US20020131683A1 - Planar lightwave wavelength blocker devices using micromachines - Google Patents

Planar lightwave wavelength blocker devices using micromachines Download PDF

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Publication number
US20020131683A1
US20020131683A1 US09/809,126 US80912601A US2002131683A1 US 20020131683 A1 US20020131683 A1 US 20020131683A1 US 80912601 A US80912601 A US 80912601A US 2002131683 A1 US2002131683 A1 US 2002131683A1
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Prior art keywords
shutter
wavelength
waveguide
signal
selectively
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Abandoned
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US09/809,126
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English (en)
Inventor
Christopher Doerr
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Nokia of America Corp
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Individual
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Priority to US09/809,126 priority Critical patent/US20020131683A1/en
Assigned to LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC. reassignment LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DOERR, CHRISTOPHER RICHARD
Priority to CA002372536A priority patent/CA2372536C/en
Priority to JP2002063919A priority patent/JP4824252B2/ja
Publication of US20020131683A1 publication Critical patent/US20020131683A1/en
Priority to US10/425,815 priority patent/US20030194174A1/en
Priority to US10/927,610 priority patent/US6956987B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12019—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the optical interconnection to or from the AWG devices, e.g. integration or coupling with lasers or photodiodes
    • G02B6/12021—Comprising cascaded AWG devices; AWG multipass configuration; Plural AWG devices integrated on a single chip
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the arrayed waveguides, e.g. comprising a filled groove in the array section
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G02B6/12009—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides
    • G02B6/12014—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer comprising arrayed waveguide grating [AWG] devices, i.e. with a phased array of waveguides characterised by the wavefront splitting or combining section, e.g. grooves or optical elements in a slab waveguide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
    • G02B6/3518—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror the reflective optical element being an intrinsic part of a MEMS device, i.e. fabricated together with the MEMS device
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
    • G02B6/352—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror the reflective optical element having a shaped reflective surface, e.g. a reflective element comprising several reflective surfaces or facets that function together
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
    • G02B6/353—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being a shutter, baffle, beam dump or opaque element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
    • G02B6/356—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types in an optical cross-connect device, e.g. routing and switching aspects of interconnecting different paths propagating different wavelengths to (re)configure the various input and output links
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3596—With planar waveguide arrangement, i.e. in a substrate, regardless if actuating mechanism is outside the substrate

