US20030209553A1 - Plastic containers with uniform wall thickness - Google Patents

Plastic containers with uniform wall thickness Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030209553A1
US20030209553A1 US10/395,559 US39555903A US2003209553A1 US 20030209553 A1 US20030209553 A1 US 20030209553A1 US 39555903 A US39555903 A US 39555903A US 2003209553 A1 US2003209553 A1 US 2003209553A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
containers
container
elongation
blow molding
polycarbonate
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Abandoned
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US10/395,559
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English (en)
Inventor
Klaus Horn
Ralf Hufen
Markus Krieter
Dirk-Jacques Dijkstra
Jens Hepperle
Helmut Munstedt
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Bayer AG
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Individual
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Publication date
Priority claimed from DE10213230A external-priority patent/DE10213230A1/de
Priority claimed from DE2002129594 external-priority patent/DE10229594A1/de
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to BAYER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment BAYER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MUNSTEDT, HELMUT, HEPPERLE, JENS, DIJKSTRA, DIRK-JACQUES, HUFEN, RALF, HORN, KLAUS, KRIETER, MARKUS
Publication of US20030209553A1 publication Critical patent/US20030209553A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D1/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers having bodies formed in one piece, e.g. by casting metallic material, by moulding plastics, by blowing vitreous material, by throwing ceramic material, by moulding pulped fibrous material or by deep-drawing operations performed on sheet material
    • B65D1/02—Bottles or similar containers with necks or like restricted apertures, designed for pouring contents
    • B65D1/0207—Bottles or similar containers with necks or like restricted apertures, designed for pouring contents characterised by material, e.g. composition, physical features
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/0005—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor characterised by the material
    • B29C49/0006—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor characterised by the material for heating or cooling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/02—Combined blow-moulding and manufacture of the preform or the parison
    • B29C49/04—Extrusion blow-moulding
    • B29C49/0411—Means for defining the wall or layer thickness
    • B29C49/04112—Means for defining the wall or layer thickness for varying the thickness
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G64/04—Aromatic polycarbonates
    • C08G64/06—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/02—Combined blow-moulding and manufacture of the preform or the parison
    • B29C2049/023—Combined blow-moulding and manufacture of the preform or the parison using inherent heat of the preform, i.e. 1 step blow moulding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
    • B29C2949/07—Preforms or parisons characterised by their configuration
    • B29C2949/0715—Preforms or parisons characterised by their configuration the preform having one end closed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C49/02—Combined blow-moulding and manufacture of the preform or the parison
    • B29C49/06—Injection blow-moulding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2069/00—Use of PC, i.e. polycarbonates or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/712—Containers; Packaging elements or accessories, Packages
    • B29L2031/7126—Containers; Packaging elements or accessories, Packages large, e.g. for bulk storage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/712—Containers; Packaging elements or accessories, Packages
    • B29L2031/7158—Bottles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to plastic containers and more particularly to containers with uniform wall thickness
  • a container having uniform wall thickness, molded of a thermoplastic composition is disclosed.
  • the wall of the container at its thickest being at most three times as thick as at its thinnest.
  • a process for the preparation of the container entails extrusion blow molding or injection stretch blow molding of a thermoplastic material characterized in that at a temperature of 200° C., its S value is greater than 1.1 at a Hencky elongation ⁇ of 2.0 and an elongation rate range ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ of between 0.1 and 0.01, and its S value is greater than 1.1 at a Hencky elongation ⁇ of 2.5 and an elongation rate range ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ of between 0.1 and 0.01, wherein S is ⁇ E divided by 3 ⁇ .
  • Containers made of plastics material, in particular of polycarbonate are basically known. These containers are produced, for example, from compositions (also called compounds) which contain a polymer, in particular polycarbonate, and conventional additives. These compositions that include the polymer (for instance polycarbonate) and the additives are also called plastics material. The additives may include stabilizers, processing aids, etc.
  • the plastic containers may also comprise further components, such as seals made of rubber or grips made of metal or other materials. Therefore, it is more correct to speak of “containers made of plastics material” than of “plastic containers”.
  • the containers may, for example, comprise the aforementioned components and/or other components.
  • plastic containers mean “containers made of plastics material”.
  • Plastic containers have numerous advantageous properties, such as high transparency, good mechanical properties, great resistance to environmental influences and a long life, as well as low weight and easy, inexpensive producibility.
