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  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
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  • A61K31/551—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole having two nitrogen atoms, e.g. dilazep
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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  • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
  • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D277/38—Nitrogen atoms
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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  • C07D285/01—Five-membered rings
  • C07D285/02—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles
  • C07D285/04—Thiadiazoles; Hydrogenated thiadiazoles not condensed with other rings
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  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Definitions

• Voltage-gated sodium channels play a central role in initiating and propagating action potentials in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle, see for example Yu and Catterall, Genome Biology 4:207 (2003) and references therein.
• Voltage-gated sodium channels are multimeric complexes characterized by an Alpha-subunit which encompasses an ion-conducting aqueous pore, and is the site of the essential features of the channel, and at least one Beta-subunit that modifies the kinetics and voltage-dependence of the channel gating. These structures are ubiquitous in the central and peripheral nervous system where they play a central role in the initiation and propagation of action potentials, and also in skeletal and cardiac muscle where the action potential triggers cellular contraction. (see Goldin, Ann NY Acad Sci. 30; 868:38-50 (1999)).
• Sensory neurons are also responsible for conveying information from the periphery e.g. skin, muscle and joints to the central nervous system (spinal cord).
• Sodium channels are integral to this process as sodium channel activity is required for initiation and propagation of action potentials triggered by noxious stimuli (thermal, mechanical and chemical) activating peripheral nociceptors.
• Na v 1.7 voltage-gated sodium ion channels (herein designated “Nav 1.7 channels” in some instances for convenience) are expressed primarily in sensory and sympathetic neurons, are believed to play a role in various maladies, for example, nociception, cough, and itch, and in particular have a central role in inflammatory pain perception, (see Wood et al. J. Neurobiol. 61: pp 55-71 (2004), Nassar et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 101(34): pp 12706-12711 (2004), Klinger et. al., Molecular Pain, 8:69 (2012), see Devigili et. al., Pain, 155(9); pp 1702-7 (2014), Lee et.
• Loss of function mutations in Na V 1.7 lead to Congenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP), where patients exhibit a lack of pain sensation for a variety of noxious stimuli (Goldberg et al., Clinical Genetics, 71(4): 311-319 (2007)).
• Gain of function mutations in Na V 1.7, Na V 1.8, and Na V 1.9 manifest in a variety of pain syndromes where patients experience pain without an external stimulus (Fischer and Waxman, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1184:196-207 (2010), Faber et al., PNAS 109(47): 19444-19449) (2012), Zhang et al., American Journal of Human Genetics, 93(5):957-966 (2013)).
• identification and administration of agents which interact to block Na v 1.7 voltage-gated sodium ion channels represents a rational approach which may provide treatment or therapy for disorders involving Na v 1.7 receptors, for example, but not limited to, those conditions mentioned above (acute pain, preoperative pain, perioperative pain, post-operative pain, neuropathic pain, cough, or itch disorders, as well as those stemming specifically from dysfunction of Na v 1.7 voltage-gated sodium ion channels, see Clare et al., Drug Discovery Today, 5: pp 506-520 (2000)).
• neuropathic pain examples include, for example, post herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, chronic lower back pain, phantom limb pain, pain resulting from cancer and chemotherapy, chronic pelvic pain, complex regional pain syndrome and related neuralgias.
• the ectopic activity of normally silent sensory neurons is thought to contribute to the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain, which is generally assumed to be associated with an increase in sodium channel activity in the injured nerve.
• Nociception is essential for survival and often serves a protective function.
• the pain associated with surgical procedures and current therapies to relieve that pain can delay recovery after surgery and increase the length of hospital stays.
• 10-50% of surgical patients will develop chronic pain after surgery often because the nerve damage results in lasting neuropathic pain once the wound has healed (Meissner et al., Current Medical Research and Opinion, 31(11):2131-2143 (2015)).
• Cough is one of the most prevalent symptoms for which patients seek the attention of their primary care physicians; chronic cough for example is estimated to affect approximately 40% of the population.
• the fundamental mechanisms of the cough reflex are complex and involve an array of events initiated by the activation of airway sensory nerves that physically results in a forced expiration of the airways.
• This protective reflex is necessary to remove foreign material and secretions from the airways, however, chronic, non-protective cough results in a dramatic negative impact on quality of life (see Nasra et. al., Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 124(3):354-375 (2009)).
• Cough symptoms can arise from the common cold, allergic and vasomotor rhinitis, acute and chronic bacterial sinusitis, exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Bordetella pertussis infection, asthma, postnasal-drip syndromes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, eosinophilic and chronic bronchitis, and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, cough is categorically described as acute, subacute, or chronic, respectively lasting less than three weeks, three to eight weeks, and more than eight weeks in duration (see Irwin et. al., The New England Journal of Medicine, 343(23):1715-1721 (2000)).
• Opioids primarily act on ⁇ -opioid receptors of the central nervous system, and in some reports, also on peripheral afferents of the cough reflex arc—they exhibit varied degrees of efficacy and are limited by side-effects such as sedation, physical dependence, and gastrointestinal problems; morphine has shown to be an effective treatment for chronic cough (see Morice et. al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:312-315 (2007) and Takahama et. al., Cough 3:8 (2007)), but is generally restricted to patients with terminal illness such as lung cancer. Codeine, found in some cough syrups, and also administered systemically, was found no more effective than placebo (see Smith et.
