capture the heart.
  • an electrical impulse having a pulse width duration of about 0.5 msec and an amplitude of between about 0.8 and about 1.0 V will generally be sufficient to capture the hear when applied to the interatrial septum adjacent the fossa ovalis.
  • this amplitude will not be sufficient to capture the heart when applied to the fossa ovalis.
  • an amplitude of between about 1.5 and about 1.6 V is required, at a pulse width duration of 0.5 msec.
  • the increased pacing threshold may also be used to locate the fossa ovalis.
  • the ST segment elevation observed in unipolar electrograms can also be advantageously employed during transseptal puncture.
  • the unipolar electrogram of the tissue of the interatrial septum will display ST segment elevation whenever the electrode makes good tissue contact with, and exerts significant pressure against the atrial myocardium.
  • ST segment elevation is recorded in the unipolar electrogram of the interatrial septum but not the bipolar electrogram.
  • the above mentioned electrophysiological parameters can be used to guide the transseptal puncture procedure.
  • a single electrode may be incorporated into the tip of the dilator of the transseptal apparatus (to record unipolar electrograms and other electrophysiological parameters).
  • a pair of electrodes may be incorporated into the dilator in order to measure bipolar electrograms. Because there are several electrophysiological distinctions between the fossa ovalis and the rest of the atrial myocardium, the use of multiple electrophysiological parameters will add to the predictive value of the measurements made by the apparatus.
  • bipolar electrograms can be useful in locating the fossa ovalis
  • bipolar electrograms have a serious flaw in that if the wavefront of electrical activity travels in a direction perpendicular to the interelectrode axis, no electrical activity may be recorded.
  • this can literally be a fatal flaw if one were to rely solely on voltage measurements taken from bipolar electrograms.
  • the electrophysiological basis for this flaw and other advantages of unipolar electrograms are discussed below.
  • a bipolar electrogram can be considered to be the instantaneous difference in potential between two unipolar electrograms recorded from two unipolar electrodes and a common remote indifferent electrode.
  • the bipolar electrogram is equal to the unipolar electrogram from first electrode 35 minus the unipolar electrogram from second electrode 36 .
  • BiEGM UniEGM 1 ⁇ UniEGM 2.
  • bipolar electrograms are susceptible to the orientation of the interelectrode axis with respect to the depolarizing wavefront. As shown in panels A and B of FIG. 5, if the axis of the elongate probe (i.e., the interelectrode axis) is parallel to the direction in which the depolarizing wavefront is advancing, a sharp electrogram will be inscribed. However, if the interelectrode axis is perpendicular to the wavefront (panels C and D of FIG. 5), as the wavefront passes underneath them, the shift in potential beneath the two electrodes will be identical. The electrodes in this scenario, will record no difference in electrical potential with respect to each other. Consequently, no intracardiac electrogram is generated.
  • bipolar electrograms are a function of three variables: the voltage of the tip or distal electrode, the voltage of the ring or proximal electrode, and the presence of activation time difference (phase shift) between the poles or electrode. This is in contrast with unipolar electrograms where the only variable is the voltage of the tip electrode. Due to the increased number of variables, the greater variance in bipolar electrograms is not surprising. The large signal variation associated with normal respiration often seen with bipolar electrograms is additional evidence for their inconsistency.
  • FIG. 6 depicts a false reading of low voltage by bipolar electrogram.
  • a catheter 34 having first and second electrodes 35 and 36 is positioned such that the catheter tip (and hence both electrodes) are positioned in the posterior wall of a human atrium away from the fossa ovalis.
  • a transseptal puncture performed at this site can have life threatening complications.
  • the bipolar electrogram from this site indicates a voltage of only 0.95 mV, while the unipolar electrogram exhibits a voltage of 2.43 mV (indicating that the tip of the catheter is not at the fossa ovalis).
  • the pulse generator functions as the reference electrode.
  • the reference electrode is usually one of the following:
  • a) Skin patch A wire is connected to the skin patch and leads to the negative terminal of the amplifier. During implantation of unipolar pacemaker leads, the lead is often tested with an alligator clip connected to muscle in the exposed pocket and the other end connected to the negative terminal of the amplifier (using the same principle as the skin patch).
  • Wilson's central terminal Central terminal created by connecting all three limb electrodes through a 5000 ohm resistor. This terminal is used as the negative pole.
  • Indifferent electrode in one of the great veins such as the inferior vena cava: A separate catheter that is connected to the negative input of the amplifier may also be placed in one of the great veins.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 depict a transseptal apparatus 50 according to the present invention which may be used to not only locate the fossa ovalis but also to perform a transseptal puncture.
  • Transseptal apparatus 50 is similar to conventional transseptal apparatus in that it includes a hollow sheath 51 and an internal catheter (sometimes referred to as a dilator) 52 .
  • Catheter 52 is hollow and is slightly longer than sheath 51 (typically about 4 cm longer).
  • a guidewire is inserted through the right femoral vein and advanced to the superior vena cava.
  • Catheter (or dilator) 52 is inserted into sheath 51 , with the distal end of the catheter protruding beyond the distal end 56 of sheath 51 .
  • the sheath and catheter are then advanced over the guidewire into the superior vena cava.
  • the guidewire is then removed.
  • Electrodes 65 and 66 are provided at the distal end of catheter 52 .
  • First, or distal, electrode 65 is provided at the tip of catheter 52
  • second, or proximal, electrode 66 may also be provided at the distal end of catheter 52 , spaced proximally from first electrode 65 by a distance of between about 2 and about 4 mm.
  • the electrodes may, for example, be ring-shaped, with the first electrode measuring between about 2 mm and about 4 mm in length, and the second electrode measuring about 2 mm in length.
  • Electrical leads 73 and 74 are in electrical communication with first and second electrodes 65 and 66 , respectively.
  • catheter 52 At the proximal end of catheter 52 , electrical leads 73 and 74 are in electrical communication with cables 53 and 54 , respectively, which may be attached to a differential amplifier or other device for generating electrograms.
  • the tip portion 70 of catheter 52 will function as an electrophysiology mapping catheter (both bipolar and unipolar), and will also serve the same function as a catheter/dilator in a conventional transseptal apparatus.
  • FIGS. 9 - 11 depict the use of transseptal apparatus 70 in a transseptal puncture using unipolar electrograms to locate the fossa ovalis. Since only unipolar measurements are depicted, the second electrode has been omitted from the tip 70 of catheter 52 . However, it should be noted that, even if second electrode 66 is provided on catheter 52 , the catheter can still be used for unipolar (as well as bipolar) measurements.
  • transseptal apparatus 50 has been inserted into the patient's femoral vein until the distal tip 70 of the catheter/dilator is located within superior vena cava.
  • the electrical lead from electrode 65 on tip 70 is used as the positive input to a differential amplifier, while a skin patch 75 serves as the reference electrode and is attached to the negative input to the differential amplifier via a wire or other lead.
  • Distal tip 70 having first electrode 65 is then dragged inferiorly along the interatrial septum while the operator monitors the electrophysiological parameters for indication that the distal tip 70 has made contact with the fossa ovalis.
  • One or more of the indicators described previously may be employed to make this determination.
  • the operator may also observe ST segment elevation in order to confirm that he distal tip 70 is exerting significant pressure against the fossa ovalis.
  • a needle may be urged through the central lumen of catheter 52 until the tip of the needle protrudes beyond distal tip 70 through the fossa ovalis and into the left atrium. Thereafter, the catheter 52 may be urged through the fossa ovalis, followed by sheath 51 . The catheter 52 and needle are then removed from sheath 51 , leaving sheath 51 extending through the fossa ovalis into the left atrium.
  • FIG. 10 depicts an alternative arrangement wherein the Wilson's central terminal is used as the reference electrode.
  • Wilson's central terminal is created by connecting all three limb electrodes through a 5000 ohm resistor. This terminal is used as the negative pole.
  • FIG. 11 depicts yet another alternative arrangement wherein an indifferent electrode 76 is positioned in the inferior vena cava.
  • a separate catheter that is connected to the negative input of the amplifier may also be placed in one of the great veins.
US10/648,844 2002-08-24 2003-08-25 Method and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture Abandoned US20040133113A1 (en)

