US10142759B2 - Method and apparatus for processing audio with determined trajectory - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for processing audio with determined trajectory Download PDF

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Publication number
US10142759B2
US10142759B2 US14/326,465 US201414326465A US10142759B2 US 10142759 B2 US10142759 B2 US 10142759B2 US 201414326465 A US201414326465 A US 201414326465A US 10142759 B2 US10142759 B2 US 10142759B2
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acoustic source
point
audio signal
audio
interest
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US20150016641A1 (en
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Kemal Ugur
Mikko Tapio Tammi
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Nokia Technologies Oy
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    • H04R1/40—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only by combining a number of identical transducers
    • H04R1/406—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only by combining a number of identical transducers microphones
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    • H04R3/005—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones for combining the signals of two or more microphones
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    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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    • H04S5/00—Pseudo-stereo systems, e.g. in which additional channel signals are derived from monophonic signals by means of phase shifting, time delay or reverberation 
    • H04S5/02—Pseudo-stereo systems, e.g. in which additional channel signals are derived from monophonic signals by means of phase shifting, time delay or reverberation  of the pseudo four-channel type, e.g. in which rear channel signals are derived from two-channel stereo signals
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    • G10L21/00—Speech or voice signal processing techniques to produce another audible or non-audible signal, e.g. visual or tactile, in order to modify its quality or its intelligibility
    • G10L21/02—Speech enhancement, e.g. noise reduction or echo cancellation
    • G10L21/0208—Noise filtering
    • G10L21/0216—Noise filtering characterised by the method used for estimating noise
    • G10L2021/02161—Number of inputs available containing the signal or the noise to be suppressed
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    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R2430/00—Signal processing covered by H04R, not provided for in its groups
    • H04R2430/20—Processing of the output signals of the acoustic transducers of an array for obtaining a desired directivity characteristic
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    • H04R2499/00—Aspects covered by H04R or H04S not otherwise provided for in their subgroups
    • H04R2499/10—General applications
    • H04R2499/11—Transducers incorporated or for use in hand-held devices, e.g. mobile phones, PDA's, camera's

Definitions

  • the present application relates to apparatus for audio processing.
  • the application further relates to, but is not limited to, portable or mobile apparatus for audio processing.
  • Audio and audio-video recording on electronic apparatus is now common. Devices ranging from professional video capture equipment, consumer grade camcorders and digital cameras to mobile phones and even simple devices as webcams can be used for electronic acquisition of motion video images. Recording video and the audio associated with video has become a standard feature on many mobile devices and the technical quality of such equipment has rapidly improved. Recording personal experiences using a mobile device is quickly becoming an increasingly important use for mobile devices such as mobile phones and other user equipment. Combining this with the emergence of social media and new ways to efficiently share content underlies the importance of these developments and the new opportunities offered for the electronic device industry.
  • the environment comprises sound fields with audio sources spread in all three spatial dimensions.
  • the human hearing system controlled by the brain has evolved the innate ability to localize, isolate and comprehend these sources in the three dimensional sound field.
  • the brain attempts to localize audio sources by decoding the cues that are embedded in the audio wavefronts from the audio source when the audio wavefront reaches our binaural ears.
  • the two most important cues responsible for spatial perception is the interaural time differences (ITD) and the interaural level differences (ILD).
  • ITD interaural time differences
  • ITD interaural level differences
  • Audio-video recordings are well known in implementation. Often recording or capture is carried out in environmentally noisy situations where background noise causes difficulty in understanding detail that has been recorded. This typically results in requests to repeat the recording to determine the detail. This is particularly acute in recording conversation where it can be difficult to follow the discussion due to local noise causing serve distraction. Even where the surrounding or environmental noise does not prevent the user from understanding the detail in the recording it can still be very distracting and annoying and requiring extra effort in listening.
  • aspects of this application thus provide an audio processing capability to enable more flexible audio processing.
  • an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory including computer code for one or more programs, the at least one memory and the computer code configured to with the at least one processor cause the apparatus to: determine, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source; determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; determine a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; and reproduce the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory.
  • Determining, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source may cause the apparatus to perform at least one of: determine at least one metafile associated with the at least one audio signal, the metafile comprising acoustic source location information; and determine from the acoustic source location information at least one acoustic source and wherein determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source causes the apparatus to determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source based on the acoustic source location information.
  • Determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may cause the apparatus to perform at least one of: determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one location associated with a visual image element from an image frame; determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one location associated with at least one audio signal; and determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one user input location.
  • the apparatus may be further caused to: provide at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source; and determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element, wherein determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source causes the apparatus to determine the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source as the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element.
  • Providing at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source may further cause the apparatus to: generate a display image comprising at least one visual image element from an image frame within a region of the display; display the display image on a touch interface display configured to provide at least one selection input, wherein determine a point of interest location of the at least one visual element causes the apparatus to determine the one point of interest location based on the at least one selection input.
  • Generating the display image may cause the apparatus to: capture at least one image frame; generate at least one user interface overlay element; and combine the at least one image frame and the at least one user interface overlay element to generate the display image comprising the at least one visual element.
  • Generating at least one user interface overlay element may cause the apparatus to perform at least one of: generate an overlay displaying the point of interest location of the at least one acoustic source; generate an overlay highlighting the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source is out of field of view of the image frame; generate a focus region overlay displaying a processing focus range and direction based on the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; generate a processing overlay configured to display the toggle state for generating at least one further at least one user interface overlay element; generate a focus amplification overlay configured to display at least one amplification gain for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory; generate a focus attenuation overlay configured to display at least one attenuation dampening for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory; generate a focus inverter overlay configured to display a toggle state for invert
  • the apparatus may be further caused to provide at least one control input associated with the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source and wherein reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory causes the apparatus to reproduce the at least one audio signal based on the at least one control input.
  • Providing at least one control input associated with the at least one location may cause the apparatus to provide at least one of: a processing width for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a processing range for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a focus amplification factor for controlling reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a focus attenuation factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; an out of focus amplification factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; and an out of focus attenuation for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer.
  • the at least one audio signal may comprise at least two audio signals and determining, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source may cause the apparatus to perform at least one of: determine from at least two audio signals at least one acoustic source comprising a location value; and determine at least one acoustic source from the at least one acoustic source within the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source.
  • Determining a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may cause the apparatus to: determine at least at least one feature associated with at least one visual image element and/or the at least one acoustic source at the at least one point of interest location; track the at least one feature associated with the at least one visual image element and/or the at least one acoustic source respectively; and determine the trajectory of the at least one feature.
