US11616563B2 - Systems and methods for updating beamforming codebooks for angle-of-arrival estimation using compressive sensing in wireless communications - Google Patents

Systems and methods for updating beamforming codebooks for angle-of-arrival estimation using compressive sensing in wireless communications Download PDF

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US11616563B2
US11616563B2 US16/983,813 US202016983813A US11616563B2 US 11616563 B2 US11616563 B2 US 11616563B2 US 202016983813 A US202016983813 A US 202016983813A US 11616563 B2 US11616563 B2 US 11616563B2
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beamforming
tilde over
arrival
electromagnetic signal
codebook
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US20210328653A1 (en
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Yanru TANG
HongBing Cheng
Kee-Bong Song
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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Samsung Electronics Co Ltd
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Assigned to SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD. reassignment SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHENG, HONGBING, SONG, KEE-BONG, TANG, YANRU
Priority to US16/983,813 priority Critical patent/US11616563B2/en
Priority to DE102021100239.7A priority patent/DE102021100239A1/de
Priority to KR1020210017352A priority patent/KR20210124895A/ko
Priority to TW110109995A priority patent/TW202139617A/zh
Priority to CN202110313489.8A priority patent/CN113497646A/zh
Publication of US20210328653A1 publication Critical patent/US20210328653A1/en
Priority to US17/538,290 priority patent/US11804890B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0837—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station using pre-detection combining
    • H04B7/0842—Weighted combining
    • H04B7/086—Weighted combining using weights depending on external parameters, e.g. direction of arrival [DOA], predetermined weights or beamforming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
    • H04B7/0868—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and combining
    • H04B7/088—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and combining using beam selection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/30—Monitoring; Testing of propagation channels
    • H04B17/309—Measuring or estimating channel quality parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0408—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas using two or more beams, i.e. beam diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456—Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
    • H04B7/0636—Feedback format
    • H04B7/0639—Using selective indices, e.g. of a codebook, e.g. pre-distortion matrix index [PMI] or for beam selection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0686—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0695—Hybrid systems, i.e. switching and simultaneous transmission using beam selection

Definitions

  • aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods for updating beamforming codebooks for angle-of-arrival estimation using compressive sensing in wireless communications.
  • transmitters may control or steer the emission direction of electromagnetic waves and may shape or form these electromagnetic waves into relatively narrow beams.
  • These beams may be formed using arrays of antennas, where different antennas of the array are supplied with time-shifted or phase-shifted versions of a signal, and combinations of constructive interference and destructive interference cause the signal to be concentrated in particular directions.
  • Beamforming enables spatial diversity in the electromagnetic waves (e.g., in contrast to substantially omnidirectional transmission), and also allows the beam to be steered as the relative direction to the receiver changes over time.
  • beamforming allows more communication channels to be operated concurrently—for example, receivers located in different directions with respect to the transmitter can receive different signals from the same transceiver at the same carrier frequency or overlapping frequency bands.
  • Beamforming may be particularly applicable in millimeter wave (mmWave) communications and in massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems.
  • mmWave millimeter wave
  • MIMO massive multiple input multiple output
  • beam sweeping may be performed periodically to combat the poor link budget by determining the best transmission direction or vector between the transmitter and the receiver, where the best transmission vector is selected from a beamforming codebook or beam codebook.
  • a beamforming codebook includes weights for decoding received directional electromagnetic signals (e.g., wireless signals or radio signals), where different weights correspond to different possible beamforming vectors (e.g., electromagnetic signals received from different directions).
  • a hybrid beamforming system decodes a directional electromagnetic signal received at the antenna array by combining the received signal with the weights of the beamforming codebook and selecting a dominant direction (e.g., a combination of weights and the signal that has the highest power or signal-to-noise ratio).
  • the performance of beamforming wireless transmission systems depends on the quality of the beamforming codebook, such as how closely the directions of the codebook (at least one of the direction) align with the actual direction at which the electromagnetic signal arrives at the receiver antenna array.
  • aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods for updating a beamforming codebook in accordance with changes in transmission conditions using compressive sensing techniques and based on the history of angle-of-arrival directions with respect to a given transmitter.
