US20030043463A1 - Athermalized plastic lens - Google Patents

Athermalized plastic lens Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030043463A1
US20030043463A1 US09/551,272 US55127200A US2003043463A1 US 20030043463 A1 US20030043463 A1 US 20030043463A1 US 55127200 A US55127200 A US 55127200A US 2003043463 A1 US2003043463 A1 US 2003043463A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
lens
diffractive optical
axicon
optothermal
optical element
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US09/551,272
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English (en)
Inventor
Yajun Li
Vladimir Gurevich
Mark Krichever
Edward Barkan
Miklos Stern
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Individual
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Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US09/551,272 priority Critical patent/US20030043463A1/en
Publication of US20030043463A1 publication Critical patent/US20030043463A1/en
Priority to US10/745,830 priority patent/US7038853B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/02—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces
    • G02B3/08—Simple or compound lenses with non-spherical faces with discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lens
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10544—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation by scanning of the records by radiation in the optical part of the electromagnetic spectrum
    • G06K7/10792—Special measures in relation to the object to be scanned
    • G06K7/10801—Multidistance reading
    • G06K7/10811—Focalisation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/001—Axicons, waxicons, reflaxicons

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an athermalized plastic lens.
  • a specific optical property e.g., a specific focal length
  • changes in temperature that affect the specific optical property of the lens can cause the system to function improperly or inaccurately.
  • the lens is used in a bar code scanner to focus light reflected from a bar code symbol onto a CCD device that produces an image of the symbol, the produced image may be too out-of-focus to be effectively decoded if the focal length of the lens is affected significantly by a temperature change.
  • a glass lens is more resistant to temperature changes than a plastic lens having the same shape.
  • the invention provides an athermalized plastic lens in which optothermal changes are balanced by refractive and diffractive optics, allowing the lens to achieve thermal performance characteristics similar to those of a glass lens, while being inexpensive, lightweight, and easily shaped.
  • the lens includes an axicon, the lens provides equipment such as bar code scanners with an extended working range.
  • the lens may include a refractive surface and a diffractive optical element, wherein optothermal changes due to the refractive surface counter optothermal changes due to the diffractive optical element.
  • the optothermal changes may cancel each other and include changes affecting the focal length of the lens.
  • the lens may include polycarbonate.
  • the lens may include acrylic.
  • the lens may include a net positive power.
  • the optothermal expansion coefficient of the refractive optical apparatus may be higher than an optothermal expansion coefficient of the diffractive optical apparatus.
  • the lens may include a diffractive optical element that is substantially smaller than the lens.
  • the first surface of the lens may provide substantially all of the negative power of the lens
  • the second surface of the lens may provide substantially all of the positive power of the lens.
  • the surface of the lens may provide substantially all of the negative power of the lens and substantially all of the positive power of the lens.
  • the diffractive optical apparatus may include a diffractive optical element that is substantially spherical in average.
  • the surface of the lens may be substantially flat.
  • the refractive optical apparatus may be divided unevenly between first and second surfaces of the lens. Substantially all of the diffractive optical apparatus may be disposed on one surface of the lens.
  • the diffractive optical apparatus may be divided substantially evenly between first and second surfaces of the lens.
  • the lens may include an axicon.
  • the axicon may include a polymer.
  • the axicon may be disposed at a substantially spherical surface of the lens.
  • the diffractive optical element and the axicon may be disposed at different surfaces of the lens.
  • the lens may include a diffractive optical element that includes at least eight phase levels.
  • the lens may include a diffractive optical element that includes fewer than nine phase levels.
  • the axicon may be affixed to a surface of the lens.
  • the lens may include an aspherical surface having the optical properties of a combination of a spherical surface with the axicon.
  • the lens may include a doublet.
  • the lens may include a Cook triplet anastigmat.
  • the lens may include a symmetric double Gaussian.
  • the MTF of the lens may be higher with the axicon than without the axicon for bar code symbols having spatial wavelengths of 10-20 mils, inclusive.
  • the MTF of the lens may be at least 0.2 for a 10 mil bar code symbol that is from about 4 to about 16 inches away from the lens.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of an embodiment of an athermalized plastic lens having refractive surfaces and diffractive optical elements.
