US1044331A - Type-writing machine. - Google Patents

Description

F. A. YOUNG.

TYPE WRITING MACHINE; APPLIOATIOK FILED MAY 9, 1910.

, ,044, 3 1 Patented Nov. 1 2, 1912.-

2 SHEETSSHEET 1.

F. A. YOUNG.

TYPE WRITING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED MAY 9, 1910.

Patented Nov. 12, 1912.

SHEET 2.

| f I i l l l l l I connection with the UNIT D STAT ES PATENT one-F101;.

FRANK A. YOUNG, or new YORK, n. -Y., COMPANY, or NEW YORK, N. Y.,

ASSIGNOR T0 UNDERW'OOD TYPEWRITER A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

TYPE-WRITING MACHINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed m a, 1910. Serial No. 560,291.

' Patented Nov. 12, 1912.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANK A. YOUNG, a

citizen of the United States, residing in New York, in the county of New York and therein.

The invention includes means independent of the carriage and platen frame, for deter mining and adjusting wlth exactness and: certainty, the throw of the. platen" in thecarriage.

A further feature of the invention is'a means wherebythe ribbon carrier is shifted and controlled in its movements from the pl ltten shifting mechanism, to, secure always a proper and true correlation of the two.

'.'Other objects of the invention will be set forth in the followingspecification taken in I accompanying drawings, in which: 9

Figure 1 is a view in pers ective of the assembled mechanism, except or certain details omitted for the sake of clearness. Fig. 2 is a view of the mechanism in end elevation looking from the left hand side .of the machine. Fig. 3 is arear view. Fig. 4 is aview on the. line 4-4 of Fig. 3, looking in the direction of the arrows. Fig. 5 is a view in front elevation of a portion of the lefthand side of the mechanism, the keys and part of the platen frame being removed to show the mechanism to the rear thereof.

Fig. 6 isa detail view in end elevation, of

is shown as mounted on the frame 2 of the machine to have longitudinal, but no other movement thereon. The carriage at its front, travels on the rail 3 fixed in the frame of the machine, and at its rear is attached by brackets 4 ton bar 5, which has longitudinal movement in the guideway 6 after a manner well known in the art. Theplaten 7'is supported at either end by bearings 8 on arms 9, hinged or pivoted to a rock-shaft 10 on the carriage. The platen frame 11 to-. gether with the platenand certain other parts, are all free to'be shifted up and down with the arms 9, as the latter swing with the rock-shaft 10. I

The platen frame and attached parts are shifted from upper to lower case position, and vice versa, with respect to type 40, by means of links or arms 12, pivoted at 13 to the platen frame,

and their lower ends carried by eccentrics 14 on rock-shaft 15, (see Fig. 8), which latter has a bearing at either end on the carriage frame 1.' With the eccentrics 14 in the position shown in the drawings, the platen is in lower case position. A turn of the eccentric shaft 180 degrees to the position shown in dotted lines in Figs. 8 and 9 causes the arms 12 to be lifted and brings.

the platen to upper case position. The movement of the eccentric shaft 15 is effected by shift-keys 16 through the following mechanism.

The keys 16 are carried by bell crank levers 17'pivoted at 18, one to each side of the machine, in the usual manner. The rearmost arms of the levers 17 each carry a roller 19, which bears against one arm 20 of a lever 21, (see Figs. 6 and 7), fixed to a shaft 22 which rocks in the frame 2 of the machine.- Springs 23 tend to hold the key levers 17 in normal or lower case position, and to return them to this position unless restrained from so doing. Springs 24 attached at 25 to the frame of the machine, and at 26-, to arms 27 of the levers 21, serve to hold the ,lever arms 20 against the keylevers 17. and to cause the levers 21 to follow the key levers as the latter return to lower case position. Fast to the shaft 22 is a rack 28 which meshes with a pinion 29 on the shaft 15, so that when the shaft 22 is rocked by the means described, the shaft 15 is also rocked, and the 14 caused I adjustable to raise or lower the thrust rods 12 and the platen frame, carried thereby. The shaft 15 is provided with a keyway 30 extending sub stantially the entire length thereof, which engages a key on the pinion 29, whereby the shaft 15 is caused to turn with the pinion 29, but is free to move longitudinally with respect to the latter as the carriage is fed. Fla nges 31 on the pinion 29 engage the rack 28 on either side, and cause the pinion to be held in mesh with the rack, regardless of the longitudinal movement of the carriage 1 and shaft 15.