  • a method of updating a beamforming codebook includes: receiving, at an antenna array of a wireless communication device during a previous period, a first directional electromagnetic signal including beam sweeping reference symbols of a previous beam sweeping period; computing, by a processing circuit of the wireless communication device, an estimated combined channel based on the received first directional electromagnetic signal; estimating, by the processing circuit, a dominant angle-of-arrival (AoA) of the first directional electromagnetic signal based on the estimated combined channel and a previous beamforming codebook including two or more beamforming vectors corresponding to different angles-of-arrival; and computing, by the processing circuit, one or more remaining angles-of-arrival spaced apart from the estimated dominant angle-of-arrival; constructing, by the processing circuit, an updated beamforming codebook based on the estimated dominant angle-of-arrival and the one or more remaining angles-of-arrival; receiving, at the antenna array during a current period, a second directional electromagnetic signal including data symbols; determining a beamforming vector for
  • Y is the estimated combined channel
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are estimated analog channels corresponding to two antenna elements of the antenna array
  • the one or more remaining angles-of-arrival consists of one beamforming vector
  • the antenna array has an even number of antenna elements
  • the updated beamforming codebook W t is computed in accordance with
  • W t [ a ⁇ ( x ⁇ 1 ) H a ⁇ ( x ⁇ 1 + ⁇ ) H ] .
  • the updated beamforming codebook may include three or more beamforming vectors.
  • the estimating the dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 of the first directional electromagnetic signal may include computing:
  • Y is the estimated combined channel
  • (b*) is a set of angles in a neighborhood around a selected search angle b*.
  • the selected search angle b* may be selected in accordance with:
  • the selected search angle b* may be selected in accordance with an estimated dominant angle-of-arrival of a third directional electromagnetic signal received in a previous beam sweeping period.
  • a number of antenna elements N R in the antenna array may be an integer multiple of a number of beamforming vectors M in the updated beamforming codebook, and the one or more remaining angles-of-arrival ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ i may be computed in accordance with:
  • ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 is the estimated dominant angle-of-arrival of the first directional electromagnetic signal.
  • a number of antenna elements N R in the antenna array may be not an integer multiple of a number of beamforming vectors M in the updated beamforming codebook, and wherein the one or more remaining angles-of-arrival are selected from a constraint set of angles l( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 ), where
  • the determining the beamforming vector for data reception of the second directional electromagnetic signal may include selecting the beamforming vector for data reception from the updated beamforming codebook without performing channel estimation.
  • the determining the beamforming vector for data reception of the second directional electromagnetic signal may include explicitly calculating the beamforming vector based on a channel estimation on the second directional electromagnetic signal and based on the updated beamforming codebook.
  • a wireless communication device is configured to update a beamforming codebook, the wireless communication device including: an antenna array; a processing circuit configured to receive signals from the antenna array and configured to: receive, at the antenna array during a previous period, a first directional electromagnetic signal including beam sweeping reference symbols of a previous beam sweeping period; compute an estimated combined channel based on the received first directional electromagnetic signal; estimate a dominant angle-of-arrival (AoA) of the first directional electromagnetic signal based on the estimated combined channel and a previous beamforming codebook including two or more beamforming vectors corresponding to different angles-of-arrival; compute one or more remaining angles-of-arrival spaced apart from the estimated dominant angle-of-arrival; construct an updated beamforming codebook based on the estimated dominant angle-of-arrival and the one or more remaining angles-of-arrival; receive, at the antenna array during a current period, a second directional electromagnetic signal including data symbols; determine a beamforming vector for data reception of the second directional electromagnetic signal based
  • Y is the estimated combined channel
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are estimated analog channels corresponding to two antenna elements of the antenna array
  • the one or more remaining angles-of-arrival consists of one beamforming vector
  • the antenna array has an even number of antenna elements
  • the updated beamforming codebook W t is computed in accordance with
  • W t [ a ⁇ ( x ⁇ 1 ) H a ⁇ ( x ⁇ 1 + ⁇ ) H ] .
  • the updated beamforming codebook may include three or more beamforming vectors.
  • the processing circuit may be configured to estimate the dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 of the first directional electromagnetic signal by computing:
  • the processing circuit may be configured to select the selected search angle b* in accordance with:
  • the processing circuit may be configured to select the selected search angle b* in accordance with an estimated dominant angle-of-arrival of a third directional electromagnetic signal received in a previous beam sweeping period.