• Na V 1.7, Na V 1.8, and Na V 1.9 were determined to be the primary voltage-gated sodium channels expressed in the afferent nerves of the respiratory tract (see Muroi et. al., Lung, 192:15-20 (2014)) and in animal models of cough, suppression of Na V 1.7 function resulted in a marked decrease in number of coughs (see Muroi et.
• Pruritus also commonly known as itch, affects approximately 4% of the global population (see Flaxman et. al., Lancet, 380:2163-2196 (2012)) is “an unpleasant sensation that elicits the desire or reflex to scratch” and is regarded as closely related to pain.
• itch affects approximately 4% of the global population (see Flaxman et. al., Lancet, 380:2163-2196 (2012)) is “an unpleasant sensation that elicits the desire or reflex to scratch” and is regarded as closely related to pain.
• itch can arise from both systemic disorders, skin disorders, as well as physical or chemical insult to the dermis.
• conditions such as dry skin, eczema, psoriasis, varicella zoster, urticaria, scabies, renal failure, cirrhosis, lymphoma, iron deficiency, diabetes, menopause, polycythemia, uremia, and hyperthyroidism can cause itch, as can diseases of the nervous system such as tumors, multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, nerve compression, and delusions related to obsessive-compulsive disorders.
• pruritogens are released from keratinocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils during inflammation.
• Gain of function mutations of Na v 1.7 have been found in approximately 28% of patients with idiopathic small fiber neuropathy (I-SFN); these mutations were found to render dorsal root ganglia neurons hyperexcitable, reducing the threshold of activation and increasing the frequency of evoked firing (see Waxman et. al., Neurology, 78(21):1635-1643 (2012)). Severe, uncontrollable itch has also been genetically linked to a gain-of-function mutation (I739V) in the sodium channel Na V 1.7 in man (see Devigili et. al., Pain, 155(9); pp 1702-7 (2014)).
• I-SFN idiopathic small fiber neuropathy
• voltage gated sodium ion channels are ubiquitous in the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, and conservation of structures in the various Alpha-subunits characterizing voltage-gated sodium ion channels implicates the potential for producing serious side effects when utilizing therapeutic agents having a mechanism of action that target inhibiting voltage-gated sodium ion channels, for example, therapeutic agents suitable for use in addressing nociception, cough, or itch disorders, requires therapeutic agents having specificity in their action, for example, discriminating between action upon Na v 1.5 sodium ion channels, thought to be important in regulation of cardiac function and action upon Na v 1.7 sodium ion channels, thought to be central in inflammatory nociception, cough, or itch and disorders arising from dysfunctional Na v 1.7 sodium ion channels.
• the invention provides compounds having selective activity as Na v 1.7 sodium ion channel inhibitors which have the structure of Formula A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
• R 1 is: —Cl, —Br, or linear, branched or cyclic alkyl of up to 3 carbon atoms;
• R 2 is:
• E 3 is selected to have the structure of E 3a :
• R 9A , R 10A , and R 11A are as follows:
• E 2 is selected to have the structure of E 2a :
• a compound of the invention is preferably a compound of Formula AI:
• X is ⁇ N—.
• R 15 is:
• preferably “m” is zero.
• a compound of the invention is preferably:
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of Formula A, or a salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient adapted for administration to a patient via any pharmaceutically acceptable route, including dosage forms for oral, intravenous, infusion, subcutaneous, transcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, transmucosal, or intramucosal routes of administration.
• this invention provides also a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier, an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula A, or a salt thereof, an effective amount of at least one other pharmaceutically active ingredient which is: (i) an opioid agonist or antagonist; (ii) a calcium channel antagonist; (iii) an NMDA receptor agonist or antagonist; (iv) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (v) an NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); or (vi) paracetamol (APAP, acetaminophen), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a pharmaceutical carrier an effective amount of at least one compound of Formula A, or a salt thereof, an effective amount of at least one other pharmaceutically active ingredient which is: (i) an opioid agonist or antagonist; (ii) a calcium channel antagonist; (iii) an NMDA receptor agonist or antagonist; (iv) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (v) an NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); or (vi
• the invention provides also a method of treatment, management, alleviation or amelioration of conditions or disease states which can be treated, managed, alleviated or ameliorated by specific inhibition of Nav 1.7 channel activity, the method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a composition comprising at least one compound of Formula A, or a salt thereof, in an amount providing a serum level of at least one said compound sufficient to effect said treatment, management, alleviation or amelioration of said conditions or disease states.
• the condition or disease state to be treated, managed, alleviated or ameliorated is acute pain or a chronic pain disorder.
• the condition is acute pain.
• the invention provides compounds believed to have selective activity as Na v 1.7 sodium ion channel inhibitors which have the structure of Formula A, or a salt thereof:
• R 1 , R 2 , and E are defined herein.
• Preferred compounds of the invention exhibit a potency (IC 50 ) of less than about 500 nanomolar when assayed in accordance with IonWorks® assay technique described herein, and exhibit at least 50-fold selectivity for Na v 1.7 sodium channels over Na v 1.5 sodium channels, more preferably at least 500-fold selectivity for Na v 1.7 sodium channels over Na v 1.5 sodium channels when functional potency for each channel are compared using the IonWorks® assay technique described herein.
• IC 50 potency
• Compounds of the invention and formulations comprising compounds of the invention are believed to be useful in providing treatment, management, alleviation or amelioration of conditions or disease states which can be treated, managed, alleviated or ameliorated by specific inhibiting of Nav 1.7 channel activity.
