US20030183310A1 - Method of making amorphous metallic sheet - Google Patents

Method of making amorphous metallic sheet Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030183310A1
US20030183310A1 US10/109,043 US10904302A US2003183310A1 US 20030183310 A1 US20030183310 A1 US 20030183310A1 US 10904302 A US10904302 A US 10904302A US 2003183310 A1 US2003183310 A1 US 2003183310A1
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metallic material
pool
molten
amorphous
sheet
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US10/109,043
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Michael McRae
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Howmet Corp
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Howmet Research Corp
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Priority to US10/109,043 priority Critical patent/US20030183310A1/en
Assigned to HOWMET RESEARCH CORPORATION reassignment HOWMET RESEARCH CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MCRAE, MICHAEL M.
Priority to EP03006039A priority patent/EP1348502A1/en
Priority to JP2003085472A priority patent/JP2003290876A/en
Priority to KR10-2003-0019181A priority patent/KR20030078716A/en
Publication of US20030183310A1 publication Critical patent/US20030183310A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/01—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths without moulds, e.g. on molten surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D25/00—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of making a thin sheet of amorphous metallic material.
  • Amorphous (oftentimes called glassy) metallic materials have been made by rapid solidification processes.
  • amorphous metallic powder has been made by various types of atomization processes where the molten metallic material is discharged from an atomization nozzle, pressure and/or gas atomized, and rapidly cooled to solidify as amorphous powder particles.
  • Amorphous metallic ribbon has been made by the so-called melt spinning process where the molten metallic material is discharged onto a rotating, cooled wheel to rapidly solidify as a flat ribbon.
  • the width dimension of melt spun, flat ribbon has been limited by the relatively narrow width of the cooled wheel on which it is rapidly solidified. For example, melt spun ribbons typically have a width dimension not exceeding approximately 11 ⁇ 2 inches.
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides a method of making a sheet of amorphous metallic material wherein molten metallic material capable of rapidly solidifying to an amorphous microstructure is discharged onto a surface of a liquid cooling pool.
  • the liquid cooling pool comprises a thermally conductive liquid material, such as a molten metal or alloy, having a lower temperature than that of the molten metallic material discharged thereon.
  • the molten metallic material is discharged onto the pool and assumes a width dimension of the pool. This width dimension is imparted to the solidified amorphous sheet as the molten metallic material rapidly solidifies on the surface of the pool.
  • the solidified amorphous sheet is removed from the pool surface at a location remote from where the molten material is discharged onto the pool.
  • Molten amorphous metallic material is fed onto the pool surface at a rate to control the thickness dimension of the amorphous sheet.
  • FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of apparatus for practicing a method embodiment pursuant the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of the apparatus.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of apparatus for practicing another method embodiment pursuant the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of apparatus for practicing still another method embodiment pursuant the invention.
  • the present invention provides a method of making a sheet S of amorphous metallic material wherein the sheet is considered to be amorphous when its microstructure is at least 50% amorphous or glassy, preferably when its microstructure is substantially 100% amorphous or glassy.
  • the amorphous or glassy microstructure is a non-crystalline, non-ordered structure that is evident from X-ray diffraction patterns thereof.
  • Amorphous metallic materials which can be made into amorphous sheet by practice of the invention include, but are not limited to, aluminum based alloys, iron based alloys, titanium based alloys, zirconium based alloys such as Vitreloy amorphous alloy, and other amorphous alloys. When rapidly solidified at appropriate relatively high cooling rates, these metallic materials can produce an amorphous microstructure described above. Cooling rates on the order of 10 3 degrees F./second maximum may be involved.
  • the invention can be practiced to make a sheet S of amorphous metallic material where a sheet for purposes of illustration and not limitation may have a width dimension of about 3 inches and above, such as for example about 4 to about 12 inches, and a thickness up to about 2 inches, such as for example about 0.1 inch to about 0.5 inch and above, with any desired length, the particular sheet dimensions achievable being dependent on the particular amorphous alloy being solidified.
