US1894260A - Integral unilateral conductor of electric currents - Google Patents
Integral unilateral conductor of electric currents Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US1894260A US1894260A US470949A US47094930A US1894260A US 1894260 A US1894260 A US 1894260A US 470949 A US470949 A US 470949A US 47094930 A US47094930 A US 47094930A US 1894260 A US1894260 A US 1894260A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- copper
- layer
- integral
- nickel
- compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 23
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 15
- BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(i) oxide Chemical compound [Cu]O[Cu] BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cuprous oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cu+].[Cu+] KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229940112669 cuprous oxide Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 7
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229960004643 cupric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005749 Copper compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DOIXGGGORNAJAT-UHFFFAOYSA-M [NH4+].[Ni+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O Chemical compound [NH4+].[Ni+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DOIXGGGORNAJAT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940116318 copper carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001880 copper compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GEZOTWYUIKXWOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper;carbonate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-]C([O-])=O GEZOTWYUIKXWOA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/16—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising cuprous oxide or cuprous iodide
- H01L21/161—Preparation of the foundation plate, preliminary treatment oxidation of the foundation plate, reduction treatment
- H01L21/167—Application of a non-genetic conductive layer
Definitions
- This invention refers to improvements in the structure of unilateral conductors of electricity which are composed so as to form an integral unit.
- the mother metal was copper and the compound formed on the surface was copper oxide. It was later discovered that it was possible to reduce a portion of the surface of the compound to produce a metallic layer on the outside of the compound with which good contact may be made.
- This metallic surface layer has a compar- 1930. Serial No. 470,949.
- the collector plates cover a number of polnts on the surface of the metal layer and since the collector plate is of low resistance itself, it makes possible a low resistance contact to the whole surface of the metallic layer.
- any tarnish or dirt on the metallic layer Wlll interfere with the contact between the collector and the surface layer, and such a condition of course will increase the resistance of the joint and interfere with the best operation of the unit as a whole.
- the metall1c layer on the surface of the oxide be clean so that the best possible contact may be obtalned with the collector plate.
- metallic surface layer is composed of copper.
- Copper is subject to corrosion from air especially when the air is moist and a tarnish gradually forms on the surface.
- This tarnish is commonly an amorphous form of cuprous oxide.
- Amorphous cuprous oxide is affected in time by air and the presence of traces of carbon dioxide in the air so that cupric oxide mixed with copper carbonate and blue-green hydroxide are formed.
- the most desirable method of obtaining this result is that of alloying the copper with nickel built into the surface layer so that there is a form of nickel bronze for the surface layer rather than the pure copper.
- the unilateral electrical conducting unit is shown to include, a central la er 5 of the mother metal, which is preferab y copper, which has formed on each side thereof the layers 3, 4 of a comound of the mother metal, such compound or example being cuprous oxide.
- Layers 3, 4 of cuprous oxide, or other compound of mother metal have their outer surfaces reduced to provide thin la ers of me- .tallic copper, which are alloyed with nickel to form layers 1 and 2, of nickel bronze.
- the nickel is alloyed with the copper to form a nickel bronze, by depositing the nickel electrolytically simultaneously with the reduction of the cuprous oxide.
- Nickel ammonium sulphate slightly acidified with boric acid can be used for the electrolyte and sufficient acid is added to act upon the cuprous oxide to reduce it to co per.
- the reduction ceases and pure nickel can be further deposited until a desired thickness is reached.
- a unilateral electrical conductor comprising a layer of mother metal having integrally united thereto, a layer of a compound of the mother metal, and a la er of a compo sition metal integrally unite to the layer of compound, said composition metal having the mother metal as one of its elements.
- cuprous oxide formed thereon, said combination constituting in and of itself a unidirectional current carrying device, and means for making intimate contact with. the cuprous oxide to establish an electric circuit through said combination, said means comprisin a layer of copper reduced from the oxi e and combined with nickel to form a layer of nickel bronze on the cuprous oxide.
- a unilateral electrical conductor comrising a base of metallic copper having a ayer of cuprous oxide formed thereon, said cuprous oxide layer having its outer surface reduced to provide a thin layer of metallic copper, and metallic nickel alloyed with the thin layer of copper.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Parts Printed On Printed Circuit Boards (AREA)
Description
. JR. ET AL 1,894,260
Jan. 17, 1933- w. T. ANDERSON INTEGRAL UNILATERAL CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS Filed July 26. 1930 VENTOR ATTORNEY Patented Jan. 17, 1933 UNITEDSTATES PATENT OFFICE wnrmu 'r. mnnson, .13., AND nns'rnn r. BIRD, or nnwmx, NEW JERSEY, as-
sreuons 'ro mnovra cnnmcan AND MANUFACTURING company, or NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, A conromrron or NEW annsnr INTEGRAL UNILATEBAL CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRIC OUBRENTS Application filed July 26,
This invention refers to improvements in the structure of unilateral conductors of electricity which are composed so as to form an integral unit.
Extended investigation has disclosed the existence of a number of metals having peculiar properties with reference to the conduction of electricity. When compounds of these metals are formed on the surfaces of the metals under proper chemical conditions, electricity does not flow as readily from the metal into the compound as it does from the compound into the metal. The junctions between the metals and the compounds are therefore unilateral conductors of electricity.
When these junctions were desired for rectification of considerable amounts of electric energy it became essential that the efficiency of the rectification be considered. All of the junctions between mother metals and their compounds were not found to be equally good. The problem of contact between the compound and the electric circuit conductors external to the rectifier was another vital part of the unit etliciency.
There was no especial difficulty with the contact between the mother metal and the external conductors because of the fact that the mother metal is usually heavy enough to be connected by soldering or welding to the external conductors. The method of securing contact between the external conductors and the metallic compound formed on the mother metal is then the-major consideration.