  • the apparatus may be further caused to receive the at least one audio signal from at least one of: at least two microphones; an apparatus memory; and at least one further apparatus.
  • the apparatus may be further caused to: receive at least one captured image frame from which the at least one location is determined, wherein the at least one captured image frame is received from at least one of: at least one camera; a memory; and at least one further apparatus.
  • an apparatus comprising: means for determining, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source; means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; means for determining a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; and means for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory.
  • the means for determining, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source may comprise at least one of: means for determining at least one metafile associated with the at least one audio signal, the metafile comprising acoustic source location information; and means for determining from the acoustic source location information at least one acoustic source and wherein the means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may comprise means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source based on the acoustic source location information.
  • the means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may comprise at least one of: means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one location associated with a visual image element from an image frame; means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one location associated with at least one audio signal; and means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one user input location.
  • the apparatus may further comprise: means for providing at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source; and means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element, wherein the means for determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may comprise means for determining the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source as the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element.
  • the means for providing at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source may further comprise: means for generating a display image comprising at least one visual image element from an image frame within a region of the display; means for displaying the display image on a touch interface display configured to provide at least one selection input, wherein the means for determining a point of interest location of the at least one visual element may comprise means for determining the one point of interest location based on the at least one selection input.
  • the means for generating the display image may comprise: means for capturing at least one image frame; means for generating at least one user interface overlay element; and means for combining the at least one image frame and the at least one user interface overlay element to generate the display image comprising the at least one visual element.
  • the means for generating at least one user interface overlay element may comprise at least one of: means for generating an overlay displaying the point of interest location of the at least one acoustic source; means for generating an overlay highlighting the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source is out of field of view of the image frame; means for generating a focus region overlay displaying a processing focus range and direction based on the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; means for generating a processing overlay configured to display the toggle state for generating at least one further at least one user interface overlay element; means for generating a focus amplification overlay configured to display at least one amplification gain for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory, means for generating a focus attenuation overlay configured to display at least one attenuation dampening for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory; means for
  • the apparatus may comprise means for providing at least one control input associated with the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source and wherein the means for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory may comprise means for reproducing the at least one audio signal based on the at least one control input.
  • the means for providing at least one control input associated with the at least one location may comprise at least one of: means for providing a processing width for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; means for providing a processing range for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; means for providing a focus amplification factor for controlling reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; means for providing a focus attenuation factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; means for providing an out of focus amplification factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; and means for providing an out of focus attenuation for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer.
  • the at least one audio signal may comprise at least two audio signals and the means for determining, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source may comprise at least one of: means for determining from at least two audio signals at least one acoustic source comprising a location value; and means for determining at least one acoustic source from the at least one acoustic source within the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source.
  • the means for determining a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may comprise: means for determining at least at least one feature associated with at least one visual image element and/or the at least one acoustic source at the at least one point of interest location; means for tracking the at least one feature associated with the at least one visual image element and/or the at least one acoustic source respectively; and means for determining the trajectory of the at least one feature.
  • the apparatus may further comprise means for receiving the at least one audio signal from at least one of: at least two microphones; an apparatus memory; and at least one further apparatus.
  • the apparatus may further comprise: means for receiving at least one captured image frame from which the at least one location is determined, wherein the at least one captured image frame may be received from at least one of: at least one camera; a memory; and at least one further apparatus.
  • a method comprising: determining, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source; determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; determining a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; and reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory.
  • Determining, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source may comprise at least one of: determining at least one metafile associated with the at least one audio signal, the metafile comprising acoustic source location information; and determining from the acoustic source location information at least one acoustic source and wherein determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source comprises determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source based on the acoustic source location information.
  • Determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may comprise at least one of: determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one location associated with a visual image element from an image frame; determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one location associated with at least one audio signal; and determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one user input location.
  • the method may further comprise: providing at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source; and determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element, wherein determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may comprise determining the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source as the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element.
  • Providing at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source may further comprise: generating a display image comprising at least one visual image element from an image frame within a region of the display; displaying the display image on a touch interface display configured to provide at least one selection input, wherein determining a point of interest location of the at least one visual element may comprise determining the one point of interest location based on the at least one selection input.
  • Generating the display image may comprise: capturing at least one image frame; generating at least one user interface overlay element; and combining the at least one image frame and the at least one user interface overlay element to generate the display image comprising the at least one visual element.
  • Generating at least one user interface overlay element may comprise at least one of: generating an overlay displaying the point of interest location of the at least one acoustic source; generating an overlay highlighting the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source is out of field of view of the image frame; generating a focus region overlay displaying a processing focus range and direction based on the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; generating a processing overlay configured to display the toggle state for generating at least one further at least one user interface overlay element; generating a focus amplification overlay configured to display at least one amplification gain for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory, generating a focus attenuation overlay configured to display at least one attenuation dampening for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory; generating a focus inverter overlay configured to display a toggle state
  • the method may comprise providing at least one control input associated with the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source and wherein reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory may comprise reproducing the at least one audio signal based on the at least one control input.
  • Providing at least one control input associated with the at least one location may comprise at least one of: providing a processing width for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; providing a processing range for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; providing a focus amplification factor for controlling reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; providing a focus attenuation factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; providing an out of focus amplification factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; and providing an out of focus attenuation for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer.
  • the at least one audio signal may comprise at least two audio signals and determining, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source may comprise at least one of: determining from at least two audio signals at least one acoustic source comprising a location value; and determining at least one acoustic source from the at least one acoustic source within the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source.
  • Determining a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source may comprise: determining at least at least one feature associated with at least one visual image element and/or the at least one acoustic source at the at least one point of interest location; tracking the at least one feature associated with the at least one visual image element and/or the at least one acoustic source respectively; and determining the trajectory of the at least one feature.
  • the method may further comprise receiving the at least one audio signal from at least one of: at least two microphones; an apparatus memory, and at least one further apparatus.
  • the method may further comprise: receiving at least one captured image frame from which the at least one location is determined, wherein the at least one captured image frame may be received from at least one of: at least one camera; a memory; and at least one further apparatus.
  • an apparatus comprising: a spatial audio analyser configured to determine, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source; a location determiner configured to determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; a trajectory determiner configured to determine a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; and a processor configured to reproduce the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory.
  • the spatial audio analyser may comprise at least one of: a metafile determiner configured to determine at least one metafile associated with the at least one audio signal, the metafile comprising acoustic source location information; and a spatial analyser configured to determine from the acoustic source location information at least one acoustic source and wherein the location determiner may be configured to determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source based on the acoustic source location information.