  • molten metallic material M capable of rapidly solidifying to an amorphous microstructure is melted and heated to a selected casting temperature in an induction melting crucible 10 received within an induction coil 12 of a melting vessel 14 .
  • the crucible includes a rectangular shaped nozzle opening 16 in the bottom crucible wall 10 a and in an underlying crucible support plate 15 .
  • the nozzle opening 16 is formed by a ceramic nozzle insert 17 received and sealed in crucible bottom wall 10 a and crucible support plate 15 .
  • a complementary shaped ceramic nozzle stopper rod 18 is received in the nozzle opening 16 and is moved by stopper rod actuator 21 to close off and open the nozzle opening 16 in a manner to meter the molten metallic material onto a horizontal, quiescent upper surface 20 a of liquid cooling pool 20 residing in a vessel 22 .
  • Solid ingots I of the amorphous metallic material can be fed through a door 31 a in housing 31 into the crucible 10 in a manner to provide continuous melting and supply of the molten metallic material onto the upper surface 20 a of the pool 20 .
  • pre-melted metallic material can be supplied to the crucible 10 from a suitable source, such as a supply ladle and the like.
  • the crucible 10 and pool 20 can reside in a common chamber 30 of a housing 31 with the chamber 30 pressurized to a slight superambient pressure (e.g. greater than 1.1 atmospheres) using a source Ar of inert gas, such as argon, or other gas that is non-reactive with the molten metallic material M.
  • a source Ar of inert gas such as argon, or other gas that is non-reactive with the molten metallic material M.
  • the use of an inert or non-reactive gas atmosphere in chamber 30 controls (reduces) oxygen content of the chamber to avoid unwanted reaction of the molten and solidified amorphous metallic material with oxygen as well as other gases.
  • the crucible 10 can reside in a melting chamber 33 disposed above the pool 20 and slightly pressurized with an inert or non-reactive gas atmosphere, while the pool 20 in vessel 22 is disposed in ambient air.
  • the melting chamber 33 is pressurized slightly above atmospheric pressure using an inert or non-reactive gas and includes an opening 33 a through which the molten metallic material can be discharged on to pool surface 20 a .
  • a blanket B of argon or other inert or non-reactive gas is provided by piping the argon gas (which is heavier than air) to reside above the top surface of the molten and solidified amorphous metallic material on the pool surface 20 a .
  • the gas blanket B stays in place above the top surface of the metallic material as a result of its higher density than air and can be supplied with additional gas over time as necessary to maintain the blanket.
  • the liquid cooling pool 20 comprises a thermally conductive liquid material, such as a molten metal or alloy, having a melting point lower than that of the amorphous metallic material M discharged thereon from nozzle opening 16 .
  • the liquid material comprising the liquid cooling pool 20 preferably does not react or alloy with the amorphous metallic material discharged and solidified thereon in a manner that adversely affects its amorphous properties and has a density such that the amorphous metallic material will float on the surface 20 a of the pool 20 .
  • the temperature of the liquid cooling pool 20 is maintained below the temperature of the molten metallic material M discharged from the crucible 10 .
  • the liquid cooling pool 20 provides a high enough cooling rate to rapidly solidify the molten metallic material M within for example only, 10 seconds of its contacting the pool surface 20 a.
  • a molten tin pool maintained at a temperature of 450 to 500 degrees F. can be used to rapidly solidify a molten amorphous metallic material.
  • the molten tin pool can be used to rapidly solidify a conventional aluminum based amorphous alloy that is discharged from crucible 10 at a temperature of 1300 degrees F. (alloy melting point of 1200-1250 degrees F.) and at a rate of 1 to 10 pounds/second.
  • a solidified amorphous sheet may be produced having an exemplary thickness of about 0.1 to about 0.3 inch, an exemplary width of about 4 to about 12 inches and exemplary length of about 12 to about 36 inches and a microstructure that is substantially 100% amorphous or glassy.