  • Plastic containers may be produced, for example by extrusion blow molding or injection stretch blow molding.
  • the plastics material is usually melted using a single-screw extruder and molded by a die into a free standing parison.
  • the parison generally hangs downwards from the die.
  • the parison is then surrounded by a blow mold which squashes the parison together at the lower end.
  • the parison is then inflated within the mold so the parison obtains the desired shaping. After a cooling period the mold is opened and the blow molded container may be removed.
  • Extrusion blow molding is disclosed, for example, in Brinkschröder, F. J.: “Polycarbonate” in Becker, Braun, Kunststoff-Handbuch, Vol. 3/1, Polycarbonate, Polyacetale, Polyester, Cellulose ester, Carl Hanser Verlag Kunststoff, Vienna 1996, pages 248 to 255).
  • Injection stretch blow molding is a combination of injection molding and blow molding.
  • Injection stretch blow molding proceeds in three stages:
  • Injection stretch blow molding is disclosed, for example, in Anders, S., Kaminski, A., Kappenstein, R., “Polycarbonate” in Becker,/Braun, Kunststoff-Handbuch, Vol. 3/1, Polycarbonate, Polyacetale, Polyester, Cellulose ester, Carl Hanser Verlag Kunststoff, Vienna 1996, pages 213 to 216.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide plastic containers having high mechanical strengths with the lowest possible expenditure on material.
  • FIG. 1 shows the uniaxial stretching viscosity and the three-fold shear viscosity as function of time for polycarbonate suitable for the purpose of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows the uniaxial stretching viscosity and the three-fold shear viscosity as function of time for polycarbonate unsuitable for the purpose of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows an exemplified bottle.
  • FIG. 4 shows the locals of the measurements of the wall thickness.
  • FIG. 5 is a graphic representation of the measured wall thickness.
  • the object of the present invention is a container made of plastics material, wherein at its thickest point the wall of the container is at most three times as thick as at its thinnest point.
  • the regular container wall is preferably at most 2.6 times as thick as at its thinnest point.
  • the regular container wall is particularly preferably at most 2.2 times as thick as at its thinnest point.
  • the container is preferably a bottle.
  • the container is particularly preferably a water bottle.
  • the container is preferably made of polycarbonate molding composition.
  • the object of the present invention is achieved by injection blow molding or by injection stretch blow molding.
  • Rotationally symmetrical containers are preferred. Containers with only one aperture are preferred.
  • Uniformity of wall thickness of the container is taken to mean the container wall at all the points at which thicker or thinner points are not intentionally provided. Such intentionally provided thicker points might be seen in FIG. 4 in the region of the bottleneck. Under ideal conditions of producing containers the regular container wall would be uniformly thick all around.
  • the containers according to the invention have been produced, for example, from a polycarbonate with certain rheological properties. Therefore, the uniaxial stretching test with which these theological properties may be measured is to be described hereinafter.
  • the uniaxial stretching test of polymer melts and its implementation are known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the uniaxial stretching test may be carried out with apparatuses of the Münstedt type. These are described in H. Münstedt, J. Rheol., Vol. 23, pages 421 to 436 (1979). These are also described in current text books such as in Ch. W. Macosko: Rheology, Verlag Wiley/VCH, 1994, in particular pages 288 to 297 and in M. Phal, W. Glei ⁇ le, H. -M. Laun: Praktician Rheologie der Kunststoffe und Elastomere, VDI-Verlag, 1995, in particular pages 349 to 357.
  • Determination of the shear viscosity as a function of time is preferably carried out in a rotary rheometer at low shear speeds. Determination of the shear viscosity may be carried out in the rotary rheometer also with oscillating deformation and may be converted into a time-dependent viscosity by means of common methods.
  • the stretching viscosity as a function of time is preferably determined by means of a Münstedt-type stretching rheometer.
  • the uniaxial stretching test may also be carried out with a range of other rheometers, for example with the commercially available Meissner-type stretching rheometer. This is described in J. Meissner, Rheologica Acta 8, Vol. 78 (1969) and in J. S,. Schulze et al., Rheol. Acta Vol. 40 (2001) pages 457 to 466.
  • the Hencky elongation ⁇ is a non-dimensional variable.
  • the stretching viscosity ⁇ E has the unit Pascal multiplied by seconds.