The movement of the parts is such, that eccentrics .11 are on dead center in both upper and lower case positions. Then the eccentrics are on deadcent-ers, they firmly support the platen frame on the carriage, and lock the two frames together. The key levers 17 may belocked by any suitable the action of .the springs 23 and 24. Such means for locking t-he'key levers are well known in the art and are not shown in the drawings. The throw of the key levers and of the levers 21 is determined by stops 32 in slots 33 in the arms 27 of levers 21. These stops on each depression of the keys finally engage the key levers, as shown in dotted lines in Fig. 6, and bring the parts to rest. The key lever 17 engages the lever 21, on both sides of t e pivot of the latter and further moveme t of either lever is thereby rendered impossible. The pivot or shaft 22 lying midway of the stop 32 and roll 19, receives the shock as a direct blow and serves the eccentric shaft 15 will be greater or less, according to the positions of stops 32. in practice, the stops 32 are so adjusted, that the key levers and other parts come to rest when the eccentrics 14 are on dead center. The springs 24 are conveniently, although not necessarily, attached to the pins on which the stops 32 are carried. The stops the links and the eccentrics positively determine the upper case position of the platen frame.

The ribbon 41, through which the types 40 print, is threaded in the ribbon-carrier 42 (Fig. 10), which is vibrated up and down so as to 'i'naintain the ribbon adjacent the printing point in either the raised or lowered positions of the platen. Said ribboncarrier is caused to shift up with the shifting of the platen from lower to upper case position, or vice versa, by a rack or toothed segment 37 fast on the rocking shaft- 22 (Figs. 1 and 2), in mesh with a rack 36 on a bar 35 to raise and lower said bar as the shaft 22 is rocked in one direction or the other to raise or lower the platen. A ribl'Jon-carrier lever 34 is fulcrumed zit-43, upon said bar 35,'said lever bein connected at 44, to the ribbQn carrier-42 .to transmit the as a positive stop. The throw of means to hold the same depressed against movement of the bar 35 thereto, to maintain the proper relation between the platen and ribbon at all times. A roller 37 on the ribbon-carrier link is guided in an elongated bearing 38 constituting an actuator which vibrates the ribbon at the type strokes. Platen and ribbon-carrier preferably move approximately simultaneously in the same direction uponthe rotation of the shaft 22.

The ribbon normally lies beneath the printing point on the platen to render the writing visible. To cause the ribbon to cover the printing point at each type stroke, said bearing 38 is attached to the universal bar 45, which is caused to vibrate back and forth by the engagement of the type bars therewith as the types approach the platen, such vibration operating to rock the ribboncarrier lever 34 on its pivot 43 to vibrate the ribbon up and down across the printing point when the types are struck.

From the foregoing, it will be noted that the platen is locked directly to the carriage in both upper and lower position. It will be noted that the platen, at both ends thereof, is supported by and attached to the carriage by means of thrust rods 12, and eccentrics 14, so that vibration or displacement of the platen on the carriage is positively prevented.

The structure shown may obviously be modified within the scope of the invention, and portions of the improvements may be used without others.

Having thus described my inyent-ion, I claim:

1. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a platen and a platen frame, a carriage in which the platen frame is shiftable from one case position to another, means on said carriage for locking the platen frame to the carriage in either position, and a key at the keyboard connected to said locking means.

2. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a. platen and a platen framemovable in the carriage between lower and upper case printing positions, means for supporting the platen frame at both ends from the carriage frame, means on said carriage for moving and locking said supporting means to secure the platen in either printing position, and a key at the keyboard connected to said locking means.

In a typewriting machine, the combination of a platen and a platen frame, a carriage in which the platen frame is shittable from one case position to another, and'eccentries mounted in the carriage and attached to the platen frame, whereby the platen frame is always supported from the carriage by means of'the eccentrics.