  • a number of antenna elements N R in the antenna array may be an integer multiple of a number of beamforming vectors M in the updated beamforming codebook, and wherein the one or more remaining angles-of-arrival ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ i may be computed in accordance with:
  • ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 is the estimated dominant angle-of-arrival of the first directional electromagnetic signal.
  • a number of antenna elements N R in the antenna array may be not an integer multiple of a number of beamforming vectors M in the updated beamforming codebook, and wherein the one or more remaining angles-of-arrival are selected from a constraint set of angles l( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 ), where
  • the processing circuit may be configured to determine the beamforming vector for data reception of the second directional electromagnetic signal by selecting the beamforming vector for data reception from the updated beamforming codebook without performing channel estimation.
  • the determining the beamforming vector for data reception of the second directional electromagnetic signal may include explicitly calculating the beamforming vector based on a channel estimation on the second directional electromagnetic signal and based on the updated beamforming codebook.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a beamforming wireless communication system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGS. 2 A, 2 B, and 2 C are schematic depictions of the determination of an angle of arrival of an electromagnetic signal.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a beamforming codebook updater according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting a method 400 for updating a beamforming codebook for a next beam sweep in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for computing a dominant angle-of-arrival (AoA) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for updating a codebook and receiving a signal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • a mobile station also referred to as user equipment (UE)
  • a base station BS
  • beam sweeping to combat poor link budgets in order to improve performance (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio).
  • performance e.g., signal-to-noise ratio
  • UE user equipment
  • BS base station
  • beamforming vectors from a beamforming codebook W, where the beamforming vectors are used to combine signals from different antennas (e.g., different antenna elements of an antenna array) attached to the UE.
  • the UE determines a beamforming vector for data reception.
  • Approaches for determining a beamforming vector include: selecting a beamforming vector for data reception from a pre-defined beamforming codebook without performing channel estimation; and calculating a beamforming vector for data reception explicitly based on channel estimation.
  • the quality of the beamforming codebook W is an important factor in the quality of the determined beamforming vector. Accordingly, aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods for updating the beamforming codebook W based on beam sweeping measurements to improve system performance.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a beamforming wireless communication system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • a mobile station (MS) or user equipment (UE) 100 is in communication with a base station (BS) 200 , where the base station 200 is transmitting a directional signal 30 (e.g., directional electromagnetic signal) to the mobile station 100 .
  • the mobile station 100 includes an antenna array 120 that includes multiple antenna elements.
  • the base station 200 includes an antenna array 220 that also includes multiple elements.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a beamforming wireless communication system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • a mobile station (MS) or user equipment (UE) 100 is in communication with a base station (BS) 200 , where the base station 200 is transmitting a directional signal 30 (e.g., directional electromagnetic signal) to the mobile station 100 .
  • the mobile station 100 includes an antenna array 120 that includes multiple antenna elements.
  • the base station 200 includes an antenna array 220 that also includes multiple elements.
  • the antenna array 120 of the mobile station 100 and the antenna array 220 of the base station 200 are linear arrays, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto and may also be applied to antenna arrays of different shapes, such as planar arrays.
  • the base station 200 can steer the direction at which the antenna array 220 emits the directional signal 30 by controlling a phase shift or time delay between supplying the signal to the different elements of the antenna array.
  • the mobile station 100 can steer the direction at which its antenna array 120 receives signals.
  • the directional signal 30 arrives at the mobile station 100 at an angle ⁇ with respect to the antenna array 120 .
  • a direction perpendicular to the antenna array will be assumed to be at an angle of zero (0), and the antenna array 120 is capable of receiving signals over 360° (or 27 r radians) therefore the angle ⁇ may range from, for example, ⁇ 180° to +180° or, in radians, ( ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • the angle-of-arrival ⁇ may be expressed as being in the range of 0° to 360° or ⁇ radians to 2 ⁇ radians.
  • a mobile station 100 includes a radio transceiver 10 that includes various components for recovering data encoded in the received directional signal 30 .
  • the radio transceiver 10 may also include components for transmitting radio signals. While the discussion herein focuses on the receive side of the radio transceiver 10 , embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to radio receivers. For example, aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to update a beamforming codebook when performing beam sweeping at a base station configured to transmit data.