  • the shear viscosity ⁇ also has the unit Pascal multiplied by seconds.
  • the quotient S serves as a measure of the relevant increase in the stretching viscosity ⁇ E .
  • the quotient S is non-dimensional.
  • S is the quotient from the quotient from the stretching viscosity ⁇ E and three-fold shear viscosity 3 ⁇ . S depends on the measuring temperature T, the Hencky elongation rate ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ (unit: 1 divided by seconds) and the Hencky elongation ⁇ and the time.
  • the total stretching ⁇ (unit: non-dimensional) depends on the sample starting length L 0 (unit: meters) and its length L (unit: meters) as function of stretching and the elongation rate of ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ (unit: 1 divided by seconds) and the time t (unit: seconds) by:
  • a plastics material in particular polycarbonate, is particularly preferred in which, at a temperature of 200° C., the ratio S is greater than 1.3 at a Hencky elongation ⁇ of 2.0 and an elongation rate range ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ of between 0.1 and 0.01, and is greater than 1.5 at a Hencky elongation ⁇ of 2.5 and an elongation rate range ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ of between 0.1 and 0.01.
  • the present invention relates to a container containing plastics material.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for producing this container by extrusion blow molding or by the injection stretch blow molding.
  • plastics materials in particular polycarbonates
  • the person skilled in the art may adjust various parameters of the plastics materials, in particular polycarbonates. For example, he may influence the molecular weight and the degree of branching.
  • the choice of the monomers and comonomers or the terminal groups also has an effect on the rheological stretching properties.
  • the person skilled in the art may also use suitable additives to obtain the desired theological stretching properties according to the invention.
  • the advantage of the aforementioned plastics material, in particular polycarbonate, is that it enables production of the containers according to the invention with their advantageous properties.
  • the known and advantageous processes may be used.
  • the present invention is not limited to containers containing plastics material in which the plastics material has the aforementioned rheological properties. These are only preferred as they allow the containers to be produced by simple and known processes (extrusion blow molding or injection stretch blow molding). In general it is only important for the uniformity of wall thickness to be achieved. This may also be attained by using other methods and other plastics material (for example injection molding or compression).
  • the containers according to the invention have the advantage that they have high mechanical strength with a predetermined quantity of plastics material per container.
  • the containers according to the invention have numerous further advantages. They are more resistant to mechanical stresses, i.e. resistant to breaking, and also have an advantageous range of other additional mechanical properties. They have good optical properties, in particular a high degree of transparency. They have a high heat distortion temperature. Owing to the high heat distortion temperature the containers according to the invention may be cleaned with hot water or sterilized with hot steam. They have high resistance to the conventional detergents which, for example, are used to clean reusable water bottles, a field of application of the containers according to the invention. They may be produced easily and inexpensively by known processes. The good processing properties of the plastics material, in particular polycarbonate, are thus advantageously manifested here. Their material ages slowly during use and therefore they have a long service life. For possible repeated use this means many use cycles.
  • Containers in the sense of the present invention may be used for packaging, storing or transporting liquids, solids or gases.
  • Containers for packaging, storing transporting liquids (liquid containers) are preferred, containers for packaging, storing or transporting water (water bottles) are particularly preferred.
  • Containers in accordance with the invention are preferably blow moldings with a volume of 0.1 l to 50 l, preferably 0.5 l to 50 l, with volumes of 1 l, 5 l, 12 l and 20 l being particularly preferred.
  • the containers preferably have an empty weight of preferably 0.1 g to 3,000 g, more preferably 50 g to 2,000 g and particularly preferably of 650 g to 900 g.
  • the wall thicknesses of the containers are preferably 0.5 mm to 5 mm, more preferably 0.8 mm to 4 mm.
  • Containers in the sense of the invention preferably have a length of preferably 5 mm to 2,000 mm, particularly preferably 100 mm to 1,000 mm.
  • the containers preferably have a maximum circumference of preferably 10 mm to 250 mm, more preferably of 50 mm to 150 mm and most particularly preferably of 70 to 90 mm.
  • Containers in the sense of the invention preferably have a bottleneck of a length of preferably 1 mm to 500 mm, more preferably of 10 mm to 250 mm, particularly preferably of 50 mm to 100 mm and most particularly preferably of 70 to 80 mm.