• disease states which are believed to be desirably affected using such therapy include, but are not limited to, inhibiting acute pain, peri-operative, post-operative and neuropathic pain, for example, postherpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, chronic lower back pain, phantom limb pain, pain resulting from cancer and chemotherapy, chronic pelvic pain, complex regional pain syndrome and related neuralgias, pruritis or cough.
• a compound in treatment means that an amount of the compound, generally presented as a component of a formulation that comprises other excipients, is administered in aliquots of an amount, and at time intervals, which provides and maintains at least a therapeutic serum level of at least one pharmaceutically active form of the compound over the time interval between dose administration.
• Absolute stereochemistry is illustrated by the use of hashed and solid wedge bonds. As shown in Illus-I and Illus-II. Accordingly, the methyl group of Illus-I is emerging from the page of the paper and the ethyl group in Illus-II is descending into the page, where the cyclohexene ring resides within the plane of the paper. It is assumed that the hydrogen on the same carbon as the methyl group of Illus-I descends into the page and the hydrogen on the same carbon as the ethyl group of Illus-II emerges from the page.
• compositions for example, “at least one pharmaceutical excipient” means that one member of the specified group is present in the composition, and more than one may additionally be present.
• Components of a composition are typically aliquots of isolated pure material added to the composition, where the purity level of the isolated material added into the composition is the normally accepted purity level for a reagent of the type.
• “at least one” used in reference to substituents appended to a compound substrate for example, a halogen or a moiety appended to a portion of a structure replacing a hydrogen, means that one substituent of the group of substituents specified is present, and more than one of said substituents may be bonded to any of the defined or chemically accessible bonding points of the substrate.
• “sequentially” refers to a series administration of therapeutic agents that awaits a period of efficacy to transpire between administering each additional agent; this is to say that after administration of one component, the next component is administered after an effective time period after the first component; the effective time period is the amount of time given for realization of a benefit from the administration of the first component;
• an effective amount means, for example, providing the amount of at least one compound of Formula A that results in a therapeutic response in a patient afflicted with a central nervous system disease or disorder (“condition”), including a response suitable to manage, alleviate, ameliorate, or treat the condition or alleviate, ameliorate, reduce, or eradicate one or more symptoms attributed to the condition and/or long-term stabilization of the condition, for example, as may be determined by the analysis of pharmacodynamic markers or clinical evaluation of patients afflicted with the condition;
• patient and “subject” means an animal, such as a mammal (e.g., a human being) and is preferably a human being;
• prodrug means compounds that are rapidly transformed, for example, by hydrolysis in blood, in vivo to the parent compound, e.g., conversion of a prodrug of Formula A to a compound of Formula A, or to a salt thereof; a thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. Symposium Series, and in Edward B. Roche, ed., Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both of which are incorporated herein by reference; the scope of this invention includes prodrugs of the novel compounds of this invention;
• substituted means that one or more of the enumerated substituents can occupy one or more of the bonding positions on the substrate typically occupied by “H”, provided that such substitution does not exceed the normal valency rules for the atom in the bonding configuration presented in the substrate, and that the substitution ultimately provides a stable compound, which is to say that such substitution does not provide compounds with mutually reactive substituents located geminal or vicinal to each other; and wherein the substitution provides a compound sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture.
• substituents are present, one or more of the enumerated substituents for the specified substrate can be present on the substrate in a bonding position normally occupied by the default substituent normally occupying that position.
• a default substituent on the carbon atoms of an alkyl moiety is a hydrogen atom, an optional substituent can replace the default substituent.
• moieties are equivalently described herein by structure, typographical representation or chemical terminology without intending any differentiation in meaning, for example, an “acyl” substituent may be equivalently described herein by the term “acyl”, by typographical representations “R′—(C ⁇ O)—” or “R′—C(O)—”, or by a structural representation:
• alkyl (including the alkyl portions of other moieties, such as trifluoromethyl-alkyl- and alkoxy-) means an aliphatic hydrocarbon moiety comprising up to about 20 carbon atoms (for example, a designation of “C 1-20 -alkyl” indicates an aliphatic hydrocarbon moiety of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms). In some embodiments, alkyls preferably comprise up to about 10 carbon atoms, unless the term is modified by an indication that a shorter chain is contemplated, for example, an alkyl moiety of from 1 up to 8 carbon atoms is designated herein “C 1-8 -alkyl”.
• alkyl is further defined by “Linear”, “Branched” or “Cyclic. Where the term “alkyl” is indicated with two hyphens (i.e., “-alkyl-” it indicates that the alkyl moiety is bonded in a manner that the alkyl moiety connects the substituents on either side of it, for example, “-alkyl-OH” indicates an alkyl moiety connecting a hydroxyl moiety to a substrate.
• linear-alkyl includes alkyl moieties which comprise a hydrocarbon chain with no aliphatic hydrocarbon “branches” appended to it, although other substituents may replace a C—H bond on the hydrocarbon chain.
• linear alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, n-butyl-, n-pentyl- or n-hexyl-.
• branched-alkyl is a moiety comprising a main hydrocarbon chain of up to the maximum specified number of carbon atoms with a lower-alkyl chain appended to one or more of the carbon atoms comprising, but not terminating, the main hydrocarbon chain.
• a branched alkyl moiety therefore comprises at least 3 carbon atoms in the main chain.
• Examples of branched alkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, t-butyl-, neopentyl-, or 2-methyl-4-ethyl-hexyl-
• cyclic-alkyl (equivalently “cycloalkyl”) means a moiety having a main hydrocarbon chain forming a mono- or bicyclo-cyclic aliphatic moiety comprising at least 3 carbon atoms (the minimum number necessary to provide a monocyclic moiety) up to the maximum number of specified carbon atoms, generally 8 for a monocyclic moiety and 10 for a bicyclic moiety.