  • the received directional signal 30 may be supplied to a receive filter 12 (e.g., a band pass filter), and the filtered signal may be supplied to a detector 14 and a channel estimator 16 .
  • a receive filter 12 e.g., a band pass filter
  • the channel estimator 16 may generate channel state information (CSI) that is used to control the detector 14 , as well as to other components of the radio transceiver 10 , to adapt to changing conditions in the environment. These changing conditions in the environment may include an angle-of-arrival (AoA) 0 of the received directional signal 30 at the antenna array 120 of the mobile station 100 . Some of the parameters provided from the channel estimator 16 to the detector 14 include parameters based on the current estimated angle-of-arrival (AoA) of the received directional signal 30 . The channel estimator 16 may supply these parameters based on a beamforming codebook W. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the channel estimator 16 communicates with or includes a beamforming codebook updater 140 configured to update the beamforming codebook W between beam sweeping periods, as discussed in more detail below.
  • CSI channel state information
  • the output of the channel estimator 16 is supplied to a detector 14 which uses the channel state information to perform symbol detection.
  • the decoder 18 may be configured to receive the detected symbols from the detector 14 and to decode the detected symbols into data, such as a digital bitstream, to be supplied for consumption by applications in the radio transceiver 10 , such as voice calls, data packets, and the like.
  • the components of the radio transceiver 10 may be implemented in one or more processing circuits (e.g., a radio baseband processor (BP or BPP), a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) of a digital radio, where various portions of various blocks may be implemented in the same circuit (e.g., on the same die or in a same package) or in different circuits (e.g., on different dies or in different packages, connected over a communication bus).
  • processing circuits e.g., a radio baseband processor (BP or BPP), a central processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
  • a radio receiver or a radio transceiver may include an antenna array (e.g., antenna array 120 ) that is steerable to receive a directional signal from any direction over a range of possible steering angles.
  • the antenna array is electronically steered using, for example, phase shifts or time delays between antenna elements (or receive antennas) of the antenna array.
  • the particular parameters corresponding to a given direction may be represented as a beamforming vector w.
  • a beamforming codebook W may be include two or more different beamforming vectors w.
  • a codebook W having M different beamforming vectors may be denoted as:
  • N R denotes the number of antenna elements (or receive antennas) per radio frequency (RF) chain, and assuming that N R >M.
  • FIGS. 2 A, 2 B, and 2 C are schematic depictions of the determination of an angle of arrival of a signal.
  • the antenna elements of the antenna array 120 are arranged as a linear array and the antenna elements are uniformly spaced at a distance d.
  • the directional signal 30 arrives at an angle ⁇ measured with respect to a direction perpendicular to the antenna array 120 .
  • the antenna array 120 is assumed to be capable of receiving signals received at angles from ⁇ to ⁇ .
  • the range ⁇ to ⁇ is divided into a first sector 201 corresponding to angles-of-arrival in the range ( ⁇ , 0) and a second sector 202 corresponding to angles-of-arrival in the range (0, ⁇ ).
  • the first sector 201 corresponds to a first beamforming vector 211 along angle ⁇ /2
  • the second sector 202 corresponds to a second beamforming vector 212 along angle ⁇ /2.
  • H [ h 1 , . . . ,h K ] ⁇ N R ⁇ K (2)
  • N t [ n ⁇ 1 ⁇ n ⁇ M ] ⁇ C M ⁇ K ( 5 )
  • the best beamforming vector can be selected among the swept beamforming vectors w to improve analog beamforming gain (e.g., improve the ability of the detector 14 to detect symbols in the received directional signal 30 ).
  • the channel estimator may select between the first beamforming vector 211 and the second beamforming vector 212 . Because the angle-of-arrival ⁇ of the directional signal 30 is in the second sector 202 and the second beamforming vector 212 is closer to the actual angle-of-arrival ⁇ of the directional signal 30 , the channel estimator may select the second beamforming vector 212 as the best beamforming vector.
  • an analog channel can be estimated such that the beamforming vector w for data reception (e.g., during a data reception period or data transmission period between beam sweeping periods) can be derived to further improve system performance.