  • the location determiner may comprise at least one of: an image location determiner configured to determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one location associated with a visual image element from an image frame; an audio location determiner configured to determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one location associated with at least one audio signal; and a user interface input configured to determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source by determining at least one user input location.
  • the apparatus may further comprise: a visual processor configured to provide at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source; and a touch controller configured to determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element, wherein the location determiner may be configured to determine the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source as the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element.
  • a visual processor configured to provide at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source
  • a touch controller configured to determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element, wherein the location determiner may be configured to determine the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source as the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element.
  • the visual processor may be configured to: generate a display image comprising at least one visual image element from an image frame within a region of the display; display the display image on a touch interface display configured to provide at least one selection input, wherein the location determiner may be configured to determine the at least one point of interest location based on the at least one selection input.
  • the visual processor may be configured to: receive at least one captured image frame; generate at least one user interface overlay element; and combine the at least one captured image frame and the at least one user interface overlay element to generate the display image comprising the at least one visual element.
  • the visual processor configured to generate at least one user interface overlay element may be configured to generate at least one of: an overlay displaying the point of interest location of the at least one acoustic source; an overlay highlighting the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source is out of field of view of the image frame; a focus region overlay displaying a processing focus range and direction based on the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; a processing overlay configured to display the toggle state for generating at least one further at least one user interface overlay element; a focus amplification overlay configured to display at least one amplification gain for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory; a focus attenuation overlay configured to display at least one attenuation dampening for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory; a focus inverter overlay configured to display a toggle state for inverting a focus operation
  • the apparatus may comprise a control input associated with the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source and wherein the processor may be configured to reproduce the at least one audio signal based on the at least one control input.
  • the control input may be configured to provide at least one of: a processing width for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a processing range for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a focus amplification factor for controlling reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a focus attenuation factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; an out of focus amplification factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; and an out of focus attenuation for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer.
  • the at least one audio signal may comprise at least two audio signals and the spatial audio analyser may be configured to determine at least one of: from at least two audio signals at least one acoustic source comprising a location value; and at least one acoustic source from the at least one acoustic source within the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source.
  • the trajectory determiner may comprise: a feature determiner configured to determine at least at least one feature associated with at least one visual image element and/or the at least one acoustic source at the at least one point of interest location; a feature tracker configured to track the at least one feature associated with the at least one visual image element and/or the at least one acoustic source respectively; and a feature trajectory determiner configured to determine the trajectory of the at least one feature.
  • the apparatus may further comprise an input configured to receive the at least one audio signal from at least one of: at least two microphones; an apparatus memory; and at least one further apparatus.
  • the apparatus may further comprise: an image input configured to receive at least one captured image frame from which the at least one location is determined, wherein the at least one captured image frame may be received from at least one of: at least one camera; a memory; and at least one further apparatus.
  • an apparatus comprising: at least one transceiver; at least one display; at least one sound playback transducer; at least one processor; at least one memory; a spatial audio analyser configured to determine, using at least one audio signal, at least one acoustic source; a location determiner configured to determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; a trajectory determiner configured to determine a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; and a processor configured to reproduce the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory.
  • a computer program product stored on a medium may cause an apparatus to perform the method as described herein.
  • An electronic device may comprise apparatus as described herein.
  • a chipset may comprise apparatus as described herein.
  • Embodiments of the present application aim to address problems associated with the state of the art.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically an apparatus suitable for implementing embodiments
  • FIG. 2 shows schematically an audio-video processing apparatus suitable for implementing embodiments in further detail
  • FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram of the operation of the apparatus shown in
  • FIG. 2 according to some embodiments
  • FIG. 4 shows an example audio-video capture scenario
  • FIG. 5 shows the example audio-video capture scenario with user input to identify a focused audio-visual source
  • FIG. 6 shows the example audio-video capture scenario showing a visually identified focused audio-visual source
  • FIG. 7 shows the example audio-video capture scenario showing a visually identified focused audio-visual source being tracked
  • FIG. 8 shows an example audio-video capture scenario showing an visually identified focussed audio-visual source and example audio waveforms showing focussed and unfocussed audio capture
  • FIG. 9 shows the example audio-video capture scenario showing an visually identified focussed audio-visual source and example audio waveforms showing tracked focussed, untracked focus and unfocussed audio capture;
  • FIG. 10 shows the example audio-video capture scenario showing video processing to visually identify the audio-visual source in focus
  • FIG. 11 shows the example audio-video capture scenario showing video processing to visually identify where the audio-visual source in focus is off screen
  • FIG. 12 shows a flow diagram of the overview operation of the apparatus according to some embodiments.
  • audio events can be captured efficiently by using multiple microphones in an array.
  • Multiple microphones can be used to capture efficiently audio events. However, often it is difficult to convert the captured signals into a form that the listener can experience the event as if being present when the signal was recorded. Particularly a spatial representation component can be missing in the recorded or captured audio, as the listener cannot sense the directions of the sound sources or the ambience around the listener in a manner which is identical to the original event.
  • Multichannel systems such as commonly used 5.1 channel setup, can be used for representing spatial signals with sound sources in different directions and thus they can potentially be used for representing the spatial events captured by a multi-microphone system.
  • Multichannel systems There have been discussed efficient methods for converting multi-microphone recording or capture into a suitable multichannel audio signal format.
  • spatial audio can be represented as a binaural audio format signal (for replaying the audio with headphones).
  • Methods for converting multi-microphone captured audio signals into a binaural audio signal format have been discussed.
  • the multi-microphone audio signals can be converted into an interim spatial audio format signal which includes directional information of the sound sources.
  • the generation of directional information of the sound sources or audio sources derived from the multi-microphone audio signals can in some circumstances be used for spatial audio signal processing.
  • An example spatial audio signal processing use is where a user wants to concentrate on a particular part of the spatial field (for example where there is a sound or audio source which interests the user).
  • the “interactive audio manipulation” can in some embodiments provide manipulation based on object tracking, such that where the object moves the processing operation follows the object.
  • the concept as described in the embodiments herein is to track the direction of the sound object and provide this tracking information to the spatial audio processor.
  • the direction of the object being processed can change over time either because the apparatus (with the microphones and/or camera) moves or sound object moves.
  • the user can select a sound source of special interest and the apparatus tracks or follows the sound source and concentrates the audio capture operation in the tracked direction.
  • the tracking operation can be based on an image or vision tracking.