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to optical communication networks and, more particularly, to optical devices for routing multi-wavelength optical signals.
  • WDM wavelength division multiplexing
  • optical communication networks such as those employing WDM techniques
  • individual optical signals are often selectively routed to different destinations.
  • a high capacity matrix or cross-connect switch is often employed to selectively route signals through interconnected nodes in a communication network.
  • Many cross-connect switches used in optical communication networks are either manual or electronic, requiring multiple optical-to-electrical and electrical-to-optical conversions.
  • the speed and bandwidth advantages associated with transmitting information in optical form makes an all-optical network the preferred solution for WDM-based optical networks.
  • all-optical network elements are needed to provide the flexibility for managing bandwidth at the optical layer (e.g., on a wavelength by wavelength basis).
  • a device that provides this feature is often referred to as a wavelength add-drop (WAD) multiplexer.
  • WAD wavelength add-drop
  • Wavelength blockers are optical devices that accept an incoming signal of multiple wavelength channels and independently pass or block each wavelength channel. Wavelength blockers can be used as components in a larger optical communication system, for example, to route a given optical signal along a desired path between a source and destination. Optical cross-connect switches and wavelength add-drop multiplexers, for example, are often implemented using wavelength blockers.
  • a wavelength blocker provides a number of desirable features. First, a network element using wavelength blockers is modular and thus scalable and repairable. Second, network elements using wavelength blockers have a multicasting capability. Third, wavelength blockers are relatively easy to manufacture with high performance. Wavelength blockers have only two fiber connections, and it is possible to use a polarization diversity scheme to make them polarization independent.
  • a method and apparatus for selectively passing or blocking an optical signal using an opaque or reflective shutter that is selectively positioned in or out of the light path.
  • the disclosed wavelength blocker can be employed to filter input wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) signal comprised of N wavelength channels, where a mechanical shutter array selectively passes each of the N wavelength channels.
  • WDM wavelength-division multiplexed
  • Each mechanical shutter may be controlled, for example, by a micromachine control element that physically lifts the shutter into or out of the lightpath.
  • the disclosed wavelength blockers may be utilized in wavelength-selective cross connects, wavelength add drop multiplexers, as well as other optical devices.
  • an array of mirrors are employed in a planar waveguide having two sets of waveguide gratings intersecting at an angle. The mirrors and waveguide gratings are positioned such that if the mirror for a given channel is up (removed from the light path), then that channel passes across the device and exits the corresponding output port (bar state), otherwise the light is reflected by the mirror and exits the opposite output port (bar state).
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional wavelength blocker
  • FIG. 2 is an optical diagram illustrating an implementation of the wavelength blocker of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an optical diagram illustrating a wavelength blocker incorporating features of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a representative waveguide layout for a wavelength blocker using micromachine shutters in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the micromachine shutter array of FIG. 4 in further detail
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a wavelength-selective cross connect (WSC);
  • FIG. 7 is an optical diagram illustrating a 2 ⁇ 2 wavelength-selective cross connect (WSC) incorporating features of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is an optical diagram illustrating a wavelength add drop multiplexer incorporating features of the present invention
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional wavelength blocker 100 .
  • a wavelength blocker 100 is an optical device having two ports 110 - 1 , 110 - 2 that accept an incoming signal of multiple wavelength channels at a first port 110 - 1 and independently pass or block each wavelength channel, i, to a second port 110 - 2 .
  • a demultiplexer 115 - 1 separates the incoming signal into each component wavelength channel, i, which is then selectively passed or blocked by the corresponding shutter 120 -i (or variable optical attenuators) to a multiplexer 115 - 2 .
  • the wavelength blocker 100 may be embodied, for example, as the wavelength blocker disclosed in contemporaneously filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled “Planar Lightwave Wavelength Blocker,” (Attorney Docket Number Doerr 49), assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated by reference herein, as modified herein in accordance with the present invention.
  • each shutter 120 -i is embodied as an opaque element that can be selectively positioned in and out of the lightpath to selectively pass or block light.
  • each shutter 120 -i may be controlled by a micromachine control element that can physically lift the shutter 120 -i in and out of the lightpath.
  • FIG. 2 is an optical diagram illustrating an implementation of the wavelength blocker 100 of FIG. 1.
  • the optical wavelength blocker 200 is comprised of a number of lenses 205 - 1 through 205 - 4 , two wavelength gratings 210 - 1 and 210 - 2 and a control element array 215 .
  • the lens 205 - 1 focuses an input beam on the grating 210 - 1 , which serves to separate each of the wavelength channels.
  • the lens 205 - 2 focuses each of the wavelength channels on the control element array 215 that selectively passes or blocks each wavelength.
  • FIG. 3 is an optical diagram illustrating a wavelength blocker 300 incorporating features of the present invention.
  • the optical wavelength blocker 300 is comprised of two wavelength gratings 310 - 1 and 310 - 2 each surrounded by a pair of lenses 305 - 1 , 305 - 2 and 305 - 3 , 305 - 4 , and a micromachine control element 315 .
  • the lenses 305 and gratings 310 operate in the same manner as described above in conjunction with FIG. 2.
  • the micromachine control element 315 is embodied as a micromachine device that can physically lift opaque pieces in or out of the lightpath to selectively pass or block light.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a representative waveguide layout for a wavelength blocker 400 using a planar arrangement of waveguides and micromachine shutters, in accordance with the present invention.
  • the wavelength blocker 400 consists of two separate planar lightwave circuits 410 - 1 and 410 - 2 .