  • the choice of beamforming codebook W is a major factor in the performance of the radio receiver system.
  • a first sector 221 may correspond to angles-of-arrival from ⁇ to ⁇ /3 and correspond to a first beamforming vector 231 at angle ⁇ 2 ⁇ /3
  • a second sector 222 may correspond to angles-of-arrival from ⁇ /3 to + ⁇ /3 and correspond to a second beamforming vector 232 at angle 0 (or boresight)
  • a third sector 223 may correspond to angles-of-arrival from + ⁇ /3 to + ⁇ and correspond to a third beamforming vector 233 at angle +2 ⁇ /3.
  • the channel estimator 16 may determine that the second beamforming vector 232 is the best beamforming vector and supply the parameters of the third beamforming vector 233 to the detector 14 for use in decoding the received directional signal 30 .
  • the second beamforming vector 232 is not perfectly aligned with the angle-of-arrival ⁇ of the received directional signal 30 , and performance of the radio transceiver 10 in decoding the signal would be improved if the selected beamforming vector more closely matched the angle-of-arrival ⁇ of the received signal 30 .
  • aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to improving hybrid beamforming gain by computing an updated beamforming codebook W t+1 for a next (t+1) beam sweeping period based on of the combined channel Y t ⁇ M ⁇ K and based on the beamforming codebook W t ⁇ M ⁇ N R for the current (t) beam sweeping period.
  • This may equivalently be expressed as updating a previous beamforming codebook W t ⁇ 1 during a previous beam sweeping period t ⁇ 1 to compute an updated beamforming codebook (or current beamforming codebook) W t for the current period t.
  • FIG. 2 C illustrates a situation in which the beamforming codebook is updated.
  • the directions of the updated beamforming vectors 231 ′, 232 ′, and 233 ′ are different from the directions of the beamforming vectors 231 , 232 , and 233 shown in FIG. 2 B .
  • the direction of the updated first beamforming vector 231 ′ is aligned with the angle-of-arrival ⁇ of the directional signal 30 and the endpoints of the corresponding third sector 221 ′ are likewise updated.
  • the updated second and third beamforming vectors 232 ′ and 233 ′ are also updated to point in new directions.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a beamforming codebook updater 140 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the codebook updater 140 includes a dominant angle-of-arrival (AoA) estimator 142 , a remaining angle-of-arrival (AoA) calculator 144 , and a codebook constructor 146 .
  • FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting a method 400 for updating a beamforming codebook in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the channel estimator 16 supplies an estimated combined channel Y t to the codebook updater 140 .
  • the codebook updater 140 may also receive, as input, the beamforming codebook W t for the current beam sweeping period t, or the codebook updater 140 may have the beamforming codebook W t already stored in memory (e.g., from previously calculations or based on initialization of the codebook updater 140 ).
  • aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a compressive sensing (CS or compressed sensing) based approach for codebook update, under the assumption that the channel is sparse in the angular domain.
  • CS compressive sensing
  • the antenna response vector can be written as:
  • a ⁇ ( ⁇ ) [ e j ⁇ 0 ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ d ⁇ c ⁇ o ⁇ s ⁇ ⁇ , ... ⁇ , ⁇ e j ⁇ ( N R - 1 ) ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ d ⁇ c ⁇ o ⁇ s ⁇ ⁇ ] T ⁇ C N R ( 6 )
  • X ⁇ x 1 , . . . , x N ⁇ as a set of quantized values for angles-of-arrival (AoAs) where:
  • the initial beamforming codebook (e.g., when the system first starts up, before performing any updates to the beamforming codebook) is a uniform discrete Fourier transform (DFT) codebook.
  • the initial beamforming codebook is a partial identity codebook.
  • U M is a full size DFT matrix
  • the codebook updater 140 can extract M angles from U M for estimating the dominant AoA, as described in more detail below.
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 of the codebook updater 140 estimates the dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 based on the given estimated combined channel Y and the current beamforming codebook W t .
  • the remaining AoA calculator 144 of the codebook updater 140 computes the remaining (M ⁇ 1) AoAs ( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 2 , . . . , ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ M ) for the updated codebook, and in operation 490 the codebook constructor 146 of the codebook updater 140 constructs the updated beamforming codebook W t+1 based on the computed dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 and the remaining (M ⁇ 1) AoAs ( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 2 , . . . , ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ M ).