  • the apparatus generated feature points around the area of the indicated point. Then the apparatus uses vision based tracking algorithms to track the feature points to generate a tracking direction to be provided to the audio processor.
  • the tracking operation can be based on tracking an audio fingerprint.
  • the apparatus analyzes the audio signal or sounds from that direction and generates an audio fingerprint.
  • the algorithm analyzes the captured audio by matching the signal to the fingerprint and estimates the direction of the object. In such a manner the sound source does not have to be visible on viewfinder or within the range of the camera.
  • the concept as described herein further in some embodiments features generating or providing visual cues on the display of the apparatus to indicate the object whose sound is enhanced. For example in some embodiments the colours of the pixels that correspond the direction could be enhanced.
  • the embodiments as described herein can be implemented in real-time to dynamically change the audio source or be implemented based on previously recorded audio and video content.
  • the overview of a suitable post-recorded embodiment is illustrated as follows:
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of an exemplary apparatus or electronic device 10 , which may be used to capture or monitor the audio signals, to determine audio source directions/motion and determine whether the audio source motion matches known or determined gestures for user interface purposes.
  • the apparatus 10 can for example be a mobile terminal or user equipment of a wireless communication system.
  • the apparatus can be an audio player or audio recorder, such as an MP3 player, a media recorder/player (also known as an MP4 player), or any suitable portable device requiring user interface inputs.
  • an audio player or audio recorder such as an MP3 player, a media recorder/player (also known as an MP4 player), or any suitable portable device requiring user interface inputs.
  • the apparatus can be part of a personal computer system an electronic document reader, a tablet computer, or a laptop.
  • the apparatus 10 can in some embodiments comprise an audio subsystem.
  • the audio subsystem for example can include in some embodiments a microphone or array of microphones 11 for audio signal capture.
  • the microphone (or at least one of the array of microphones) can be a solid state microphone, in other words capable of capturing acoustic signals and outputting a suitable digital format audio signal.
  • the microphone or array of microphones 11 can comprise any suitable microphone or audio capture means, for example a condenser microphone, capacitor microphone, electrostatic microphone, electret condenser microphone, dynamic microphone, ribbon microphone, carbon microphone, piezoelectric microphone, or microelectrical-mechanical system (MEMS) microphone.
  • the microphone 11 or array of microphones can in some embodiments output the generated audio signal to an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) 14 .
  • ADC analogue-to-digital converter
  • the apparatus and audio subsystem includes an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) 14 configured to receive the analogue captured audio signal from the microphones and output the audio captured signal in a suitable digital form.
  • ADC analogue-to-digital converter
  • the analogue-to-digital converter 14 can be any suitable analogue-to-digital conversion or processing means.
  • the apparatus 10 and audio subsystem further includes a digital-to-analogue converter 32 for converting digital audio signals from a processor 21 to a suitable analogue format.
  • the digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) or signal processing means 32 can in some embodiments be any suitable DAC technology.
  • the audio subsystem can include in some embodiments a speaker 33 .
  • the speaker 33 can in some embodiments receive the output from the digital-to-analogue converter 32 and present the analogue audio signal to the user.
  • the speaker 33 can be representative of a headset, for example a set of headphones, or cordless headphones.
  • the apparatus 10 is shown having both audio capture and audio presentation components, it would be understood that in some embodiments the apparatus 10 can comprise the audio capture only such that in some embodiments of the apparatus the microphone (for audio capture) and the analogue-to-digital converter are present.
  • the apparatus audio-video subsystem comprises a camera 51 or image capturing means configured to supply to the processor 21 image data.
  • the camera can be configured to supply multiple images or frames over time to provide a video stream.
  • the apparatus audio-video subsystem comprises a display 52 .
  • the display or image display means can be configured to output visual images of video frames which can be viewed by the user of the apparatus.
  • the display can be a touch screen display suitable for supplying input data to the apparatus.
  • the display can be any suitable display technology, for example the display can be implemented by a flat panel comprising cells of LCD, LED, OLED, or ‘plasma’ display implementations.
  • the apparatus 10 is shown having both audio/video capture and audio/video presentation components, it would be understood that in some embodiments the apparatus 10 can comprise only the audio capture and audio presentation parts of the audio subsystem such that in some embodiments of the apparatus the microphone (for audio capture) or the speaker (for audio presentation) are present. Similarly in some embodiments the apparatus 10 can comprise one or the other of the video capture and video presentation parts of the video subsystem such that in some embodiments the camera 51 (for video capture) or the display 52 (for video presentation) is present.
  • the apparatus 10 comprises a processor 21 .
  • the processor 21 is coupled to the audio subsystem and specifically in some examples the analogue-to-digital converter 14 for receiving digital signals representing audio signals from the microphone 11 , and the digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) 12 configured to output processed digital audio signals, the camera 51 for receiving digital signals representing video signals, and the display 52 configured to output processed digital video signals from the processor 21 .
  • DAC digital-to-analogue converter
  • the processor 21 can be configured to execute various program codes.
  • the implemented program codes can comprise for example source determination, audio source direction estimation, audio source processing and user interface routines.
  • the apparatus further comprises a memory 22 .
  • the processor 21 is coupled to memory 22 .
  • the memory 22 can be any suitable storage means.
  • the memory 22 comprises a program code section 23 for storing program codes implementable upon the processor 21 such as those code routines described herein.
  • the memory 22 can further comprise a stored data section 24 for storing data, for example audio data that has been captured in accordance with the application or audio data to be processed with respect to the embodiments described herein.
  • the implemented program code stored within the program code section 23 , and the data stored within the stored data section 24 can be retrieved by the processor 21 whenever needed via a memory-processor coupling.
  • the apparatus 10 can comprise a user interface 15 .
  • the user interface 15 can be coupled in some embodiments to the processor 21 .
  • the processor can control the operation of the user interface and receive inputs from the user interface 15 .
  • the user interface 15 can enable a user to input commands to the electronic device or apparatus 10 , for example via a keypad, and/or to obtain information from the apparatus 10 , for example via a display which is part of the user interface 15 .
  • the user interface 15 can in some embodiments comprise a touch screen or touch interface capable of both enabling information to be entered to the apparatus 10 and further displaying information to the user of the apparatus 10 .
  • the apparatus further comprises a transceiver 13 , the transceiver in such embodiments can be coupled to the processor and configured to enable a communication with other apparatus or electronic devices, for example via a wireless communications network.
  • the transceiver 13 or any suitable transceiver or transmitter and/or receiver means can in some embodiments be configured to communicate with other electronic devices or apparatus via a wire or wired coupling.