• Examples of cycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
• cyclic-alkyl also includes non-aromatic, fused multicyclic ring system comprising up to 20 carbon atoms which may optionally be substituted as defined herein for “alkyl” generally.
• Suitable multicyclic cycloalkyls are, for example, but are not limited to: 1-decalin; norbornyl; adamantly; and the like;
• lower cyclic alkyl means a cycloalkyl comprising less than 6 carbon atoms, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl;
• alkyl when the term “alkyl” is modified by “substituted” or “optionally substituted”, it means that one or more C—H bonds in the alkyl moiety group is substituted, or optionally may be substituted, by a substituent bonded to the alkyl substrate which is called out in defining the moiety.
• lower alkyl means a linear, or branched alkyl moiety comprising up to 6 carbon atoms; non-limiting examples of suitable lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, and the like;
• a structural formula represents bonding between a moiety and a substrate using a the bonding line that terminates in the middle of the structure, for example the following representations:
• heterocyclyl (or heterocycloalkyl) means a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic or multicyclic ring system comprising 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5 to 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen (e.g. piperidyl- or pyrrolidinyl), oxygen (e.g. furanyl and tetrahydropyranyl) or sulfur (e.g.
• heteroatoms can be alone or in combination provided that the moiety does not contain adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system; preferred heterocyclyl moieties contain 5 to 6 ring atoms; the prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclyl root name means that at least one nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom, respectively, is present as a ring atom; the heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted by one or more independently selected substituents;
• the nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide (SO 2 ); non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl—
• halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine; preferred halogens, unless specified otherwise where the term is used, are fluorine, chlorine and bromine, a substituent which is a halogen atom means —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I, and “halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo substituents bonded to the moiety defined, for example, “haloalkyl” means an alkyl, as defined above, wherein one or more of the bonding positions on the alkyl moiety typically occupied by hydrogen atoms are instead occupied by a halo group, perhaloalkyl (or “fully halogenated” alkyl) means that all bonding positions not participating in bonding the alkyl substituent to a substrate are occupied by a halogen, for example, where the alkyl is selected to be methyl, the term perfluoroalkyl means —CF 3 ;
• hydroxyl and “hydroxy” means an HO— group
• hydroxyalkyl means a substituent of the formula: “HO-alkyl-”, wherein the alkyl group is bonded to the substrate and may be substituted or unsubstituted as defined above; preferred hydroxyalkyl moieties comprise a lower alkyl;
• suitable hydroxyalkyl groups include hydroxymethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl;
• bonding sequence is indicated by hyphens where moieties are represented in text, for example alkyl, indicates a single bond between a substrate and an alkyl moiety, -alkyl-X, indicates that an alkyl group bonds an “X” substituent to a substrate, and in structural representation, bonding sequence is indicated by a wavy line terminating a bond representation, for example:
• One or more compounds of the invention may also exist as, or optionally be converted to, a solvate.
• Preparation of solvates is generally known.
• M. Caira et al, J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 93(3), 601-611 (2004) describe the preparation of the solvates of the antifungal fluconazole in ethyl acetate as well as from water.
• Similar preparations of solvates, and hemisolvate, including hydrates (where the solvent is water or aqueous-based) and the like are described by E. C. van Tonder et al, AAPS PharmSciTech., 5(1), article 12 (2004); and A. L. Bingham et al, Chem. Commun., 603-604 (2001).
• a typical, non-limiting, process involves dissolving the inventive compound in desired amounts of the desired solvent (for example, an organic solvent, an aqueous solvent, water or mixtures of two or more thereof) at a higher than ambient temperature, and cooling the solution, with or without an antisolvent present, at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods.
• the desired solvent for example, an organic solvent, an aqueous solvent, water or mixtures of two or more thereof
• This invention also includes the compounds of this invention in isolated and purified form obtained by routine techniques.
• Polymorphic forms of the compounds of Formula A, and of the salts, solvates and prodrugs of the compounds of Formula A are intended to be included in the present invention.
• Certain compounds of the invention may exist in different isomeric forms (e.g., enantiomers, diastereoisomers, atropisomers).
• the inventive compounds include all isomeric forms thereof, both in pure form and admixtures of two or more, including racemic mixtures.
• presenting a structural representation of any tautomeric form of a compound which exhibits tautomerism is meant to include all such tautomeric forms of the compound. Accordingly, where compounds of the invention, their salts, and solvates and prodrugs thereof, may exist in different tautomeric forms or in equilibrium among such forms, all such forms of the compound are embraced by, and included within the scope of the invention.
• tautomers include, but are not limited to, ketone/enol tautomeric forms, imine-enamine tautomeric forms, and for example heteroaromatic forms such as the following moieties:
• Oxygen and nitrogen atoms in a structure may be represented equivalently as protonated on a lone pair of electrons or in unprotonated form, and both forms are contemplated where either structure is presented, for example, the protonated form A and unprotonated form B of the amine illustrated below:
• All stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention include salts and solvates of the inventive compounds and their prodrugs, such as those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons present in a compound of the invention, and including enantiomeric forms (which may exist even in the absence of asymmetric carbons), rotameric forms, atropisomers, and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention.
• Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may be isolated in a pure form, for example, substantially free of other isomers, or may be isolated as an admixture of two or more stereoisomers or as a racemate.
• the chiral centers of the present invention can have the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974 Recommendations.