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 estimates the dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 in operation 410 according to the closed form solution given below.
  • the codebook constructor 146 constructs the updated beamforming codebook W t+1 as
  • DFT uniform discrete Fourier transform
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for computing a dominant angle-of-arrival (AoA) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • each beamforming vector w in the beamforming codebook W is a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) vector, corresponding to angles b 1 , . . . , b M , then the beamforming codebook W can be expressed as:
  • the dominant AoA estimator chooses a dominant AoA b* from among the angles b 1 , . . . , b M of current beamforming codebook W t by selecting the angle that has the largest received signal power, e.g., that maximizes the expression:
  • x ⁇ 1 arg ⁇ ⁇ max x ⁇ N ⁇ ( b * ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( x ) H ⁇ YY H ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( x ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( x ) ⁇ 2 ( 17 )
  • H indicates a conjugate transpose
  • (b*) is a set of angles in a neighborhood around a selected search angle b*.
  • (b*) refers to N quantized values that are uniformly sampled between ⁇ to ⁇ (e.g., the full range of possible values). This approach may be beneficial when there is no prior knowledge about the likely angle-of-arrival of the received directional signal 30 .
  • aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to the dominant AoA estimator 142 computing the dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 from a neighborhood of potential angles sampled around a search angle b*, chosen from b 1 , . . . , b M , that results in the largest received signal power.
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 selects a search angle b* from b 1 , . . . , b M .
  • n 1 is calculated in accordance with:
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 computes a set of possible search angles (b*) in the neighborhood of the selected search angle b* is given by:
  • nine possible search angles are computed with the angle resolution of ⁇ /8.
  • embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto and may include other numbers of sampling points, such as 17 points sampled with an angle resolution of ⁇ /16 or 13 points sampled with an angle resolution of ⁇ /12.
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 can use a large value of N and small value of ⁇ . If the confidence of the selected angle b* is high (e.g., high confidence that the selected angle b n 1 is near the actual angle of arrival), given the complexity level, one can choose small value of ⁇ to have finer angular resolution (e.g., likely resulting in an estimated dominant AoA that is closer to the actual AoA of the received directional signal 30 ).
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 identifies the dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 from among the angles in neighborhood (b*) of selected search angle b* according to:
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 computes correlation at a sampling of points (b*) (e.g., 9 points in the above expression) around selected search angle b* and selects the angle that has the maximum correlation as the estimated dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 .
  • points (b*) e.g., 9 points in the above expression
  • the correlation is calculated at a few AoAs and b* is selected based on the highest correlation AoA among those few AoAs.
  • the selected search angle b* will be equal to or close to the estimated dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1(t ⁇ 1) from the previous beam sweeping period (t ⁇ 1).
  • the dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1(t ⁇ 1) from the previous beam sweeping period is used in operation 412 as the selected search angle b t *) in whose neighborhood the dominant AoA is searched during the current beam sweeping period.
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 may calculate the selected search angle b 1 * because there is no information available on the channel dominant AoA.
  • the estimation of the dominant AoA ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 is further simplified for periods after the initial period (t>1). In particular, denoting:
  • W t [ a ⁇ ( x ⁇ 1 ⁇ ( t - 1 ) ) H a ⁇ ( x ⁇ 1 ⁇ ( t - 1 ) + ⁇ ) H a ⁇ ( x ⁇ 3 ⁇ ( t - 1 ) ) H ]
  • the dominant AoA estimator 142 considers only the first two beam sweeping measurements y 1t and y 2t when estimating ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1t . (However, when recovering the channel using the detector 14 , all beam vectors in the current beamforming codebook W t are considered.)
  • the remaining AoA calculator 144 calculates the remaining (M ⁇ 1) AoAs (or beamforming vectors) for the updated codebook W for the case where M>2.
  • the remaining AoA calculator calculates the remaining AoAs in operation 450 in accordance with:
  • the remaining AoA calculator calculates the remaining AoAs in operation 450 from a constraint set of angles l( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 ) spaced around the 360° or 2 ⁇ range of possible AoAs, where:
  • the remaining AoAs are calculated from l( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 ) by an iterative process such as simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit (SOMP).