  • the transceiver 13 can communicate with further devices by any suitable known communications protocol, for example in some embodiments the transceiver 13 or transceiver means can use a suitable universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) protocol, a wireless local area network (WLAN) protocol such as for example IEEE 802.X, a suitable short-range radio frequency communication protocol such as Bluetooth, or infrared data communication pathway (IRDA).
  • UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • IRDA infrared data communication pathway
  • the transceiver is configured to transmit and/or receive the audio signals for processing according to some embodiments as discussed herein.
  • the apparatus comprises a position sensor 16 configured to estimate the position of the apparatus 10 .
  • the position sensor 16 can in some embodiments be a satellite positioning sensor such as a GPS (Global Positioning System), GLONASS or Galileo receiver.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • GLONASS Galileo receiver
  • the positioning sensor can be a cellular ID system or an assisted GPS system.
  • the apparatus 10 further comprises a direction or orientation sensor.
  • the orientation/direction sensor can in some embodiments be an electronic compass, accelerometer, a gyroscope or be determined by the motion of the apparatus using the positioning estimate.
  • FIG. 2 the audio processor apparatus according to some embodiments is shown in further detail. Furthermore with respect to FIG. 3 the operation of such apparatus is described.
  • the apparatus as described herein comprise a microphone array including at least two microphones and an associated analogue-to-digital converter suitable for converting the signals from the microphone array into a suitable digital format for further processing.
  • the microphone array can be, for example located on the apparatus at ends of the apparatus and separated by a distance d.
  • the audio signals can therefore be considered to be captured by the microphone array and passed to a spatial audio analyser 101 .
  • an example microphone array arrangement may be a first microphone, a second microphone and a third microphone.
  • the microphones are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
  • the microphones can be arranged in any suitable shape or arrangement.
  • each microphone is separated by a dimension or distance d from each other and each pair of microphones can be considered to be orientated by an angle of 120° from the other two pairs of microphone forming the array.
  • the separation between each microphone is such that the audio signal received from a signal source 131 can arrive at a first microphone, for example microphone 2 earlier than one of the other microphones, such as microphone 3 . This can for example be seen by the time domain audio signal f 1 (t) occurring at the first time instance and the same audio signal being received at the third microphone f 2 (t) at a time delayed with respect to the second microphone signal by a time delay value of b.
  • any suitable microphone array configuration can be scaled up from pairs of microphones where the pairs define lines or planes which are offset from each other in order to monitor audio sources with respect to a single dimension, for example azimuth or elevation, two dimensions, such as azimuth and elevation and furthermore three dimensions, such as defined by azimuth, elevation and range.
  • step 201 The operation of capturing acoustic signals or generating audio signals from microphones is shown in FIG. 3 by step 201 .
  • the capturing of audio signals is performed at the same time or in parallel with capturing of images or video frames.
  • the apparatus comprises a camera or cameras 51 configured to generate or capture images or succession of images in the form of video of the environment surrounding the apparatus.
  • the camera 51 can in some embodiments output these images to the tracker 106 .
  • the camera can be configured to pass the visual images to a visual processor 107 .
  • step 202 The operation of capturing images from the camera is shown in FIG. 3 by step 202
  • the generating of audio signals and/or video images can represent the operation of receiving audio signals and/or video images (or retrieving audio/video signals from memory).
  • the ‘generating’ of audio signals and/or video images can be retrieving previously recorded audio signals with spatial information and/or video images such that in some embodiments the user can re-live the experience.
  • the generating of audio signals and/or video images operations can include receiving audio/video signals via a wireless communications link or wired communications link, for example from an audio-visual server containing a large quantity of recorded content.
  • the generated audio are time domain representations of the audio field which are then processed by the spatial audio analyser to generate spatial representations of the audio signals.
  • the generated audio signals are spatial audio representations and thus can be passed directly to the audio processor 103 .
  • the apparatus is configured to receive or retrieve stored audio signals in the form of spatial domain representations which are processed by the audio processor 103 .
  • the apparatus comprises a spatial audio analyser 101 .
  • the spatial audio analyser 101 is configured to, based on the inputs such as generated audio signals from the microphones or received audio signals via a communications link or from a memory, perform directional analysis to determine an estimate of the direction or location of sound, audio or acoustic sources, and furthermore in some embodiments generate an audio signal associated with the sound, acoustic or audio source and of the ambient sounds.
  • the spatial audio analyser 101 then can be configured to output determined directional audio source and ambient sound parameters to a processor 103 or suitable spatial audio processor.
  • the output of the spatial audio analyser 101 can be configured to be output to a tracker 106 .
  • step 203 The operation of determining audio source and ambient parameters, such as audio or acoustic source spatial direction or location estimates from the at least one audio signal is shown in FIG. 3 by step 203 .
  • the spatial audio analyser can comprise at least one of: a metafile determiner configured to determine at least one metafile associated with the at least one audio signal, the metafile comprising acoustic source location information.
  • a metafile determiner configured to determine at least one metafile associated with the at least one audio signal, the metafile comprising acoustic source location information.
  • at least one audio signal is processed but associated with the at least one audio signal is a metafile or metadata comprising information of the acoustic, sound or audio sources associated with the at least one audio signal.
  • An example spatial audio analyser is described herein in further detail. It would be understood that any suitable method of estimating the direction of the arriving sound can be performed other than the apparatus described herein.
  • the directional analysis can in some embodiments be carried out in the time domain rather than in the frequency domain as discussed herein.
  • the apparatus can as described herein comprise a microphone array including at least two microphones and an associated analogue-to-digital converter suitable for converting the signals from the microphone array at least two microphones into a suitable digital format for further processing.
  • the microphones can be, for example, be located on the apparatus at ends of the apparatus and separated by a distance d. The audio signals can therefore be considered to be captured by the microphone and passed to a spatial audio analyser.
  • the spatial audio analyser comprises a framer.
  • the framer can be configured to receive the audio signals from the microphones and divide the digital format signals into frames or groups of audio sample data.
  • the framer can furthermore be configured to window the data using any suitable windowing function.
  • the framer can be configured to generate frames of audio signal data for each microphone input wherein the length of each frame and a degree of overlap of each frame can be any suitable value. For example in some embodiments each audio frame is 20 milliseconds long and has an overlap of 10 milliseconds between frames.
  • the framer can be configured to output the frame audio data to a Time-to-Frequency Domain Transformer.
  • the spatial audio analyser is configured to comprise a Time-to-Frequency Domain Transformer.