4. In a typewriting machine, the combination ofa platen and a platen frame. a carriage in which the platen frame is shiftable all other movement of the platen frame with respect to the carriage than the movement aforesaid, means on said carriage for locking the platen frame to the carriage in each of said printing-positions, and a key at the keyboard connected'to said locking means. a

p 6. In a ,typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen and a platen frame hinged to the carriage, means on said carriage for turning the platen frame pivotally on its hinge between lower and upper case printing positions and for holding the laten frame fix edly' to the carriage in either position, anda key at the keyboard connected to said holding means.

7. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a"

platen, and a platen frame hinged to the carriage. and means for turning the platen frame pivotally on its hinge between lower and upper case printing positions, said means being mounted on the carriage and attached to the platen frame forward of the hinge.

,8. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen, and a laten frame hinged to the carriage, means or turning the platen frame pivotally on its hinge between'lower and upper caseprinting positions, said means comprising an eccentric having a bearing in the carriage, and an armv carried by said eccentric which is attached to the platen frame.

9. In a typewriting machine, a' carriage, a platen, aplaten frame hinged to the carriage, means for turning the platen frame pivotally on its hinge between the lower and upper case printing positions, said means comprising two eccentrics, one at eachend.

of the carriage and having bearing therein, and an arm carried-by each eccentric attached to the platen.

10. In a typewritmgmachine, the combi-' nation of a platenand a platen frame, a carriage on which the'platen frame is ad justable with the platen between upper and 3 lower case positions, means for positively restricting the movement Y of the platen frame on the carriage t0 the movement described, eccentrics mounted on the carriage. enrlattached to the platen frame,and means for turning said eccentrics to shift the platen frame between printing positions.

11. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a p aten and a platen frame, a carriage on w ich the platen frame is adjustable with the platen between upper and lower case positions, means for positively restricting the movement of the platen frame on the carriage to the movement described, eccentrics mounted on the carriage and attached. to the platen frame, and

means for turning said eccentrics to shift.

' the platen frame between printing positions,

said eccentrics being on dead center in printriage. t 12. In a typewriting machine, a carriage,

shaft having a bearing on the' carriage at each end thereof, an eccentric fast to the eccentric shaft at each end thereof, a thrust rod carried by each eccentric and attached to the platen frame, and means for turning said eccentric shaft to move the platenframe on its hinge in the carriage.

13. In a typewritin machine,a carriage, a platen frame hinge thereto, aneccentric shaft having a bearing on the carriage at each end thereof, an eccentric fast to the eccentric shaft at each end thereof, a thrust rod carried by each eccentric and attached to the laten frame, means forturning said eccentrlc shaft-to move the laten frame on its hinge in the carriage, an means-for locking the platen frame to the carriage in each shifted position. p

14. In a typewriting machine, ,a carriage,

ing position to lock the platen to the cara. platen frame hinged thereto, an eccentric a. platen frame. movable therein between .lower and upper case printing positions, and a plurality of elements cooperating to eplaten frame in the carriage, one.

move t of said elements being a key-operated lever,

and another of said elements being a twoarmed lever, one arm of which is engaged by the first lever to actuate the mechanism, and the other arm of which is engaged by the first lever after a pre-determined movement thereof to stop the mechanism.

15. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein between lower and upper case printing. positions, a plurality of elements cooperating to move the platen frame in the carriage one ofsaid elements also. serving as astop to another of said elements to determine one of the printing positionsof the platen, and means for adjusting the relation of. said elements to determine the stopping position of the same.

16. In a typewriting machine, a carriage,

a platen frame movable therein between lower and upper case printing positions, a plurality of elements coiiperating to move the platen frame in thecarriage, one of said elements being a key-operated lever, and

" another-of said elementsbeing a two-armed lat r i m-est vv is l is engaged y the &

first lever to actuate the mechanism, and the other arm of which is engaged by the first lever after a pre-determined movement thereof to stop the mechanism, and means for adjusting the effective length of said stopping arm to determine the stopping position of the mechanism.

17. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein between lower and upper case printing positions, a plurality of elements cooperating to move the platen frame in the carriage, one of said elements being a key-operated lever, and another of said elements beinga two-armed lever, one arm of which is engaged by the first lever to actuate the mechanism, and the other arm of which is engaged by the first lever after a pre-determined movement thereof to stop-the mechanism, the points of engagement of said first lever with said two-armed lever being on opposite sides of the pivot of said two-armed lever, whereby said pivot acts as a positive stop to receive the blow of the key lever.

18. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein, means for moving the platen frame, consisting of an eccentric shaft having a hearing at each end in the carriage and having an eccentric at each end on which eccentrics the platen frame is carried, and an element keyed to the eccentric shaft for turning the shaft, the keyway in the shaft extending substantially the length of the shaft whereby the shaft may be fed longitudinally with the carriage While the element which is keyed thereto is held stationary.

19. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame mo-vable therein, means for moving the platen frame, consisting of an eccentric shaft having a hearing at each end in the carriage and having an eccentric at each end on which eccentrics the platen frame is carried, an element keyed to the eccentric shaft for turning the shaft, the keyway in the shaft extending substantially the length of the shaft whereby may be fed longitudinally with the carriage, while the element which is keyed thereto is held stationary, a rock shaft on the frame of the machine geared to said element on the eccentric'shaft, and means for turning the rock shaft from a suit-able key.

20. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein, means for moving the platen frame, consisting of an eccentric shaft having a hearing at each end in the c'arriage and having each end on which eccentrics the platen is carried, an element keyed to the eccentric shaft for turning the shaft, the keyway in the shaft extending substantially the length of the shaftwhereby the shaft may be fed longitudinally with the carriage while the element which is keyed thereto is held stathe shaft an eccentric at tionary, and a rock shaft on the frame of the machine geared to said element on the eccentric shaft and engaging the said element to hold the same against longitudinal movement with the carriage.

21. In a typewriting machine, a carria e, a platen frame movable therein, means or moving the platen frame, consisting of an eccentric shaft having a bearing at each end in the carriage and having an eccentric at each endon which eccentrics the platen .rame is carried, an element keyed to the eccentric shaft for turning the shaft, the keyway in the shaft extending substantially the length of the shaft whereby the shaft may be fed longitudinally with the carriage while the element which is keyed thereto is held stationary, a rock shaft on the frame of the machine geared to said element on the eccentric shaft and having an arm fast thereto, and a key-operated lever pivoted on the frame of the machine for engaging said arm on the rock shaft to turn the latter.

22. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein, means for moving the platen frame, consisting of an eccentric shaft having a bearing at each end on the carriage, and having an eccentric at each end on which eccentrics the platen frame is carried, an element keyed to the eccentric shaft for turning the shaft, the keyway in the shaft extending substantially the length of the shaft whereby the shaft may be fed longitudinally with the carriage, while the element which is keyed thereto is held stationary, a rock shaft on the frame of the machine geared to said element on the eccentric shaft and having an arm fast thereto, a key-operated lever pivoted on the frame of the machine for engaging said arm on the rock shaft to turn the latter, and a stop carried by said rock shaft for determining the movement of the same by the keyoperated lever.

23. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein, means for moving the platen frame, consisting of an eccentric shaft having a bearing at each end on the carriage, and having an eccentric at each end on which eccentrics the platen frame is carried, an element keyed to the eccentric shaft for turning the shaft, the keyway in the shaft extending substantially the length of the shaft whereby the shaft may be fed longitudinally with the carriage, while the element which is keyed thereto is held stationary, a rock shaft on the frame of the machine geared to said element on the eccentric shaft and having an arm fast thereto, a key operated lever pivoted on the frame of the machine for engaging said arm on the rock shaft to turn the latter, and a stop carried by said rock shaft and engaged by said keyope'rated lever to determlne the movement of the parts.

its

24. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein, means for moving the platen frame, consisting of an eccentric shaft for turning the shaft, 'the keyway in the shaft extending substantially the length of the shaft whereby the shaft may be fed longitudinally with the carriage,

while the element which is keyed thereto isheldstationar a rock shaft on the frame of the machine geared to said element on the eccentric shaft and having an arm fast thereto, a key-operated lever pivoted on the frame of the machine for engaging said arm on the rock shaft to turn the latter, and a stop carried by said arm on the rock shaft and engaged by said key-operated lever to determine the movement of the parts.