• salt is intended to equally apply to salts, solvates and prodrugs of isolated enantiomers, stereoisomer pairs or groups, rotamers, tautomers, or racemates of the inventive compounds.
• diastereomeric mixtures can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical chemical differences by known methods, for example, by chiral chromatography and/or fractional crystallization, simple structural representation of the compound contemplates all diastereomers of the compound.
• enantiomers may also be separated by converting the enantiomeric mixture into a diasteromeric mixture by reaction with an appropriate optically active compound (e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride), separating the diastereomers and converting (e.g., hydrolyzing) the individually isolated diastereomers to the corresponding purified enantiomers.
• an appropriate optically active compound e.g., chiral auxiliary such as a chiral alcohol or Mosher's acid chloride
• salts of the inventive compounds whether acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases, salts formed which include zwitterionic character, for example, where a compound contains both a basic moiety, for example, but not limited to, a nitrogen atom, for example, an amine, pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety, for example, but not limited to a carboxylic acid, are included in the scope of the inventive compounds described herein.
• the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic (or acidic) pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by S. Berge et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J.
• the present invention contemplates all available salts, including salts which are generally recognized as safe for use in preparing pharmaceutical formulations and those which may be formed presently within the ordinary skill in the art and are later classified as being “generally recognized as safe” for use in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations, termed herein as “pharmaceutically acceptable salts”.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include, but are not limited to, acetates, including trifluoroacetate salts, adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, methyl sulfates, 2-naphthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, nitrates, oxal
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable basic salts include, but are not limited to, ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, aluminum salts, zinc salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines (formed with N,N-bis(dehydroabietyl)ethylenediamine), N-methyl-D-glucamines, N-methyl-D-glucamides, t-butyl amines, piperazine, phenylcyclohexyl-amine, choline, tromethamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• organic bases for example, organic amines
• organic bases for example, organic amines
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be converted to an ammonium ion or quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g. decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g. benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• lower alkyl halides e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• dialkyl sulfates e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl s
• salts of compounds are intended to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts within the scope of the invention and all acid and base salts are considered equivalent to the free forms of the corresponding compounds for purposes of the invention.
• Many of the compounds exemplified herein are isolated in the form of a salt, for example, a hydrochloride, acetate trifluoroacetata, formate, or triflate salt.
• such salts may readily be converted to the free-base form of the compound by elution from an appropriate media using an appropriate base solution followed by chromatographic separation on a column of appropriate polarity.
• purified refers to the physical state of said compound after being isolated from a synthetic process or natural source or combination thereof.
• purified refers to the physical state of said compound after being obtained from a purification process or processes described herein or well known to the skilled artisan, and in sufficient purity to be characterized by standard analytical techniques described herein or well known to the skilled artisan.
• a functional group in a compound termed “protected” means that the group is in modified form to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction.
• Suitable protecting groups are known, for example, as by reference to standard textbooks, for example, T. W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, New York.
• variable e.g., aryl, heterocycl, R XY , etc.
• the selection of moieties defining that variable for each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence unless specified otherwise in the local variable definition.
• the present invention also embraces isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention which are structurally identical to those recited herein, but for the fact that a statistically significant percentage of one or more atoms in that form of the compound are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number of the most abundant isotope usually found in nature, thus altering the naturally occurring abundance of that isotope present in a compound of the invention.
• isotopes that can be preferentially incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, iodine, fluorine and chlorine, for example, but not limited to: 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 Cl, 123 I and 125 I. It will be appreciated that other isotopes may be incorporated by know means also.
• Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention are recognized as being particularly useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays using a variety of known techniques. Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detection. Further, substitution of a naturally abundant isotope with a heavier isotope, for example, substitution of protium with deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
• Isotopically labeled compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the reaction Schemes and/or in the Examples herein below, by substituting an appropriate isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent, or by well-known reactions of an appropriately prepared precursor to the compound of the invention which is specifically prepared for such a “labeling” reaction. Such compounds are included also in the present invention.
• the term “pharmaceutical composition” comprises at least one pharmaceutically active compound and at least one excipient, and is intended to encompass both the combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, and any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• excipients are any constituent which adapts the composition to a particular route of administration or aids the processing of a composition into a dosage form without itself exerting an active pharmaceutical effect.
• a bulk composition is material that has not yet been formed into individual units for administration
• compositions suitable for use in selectively inhibiting Nav 1.7 sodium channels found in sensory and sympathetic neurons comprising at least one compound of the invention (as defined herein, for example one or more compounds of Formula A, or a salt thereof) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (described below).
• pharmaceutical formulations of the invention may comprise more than one compound of the invention, for example, the combination of two or three compounds of the invention, each present by adding to the formulation the desired amount of the compound in a pharmaceutically acceptably pure form.
• compositions of the invention may comprise, in addition to one or more of the compounds of the invention, one or more additional compounds which also have pharmacological activity, for example, as described herein below.
• Such formulations are believed to have utility in the treatment, management, amelioration or in providing therapy for diseases or conditions related to pain, for example, acute pain, chronic pain, inflammatory pain, or neuropathic pain disorders, or related to pruritic disorders, or cough disorders.
• compositions of the invention may be employed in bulk form, it will be appreciated that for most applications compositions will be incorporated into a dosage form suitable for administration to a patient, each dosage form comprising an amount of the selected composition which contains an effective amount of said one or more compounds of Formula A.
• suitable dosage forms include, but are not limited to, dosage forms adapted for: (i) intravenous (IV) infusion, for example, over a prolonged period using an I.V.