  • the planar lightwave circuits 410 - 1 and 410 - 2 can optionally have their facets polished and anti-reflection coatings optionally applied where the array of micromachine shutters 500 is positioned.
  • a pair of star couplers 420 - 1 and 420 - 2 serve as a demultiplex/multiplex pair coupled by a waveguide grating 430 - 1 , 430 - 2 .
  • the micromachine shutter gallery 500 is discussed below in conjunction with FIG. 5.
  • non-central wavelengths such as ⁇ 2
  • enter the output fiber in FIG. 3 at a large angle causing high loss for these channels.
  • this loss arbitrarily small by making the aperture of the gratings ( 310 - 1 , 310 - 2 in FIG. 3 or 430 - 1 , 430 - 2 in FIG. 4) very large or the control elements 315 , 500 very small (or both).
  • the non-central wavelengths such as ⁇ 2
  • the non-central wavelengths can be made to enter the output fiber in FIG. 3 at a smaller angle, without using additional lenses.
  • the center-to-center spacing between the grating arm inlets on the control-element side be a
  • ⁇ is the wavelength
  • R is the distance between the grating and control elements
  • M is the number of grating arms.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the micromachine shutter gallery 500 of FIG. 4 in further detail.
  • the micromachine shutter gallery 500 employs one or more spacers 510 to maintain a gap between the planar lightwave chips 510 - 1 , 510 - 2 .
  • the chips 510 - 1 , 510 - 2 can be attached to each other with the spacer 510 , thereby leaving a gap for the insertion of the shutters.
  • the shutters 500 are opaque pieces that can be can lifted in and out of the gap under the control of a micromachine device.
  • the shutters are attached to the tops of the planar lightwave circuits, as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the device When all of the shutters are out of the lightpath, the device has a flat transmission across all the channels, making it especially useful when used to make a WAD. This also means that one does not have to have one shutter per channel. If some channels will never be dropped, then they will not need shutters. It is important that the higher diffraction orders be blocked. This can be done either by tapering the free-space regions in the vicinity of the shutters or by inserting opaque objects into the gap. It is noted that the shutters can be microfabricated, e.g., from silicon on insulator wafers.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a general block diagram of a wavelength-selective cross connect (WSC) 600 .
  • the wavelength-selective cross connect 600 may be used, for example, in a communication system having multiple fiber rings. As shown in FIG. 6, the wavelength-selective cross connect 600 is an optical device having two input ports 610 - 1 and 610 - 2 and two output ports 610 - 3 and 610 - 4 .
  • An incoming signal received on a given incoming port 610 - 1 and 610 - 2 is selectively (i) passed to the corresponding output port 610 - 3 or 610 - 4 , respectively, in a bar state; or (ii) crossed to the opposite output port 610 - 4 or 610 - 3 , respectively, in a cross state.
  • the wavelength-selective cross connect 600 consists of four wavelength blockers 100 - 1 through 100 - 4 , which may each be embodied as the wavelength blocker 100 discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 7 is an optical diagram illustrating a 2 ⁇ 2 wavelength-selective cross connect (WSC) 700 incorporating features of the present invention.
  • the wavelength-selective cross connect 700 consists of two separate planar lightwave circuits 710 - 1 and 710 - 2 .
  • Four star couplers 720 - 1 through 720 - 4 serve as demultiplexers/multiplexers coupled by waveguide gratings 730 - 1 through 730 - 4 .
  • the micromachine mirror array 750 may be embodied using the micromachine shutter gallery 500 discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 5, although the opaque shutters are now replaced by mirrors.
  • the two sets of waveguide gratings 730 - 1 , 730 - 2 intersect at an angle. Thus, if the mirror 750 for a given channel is up (removed from the light path), then that channel passes across the device and exits the corresponding output port (bar state), otherwise it is reflected and exits the opposite output port (bar state). Additional gratings could be added around the circle and use rotatable mirrors to make 1 ⁇ N WSC.
  • the wavelength-selective cross connect 700 has two input ports 705 - 1 and 705 - 2 and two output ports 705 - 3 and 705 - 4 .
  • An incoming signal received on a given incoming port 705 - 1 and 705 - 2 is selectively (i) passed to the corresponding output port 705 - 3 and 705 - 4 , respectively, in a bar state; or (ii) crossed to the opposite output port 705 - 3 and 705 - 4 , respectively, in a cross state.
  • FIG. 8 is an optical diagram illustrating a wavelength add drop (WAD) multiplexer 800 incorporating features of the present invention.
  • the WAD multiplexer 800 has an input port 810 - 1 and an output port 810 - 2 , as well as an add port 815 -A and a drop port 815 -D.
  • Four star couplers 825 - 1 through 825 - 4 serve as demultiplexers/multiplexers coupled by two waveguide gratings 820 - 1 and 820 - 2 and two waveguide lenses 830 - 1 and 830 - 2 (where path lengths are all equal), as shown in FIG. 8.
  • the micromachine mirror array 750 may be embodied using the micromachine shutter gallery 500 discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 5, although the opaque shutters are now replaced by mirrors.
  • An incoming signal of multiple wavelength channels is accepted at the input port 810 - 1 and is applied to a waveguide grating 820 - 1 .
  • the two sets of waveguide gratings and lenses 820 . 830 intersect at an angle.
  • the mirror 850 for a given channel is up (removed from the light path)
  • that channel passes across the device and exits the output port 810 - 2
  • that channel is reflected and exits the drop port 815 -D
  • signals from the add port 815 -A are multiplexed together and are sent to the through port.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
  • Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
  • Optical Communication System (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
US09/809,126 2001-03-15 2001-03-15 Planar lightwave wavelength blocker devices using micromachines Abandoned US20020131683A1 (en)

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US09/809,126 US20020131683A1 (en) 2001-03-15 2001-03-15 Planar lightwave wavelength blocker devices using micromachines
CA002372536A CA2372536C (en) 2001-03-15 2002-02-18 Planar lightwave wavelength blocker devices using micromachines
JP2002063919A JP4824252B2 (ja) 2001-03-15 2002-03-08 光学信号をフィルター処理する光学デバイス
US10/425,815 US20030194174A1 (en) 2001-03-15 2003-04-29 Planar lightwave wavelength blocker devices using micromachines
US10/927,610 US6956987B2 (en) 2001-03-15 2004-08-26 Planar lightwave wavelength blocker devices using micromachines

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US20050025426A1 (en) 2005-02-03
JP2002328312A (ja) 2002-11-15

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