  • FIGS. 2 a and 2 b are illustrations of diffractive optical elements that are used in embodiments of the athermalized plastic lens.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrations of embodiments of the athermalized plastic lens.
  • FIG. 5A is a conceptual illustration of an embodiment of the athermalized plastic lens having an axicon.
  • FIG. 5B is an illustration of the embodiment of FIG. 5A.
  • FIG. 6 is a flat-profile illustration of a diffractive optical element used in the embodiment of FIGS. 5 A- 5 B.
  • FIG. 7 is an illustration of another embodiment of the athermalized plastic lens having an axicon.
  • FIG. 8 is an illustration of bar code scanning using an athermalized plastic lens having an axicon.
  • FIGS. 9A, 9B, 10 A, 10 B, 11 A, and 11 B show MTF curves for athermalized plastic lenses having different axicons.
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 show MTF curves for different spatial wavelengths used with athermalized plastic lenses having different axicons.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a lens 10 that is an embodiment of an athermalized plastic hybrid lens (“hybrid lens”) that includes refractive and diffractive optics.
  • hybrid lens an athermalized plastic hybrid lens
  • optical changes balancing changes in optical properties resulting from temperature-induced expansion or contraction of lens material (“optothermal changes”), the hybrid lens achieves thermal performance characteristics similar to those of a glass lens, while being inexpensive, lightweight, and easy to shape.
  • the balancing is accomplished by special properties of surfaces and elements of the hybrid lens (e.g., spherical refractive surfaces 12 , 14 and diffractive optical elements (“DOEs”) 16 , 18 of lens 10 ), as described below.
  • DOEs diffractive optical elements
  • the optothermal changes resulting from a temperature change produce a focal length difference.
  • the nature of the relationship between the temperature change and the focal length difference depends on the characteristics of the lens.
  • the temperature change produces no significant focal length difference, i.e., the focal length of an athermalized lens is not significantly affected by temperature changes.
  • Lens 10 has a focal length f that includes the following components that are related as described in equation (1) below: a refractive focal length f r due to the refractive surfaces 12 , 14 which have focal lengths f r1 and f r2 respectively, and a diffractive focal length f d due to the DOEs 16 , 18 which have focal lengths f d1 and f d2 , respectively.
  • the refractive surfaces 12 , 14 and DOEs 16 , 18 have opto-thermal expansion coefficients x r and x d , respectively, each of which is a measure of the extent to which the respective focal length (f r or f d ) is changed per unit of temperature change. Equation (2) below relates changes ⁇ f, ⁇ f r , and ⁇ f d in focal lengths f, f r , and f d , respectively, to a temperature change ⁇ T.
  • focal length change ⁇ f may be taken to be zero, to produce equation (3) which shows that in lens 10 the ratio of expansion coefficient x r to focal length f r is balanced by the ratio of expansion coefficient x d to focal length f d .
  • x r f r - x d f d ( 3 )
  • lens 10 may use polycarbonate material, for which expansion coefficients x r and x d have the following values:
  • Equations (5a) and (5b) below show that substituting the polycarbonate coefficient values into equations (4a) and (4b) produces a directly proportional relationship between focal length f and focal lengths f r and f d , respectively.
  • f r ( 1 - 246 131 )
  • ⁇ f - 0.878 ⁇ f
  • f d ( 1 - 131 246 )
  • ⁇ f 0.467 ⁇ f
  • lens 10 uses acrylic material, the following values and equations apply.
  • the hybrid lens has positive power (i.e., has a focal length greater than zero) and uses a material (e.g., polycarbonate or acrylic) for which refractive surfaces are more sensitive to temperature changes than DOEs (i.e., the value for coefficient x r is greater than the value for coefficient x d )
  • the hybrid lens has the general shape of a lens with negative power.
  • the positive power of the DOEs overcomes the negative power of the refractive surfaces, to produce a net positive power for the lens.
  • such a lens can use DOEs that are small relative to the size of the lens.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate lenses 20 and 22 of polycarbonate and acrylic, respectively, which lenses are other embodiments of the hybrid lens and in each of which substantially all of the negative power of the hybrid lens is provided by one of the surfaces 12 ′ or 12 ′′ and substantially all of the positive power is provided by another of the surfaces 14 ′ or 14 ′′.
  • FIG. 3 shows a lens 24 that is another embodiment of the hybrid lens and in which one of the surfaces 12 ′′′ provides not only substantially all of the negative power but also substantially all of the positive power, and the other surface 14 ′′′ provides no significant negative or positive power.
  • the one surface may include a DOE that is substantially spherical in average and the other surface may be substantially flat and may be used for aspherical replication.