  • the vessel 22 includes a laterally elongated ceramic end stop 32 proximate the nozzle opening 16 and extending substantially parallel with the nozzle opening 16 .
  • the ceramic stop 32 defines an end of the sheet of molten metallic material M as it is discharged and spreads over onto the flat, quiescent upper surface 20 a of the pool 20 .
  • the width dimension W of pool 20 between side walls 22 a of the vessel 22 defines the width dimension of the amorphous sheet S to be produced since the molten amorphous metallic material discharged from the nozzle opening 16 will spread out over pool surface 20 a and encounter and be confined by the opposite lateral side walls 22 a .
  • the nozzle opening 16 optionally may have a width dimension that is generally equal to the width dimension between side walls 22 a , rather than the nozzle size shown.
  • the width dimension of the amorphous sheet alternately can be defined between refractory side members 23 spaced from vessel walls 22 a and immersed in the pool 20 at appropriate locations from the vessel walls 22 a to define the desired width of the sheet to be produced.
  • the side members 23 can be adjustably mounted on vessel walls 22 a to this end.
  • the thickness of the amorphous sheet S to be produced is controlled by the rate at which the molten metallic material M is discharged from nozzle opening 16 onto pool surface 20 a as controlled by the stopper rod 18 as well as the withdrawal rate of solidified amorphous sheet from the pool surface 20 a on rollers 40 , some or all of which rollers are driven to rotate by one or more conventional roller drive motors 55 (one shown schematically).
  • the primary thickness control employs a laser level control sensor 50 that senses the height (thickness) of the metallic material M (either molten or solidified) on the pool surface 20 a and provides feedback signals to stopper rod actuator 21 , such as an electrically driven stopper rod actuator.
  • the actuator 21 adjusts the position of stopper rod 18 relative to nozzle opening 16 to control the rate of supply of molten amorphous metallic material to pool 20 in response to the feedback signals representative of the height (thickness) of the molten metallic material M on pool surface 20 a to maintain a uniform sheet thickness.
  • the solidified end E of the amorphous sheet S is withdrawn by the rollers 40 at a controlled rate to this end as well.
  • the amorphous sheet S is withdrawn from pool surface 20 a in a direction parallel to the pool surface 20 a .
  • the solidified end of sheet S is withdrawn through a seal 60 that minimizes leakage of the cooling liquid of pool 20 .
  • the length of the amorphous sheet S is controlled by the total amount of molten metallic material M continuously supplied over time from the crucible 10 through the nozzle opening 16 onto the pool surface 20 a and withdrawn as a solidified amorphous sheet S.
  • the solidified amorphous sheet can be produced to a selected length that may optionally be coiled.

Abstract

A method of making a sheet of amorphous metallic material wherein molten metallic material capable of rapidly solidifying to an amorphous microstructure is discharged onto a flat, quiescent surface of a liquid cooling pool. The liquid cooling pool comprises a thermally conductive liquid material, such as a molten metal or alloy, having a lower temperature than that of the amorphous metallic material discharged thereon. The molten metallic material is discharged onto the pool and assumes the width dimension of the pool. The solidified amorphous sheet is continuously removed from the pool surface at a location remote from where the molten material is discharged onto the pool.