  • SOMP simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit
  • the remaining AoA calculator 144 chooses the remaining AoAs from l( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 ) in a manner that results in an orthogonal updated codebook W, as described in more detail below.
  • the remaining AoAs may be selected arbitrarily from the set l( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 ) to form an orthogonal beamforming codebook.
  • the remaining AoAs may be selected arbitrarily from the set l( ⁇ tilde over (x) ⁇ 1 ) to form an orthogonal beamforming codebook.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for updating a codebook and receiving a signal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • operations for receiving a beam sweeping signal during a (t ⁇ 1)-th period or previous period computing an updated codebook for the following period, e.g., the t-th period or “current period” and using the updated codebook for determining a beamforming vector receiving a data signal for the current period (the t-th period).
  • a radio transceiver receives a (t ⁇ 1)-th directional electromagnetic beam sweeping signal at an antenna array (e.g., antenna array 120 ) during a beam sweeping period (e.g., a (t ⁇ 1)-th beam sweeping period of the (t ⁇ 1)-th period) and computes an estimated combined channel Y t ⁇ 1 (e.g., using the channel estimator 16 ) from the received beam sweeping signal.
  • an antenna array e.g., antenna array 120
  • a beam sweeping period e.g., a (t ⁇ 1)-th beam sweeping period of the (t ⁇ 1)-th period
  • an estimated combined channel Y t ⁇ 1 e.g., using the channel estimator 16
  • the radio transceiver computes an updated beamforming codebook W t based on the estimated combined channel Y t ⁇ 1 and the beamforming codebook W t ⁇ 1 for the (t ⁇ 1)-th period, using the systems and methods described above, such as in the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 .
  • the updated current beamforming codebook W t for the current period t may then be used in operation 613 to compute a next beamforming codebook W t+1 for the next period (t+1), as described in more detail below.
  • the radio transceiver may determine a beamforming vector w t ⁇ 1 for a directional electromagnetic data signal received at the same antenna array (e.g., antenna array 120 ) based on the beamforming codebook W t ⁇ 1 computed in an earlier period (e.g., the (t ⁇ 2)-th period). Approaches for determining a beamforming vector will be described in more detail below with respect to operation 615 .
  • the detector 14 uses the determined beamforming vector (e.g., as a channel state information parameter), the detector 14 detects the data symbols in the received directional electromagnetic data signal, and the decoder 18 may decode the data in the received data symbols.
  • computing a previous estimated combined channel 601 is performed during a previous period or (t ⁇ 1)-th period (or first period).
  • FIG. 6 further depicts operations 611 , 613 , 615 , and 617 performed during a current period or t-th period (or second period) after the previous period (e.g., immediately following the (t ⁇ 1)-th period).
  • the radio transceiver receives a t-th directional electromagnetic beam sweeping signal at the antenna array (e.g., the same antenna array 120 used during the (t ⁇ 1)-th period) during another beam sweeping period (e.g., a t-th beam sweeping period of the t-th period) and computes an estimated combined channel Y t (e.g., using the channel estimator 16 ) for the current period from the received beam sweeping signal.
  • the antenna array e.g., the same antenna array 120 used during the (t ⁇ 1)-th period
  • another beam sweeping period e.g., a t-th beam sweeping period of the t-th period
  • the radio transceiver computes an updated beamforming codebook W t+1 for a next period (e.g., (t+1)-th period) based on the current estimated combined channel Y t and the current beamforming codebook W t for the t-th period, using the systems and methods described above, such as in the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 .
  • the current beamforming codebook W t used in operation 613 and operation 615 is the codebook that was computed during the previous (t ⁇ 1)-th period in operation 603 .
  • the radio transceiver may determine a beamforming vector w t for a directional electromagnetic data signal (or t-th data signal) received at the same antenna array (e.g., antenna array 120 ) based on the current beamforming codebook W t computed in an earlier period (e.g., which was computed during the previous period or (t ⁇ 1)-th period).
  • Approaches for determining the beamforming vector for the received directional electromagnetic data signal include: selecting a beamforming vector for data reception from the current beamforming codebook W t for the current period t without performing channel estimation; and calculating a beamforming vector for data reception explicitly based on a recovered analog channel of the directional electromagnetic data signal, where the analog channel may be recovered based on the current beamforming codebook W t and the estimate of the current combined channel Y t for the current period t.