  • the wall thickness of the bottleneck of the containers is preferably between 0.5 mm and 10 mm, particularly preferably of 1 mm to 10 mm and most particularly preferably of 1 mm to 3 mm.
  • the diameter of the bottleneck is preferably between 5 mm and 200 mm. 10 mm to 100 mm are particularly preferred and 45 mm to 75 mm most particularly preferred.
  • the bottle base of the containers according to the invention has a diameter of preferably 10 mm to 250 mm, more preferably 50 mm to 150 mm and most particularly preferably 70 to 90 mm.
  • Containers in the sense of the present invention may have any geometric shape, for example they may be round, oval or polygonal with, for example, 3 to 12 sides. Round, oval and hexagonal shapes are preferred.
  • the design of the containers may be based on any surface structure.
  • the surface structures are preferably smooth or ribbed.
  • the containers according to the invention may also have a plurality of different surface structures. Ribs or beads may round the periphery of the containers. They may have any spacing or a plurality of spacing which are different from one another.
  • the surface structures of the containers according to the invention may be roughened or integrated structures, symbols, ornaments, coats of arms, manufacturer's emblems, trademarks, signatures, producer's details, material characteristics and/or information on volume.
  • the containers according to the invention may have any number of handles which may be located on the sides, at the top or at the bottom.
  • the handles might be on the outside or integrated into the contour of the container.
  • the handles may be foldable or fixed.
  • the handles may have any contour, for example oval, round or polygonal.
  • the handles preferably have a length of 0.1 mm to 180 mm, preferably 20 mm to 120 mm.
  • containers according to the invention may also contain small amounts of other substances, for example seals made of rubber or handles made of other materials.
  • the containers according to the invention are preferably produced by extrusion blow molding or by injection stretch blow molding.
  • the plastics materials according to the invention are processed on extruders with a smooth or grooved, preferably a smooth, feed zone.
  • the drive power of the extruder is selected in accordance with the screw diameter.
  • the drive power of the extruder is approximately 30 to 40 kW, and with a screw diameter of 90 mm, approximately 60 to 70 kW.
  • a screw diameter of 50 to 60 mm is preferred.
  • a screw diameter of 70 to 100 mm is preferred.
  • the length of the screws is preferably 20 to 25 times the diameter of the screw.
  • the temperature of the blow mold is preferably adjusted to 50 to 90° C. to obtain a sparkling and high quality container surface.
  • the base region and the other regions of the die may be adjusted in temperature separately.
  • the blow mold is preferably closed with a compressive force of 1,000 to 1,500 N per centimeter of pinch-off weld length.
  • the plastics material is preferably dried before processing so the quality of the containers is not impaired by visible streaks or bubbles and is not hydrolytically degraded during processing.
  • the residual moisture content after drying is preferably less than 0.01% by weight.
  • a drying temperature of 120° C. is preferred. Lower temperatures do not ensure sufficient drying, and at higher temperatures there is the risk of plastics material granules sticking together and then no longer being capable of being processed. Dry air driers are preferred.
  • the preferred melt temperature for processing plastics materials based on polycarbonate is 230° to 300° C.
  • the containers according to the invention may be used for packaging, storing or transporting liquids, solids or gases.
  • the embodiment which, for example, is used for packaging, storing or transporting liquids, is preferred.
  • Polycarbonates in the sense of the present invention are preferably thermoplastically processable aromatic polycarbonates. Both homopolycarbonates and copolycarbonates may be used.
  • Particularly preferred polycarbonates are the homopolycarbonate based on bisphenol A, the homopolycarbonate based on 1,1 bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane and the copolycarbonates based on the two monomers bisphenol A and 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane.
  • the polycarbonates according to the invention also include polycarbonates in which up to 80 mol %, in particular from 20 mol % to 50 mol %, of the carbonate groups are replaced by aromatic dicarboxylic acid ester groups.
  • Polycarbonates of this type which include both acid residues of carbon dioxide and acid residues of aromatic dicarboxylic acids incorporated in the molecule chain, are also called aromatic polyester carbonates.
  • the polycarbonates may be produced in a known manner from diphenols, carbon dioxide derivatives, optionally chain terminators and optionally branching agents. A portion of the carbon dioxide derivatives is replaced by aromatic diocarboxylic acids or derivatives of dicarboxylic acids to produce the polyester carbonates. This proceeds according to the carbonate structural units to be replaced in the aromatic polycarbonates by aromatic dicarboxylic acid ester structural units.