Description

    FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to a method of making a thin sheet of amorphous metallic material. [0001]
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Amorphous (oftentimes called glassy) metallic materials have been made by rapid solidification processes. For example, amorphous metallic powder has been made by various types of atomization processes where the molten metallic material is discharged from an atomization nozzle, pressure and/or gas atomized, and rapidly cooled to solidify as amorphous powder particles. Amorphous metallic ribbon has been made by the so-called melt spinning process where the molten metallic material is discharged onto a rotating, cooled wheel to rapidly solidify as a flat ribbon. The width dimension of melt spun, flat ribbon has been limited by the relatively narrow width of the cooled wheel on which it is rapidly solidified. For example, melt spun ribbons typically have a width dimension not exceeding approximately 1½ inches. [0002]
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides a method of making a sheet of amorphous metallic material wherein molten metallic material capable of rapidly solidifying to an amorphous microstructure is discharged onto a surface of a liquid cooling pool. The liquid cooling pool comprises a thermally conductive liquid material, such as a molten metal or alloy, having a lower temperature than that of the molten metallic material discharged thereon. The molten metallic material is discharged onto the pool and assumes a width dimension of the pool. This width dimension is imparted to the solidified amorphous sheet as the molten metallic material rapidly solidifies on the surface of the pool. The solidified amorphous sheet is removed from the pool surface at a location remote from where the molten material is discharged onto the pool. Molten amorphous metallic material is fed onto the pool surface at a rate to control the thickness dimension of the amorphous sheet. The above and other advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following drawings taken in conjunction with the following detailed description.[0003]
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of apparatus for practicing a method embodiment pursuant the invention. [0004]
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of the apparatus. [0005]
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of apparatus for practicing another method embodiment pursuant the invention. [0006]
  • FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of apparatus for practicing still another method embodiment pursuant the invention.[0007]
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention provides a method of making a sheet S of amorphous metallic material wherein the sheet is considered to be amorphous when its microstructure is at least 50% amorphous or glassy, preferably when its microstructure is substantially 100% amorphous or glassy. The amorphous or glassy microstructure is a non-crystalline, non-ordered structure that is evident from X-ray diffraction patterns thereof. [0008]
  • Amorphous metallic materials which can be made into amorphous sheet by practice of the invention include, but are not limited to, aluminum based alloys, iron based alloys, titanium based alloys, zirconium based alloys such as Vitreloy amorphous alloy, and other amorphous alloys. When rapidly solidified at appropriate relatively high cooling rates, these metallic materials can produce an amorphous microstructure described above. Cooling rates on the order of 10[0009] 3 degrees F./second maximum may be involved. The invention can be practiced to make a sheet S of amorphous metallic material where a sheet for purposes of illustration and not limitation may have a width dimension of about 3 inches and above, such as for example about 4 to about 12 inches, and a thickness up to about 2 inches, such as for example about 0.1 inch to about 0.5 inch and above, with any desired length, the particular sheet dimensions achievable being dependent on the particular amorphous alloy being solidified.
  • Referring to FIG. 1, molten metallic material M capable of rapidly solidifying to an amorphous microstructure is melted and heated to a selected casting temperature in an [0010] induction melting crucible 10 received within an induction coil 12 of a melting vessel 14. The crucible includes a rectangular shaped nozzle opening 16 in the bottom crucible wall 10 a and in an underlying crucible support plate 15. The nozzle opening 16 is formed by a ceramic nozzle insert 17 received and sealed in crucible bottom wall 10 a and crucible support plate 15. A complementary shaped ceramic nozzle stopper rod 18 is received in the nozzle opening 16 and is moved by stopper rod actuator 21 to close off and open the nozzle opening 16 in a manner to meter the molten metallic material onto a horizontal, quiescent upper surface 20 a of liquid cooling pool 20 residing in a vessel 22.
  • Solid ingots I of the amorphous metallic material can be fed through a [0011] door 31 a in housing 31 into the crucible 10 in a manner to provide continuous melting and supply of the molten metallic material onto the upper surface 20 a of the pool 20. Alternately, pre-melted metallic material can be supplied to the crucible 10 from a suitable source, such as a supply ladle and the like.
  • The [0012] crucible 10 and pool 20 can reside in a common chamber 30 of a housing 31 with the chamber 30 pressurized to a slight superambient pressure (e.g. greater than 1.1 atmospheres) using a source Ar of inert gas, such as argon, or other gas that is non-reactive with the molten metallic material M. The use of an inert or non-reactive gas atmosphere in chamber 30 controls (reduces) oxygen content of the chamber to avoid unwanted reaction of the molten and solidified amorphous metallic material with oxygen as well as other gases.