  • the Time-to-Frequency Domain Transformer can be configured to perform any suitable time-to-frequency domain transformation on the frame audio data.
  • the Time-to-Frequency Domain Transformer can be a Discrete Fourier Transformer (DTF).
  • DTF Discrete Fourier Transformer
  • the Transformer can be any suitable Transformer such as a Discrete Cosine Transformer (DCT), a Modified Discrete Cosine Transformer (MDCT), or a quadrature mirror filter (QMF).
  • the Time-to-Frequency Domain Transformer can be configured to output a frequency domain signal for each microphone input to a sub-band filter.
  • the spatial audio analyser comprises a sub-band filter.
  • the sub-band filter can be configured to receive the frequency domain signals from the Time-to-Frequency Domain Transformer for each microphone and divide each microphone audio signal frequency domain signal into a number of sub-bands.
  • the sub-band filter is configured to generate B sub-bands which are indexed herein by the value b ⁇ [0,B ⁇ 1].
  • the sub-band division can be any suitable sub-band division.
  • the sub-band filter can be configured to operate using psycho-acoustic filtering bands.
  • the sub-band filter can then be configured to output each domain range sub-band to a direction analyser.
  • the spatial audio analyser can comprise a direction analyser.
  • the direction analyser can in some embodiments be configured to select a sub-band and the associated frequency domain signals for each microphone of the sub-band.
  • the direction analyser can then be configured to perform directional analysis on the signals in the sub-band.
  • the directional analyser can be configured in some embodiments to perform a cross correlation between the microphone pair sub-band frequency domain signals.
  • the delay value of the cross correlation is found which maximises the cross correlation product of the frequency domain sub-band signals.
  • This delay time value b can in some embodiments be used to estimate the angle or represent the angle from the dominant audio signal source for the sub-band. This angle can be defined as ⁇ . It would be understood that whilst a pair or two microphones can provide a first angle, an improved directional estimate can be produced by using more than two microphones and preferably in some embodiments more than two microphones on two or more axes.
  • this direction analysis can be defined as receiving the audio sub-band data.
  • the operation of the direction analyser according to some embodiments is described herein.
  • n b is the first index of bth subband.
  • X k , ⁇ b b ⁇ ( n ) X k b ⁇ ( n ) ⁇ e - j ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ n ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ b N .
  • X 2, ⁇ b b and X 3 b are considered vectors with length of n b+1 ⁇ n b samples.
  • the direction analyser can in some embodiments implement a resolution of one time domain sample for the search of the delay.
  • the direction analyser with the delay information generates a sum signal.
  • the sum signal can be mathematically defined as.
  • X sum b ⁇ ( X 2 , ⁇ b b + X 3 b ) / 2 ⁇ b ⁇ 0 ( X 2 b + X 3 , - ⁇ b b ) / 2 ⁇ b > 0
  • the direction analyser is configured to generate a sum signal where the content of the channel in which an event occurs first is added with no modification, whereas the channel in which the event occurs later is shifted to obtain best match to the first channel.
  • the direction analyser can be configured to determine actual difference in distance as
  • ⁇ 22 v ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ b F s
  • Fs is the sampling rate of the signal and v is the speed of the signal in air (or in water if we are making underwater recordings).
  • the angle of the arriving sound is determined by the direction analyser as,
  • ⁇ . b ⁇ cos - 1 ( ⁇ 23 2 + 2 ⁇ r ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 23 - d 2 2 ⁇ dr )
  • the directional analyser can be configured to use audio signals from a third channel or the third microphone to define which of the signs in the determination is correct.
  • h is the height of the equilateral triangle, i.e.
  • the distances in the above determination can be considered to be equal to delays (in samples) of;
  • the direction analyser in some embodiments is configured to select the one which provides better correlation with the sum signal.
  • the correlations can for example be represented as
  • ⁇ b ⁇ ⁇ b . c b + ⁇ c b - - ⁇ . b c b + ⁇ c b - .
  • the spatial audio analyser further comprises a mid/side signal generator.
  • the mid/side signal generator can be configured to determine the mid and side signals for each sub-band.
  • the main content in the mid signal is the dominant sound source found from the directional analysis.
  • the side signal contains the other parts or ambient audio from the generated audio signals.
  • the mid/side signal generator can determine the mid M and side S signals for the sub-band according to the following equations:
  • the mid signal M is the same signal that was already determined previously and in some embodiments the mid signal can be obtained as part of the direction analysis.
  • the mid and side signals can be constructed in a perceptually safe manner such that the signal in which an event occurs first is not shifted in the delay alignment.
  • the mid and side signals can be determined in such a manner in some embodiments is suitable where the microphones are relatively close to each other. Where the distance between the microphones is significant in relation to the distance to the sound source then the mid/side signal generator can be configured to perform a modified mid and side signal determination where the channel is always modified to provide a best match with the main channel.
  • the operation may determine whether or not all of the sub-bands have been processed.
  • the operation can pass to the operation of selecting the next sub-band.
  • the apparatus comprises a touch/user interface controller 104 .
  • the touch/user interface controller 104 can be configured to receive at least one user input to select a region, sector or area within which the audio processor can ‘focus’ on.
  • the selected region, sector or area is one within which an audio source occurs.
  • the touch/user interface controller 104 can in some embodiments select a direction or location, for example entering a directional value on the keypad, or selecting a direction using a joystick/pointer.
  • the touch/user interface controller 104 is configured to receive a user input from the touch screen display (for example the display 52 ) displaying an image captured by the camera.
  • the touch/user interface controller 104 can in some embodiments be configured to generate a location or directional value based on the display, and the known orientation of the apparatus. In some embodiments the touch/user interface controller 104 can be configured to output the location or direction (or more generally a selection) to the tracker 106 . In the following examples the selection is a location or orientation, however any suitable feature selection can be employed.
  • the at least one point of interest location associated with at least one acoustic source can be determined by other means.
  • the determination of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source can be generated by determining at least one location associated with at least one audio signal.
  • the processing to the audio signal generates an indication of the point of interest location—for example the loudest source, the source which matches a defined frequency spectrum or other output.
  • the determination of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source can be determined by determining at least one location associated with a visual image element from an image frame.
  • the image may detect a shape or colour which the apparatus is to track—for example a face.
  • the display can display an image generated by a visual processor which provides at least one visual image element, within a region of a display, of the at least one acoustic source; and further the visual processor can determine at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element, wherein determining at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source to determine the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source as the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one visual element.
  • the apparatus comprises a tracker 106 .