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US11/901,755 US7824341B2 (en) 2002-08-24 2007-09-19 Method and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture
US12/536,757 US8128573B2 (en) 2002-08-24 2009-08-06 Methods and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture
US12/972,788 US9504398B2 (en) 2002-08-24 2010-12-20 Methods and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture
US15/359,920 US20170079541A1 (en) 2002-08-24 2016-11-23 Methods and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis

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US12/536,757 Expired - Fee Related US8128573B2 (en) 2002-08-24 2009-08-06 Methods and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture
US12/972,788 Active 2027-05-13 US9504398B2 (en) 2002-08-24 2010-12-20 Methods and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture
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US12/972,788 Active 2027-05-13 US9504398B2 (en) 2002-08-24 2010-12-20 Methods and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis and performing transseptal puncture
US15/359,920 Abandoned US20170079541A1 (en) 2002-08-24 2016-11-23 Methods and apparatus for locating the fossa ovalis

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US20090299202A1 (en) 2009-12-03
AU2003262896A1 (en) 2004-04-08
EP1542587B1 (de) 2011-04-27
EP1542587A1 (de) 2005-06-22
US9504398B2 (en) 2016-11-29
JP2005536313A (ja) 2005-12-02
WO2004026134A1 (en) 2004-04-01
US20110087120A1 (en) 2011-04-14
JP4511935B2 (ja) 2010-07-28
US7824341B2 (en) 2010-11-02
EP1542587A4 (de) 2008-05-07
ATE506891T1 (de) 2011-05-15
DE60336914D1 (de) 2011-06-09
US8128573B2 (en) 2012-03-06
US20170079541A1 (en) 2017-03-23
US20080103400A1 (en) 2008-05-01
AU2003262896B2 (en) 2008-08-07
WO2004026134B1 (en) 2004-05-13

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