There are a number of methods of securing good contact between a compound formed on the surface of a mother metal and an external conductor of electric current. The earliest of these consisted in mechanically pressinga block of soft metal, such as tin, against the surface of the compound.
In this particular case, the mother metal was copper and the compound formed on the surface was copper oxide. It was later discovered that it Was possible to reduce a portion of the surface of the compound to produce a metallic layer on the outside of the compound with which good contact may be made.
I This metallic surface layer has a compar- 1930. Serial No. 470,949.
atively high point to point resistance and the efliciency of the individual unit would be materially reduced if contact was made with the reduced layer in only one spot. For this reason, contact is made all over the surface of the reduced layers by the use of collector plates pressed against them.
The collector plates cover a number of polnts on the surface of the metal layer and since the collector plate is of low resistance itself, it makes possible a low resistance contact to the whole surface of the metallic layer. However, any tarnish or dirt on the metallic layer Wlll interfere with the contact between the collector and the surface layer, and such a condition of course will increase the resistance of the joint and interfere with the best operation of the unit as a whole.
It is therefore, very essential that the metall1c layer on the surface of the oxide be clean so that the best possible contact may be obtalned with the collector plate. In the case of the copper copper-oxide rectifier unit, the
metallic surface layer is composed of copper.
Copper is subject to corrosion from air especially when the air is moist and a tarnish gradually forms on the surface. This tarnish is commonly an amorphous form of cuprous oxide. Amorphous cuprous oxide is affected in time by air and the presence of traces of carbon dioxide in the air so that cupric oxide mixed with copper carbonate and blue-green hydroxide are formed.
All of these copper compounds are very poor conductors of electricity and even in very thin layers offer an appreciable resistance to the passage of currents, and the presence of traces of these compounds between the collector plates and the metallic surface layer will materially reduce the efficiency of the unit.
It is an object of this invention to provide means to prevent the formation of the tarnish on the surface of the clean copper and so prevent the loss in efiiciency that results therefrom. The most desirable method of obtaining this result is that of alloying the copper with nickel built into the surface layer so that there is a form of nickel bronze for the surface layer rather than the pure copper.
Another method is that of painting the units with" lacquer so that the air is permanently removed from contact with the surface .of the metallic layer. Certain) char acteristics of these rectifier units make the use of protective lacquers undesirable be cause of their poor heat transmission.
The cop r co per-oxide rectifier'units are definitely li mite as to the temperature they can withstand; j If this limiting temperature Referring to the drawing, the unilateral electrical conducting unit is shown to include, a central la er 5 of the mother metal, which is preferab y copper, which has formed on each side thereof the layers 3, 4 of a comound of the mother metal, such compound or example being cuprous oxide.
complete unit, it wil be seen, consists of five distinct layers all inte ally united. The two bronze layers 1 an 2 are connected to one side of the external circuit, and the inner lager 5, of mother metal, is connected at the ot er side of the external circuit.
The nickel is alloyed with the copper to form a nickel bronze, by depositing the nickel electrolytically simultaneously with the reduction of the cuprous oxide.
Nickel ammonium sulphate slightly acidified with boric acid can be used for the electrolyte and sufficient acid is added to act upon the cuprous oxide to reduce it to co per.
As soon as the surface of the oxi e is covered with metal, the reduction ceases and pure nickel can be further deposited until a desired thickness is reached.
The method of forming the nickel-bronze alloy is' fully disclosed in U. S. Letters PatintbNo. 1,749,995, issued to us on March 11,
The surfaces of this unit will not oxidize and the electrical conductivity of the bronze layers is sufiicient so that use of additional means of collecting the current is not necessa l l ickel bronze is materiall more resistant to corrosion than copper, an the addition of nown for their poor amount of nickel, from a trace suchas one-tenth of one per cent, up to a material quantity such as 40 'per cent, results in an apfirec able gain in resistance to oxidation,
' avmg thus described our invention, what 'we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is:
1. A unilateral electrical conductor comprising a layer of mother metal having integrally united thereto, a layer of a compound of the mother metal, and a la er of a compo sition metal integrally unite to the layer of compound, said composition metal having the mother metal as one of its elements.
2. In combination, copper having cuprous oxide formed thereon, said combination constituting in and of itself a unidirectional current carrying device, and means for making intimate contact with. the cuprous oxide to establish an electric circuit through said combination, said means comprisin a layer of copper reduced from the oxi e and combined with nickel to form a layer of nickel bronze on the cuprous oxide.
3. A unilateral electrical conductor, comrising a base of metallic copper having a ayer of cuprous oxide formed thereon, said cuprous oxide layer having its outer surface reduced to provide a thin layer of metallic copper, and metallic nickel alloyed with the thin layer of copper.
This specificatmn signed this 21st day of July, 1930/ WILLIAM T. ANDERSON, J a. LESTER F. BIRD.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US470949A US1894260A (en) | 1930-07-26 | 1930-07-26 | Integral unilateral conductor of electric currents |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US470949A US1894260A (en) | 1930-07-26 | 1930-07-26 | Integral unilateral conductor of electric currents |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US1894260A true US1894260A (en) | 1933-01-17 |
Family
ID=23869694
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US470949A Expired - Lifetime US1894260A (en) | 1930-07-26 | 1930-07-26 | Integral unilateral conductor of electric currents |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US1894260A (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2485402A (en) * | 1946-05-21 | 1949-10-18 | Gen Electric | Electric rectifier and method of production |
-
1930
- 1930-07-26 US US470949A patent/US1894260A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2485402A (en) * | 1946-05-21 | 1949-10-18 | Gen Electric | Electric rectifier and method of production |
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