  • the polycarbonates including the polyester carbonates, preferably have mean molecular weights Mw of 12,000 to 120,000 g/mol (determined by measuring the relative viscosity at 25° C. in methylene chloride at a concentration of 0.5 g polycarbonate per 100 ml methylene chloride). 15,000 to 80,000 g/mol are preferred, 15,000 to 60,000 g/mol are particularly preferred.
  • Dihydroxy compounds suitable for producing polycarbonates are, for example, hydroquinone, resorcinol, dihydroxydiphenyl, bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-alkanes, bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-cycloalkanes, bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-sulphides, bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-ether, bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-ketones, bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-sulphones, bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-sulphoxides, ( ⁇ , ⁇ ′-bis-(hydroxyphenyl)-diisopropylbenzenes, and their compounds alkylated on the nucleus and halogenated on the nucleus.
  • Preferred diphenols are 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-propane, 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-phenyl-ethane, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)propane, 2,4-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutane, 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-m/p diisopropylbenzene, 2,2-bis-(3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, bis-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-methane, 2,2-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propane, bis-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-sulphone, 2,4-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutane, 1,1-bis-(3,5-dimethyl
  • Particularly preferred diphenols are 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl, 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-phenyl-ethane, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, 2,2-bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexane, 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-m/p diisopropylbenzene und 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane.
  • Suitable chain terminators which may be used in the production of polycarbonates are monophenols and monocarboxylic acids.
  • Suitable monophenols are, for example, phenol, alkyl phenols such as cresols, p-tert.butylphenol, p-n-octylphenol, p-iso-octylphenol, p-n-nonylphenol and p-iso-nonylphenol, halogen phenols such as p-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, p-bromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol and mixtures thereof.
  • alkyl phenols such as cresols, p-tert.butylphenol, p-n-octylphenol, p-iso-octylphenol, p-n-nonylphenol and p-iso-nonylphenol
  • halogen phenols such as p-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, p-bromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable monocarboxylic acids are, for example, benzoic acid, alkyl benzoic acids and halogen benzoic acids.
  • Preferred chain terminators are the phenols of formula (I)
  • R 6 represents H or a branched or unbranched C 1 -C 18 alkyl radical.
  • the quantity of chain terminator to be used is preferably 0.5 mol % to 10 mol %, based on mol of the respectively used diphenols.
  • the chain terminators may be added before, during or after phosgenation.
  • the polycarbonates may be branched.
  • Suitable branching agents which may be used to branch the polycarbonates are the tri- or more than trifunctional compounds known in polycarbonate chemistry, in particular those with three or more than three phenolic OH groups.
  • Suitable branching agents are, for example phloroglucin, 4,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-tri-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptene-2, 4,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-tri-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-heptane, 1,3,5-tri-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-benzene, 1,1,1-tri-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethane, tri-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-phenylmethane, 2,2-bis-[4,4-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexyl]-propane, 2,4-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl-isopropyl)-phenol, 2,6-bis-(2-hydroxy-5′-methyl-benzyl)-4-methylphenol, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propane, hexa-(4-(4-hydroxyphenyl-isopropy
  • the quantity of branching agent to optionally be used is preferably 0.05 mol % to 2.5 mol %, based on mol of respectively used diphenols.
  • the branching agents may either be introduced with the diphenols and the chain terminators in the aqueous alkaline phase or be added prior to phosgenation dissolved in an organic solvent.
  • Aromatic dicarboxylic acids suitable for producing the polyester carbonates are, for example, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, ter.-buty-lisophthalic acid, 3,3′-diphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4,4-benzophenonedicarboxylic acid, 3,4′-benzophenonedicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diphenyletherdicarboxylic acid, 4,4′-diphenylsulphonicdicarboxylic acid, 2,2-bis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-propane, trimethyl-3-phenylindane-4,5′-dicarboxylic acid.
  • aromatic dicarboxylic acids terephthalic acid and/or isophthalic acid are particularly preferably used.
  • Derivatives of the dicarboxylic acids are, for example, the dicarboxylic acid dihalides and the dicarboxylic dialkylesthers, in particular the dicarboxylic acid dichlorides and the dicarboxylic acid dimethylesters.
  • the carbonate groups may be replaced substantially stoichiometrically and also quantitatively by the aromatic dicarboxylic acid ester groups, so the molar ratio of the reaction partners is again found in the resulting polyester carbonates.