  • the updated beamforming codebook W t can be used with various channel recovery techniques such as algorithms based on least square and/or compressive sensing.
  • the detector 14 uses the determined beamforming vector for the current period t (e.g., as a channel state information parameter), the detector 14 detects the data symbols in the received t-th directional electromagnetic data signal, and the decoder 18 may decode the data in the received data symbols.
  • aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure combat poor link budget by improving the quality (e.g. signal to noise ratio) of the reception and decoding of the received directional electromagnetic data signal, whether by selecting a beamforming vector for data reception from the beamforming codebook W t+1 without performing channel estimation or by calculating a beamforming vector for data reception explicitly based on channel estimation and the beamforming codebook W t+1 .
  • the quality e.g. signal to noise ratio
  • each period will generally include both a beam sweeping period and a data reception period
  • the previous or (t ⁇ 1)-th period may include a beam sweeping period but may exclude a data reception period and the current or t-th period may include a data reception period and may exclude a beam sweeping period.
  • FIG. 6 shows operations 605 , 607 , 611 , and 613 using dotted lines to indicate that they are optional.
  • FIG. 6 shows that the updated codebook for the next period is computed before determining a beamforming vector for a data signal of the current period
  • the updated codebook for the next period is computed after determining the beamforming vector for the data signal of the current period.
  • aspects embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods for updating a beamforming codebook to improve analog beamforming gain by aligning a beamforming vector of the beamforming codebook to an estimated dominant angle-of-arrival of a received signal. Some aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods for computing the estimated dominant angle-of-arrival. Some aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure relate to computing the remaining angles-of-arrival for the remaining beamforming vectors of the codebook based on the estimated dominant angle-of-arrival.
  • embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto and may be adapted to antenna arrays having different shapes.
  • antenna elements may be spaced apart along two dimensions.
  • the received directional signal may be considered to have an angle-of-arrival (AoA) and a zenith angle-of-arrival (ZoA).
  • each of the beamforming vectors of the codebook may also have an AoA and a ZoA.
  • each beamforming vector was associated with a sector or range of angles.
  • each beamforming vector in the case of a planar array may be associated with a solid angle of potential combinations of AoA and ZoA.
  • the methods for calculating an estimated dominant AoA and ZoA and a codebook may be adapted, as would be understood to one of skill in the art, to apply to planar arrays.
  • a x ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) [ e j ⁇ ⁇ 0 ⁇ sin ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ⁇ c ⁇ o ⁇ s ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ⁇ e j ⁇ ( N x - 1 ) ⁇ sin ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ⁇ c ⁇ o ⁇ s ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ]
  • a y ⁇ ( ⁇ , ⁇ ) [ e j ⁇ 0 ⁇ sin ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ⁇ sin ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ⁇ e j ⁇ ( N y - 1 ) ⁇ sin ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ⁇ sin ⁇ ( ⁇ ) ] ( 35 )
  • the computation of an updated beamforming codebook W may proceed in a substantially similar manner to that described above, but using the antenna response vector a( ⁇ , ⁇ ) for a planar array instead of the antenna response vector a( ⁇ ) for a linear array
  • processing circuit is used herein to mean any combination of hardware, firmware, and software, employed to process data or digital signals.
  • Processing circuit hardware may include, for example, radio baseband processors (BPs or BBPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), general purpose or special purpose central processing units (CPUs), digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics processing units (GPUs), and programmable logic devices such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).
  • BPs or BBPs radio baseband processors
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • CPUs general purpose or special purpose central processing units
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • GPUs graphics processing units
  • FPGAs programmable logic devices
  • each function is performed either by hardware configured, i.e., hard-wired, to perform that function, or by more general-purpose hardware, such as a CPU, configured to execute instructions stored in a non-transitory storage medium.
  • a processing circuit may be fabricated on a single printed circuit board (PCB) or distributed over several interconnected PCBs.
  • a processing circuit may contain other processing circuits; for example, a processing circuit may include two processing circuits, an FPGA and a CPU, interconnected on a PCB.
  • first”, “second”, “third”, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed herein could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
  • any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range.
  • a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6.
  • Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein.

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