  • the tracker 106 or trajectory determiner or means for determining the trajectory can in some embodiments be configured to receive the touch/user interface controller 104 indicated location or selection (or in some embodiments at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source), an input from the camera 51 comprising image data, and an input from the spatial audio analyser 101 containing audio signal data.
  • the tracker 106 can in some embodiments be configured to track the selection based on the touch/user interface controller input as an initial selection input and the audio and/or video input to track the selection. This tracked selection, such as a tracked direction indication, or tracked location and range, can then be passed to the spatial audio processor 103 and/or the visual processor 107 .
  • step 205 The operation of determining a user interface input and tracking the selected feature is shown in FIG. 3 by step 205 .
  • the tracker 106 comprises a feature selector.
  • the feature selector is configured to receive the touch/user interface controller user interface input, and at least one of the spatial audio analyser output and the camera output.
  • the feature selector can be configured to process at least one of the analysed spatial audio signals and the camera video signals to determine a suitable feature set within the selection (such as the region location and range) selected by the user interface input.
  • the feature selector can be configured to receive the user interface indication of the desired sound object to be processed. This user interface indication can in some embodiments be a tap on a screen of the apparatus display indicating a direction to focus on.
  • the feature selector can be configured to generate at least one visual descriptor of the area around the user indicated location.
  • the visual descriptor can be generated according to any suitable visual feature analysis and comprise at least one visual component or parameter.
  • the visual descriptor comprises the pixel values (such as the luma and chroma) of the area around the user indicator.
  • the visual descriptor can comprise a scale invariant feature descriptor (SAFT).
  • SAFT scale invariant feature descriptor
  • the visual descriptor comprises corner or edge information such as provided by a corner or edge detector, or can comprise a colour or shape descriptor.
  • the feature selector can be configured to receive the spatially analysed audio signals from the spatial audio analyser 101 and the user interface input of an indication of a direction and be configured to attempt to match one of the spatially analysed audio signal components with the direction. In other words a three-dimensional picture of the audio environment surrounding the apparatus is provided with the location of the main sound sources indicated and the user can select one to follow.
  • the feature selector can be configured to generate an acoustic fingerprint (or audio descriptor) for the sound source arriving from the indicated location or direction.
  • the acoustic fingerprint can be generated by analysing at least one audio feature or parameter associated with the audio source for example the audio fingerprint can be generated by analysing the spectral characteristics of the sound or audio source within the selection or selection region.
  • any feature or parameter or combination of features or parameters can be used to define an audio fingerprint of an audio source or sources within the selection or selected region.
  • the feature selector can in some embodiments provide the visual descriptor and/or audio fingerprint representing the user interface location or selection to the feature tracker.
  • the tracker 106 comprises a feature tracker.
  • the feature tracker receives from the feature selector the selected features (in the form of visual descriptor and/or audio fingerprint) and attempts to track the feature in successive video frames/audio frames to provide an updated location (or direction or orientation) for the spatial audio processor and/or visual processor.
  • the tracker or trajectory determiner further comprises a trajectory determiner configured to determine a trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source based on the feature tracker output.
  • image based tracking is employed further or subsequent frames are analysed to determine the position of the visual descriptor relative to the original position of the visual descriptor and therefore determine whether there is motion of the selection (in other words the selected image associated with the audio source to be processed) over time.
  • the feature tracker is configured to generate a motion vector defining the motion of selected visual descriptors between succeeding image frames which defines a direction and speed of motion of the selection. It would be understood that in some embodiments any suitable tracking of the visual descriptor can be used.
  • the vision based tracking performed by the feature tracker can be configured such that where the visual descriptor leaves the viewing area of the camera, for example because of motion of the camera or of the object being tracked, the tracking can pause and can be restarted if or when the object with the visual descriptor values re-enters the viewing area.
  • the feature tracker can be configured to output suitable information to pause the audio processing and/or display a message indicating that the object is not visible.
  • the feature tracker in embodiments where audio or acoustic fingerprint tracking is employed can be configured to perform analysis on subsequent audio frames to determine the location of the audio source with the best matching fingerprint.
  • the feature tracker can be configured to detect sound or audio sources with similar features and in the neighbourhood to the originally selected sound or audio sources.
  • the feature tracker for acoustic or audio tracking can be configured to determine where the sound or audio source pauses (or where the audio or sound source disappears). For example where there is a break in the sound source continuity because of conversational pause.
  • the feature tracker can be configured to monitor the acoustic fingerprint or the visual descriptor over time to determine where the acoustic fingerprint or the visual descriptor changes and maintain a current acoustic fingerprint or the visual descriptor to prevent the feature tracker losing the feature.
  • the selection is associated with a human voice the acoustic fingerprint can change as the person turns to or from the apparatus or the visual descriptor can change similarly.
  • both the audio/acoustic and visual-based tracking can be combined to attempt to produce a better or more reliable tracking.
  • the output of the feature tracker can then be provided to the spatial audio processor 103 and/or the visual processor 107 .
  • the tracker or trajectory determiner is configured to output an orientation ( 0 ) and width (w) representing the location and width (which may be in angle or other form) of the selection relative to a reference orientation of the apparatus (which in some embodiments is the centre line of the camera orientation).
  • a reference orientation of the apparatus which in some embodiments is the centre line of the camera orientation.
  • any suitable location selection parameter or parameters can be passed to the spatial audio processor 103 and/or the visual processor 107 .
  • the location selection parameter can comprise a direction and width, where the direction is independent of the orientation of the apparatus.
  • the apparatus comprises an audio processor 103 .
  • the audio processor is in some embodiments configured to receive a selection or feature input from the tracker 106 based on the determined trajectory of the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source.
  • An example audio processor 103 is described herein according to some embodiments.
  • the audio processor 103 comprises a spatial smoother and a spatial smoother filter generator.
  • the spatial smoother and spatial smoother filter generator are configured to avoid generating sudden gain “cut-offs” at the defined sector edges.
  • the spatial smoother is configured to receive the location selection parameter, such as the location (focus orientation) and width and generate additional smoothing zones to both sides of the defined sector.
  • the defined sector orientation and width are defined by a sector start orientation ⁇ low and a sector end orientation ⁇ high the difference of which is therefore the sector width w, and the average or mean of the two is the sector orientation.
  • the spatial smoother in some embodiments is configured to output the sector and smoothing zone information to a spatial smother filter generator.
  • the audio processor 103 comprises a spatial smoother filter generator.
  • the spatial smoother filter generator is configured to receive the spatial smoother output, in other words the smoothing zone information and the audio source directional information and generate a Boolean variable stating whether the spatial source is within the smoothing zone.