  • the aromatic dicarboxylic acid ester groups may be incorporated randomly and also block by block.
  • the polycarbonates are preferably produced by the interfacial process or the known melt transesterification process.
  • phosgene preferably serves as carbon dioxide derivative, in the latter case preferably diphenylcarbonate.
  • melt transesterification process is described, in particular, in H. Schnell, “Chemistry and Physics of Polycarbonates”, Polymer Reviews, Vol. 9, pages 44 to 51, Interscience Publishers, New York, London, Sidney, 1964 and in DE-A 1 031 512, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,022,272, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,905 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,659.
  • the polycarbonates may also contain the conventional additives, for example pigments, UV stabilizers, heat stabilizers, antioxidants and mold-release agents in the quantities conventional for polycarbonates.
  • compositions that include polycarbonate and additives are also called polycarbonate molding compounds.
  • raw materials and auxiliary agents with a low degree of contaminants are preferably used.
  • the bisphenols used and the carbon dioxide derivatives used should be as free from alkali ions and alkaline earth ions as possible, in particular when produced by the melt transesterification process. Pure raw materials of this type may be obtained, for example, by recrystallizing, washing or distilling the carbon dioxide derivatives, for example carbon dioxide esters.
  • the reaction of the bisphenol and of the carbon dioxide diester may be carried out continuously or discontinuously, for example in agitated tanks, film evaporators, falling-film evaporators, series of stirred-tank reactors, extruders, kneaders, simple disc reactors and high viscosity disc reactors.
  • Carbon dioxide diesters which may be used to produce polycarbonates, are, for example, diarylesters of carbon dioxide, the two aryl radicals preferably each having 6 to 14 carbon atoms.
  • the diesters of the carbon dioxide are preferably used on the basis of phenol or alkyl-substituted phenols, in other words, for example diphenylcarbonate or dicresylcarbonate. Based on 1 mol bisphenol the carbon dioxide diesters are preferably used in a quantity of 1.01 to 1.30 mol, particularly preferably in a quantity of 1.02 to 1.15 mol.
  • phenols, alkylphenols and/or arylphenols are used in the production of polycarbonates they have the effect of chain terminators. This means they limit the maximum achievable mean molecular weight. They may be added either together with the monomers required to produce the polycarbonate, or in a later phase of polycarbonate synthesis. They act as monofunctional compounds in the sense of the polycarbonate synthesis and therefore act as chain terminators.
  • the phenol, alkylphenols and/or arylphenols optionally used in production of the polycarbonates are preferably used in a quantity of 0.25 to 10 mol %, based on the sum of the respectively used bisphenols.
  • alkylphenols and/or arylphenols optionally used in the production of polycarbonates lead to terminal alkylphenol groups and to terminal arylphenol groups.
  • other terminal groups may occur in the resulting polycarbonate, depending on the production process, such as phenolic terminal OH groups or terminal chloroformic acid ester groups.
  • Phenol, alkylphenols and/or arylphenols without the addition of further substances which may act as chain terminators, are preferably exclusively used as chain terminators.
  • Suitable further substances which may act as chain terminators are monophenols and monocarboxylic acids.
  • Suitable monophenols are, for example, phenol, p-chlorophenol or 2,4,6-tribromophenol.
  • Suitable monocarboxylic acids are benzoic acid, alkylbenzoic acids and halogenbenzoic acids.
  • the preferred further substances which may act as chain terminators are phenol, p-tert.butylphenol, cumylphenol and isooctylphenol.
  • the quantity of further substances which may act as chain terminators is preferably between 0.25 and 10 mol %, based on the sum of respectively used dihydroxy compounds.
  • a cylindrical plastic sample (effective dimensions: diameter substantially between 4 and 5 mm, length substantially between 20 and 25 mm) is fixed at the ends by means of clamping jaws and fixed in a stretching rheometer.
  • the temperature of the sample is controlled by means of an oil bath which, at the measuring temperature of 200° C., has approximately the same density as the plastics material. After reaching constant temperature, the deformation is predetermined via the take-off rod connected to the clamping jaws at one end of the sample. A constant Hencky elongation rate ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ is given. This means that the take-off rate u increases exponentially with time.
  • the tensile force is measured as a function of time or total elongation.