  • Alternately, as shown in FIG. 4 where like features bear like reference numerals, the [0013] crucible 10 can reside in a melting chamber 33 disposed above the pool 20 and slightly pressurized with an inert or non-reactive gas atmosphere, while the pool 20 in vessel 22 is disposed in ambient air. The melting chamber 33 is pressurized slightly above atmospheric pressure using an inert or non-reactive gas and includes an opening 33 a through which the molten metallic material can be discharged on to pool surface 20 a. A blanket B of argon or other inert or non-reactive gas is provided by piping the argon gas (which is heavier than air) to reside above the top surface of the molten and solidified amorphous metallic material on the pool surface 20 a. The gas blanket B stays in place above the top surface of the metallic material as a result of its higher density than air and can be supplied with additional gas over time as necessary to maintain the blanket.
  • The [0014] liquid cooling pool 20 comprises a thermally conductive liquid material, such as a molten metal or alloy, having a melting point lower than that of the amorphous metallic material M discharged thereon from nozzle opening 16. The liquid material comprising the liquid cooling pool 20 preferably does not react or alloy with the amorphous metallic material discharged and solidified thereon in a manner that adversely affects its amorphous properties and has a density such that the amorphous metallic material will float on the surface 20 a of the pool 20. The temperature of the liquid cooling pool 20 is maintained below the temperature of the molten metallic material M discharged from the crucible 10. The liquid cooling pool 20 provides a high enough cooling rate to rapidly solidify the molten metallic material M within for example only, 10 seconds of its contacting the pool surface 20 a.
  • For purposes of illustration and not limitation, a molten tin pool maintained at a temperature of 450 to 500 degrees F. can be used to rapidly solidify a molten amorphous metallic material. For example, the molten tin pool can be used to rapidly solidify a conventional aluminum based amorphous alloy that is discharged from [0015] crucible 10 at a temperature of 1300 degrees F. (alloy melting point of 1200-1250 degrees F.) and at a rate of 1 to 10 pounds/second. A solidified amorphous sheet may be produced having an exemplary thickness of about 0.1 to about 0.3 inch, an exemplary width of about 4 to about 12 inches and exemplary length of about 12 to about 36 inches and a microstructure that is substantially 100% amorphous or glassy.
  • The [0016] vessel 22 includes a laterally elongated ceramic end stop 32 proximate the nozzle opening 16 and extending substantially parallel with the nozzle opening 16. The ceramic stop 32 defines an end of the sheet of molten metallic material M as it is discharged and spreads over onto the flat, quiescent upper surface 20 a of the pool 20. In FIG. 2, the width dimension W of pool 20 between side walls 22 a of the vessel 22 defines the width dimension of the amorphous sheet S to be produced since the molten amorphous metallic material discharged from the nozzle opening 16 will spread out over pool surface 20 a and encounter and be confined by the opposite lateral side walls 22 a. The nozzle opening 16 optionally may have a width dimension that is generally equal to the width dimension between side walls 22 a, rather than the nozzle size shown. In FIG. 3, the width dimension of the amorphous sheet alternately can be defined between refractory side members 23 spaced from vessel walls 22 a and immersed in the pool 20 at appropriate locations from the vessel walls 22 a to define the desired width of the sheet to be produced. The side members 23 can be adjustably mounted on vessel walls 22 a to this end.
  • The thickness of the amorphous sheet S to be produced is controlled by the rate at which the molten metallic material M is discharged from nozzle opening [0017] 16 onto pool surface 20 a as controlled by the stopper rod 18 as well as the withdrawal rate of solidified amorphous sheet from the pool surface 20 a on rollers 40, some or all of which rollers are driven to rotate by one or more conventional roller drive motors 55 (one shown schematically). In particular, the primary thickness control employs a laser level control sensor 50 that senses the height (thickness) of the metallic material M (either molten or solidified) on the pool surface 20 a and provides feedback signals to stopper rod actuator 21, such as an electrically driven stopper rod actuator. The actuator 21 adjusts the position of stopper rod 18 relative to nozzle opening 16 to control the rate of supply of molten amorphous metallic material to pool 20 in response to the feedback signals representative of the height (thickness) of the molten metallic material M on pool surface 20 a to maintain a uniform sheet thickness.