• a dosage form adapted for intramuscular administration for example, an injectable solution or suspension, and which may be adapted to form a depot having extended release properties
• a dosage form adapted for drip intravenous administration for example, a solution or suspension, for example, as an IV solution or a concentrate to be injected into a saline IV bag
• a dosage form adapted for subcutaneous administration for example, a dosage form adapted for subcutaneous administration.
• dosage forms which may be contemplated include, but are not limited to: (i) oral administration, e.g., a liquid, gel, powder, solid or semi-solid pharmaceutical composition which is loaded into a capsule or pressed into a tablet and may comprise additionally one or more coatings which modify its release properties, for example, coatings which impart delayed release or formulations which have extended release properties; (ii) a dosage form adapted for administration through tissues of the oral cavity, for example, a rapidly dissolving tablet, a lozenge, a solution, a gel, a sachets or a needle array suitable for providing intramucosal administration; (iii) a dosage form adapted for administration via the mucosa of the nasal or upper respiratory cavity, for example a solution, suspension or emulsion formulation for dispersion in the nose or airway; (iv) a dosage form adapted for transdermal administration, for example, a patch, cream or gel; (v) a dosage form adapted for intradermal administration, for example,
• compositions containing compounds of the invention For preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention, generally the compounds of the invention will be combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• excipients impart to the composition properties which make it easier to handle or process, for example, lubricants or pressing aids in powdered medicaments intended to be tableted, or for example, solution stabilizing or emulsifying agents which may adapt the formulation to a desired route of administration, for example, which provide a formulation for injection, for example, intramuscular or intravenous routes of administration or administration via IV or diffusion pump infusion or other form parenteral administration, or for oral administration, for example, via absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, or for transdermal or transmucosal administration, for example, via adhesive skin “patch” or buccal administration.
• carrier Typically formulations may comprise up to about 95 percent active ingredient, although formulations with greater amounts may be prepared.
• compositions can be solid, semi-solid or liquid.
• Solid form preparations can be adapted to a variety of modes of administration, examples of which include, but are not limited to, powders, dispersible granules, mini-tablets, beads, which can be used, for example, for tableting, encapsulation, or direct administration.
• Liquid form preparations include, but are not limited to, solutions, suspensions and emulsions which for example, but not exclusively, can be employed in the preparation of formulations intended for intravenous administration (IV), for example, but not limited to, administration via drip IV or infusion pump, intramuscular injection (IM), for example, of a bolus which is released over an extended duration, direct IV injection, or adapted to subcutaneous routes of administration.
• IV intravenous administration
• IM intramuscular injection
• routes of administration which may be contemplated include intranasal administration, or for administration to some other mucosal membrane.
• Formulations prepared for administration to various mucosal membranes may also include additional components adapting them for such administration, for example, viscosity modifiers.
• compositions suitable for use in an IV administration for example, IV drip or infusion pump or injection, or for subcutaneous routes of administration are preferable
• a composition of the invention may be formulated for administration via other routes.
• Aerosol preparations for example, suitable for administration via inhalation or via nasal mucosa, may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable propellant, for example, an inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.
• solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to a suspension or a solution, for example, for oral or parenteral administration. Examples of such solid forms include, but are not limited to, freeze dried formulations and liquid formulations adsorbed into a solid absorbent medium.
• the compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally or transmucosally, for example, from a liquid, suppository, cream, foam, gel, or rapidly dissolving solid form.
• transdermal compositions can take also the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be provided in a unit dosage form which includes a transdermal patch of any know in the art, for example, a patch which incorporates either a matrix comprising the pharmaceutically active compound or a reservoir which comprises a solid or liquid form of the pharmaceutically active compound.
• the actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill in the art, for example, as described in the standard literature, for example, as described in the “Physicians' Desk Reference” (PDR), e.g., 1996 edition (Medical Economics Company, Montvale, N.J. 07645-1742, USA), the Physician's Desk Reference, 56 th Edition, 2002 (published by Medical Economics company, Inc. Montvale, N.J. 07645-1742), or the Physician's Desk Reference, 57 th Edition, 2003 (published by Thompson PDR, Montvale, N.J. 07645-1742); the disclosures of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto.
• the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required or delivered continuously.
• the present invention is believed to provide for treatment, management, prevention, alleviation or amelioration of conditions or disease states which can be treated, managed, prevented, alleviated or ameliorated by specific inhibition of Nav 1.7 channel activity.
• Some examples are pain conditions, pruritic conditions and cough conditions.
• pain conditions include, but are not limited to, acute pain, perioperative pain, preoperative pain, postoperative pain, neuropathic pain, for example, post herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, chronic lower back pain, phantom limb pain, chronic pelvic pain, vulvodynia, complex regional pain syndrome and related neuralgias, pain associated with cancer and chemotherapy, pain associated with HIV, and HIV treatment-induced neuropathy, nerve injury, root avulsions, painful traumatic mononeuropathy, painful polyneuropathy, erythromelalgia, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, small fiber neuropathy, burning mouth syndrome, central pain syndromes (potentially caused by virtually any lesion at any level of the nervous system), postsurgical pain syndromes (e.g., post mastectomy syndrome, post thoracotomy syndrome, stump pain)), bone and joint pain (osteoarthritis), repetitive motion pain, dental pain, myofascial pain (muscular injury, fibromyalgi
• osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic disease, teno-synovitis and gout), shoulder tendonitis or bursitis, gouty arthritis, and aolymyalgia rheumatica, primary hyperalgesia, secondary hyperalgesia, primary allodynia, secondary allodynia, or other pain caused by central sensitization, complex regional pain syndrome, chronic arthritic pain and related neuralgias acute pain, migraine, migraine headache, headache pain, cluster headache, non-vascular headache, traumatic nerve injury, nerve compression or entrapment, and neuroma pain, pruritic conditions, and cough conditions.