25. In a typewriting machine, a carria e, a platen frame movable therein, means, or moving the platen frame, consisting of an eccentric shaft having a hearing at each end on the carriage, and having an eccentric at each end on which eccentrics the platen frame is carried, an element keyed to the eccentric shaft for turning the shaft, the keyway in the shaft extending substantially the length of the shaft whereby the shaft may be fed longitudinally with the carriage, while the element which is keyed thereto is held stationary, a rock shaft on the frame of the machine geared to said element on the eccentric shaft and having an arm fast thereto, a key-operated lever pivoted on the frame of the machine for engaging said arm on the rock shaft to turn the latter, and a stop adjustable on said arm on the rock shaft and engaged by said key-operated lever to determine the movement of the parts.

26. In a typewriting machine, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein between tower and upper case printing position, means for so moving the platen' frame, comprising a rock shaft on the frame of the machine suitably geared to the platen frame, a key-operated lever, means whereby said lever is caused to turn the rock shaft, and a, stop carried by said rock shaft engaged by said keyoperated lever to determine the movement of the parts.

27. In a typewriting machine, a ribbon carrier, a carriage, a platen frame movable therein between lower and upper case printing positions, a rock shaft mounted on the frame of the machine and geared to the platen to move the latter, a key-operated lever, means whereby the shaft is rocked by said lever, means operated from said rock shaft for moving the ribbon carrier with the platen from one to the other printing .position, said last named means comprlsmg a rack attached to the ribbon carrier, and

a toothed element'on the rock shaft engaging therewith.

28. In a typewritin'g machine, the combination with a carriage, of a platen frame mounted thereon for shifting movement, a rock shaft extending from end to' end of the carriage, eccentrics on the ends of said rock shaft, links pivoted on said eccentrics and connected to the platen frame to shift the same, and means for turning said rock shaft sufficiently to shift the platen back and forth and lock it in each position.

29. In a typewriting machine, the combination with a carriage, of a platen frame mounted thereon for shifting movement, a rock shaft extending from end to end of the carriage, eccentrics on the ends of said rock shaft, links pivoted on said eccentrics and. connected to the platen frame to shift the same, means forturning said rock shaft sufficiently to shift the platen back and forth and lock it'in each position, apinion splined to said rock shaft, a gear mounted on the, frame of said machine and meshing with said pinion, and a key connected to said gear, means being provided to prevent move-I ment of the pinion in axial direction.--'

30. In a typewriting machine, the combination with'a carriage, of a platen frame mounted thereon for shifting movement, a rock shaft extending from end to end of the carriage, eccentrics on the endswof said rock shaft, links pivoted on-said eccentricsand connected to the platen frame to shift/"the same, means for turning said rock shaft sufficiently to shift the platen back and forth and lock it in each position, and a ribbon connected to said turning meanstobe shifted in accordance with the movement of the platen. 1

controlling mechanism including a member- I 3 1. Ina typewriting machine, thetombi- I nation with a carriage, of a platen frame mounted thereon for shifting movement, a rock shaft extending from end to end of the carriage, eccentrics on the ends of saidrock shaft, links pivoted on said eccentrics and connected to-the platen frame to shift the same, and means for turning said rock shaft sufiiciently to shift the platen back and forth and lock it in each position, including, a

member splined to accommodate the movement of the carriage.

32. In a typewritmg machine, the combination with a carriage,'of a platen frame mounted thereon for shifting movement; a

rock shaft extending from end to end of the carriage, eccentrics on the ends of said rock shaft, links pivoted on said eccentrics and connected to the'platen frame to shift the same, means for turning Said rock shaft sufficiently to shift. the platen back and forth and lock it in each position, including a member splined to accommodate the movement of the carriage, and a ribbon-controlling mechanism including a member con nected to said turning means to be shifted in accordance with the movement of the platen.

33. The combination of. a carriage, a platen frame shiftable on said carriage, mechanism mounted on said carriage and movable with relation to both said carriage and said platen frame, for shifting the latter, a key at the keyboard of the machine, means controlled by said key for operating said shifting mechanism, and including a device for accommodating the traveling movement of the carriage, a ribbon-controlling mechanism supported on the framework of the machine, and means extending from said key to said ribbon-controlling mechanism to shift the latter in accordance with the shifting of the platen.