  • The solidified end E of the amorphous sheet S is withdrawn by the [0018] rollers 40 at a controlled rate to this end as well. The amorphous sheet S is withdrawn from pool surface 20 a in a direction parallel to the pool surface 20 a. The solidified end of sheet S is withdrawn through a seal 60 that minimizes leakage of the cooling liquid of pool 20.
  • The length of the amorphous sheet S is controlled by the total amount of molten metallic material M continuously supplied over time from the [0019] crucible 10 through the nozzle opening 16 onto the pool surface 20 a and withdrawn as a solidified amorphous sheet S. The solidified amorphous sheet can be produced to a selected length that may optionally be coiled.
  • Although the invention has been described in detail above with respect to certain embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications, changes and the like can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. [0020]

Claims (12)

1. A method of making a sheet of amorphous metallic material, comprising discharging a molten metallic material onto a surface of a liquid cooling pool and solidifying the molten metallic material on said surface rapidly enough to form an amorphous sheet of said metallic material on said surface.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said molten metallic material discharged on said surface assumes a width dimension of said pool.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said molten metallic material discharged on said surface assumes a width dimension of a vessel in which said pool resides.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said molten metallic material discharged on said surface assumes a width dimension of side members immersed in the pool.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said molten metallic material is discharged on said surface of said pool which comprises a thermally conductive liquid material at a temperature lower than that of said molten metallic material.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said thermally conductive liquid material comprises a molten metal or alloy having a lower melting point than that of the molten metallic material discharged thereon.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said molten metal or alloy comprises molten tin.
8. The method of claim 1 including withdrawing the amorphous sheet from said surface in a direction parallel to said surface.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the molten metallic material is fed onto the pool surface at a rate to control the thickness dimension of said amorphous sheet.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the height of the metallic material on said surface is sensed.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said molten metallic material is fed onto the pool surface from a crucible in response to the sensed height.
12. The method of claim 1 including providing an inert or non-reactive gas above said molten metallic material discharged onto said surface and above said amorphous sheet.
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EP03006039A EP1348502A1 (en) 2002-03-29 2003-03-19 Method of making amorphous metallic sheet
JP2003085472A JP2003290876A (en) 2002-03-29 2003-03-26 Method of making amorphous metallic sheet
KR10-2003-0019181A KR20030078716A (en) 2002-03-29 2003-03-27 Method of making amorphous metallic sheet

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US20090236017A1 (en) * 2008-03-21 2009-09-24 Johnson William L Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge
US20120006085A1 (en) * 2010-04-08 2012-01-12 California Institute Of Technology Electromagnetic forming of metallic glasses using a capacitive discharge and magnetic field
US8485245B1 (en) * 2012-05-16 2013-07-16 Crucible Intellectual Property, Llc Bulk amorphous alloy sheet forming processes
US8613815B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2013-12-24 California Institute Of Technology Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge
US8613816B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2013-12-24 California Institute Of Technology Forming of ferromagnetic metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge
US8613814B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2013-12-24 California Institute Of Technology Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging
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US9297058B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2016-03-29 California Institute Of Technology Injection molding of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge
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US20090236017A1 (en) * 2008-03-21 2009-09-24 Johnson William L Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge
US9297058B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2016-03-29 California Institute Of Technology Injection molding of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge
US8961716B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2015-02-24 California Institute Of Technology Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge
US20120006085A1 (en) * 2010-04-08 2012-01-12 California Institute Of Technology Electromagnetic forming of metallic glasses using a capacitive discharge and magnetic field
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