• the disorder is an acute pain, inflammatory pain or neuropathic pain disorder, more preferably an acute pain disorder.
• treatment, alleviation, amelioration, or management of a disease state amenable to treatment by inhibiting Na v 1.7 channel activity comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of one or more compounds of the invention, as defined herein, for example, a compound of Formula A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a pharmaceutical composition it is preferred for the compound of the invention to be present in a pharmaceutical composition.
• the dosage form administered will contain an amount of at least one compound of the invention, or a salt thereof, which will provide a therapeutically effective serum level of the compound meeting or exceeding the minimum therapeutically effective serum level on a continuous basis throughout the period during which treatment is administered.
• a composition of the invention can incorporate additional pharmaceutically active components or be administered simultaneously, contemporaneously, or sequentially with other pharmaceutically active compositions as may be additionally needed in the course of providing treatment.
• this invention provides also a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier, an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention, for example, a compound of Formula A, and an effective amount of at least one other pharmaceutically active ingredient which is: (i) an opioid agonist or antagonist; (ii) a calcium channel antagonist; (iii) an NMDA receptor agonist or antagonist; (iv) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (v) an NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); or (vi) paracetamol (APAP, acetaminophen), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a pharmaceutical carrier an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention, for example, a compound of Formula A, and an effective amount of at least one other pharmaceutically active ingredient which is: (i) an opioid agonist or antagonist; (ii) a calcium channel antagonist; (iii) an NMDA receptor agonist or antagonist; (iv) a COX-2 selective inhibitor; (v) an NSAID (non-
• treatment protocols utilizing at least one compound of the invention can be varied according to the needs of the patient.
• compounds of the invention used in the methods of the invention can be administered in variations of the protocols described above.
• compounds of the invention can be administered discontinuously rather than continuously during the treatment cycle.
• the invention provides compounds having activity as Nav 1.7 sodium ion channel inhibitors which have the structure of Formula A, or a salt thereof:
• R 1 , R 2 , and E are defined herein.
• R 1 is a halogen, and when selected to be a halogen is preferably —Br or —Cl.
• R 1 is preferably —CH 3 .
• R 2 is preferably a moiety of the formula:
• R 14 ” and R 15 are —H and the other is: (i) —H; (ii) —CH 3 ; or (iii) halogen, preferably —F.
• E is preferably a moiety of the formula Q-CH 2 —NH—(CH 2 ) 4 —, wherein Q is:
• E is preferably a moiety of the formula:
• E in a compound of Formula A, preferably E has the structure of Formula E 1a :
• E and R 2 are selected to give a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of the formula:
• X is —N ⁇ or —C(R C14e ) ⁇ , wherein R C14e is —H, —F, or —CH 3 ;
• R a14F is —Cl, —Br or —CH 3 ;
• R 8F is independently —H or linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl of up to 6 carbon atoms.
• isomers of example compounds were not separated. Unless indicated otherwise, where present, isomers of example compounds were not separated. Unless indicated otherwise, where isomers were separated into fractions containing an excess of a particular isomer, for example, a fraction containing an excess of an optical isomer, which separation may be accomplished, for example, by super critical fluid chromatography, absolute stereochemistry of separated isomers was not determined. For some compounds enantiomers were made in enantiomerically pure form or separated to obtain pure fractions of each enantiomer, and the absolute configuration of each enantiomer was determined, as illustrated herein. Each of those compounds is reported herein structurally with indication of each particular enantiomer using the conventional solid and dashed wedge-bonds at the chiral center and is named in accordance with the specific isomer naming conventions.
• reaction scheme appearing in an example employs a compound having one or more stereocenters
• the stereocenters are indicated with an asterisk, as shown below in illustration compound Def-1.
• Def-1 consists of the following pairs of isomers: (i) Trans-isomers ((2R,7aS)-2-methylhexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a-yl)methanamine (Compound ABC-1) and ((2S,7aR)-2-methylhexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a-yl)methanamine (Compound ABC-2); and (ii) Cis-isomers ((2R,7aR)-2-methylhexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a-yl)methanamine (Compound ABC-3) and ((2S,7aS)-2-methylhexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a-yl)methanamine (Compound ABC-4).
• treatment protocols utilizing at least one compound of the invention, as described herein, may be varied according to the needs of the patient.
• compounds of the invention used in the methods of this invention may be administered in variations of the protocols described above.
• the compounds of this invention may be administered discontinuously rather than continuously during the treatment cycle.
• Prep HPLC was carried out on a Gilson 281 equipped with a Phenomenexd Synergi C18, 100 mm ⁇ 21.2 mm ⁇ 5 micron column. Conditions included a flow rate of 25 mL/min., eluted with a 0-40% acetonitrile/water eluent comprising 0.1% v/v TFA.
• the identity of the compound was verified by proton NMR and high-resolution MS.
• Proton NMR were acquired using a Varian Unity-Inova 400 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a either a Varian 400 ATB PFG 5 mm, Nalorac DBG 400-5 or a Nalorac IDG 400-5 probe in accordance with standard analytical techniques, unless specified otherwise, and results of spectral analysis are reported.