  • FIG. 4 shows a lens 26 that is another embodiment of the hybrid lens and in which one substantially spherical surface 12 ′′′′ provides less of the refractive power than another substantially spherical surface 14 ′′′′, and substantially all of the diffractive power is provided by a surface-relief DOE on the other substantially spherical surface 14 ′′′′.
  • Surface 12 ′′′′ may have an aspherical surface or replica.
  • FIG. 5B shows a lens 30 that is another embodiment of the hybrid lens, which embodiment includes an aspherical mold that is pressed from a drop of polymer to form an axicon 32 on a substantially spherical surface 34 of the lens.
  • the lens 30 also includes a DOE 36 formed in another surface 38 of the lens.
  • FIG. 5A provides a conceptual illustration of lens 30 .
  • the DOE 36 may have eight phase levels 40 a - h as illustrated by FIG. 6 which for clarity shows DOE 36 in a flat profile, not in the actual convex profile provided in accordance with the athermal aspect of the hybrid lens as described above.
  • the axicon enhances the ability of the hybrid lens to focus laser beams to achieve elongated profiles advantageous for bar-code scanning, as described below.
  • FIG. 7 shows a lens 42 that is another embodiment of the hybrid lens, which embodiment has an aspherical surface 34 ′ that has the optical properties of surface 34 combined with axicon 32 .
  • lens 42 performs similarly to lens 30 but is a single piece and therefore may be less expensive to manufacture.
  • Lenses 30 and 42 may be made of polycarbonate which has properties described above.
  • a lens-axicon combination may be particularly useful for extending the working range (e.g., by 50-100%) of a CCD-based bar code scanner.
  • the axicon operates as a phase correction element to allow the scanner to resolve an out-of-focus bar code that the scanner could not resolve by relying on the lens alone.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates lens 44 and axicon 46 which together are an example combination 48 of the lens-axicon combination.
  • Combination 48 has an aperture 50 that has a diameter 1 and is a distance a from a CCD imager 52 of a bar code scanner, a distance b from an in-focus point 54 , and a distance z from a barcode-bearing surface 58 at a surface point 56 .
  • the lens 44 may be a doublet, a Cook triplet anastigmat or a symmetric double Gaussian, and provides optical power to bend incident light toward the imager 42 .
  • the axicon 46 effectively elongates the focal depth of the lens 44 by contributing phase correction when the surface 58 is not at the in-focus point 54 .
  • the axicon 46 has an axicon induced phase coefficient ⁇ .
  • Equation (7) describes an MTF value as a function of spatial frequency v (e.g., of a bar code symbol) for a lens having an axicon that includes a circular pupil of diameter 1 , and has polar coordinate values ⁇ and ⁇ with an origin at the pupil's center, and a normalized radial coordination value v (i.e., half of the product of ⁇ and diameter 1 ), where ⁇ represents the wavelength and k represents the wave number (i.e., 2 ⁇ divided by the wavelength ⁇ ).
  • v spatial frequency
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B show modulation transfer function (“MTF”) curves MTF1a, MTF2a, MTF3a and MTF1b, MTF2b, MTF3b, respectively, each of which describes the sharpness of an image of a bar code symbol as a function of the distance z, for a particular value (i.e., 0, ⁇ 0.003, or ⁇ 0.001) for the axicon induced phase coefficient ⁇ and a particular spatial wavelength (i.e., 10 mil or 20 mil) of the bar code symbol.
  • a high MTF value represents a substantially in-focus image at the imager, and an MTF value near zero represents an image that is almost completely out of focus.
  • data can derived from an image of a bar code symbol more accurately if the image is sharper.
  • curve MTF1a shows that the MTF value peaks at about 0.75 at a z distance of about 5 inches, and remains below 0.2 for any z distance greater than 11 inches.
  • curve MTF2a the use of an axicon having a value of ⁇ 0.003 for the axicon induced phase coefficient ⁇ changes the optical characteristics of the lens-axicon combination so that the MTF value peaks at about 0.5 at a z distance of about 9.5 inches, and remains above 0.2 in a z distance range from about 4 inches to about 16 inches.
  • the axicon allows data to be derived from a distance of up to about 16 inches, which is about 5 inches further than data can be derived without the axicon.
  • FIGS. 9 A, 10 A- 10 B, and 11 A- 11 B illustrate MTF curves MTF1b-MTF3f for other values for the axicon induced phase coefficient ⁇ .
  • FIGS. 12 and 13 show other MTF curves that describe the sharpness of an image of a bar code symbol as a function of a normalized spatial wavelength v for several values for the axicon induced phase coefficient ⁇ and several values for focusing error w.
  • each lens may be formed from separate pieces (e.g., refractive lens and DOE pieces) or may be formed as a single unit. Other types of plastic may be used.
  • refractive or diffractive power may be distributed in any way that renders the lens substantially athermalized.
US09/551,272 1992-03-30 2000-04-18 Athermalized plastic lens Abandoned US20030043463A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/551,272 US20030043463A1 (en) 1992-03-30 2000-04-18 Athermalized plastic lens
US10/745,830 US7038853B2 (en) 1992-03-30 2003-12-24 Athermalized plastic lens