  • the uniaxial stretching viscosity may be ascertained by referring the tensile stress ascertained to the time-dependent cross-sectional area.
  • the total elongation is not always achieved in the polycarbonates investigated as the samples may tear off or fail beforehand.
  • the evaluation of the uniaxial stretching test is as follows. The logarithm of the single stretching viscosity value and of the three-fold shear viscosity value are shown together in a graph as a function of time. It has been found that, in particular the plastics materials suitable for producing containers are those in which the stretching viscosities increase greatly (in terms of the ratio 5 as defined above) in comparison with the three-fold shear viscosity (see FIG. 1). The plastics materials in which the stretching viscosities do not increase greatly in comparison with the three-fold shear viscosity (see FIG. 2) are less suitable or unsuitable for producing water bottles in accordance with the invention.
  • the melts of the polycarbonates which are not advantageous for producing water bottles may to an extent not deform at high total elongations ( ⁇ >2.5) as the samples constrict and/or fail.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 will be described hereinafter.
  • FIG. 1 shows the uniaxial stretching viscosity ⁇ E (t, ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ ) and the three-fold shear viscosity 3 ⁇ (t) for a polycarbonate which is advantageous for producing water bottles by extrusion blow molding (produced in accordance with the example according to the invention).
  • the three-fold shear viscosity 3 ⁇ (t) is shown as a solid line.
  • the uniaxial stretching viscosities ⁇ E (t, ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ ) for three different elongation rates ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ of 0.1 and 0.03 and 0.01 (unit: 1 divided by seconds) are shown as lines with symbols. It may be seen that for all elongation rates the stretching viscosities increase greatly with increasing time and come to lie above the three-fold shear viscosity.
  • FIG. 2 shows the uniaxial stretching viscosity ⁇ E (t, ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ ) and the three-fold shear viscosity 3 ⁇ (t) for a polycarbonate which is not advantageous for producing water bottles by extrusion blow molding (produced in accordance with the comparison example).
  • the three-fold shear viscosity 3 ⁇ (t) is shown as a solid line.
  • the uniaxial stretching viscosities ⁇ E (t, ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ ) for three different elongation rates ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ of 0.2 and 0.1 and 0.05 (unit: 1 divided by seconds) are shown as lines with symbols. It may be seen that for all elongation rates the stretching viscosities do not increase greatly with increasing time and come to lie in the region of the three-fold shear viscosity.
  • the time axis t for a curve with a specific Hencky elongation rate ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ may be converted into the Hencky elongation ⁇ as:
  • Hencky elongation ⁇ Hencky elongation rate ⁇ dot over ( ⁇ ) ⁇ multiplied by time t applies.
  • FIG. 3 shows the bottles produced in the examples. The dimensions thereof are given in millimetres (mm).
  • FIG. 4 shows the position of the measuring points on the bottles at which the wall thickness was measured in the examples.
  • the numerals 1 - 46 indicate the locals of thickness measurements.
  • FIG. 5 is a graphic representation of the locations of the measurements of the wall thickness reported in Table 2.
  • the wall thickness in mm is plotted against the corresponding points 1 to 46 .
  • the bottle made of polycarbonate in accordance with the example shows a regular course (square symbols).
  • the bottle made of polycarbonate in accordance with the comparison example shows an irregular course (triangular symbols).
  • a polycarbonate was produced with the Theological stretching properties in accordance with the example. Water bottles with a volume of 5 gallons were subsequently produced from the plastic granules and the wall thickness distribution measured. The same process was carried out with a comparison product which had the rheological stretching properties in accordance with comparison example.
  • the alkali phase was separated from the organic phase.
  • the organic phase was adjusted with diluted phosphoric acid or hydrochloric acid to a pH of 1.
  • the phase was then washed free of electrolytes with deionised water.
  • After exchanging the methylene chloride for chlorobenzene the polycarbonate was isolated in a known manner via a stripping extruder.
  • the polycarbonate thus obtained had a relative solution viscosity, measured at a concentration of 0.5 g polycarbonate in 100 ml methylene chloride at 25° C., of 1.325.
  • the bottles were produced using an extrusion blow molding machine KBS 2-20 from SIG Blowtec with the following machine requirements.
  • An extruder with a screw 100 mm in diameter and a length of 25 D was used, which introduced little frictional heat into the material at relatively low screw speeds.