• compounds of the invention can be prepared by the methods outlined in Schemes A-D.
• a leaving group LG such as, but not limited to, F
• PG protected acylsulfonamide intermediates A-1
• PG such as, but not limited to, Boc, DMB, PMB, MOM
• amine R 1 NH 2 provides compounds A-2.
• Subsequent removal of PG affords compounds A-3.
• Intermediates A-2 that possess an aldehyde moiety on R 1 can undergo reductive amination reactions with monoprotected diamines B-2 (PG such as, but not limited to, Boc, Fmoc), followed by removal of PG to produce final compounds B-3.
• C-1 PG
• compounds C-1 can be coupled via reductive amination reactions to N-protected aldehydes D-1 (PG such as, but not limited to, Boc, Fmoc) followed by removal of all PG to produce final compounds D-2.
• D-1 PG such as, but not limited to, Boc, Fmoc
• Example 1-1 4-[(4- ⁇ [(2S)-3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl]amino ⁇ butyl)amino]-5-chloro-2-fluoro-N-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-ylbenzenesulfonamide (Ex 1-01)
• Step A tert-butyl (3-((4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropyl)carbamate (1-1a)
• Step B tert-butyl (S and R)-(3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropyl)(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)butyl)carbamate and tert-butyl (R)-(3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropyl)(4-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)butyl)carbamate (1-1b and 1-1c)
• Step C tert-butyl (S)-(4-aminobutyl)(3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropyl)carbamate (1-1d)
• Step D tert-butyl (S)-(3-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropyl)(4-((2-chloro-4-(N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl)-5-fluorophenyl)amino)butyl)carbamate (1-1f)
• Step E 4-((4-(((2S)-3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)butyl)amino)-5-chloro-2-fluoro-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide (Example 1-01)
• Example 2-1 5-chloro-2-fluoro-4-[(4- ⁇ [(3-hydroxyazetidin-3-yl)methyl]amino ⁇ butyl)amino]-N-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-ylbenzenesulfonamide (Ex 2-01)
• Step A 5-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-fluoro-4-((4-hydroxybutyl)amino)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide (2-1a)
• Step B 4-((4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)butyl)amino)-5-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-fluoro-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide (2-1b)
• Step C tert-butyl (4-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)butyl)(2-chloro-4-(N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl)-5-fluorophenyl)carbamate (2-1c)
• Step D tert-butyl (2-chloro-4-(N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl)-5-fluorophenyl)(4-hydroxybutyl)carbamate (2-1d)
• Step E tert-butyl (2-chloro-4-(N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl)-5-fluorophenyl)(4-oxobutyl)carbamate (2-1e)
• Step F tert-butyl 3-(((4-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)(2-chloro-4-(N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl)-5-fluorophenyl)amino)butyl)amino)methyl)-3-hydroxyazetidine-1-carboxylate (2-1f)
• Step G 5-chloro-2-fluoro-4-[(4- ⁇ [(3-hydroxyazetidin-3-yl)methyl]amino ⁇ butyl)amino]-N-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-ylbenzenesulfonamide (Example 2-1)
• the crude product 2-1f was dissolved in DCM (2 mL) and TFA (2 mL), and stirred at room temperature for 1 h.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated, taken up in 1:1 DMSO:water, filtered and the filtrate was purified by reverse phase chromatography (100 g C18 column, 0-100% AcCN with 0.05% TFA in water with 0.05% TFA) to yield the product after lyophilization.
• To the lyophilisate was added 1N HCl (1 mL), and AcCN (1 mL). The solution was frozen and lyophilized again to yield product.
• Example 2-01 The compound of Example 2-01 was isolated from the reaction mixture as a hydrochloride salt.
• the Freebase form of this compound was prepared in accordance with the following procedure:
• the white solid was then dissolved into small amount of water/DMSO, and loaded onto 275 g C18 column, eluting with 0-100% acetonitrile (AcCN) in water.
• the product fractions collected from the three iterations were combined, frozen, and lyophilized to provide the compound of Ex 2-01 in free-base form.
• Examples 2-29 and 2-30 represent preparation of each of the following enantiomers isolated in substantially pure form:
• Step B 4-((4-aminobutyl)amino)-5-chloro-2-fluoro-N-(thiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (3-1b)
• Step D 5-chloro-2-fluoro-4-((4-((((2S)-4-hydroxy-4-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl)amino)butyl)amino)-N-(thiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (3-1)
• Chlorobis(cyclooctene)iridium(I) dimer (6.73 mg, 7.52 ⁇ mop was added to a uw vial containing diethylsilane (779 ⁇ l, 6.01 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 5 min, upon which time a solution of 3-1c (227 mg, 0.376 mmol) in DCM (375 uL) was added. The vial was sealed and heated to 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction was concentrated and then taken up in a 1:1 DCM:TFA (2 mL) solution and stirred for an additional 30 min at rt. The reaction was then concentrated and purified by prep-HPLC to give the desired product as a yellow oil.
• Step 2 5-chloro-N-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2,4-difluoro-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl) benzenesulfonamide
• Intermediate 4 was prepared by analogy to Intermediate 2-1e in example 2-1, starting with Intermediate 2 (tert-butyl (2-bromo-4-(N-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-N-(1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl)-5-fluorophenyl)(4-oxobutyl)carbamate).
• Step A benzyl tert-butyl (3-hydroxypropane-1,2-diyl)(R)-dicarbamate
• Step B tert-butyl (R)-(2-amino-3-hydroxypropyl)carbamate
• the following recording solutions were used (mM).

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