84. The combination of a carriage, a platen frameshiftable on said carriage, mechanism mounted on said carriage and movable with relation to both said carriage and said platen frame, for shifting the latter, akey at the keyboard of the machine, and means controlled by said key for operating said shifting mechanism, and including a device for accommodating the traveling movement of the carriage; said platenshifting mechanism including an eccentric device-on said carriage and means cooperating therewith to lock the platen in each of its shifted positions.

35. The combination of a carriage, a platen frame shiftable on said carriage, mechanism mounted on said carriage and movable with relation to both said carriage and said platen frame, for shifting the latmeans for operating the latter,

ter, a key at the keyboard of the machine, means controlled by said key for operating said shifting mechanism, and including a device for accommodating the traveling movement of the carriage, said platen shifting mechanism including eccentrics, one at each end of the platen frame, a rock shaft rigidly connecting said eccentrics, and means cotiperating with said eccentrics to shift the platen and lock it in each of its shifted positions.

36. The combination of a carriage, a platen shiftable thereon, means between the carriage and the platen and movable relatively to both thereof for shifting the platen, a key, a rock-shaft on the framework of the machine and connected to said key, means between said rock-shaft and said shifting provision being made for accommodating the travel of the carriage, 'a pinion on said rock shaft, a reek meshing with said pinion, and a ribbon vibrating device mounted on said rack to be shifted in accordance with the shifting of laten The combination of a carriage, a shiftable platen thereon, a key-operated rocking and a ribbon-vibrating member mounted on said part to be shifted in accordance with the shifting of the platen.

38. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a platen, a platen frame, a carriage, and a set of eccentrics and links connecting'said platen frame to said carriage to shift the platen frame and lock the same to the carriage.

39. In a typewriting machine, the combination of a platen, a platen frame, a carriage, and a set of eccentrics and links connecting said platen frame to said carriage to shift the platen frame and lock thesamc to the carriage in either positionto which the platen is shifted thereby; and a key upon the framework of the machine connected to said set of eccentrics and links; provision being made to accommodate the travel of the carriage. 40. The combination of two primary elements consisting of a carriage and a platen frame, a rock-shaft mounted on one of said primary elements and connected to the other to shift said platen frame wit-h relation to said carriage, and a key mounted on the framework of the machine and connected to said rock shaft to operate the same, means being provided to accommodate the traveling movement of the carriage.

41. The combination of two primary elements consistin of a carriage and a platen frame, a rock-s aft mounted on one of said primary other to shift said platen frame with relation to said carriage, an operating device splined on said rock shaft, means to prewent said operating device from traveling with the carriage, and a key connected to said operating device.

42. The combination of two primary elements consisting of a carriage and a platen frame, a rock shaft mounted on one of said elements, eccentrics on said rock shaft, connections from said eccentrics to the other of said primary elements to shift the platen and lock it in each of its shifted positions, an operating device splined on said rock shaft, means to prevent said operating device from traveling with the carriage, and a key connected to said operating device.

43. The combination of two primary elements consisting of a carriage and a platen frame, a rock shaft mounted on one of said elements,

said primary elements to shift the platen and lock it in each of its shifted ositions, a pinion splined on said rock sha prevent said pinion from traveling with t elements and connected to the eccentrics on said rock shaft, connections from said eccentrics to the other of t, means v carriage, a toothed element meshingwith said pinion, and a. key to operate said toothed element. i

44. The combination of two primary elements consisting of a carriage and a platen frame, a rock shaft mounted on one of said elements, eccentrics on said rock shaft, coni nections from said eccentrics to the other of i sa1d primary elements to shift the platen and lock it in each of its shifted positions,

an, operating device splined on said rock shaft, means to prevent said operating de-- a ribbon-vibrator also connected to said key 15 to be shifted with the platen.

, FRANK A. YOUNG.

Witnesses:

Kl FRANKFORT, B. GOLDBERG.

Copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by'addressing the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, I). 0.

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