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US86039092A 1992-03-30 1992-03-30
US17325593A 1993-12-27 1993-12-27
US62493596A 1996-03-22 1996-03-22
US95354397A 1997-10-20 1997-10-20
US10901898A 1998-07-01 1998-07-01
US09/551,272 US20030043463A1 (en) 1992-03-30 2000-04-18 Athermalized plastic lens

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US10901898A Continuation 1992-03-30 1998-07-01

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US10/745,830 Continuation US7038853B2 (en) 1992-03-30 2003-12-24 Athermalized plastic lens

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US20060164541A1 (en) * 2005-01-27 2006-07-27 Olmstead Bryan L Rolling-reset imager with optical filter
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EP1914524A1 (de) * 2006-10-18 2008-04-23 Sensopart Industriesensorik GmbH Optoelektronische Sensorvorrichtung
CN108535889A (zh) * 2017-03-06 2018-09-14 豪威科技股份有限公司 具有大热光系数的无热双合透镜
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EP1914524A1 (de) * 2006-10-18 2008-04-23 Sensopart Industriesensorik GmbH Optoelektronische Sensorvorrichtung
EP3365719A4 (en) * 2015-10-22 2019-06-26 Heptagon Micro Optics Pte. Ltd. ATHERMIC OPTICAL ASSEMBLY
US11073677B2 (en) 2015-10-22 2021-07-27 Ams Sensors Singapore Pte. Ltd. Athermal optical assembly
CN108535889A (zh) * 2017-03-06 2018-09-14 豪威科技股份有限公司 具有大热光系数的无热双合透镜

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US20040136069A1 (en) 2004-07-15

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