  • the plasticizing capacity was between about 145 and 190 kg/h at a bottle weight of about 750 g net and a piece number of 130 to 144 bottles/hour.
  • the plasticizing cylinder was equipped with regulated heating zones and fans guaranteeing exact and constant temperature control.
  • the drive was provided by a thyristor-controlled d.c. unit which provided for uniform conveying of material and a constant torque.
  • the double heart-shaped grooves offset by 180° produced an inner and an outer parison and convey the flow of melt into the accumulator chamber.
  • Mandrel and die in the parison die were conical in design. The mandrel was displaced axially with respect to the conical die via a wall thickness control programme. Consequently, it was possible to optimise the weight of the bottle and adapt the wall thicknesses in the corresponding wall regions, for example in the base region.
  • the extruder temperatures were 110° C. in the feed zone and between 245° C. and 265° C. in the individual heating zones.
  • the die head temperatures were 245° C. to 250° C. and the die temperature 275° C.
  • the melt temperature was 267° C.
  • the mean cycle time was ⁇ 0.2 s at 25.8 s, with an ejection time of the parison of 5.3 s, corresponding to a piece number of 138 to 140 bottles per hour.
  • a conventional vertical wall thickness profile for 5 gallon polycarbonate bottles was used to control the wall thickness.
  • the bottles produced had a net weight of 750 g to 850 g and were immediately adjusted in temperature by means of infrared radiation.
  • the temperature control served to rapidly relax the material and to relax the process-induced internal stress associated therewith.
  • a Protherm 850-3 model, Serial No.: KRK 7110, infrared radiation oven from Process Dynamics Inc., USA was used.
  • the adjustable temperatures of the seven heating zones present were selected such that a surface temperature of the bottles of 130° C. ⁇ 2° C. was ensured.
  • the wall thicknesses were ascertained using an ultrasonic wall thickness measuring apparatus from Krautkramer GmbH & Co, Hürth, Germany of the CL3 DL type.
  • This apparatus operates by the impulse-echo principle. Measurement of the time covered by the pulse in the material starts with the entry echo produced when a portion of the ultrasonic pulse is reflected from the boundary face between advance section and the surface of the material to be measured.
  • the CL3 DL automatically decides on a measurement from the entry echo to the first slap-back (interface-to-first modes) or on a measurement between successive slap-back echoes (multi-echo-modes).
  • the wall thickness measurements were made at 46 measuring points (see FIG. 4) directly on the bottle using an ultrasonic coupling means.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Containers Having Bodies Formed In One Piece (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
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US9944749B2 (en) 2012-08-09 2018-04-17 Swimc, Llc Polycarbonates
US10113027B2 (en) 2014-04-14 2018-10-30 Swimc Llc Methods of preparing compositions for containers and other articles and methods of using same
US10316211B2 (en) 2012-08-09 2019-06-11 Swimc Llc Stabilizer and coating compositions thereof
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US20090137709A1 (en) * 2007-11-02 2009-05-28 Bayer Materialscience Ag Polyol-containing, flame-resistant polycarbonates, processes for preparing the same and products containing the same
USD614034S1 (en) 2009-07-01 2010-04-20 Kraft Foods Global Brands Llc Container dome
USD635458S1 (en) 2009-07-01 2011-04-05 Kraft Foods Global Brands Llc Container
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US11130881B2 (en) 2010-04-16 2021-09-28 Swimc Llc Coating compositions for packaging articles and methods of coating
US9409219B2 (en) 2011-02-07 2016-08-09 Valspar Sourcing, Inc. Compositions for containers and other articles and methods of using same
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US10294388B2 (en) 2011-02-07 2019-05-21 Swimc Llc Compositions for containers and other articles and methods of using same
US10526502B2 (en) 2012-08-09 2020-01-07 Swimc Llc Container coating system
US11306218B2 (en) 2012-08-09 2022-04-19 Swimc Llc Container coating system
US10316211B2 (en) 2012-08-09 2019-06-11 Swimc Llc Stabilizer and coating compositions thereof
US9475328B2 (en) 2012-08-09 2016-10-25 Valspar Sourcing, Inc. Developer for thermally responsive record materials
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WO2003080317A1 (de) 2003-10-02
MXPA04009198A (es) 2004-11-26
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AU2003214141A1 (en) 2003-10-08
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BR0303578A (pt) 2005-02-01

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