  • the Boolean variable z(b), stating whether a direction estimate of band b ( ⁇ (b)) belongs to the smoothing zone or not, is defined as
  • z ⁇ ( b ) ⁇ 0 , if ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) ⁇ ⁇ LS , 1 , if ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ LS ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) ⁇ ⁇ low , 0 , if ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ low ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) ⁇ ⁇ high , 1 , if ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ high ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) ⁇ ⁇ HS , 0 , if ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) > ⁇ HS ,
  • the spatial smoother filter generator can then output the Boolean variable z(b) to the spatial focuser.
  • the visual audio processor 103 comprises a spatial focuser.
  • the spatial focuser is configured to receive the audio source information in terms of mid signal (M), side signal (S) and location ( ⁇ ) of the audio sources from the spatial audio analyser 101 . Furthermore the spatial focuser can receive the selection parameters from the tracker 106 such as the focus sector information ( ⁇ , w) and the spatial smoother filter boolean values z(b) from the spatial smoother filter generator. The spatial focuser is then configured to perform spatial focusing on the audio sources.
  • a (positive) focusing effect or operation attempts to amplify the audio sources within the focus sector and attenuate audio sources outside of the sector.
  • the spatial focuser is configured to generate an angle difference between the estimated audio source location and the focus sector edges when the spatial smoother filter Boolean value z(b) is true.
  • the angle difference ⁇ min between ⁇ (b) and the focus sector edges can be computed as
  • ⁇ min ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) - ⁇ low ⁇ , if ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ LS ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) ⁇ ⁇ low , ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) - ⁇ high , if ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ high ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( b ) ⁇ ⁇ HS .
  • the focusing processing can be performed separately for the mid (M) and side (S) signals and as described herein can vary depending on the desired output mode.
  • a negative focusing or filtering on the sector can also be applied.
  • the audio sources within the sector are dampened or attenuated and the audio sources outside of the sector are amplified.
  • the positive focusing effect is described generally however it would be understood that a similar negative focusing can also be generated in some embodiments by replacing the gain or amplification term for source within the sector with a dampening or attenuation term and replacing the dampening or attenuation term for sources outside of the sector with a gain or amplification term.
  • the spatial focuser can be configured to generate a gain term for the audio sources within the focus sector.
  • amp(b) is the amplification coefficient corresponding to subband b.
  • the amplification coefficient in some embodiments can be determined by the user, for example by a slider such as shown in the user interface examples described herein (in which case the amplification coefficient can in some embodiments be defined as being equal for all subbands b ⁇ 1,B ⁇ ) or in some embodiments the amplification coefficient can be derived subband-wise based on the amount of zooming in the audio field.
  • a suitable value range for amp(b) is between 0.2 and 0.8.
  • the gain term G(b) is modified by the following expression:
  • G ⁇ ( b ) - [ G ⁇ ( b ) - ( 1 - att ⁇ ( b ) ) ] ⁇ ⁇ min w S + G ⁇ ( b ) ,
  • Att(b) is the attenuation coefficient for subband b.
  • the attenuation constant which defines the amount of dampening can be determined by the user interface input or computed based on the amount of zooming. Suitable values for the attenuation coefficient att(b) range from 0.0 to 1.0. As can be seen, the smoothing zones cause a linear decrease on the gain term G(b) as a function of angle difference ⁇ min . However it would be understood that in some embodiments any suitable interpolation (linear or non-linear) between the gain term and the attenuation coefficient can be employed.
  • the spatial focuser can be configured to perform dampening on audio sources with a location ⁇ (b) which lies both outside the focus sector and the smoothing zones.
  • the received mid-signals are filtered using corresponding head related transfer function coefficients to generate left M L (b) and right M R (b) mid signals.
  • the spatial focuser in some embodiments can be configured to process the audio signals and generate a suitable multichannel output.
  • the spatial focuser can be configured to determine the multichannel mode channel positions.
  • the spatial focuser can then in some embodiments be configured to determine the audio channel with the smallest angle difference to ⁇ (b) searched as
  • the spatial focuser 805 can be configured to determine the two audio channels on either side of ⁇ (b). In some embodiments this can be determined based on the known channel geometry. In such embodiments the spatial focuser can determine which side of c 1 the angle ⁇ (b) is located at.
  • the side can then be defined as being positive (+) or negative ( ⁇ ) according to the sign of the angle difference ⁇ (c 1 ) (in other words omitting the absolute value from the difference determination shown above).
  • the channel next in a counter clockwise direction from c 1 is considered as the second closest channel
  • c 2 (and vice versa in the negative case the channel next in a clockwise direction from c 1 is considered to be the second closest channel c 2 ).
  • the spatial focuser can then also determine the angle difference (c 2 ) between ⁇ (b) and the second channel c 2 .
  • the spatial focuser 805 can then be configured to determine the relationship R between the determined angle differences and scaled between 0 and ⁇ /2 as
  • the spatial focuser can then in some embodiments be configured to apply the relationship in calculating proportional gain values for the channels.
  • G 2 ⁇ ( b ) sin ⁇ ( R ) ⁇ 1 2
  • ⁇ G 1 ⁇ ( b ) 1 - G 2 ⁇ ( b ) 2 .
  • the amplification gain is divided between all three front speaker channels rather than between the two closest channels. This is implemented because of the small angle distances between the front speakers can cause panning between only two speakers to produce potential artifacts and unnatural audio outputs in certain front focus directions.
  • the threshold angles of ⁇ 45° is defined empirically by evaluating the output against few other angle values however other front threshold values can be used.
  • the spatial focuser 805 can in some embodiments be configured to define the second and third channels based on the geometrical division rules provided by the table herein.
  • R 1 ⁇ ⁇ ( c 1 ) ⁇ ⁇ ( c 2 ) ⁇ ⁇ / 2
  • ⁇ R 2 ⁇ ⁇ ( c 1 ) ⁇ ⁇ ( c 3 ) ⁇ ⁇ / 2.
  • G 3 ⁇ ( b ) sin ⁇ ( R 2 ) ⁇ 1 3
  • ⁇ G 2 ⁇ ( b ) sin ⁇ ( R 1 ) ⁇ 1 3
  • ⁇ G 1 ⁇ ( b ) 1 G 2 ⁇ ( b ) 2
  • the spatial focuser can then in some embodiments be configured to determine final gain values for the focused channels by using the proportional gains.
  • the spatial focuser can then in some embodiments be configured to determine for the remaining two channels (or three when only two channels are applied in the panning) gain values which dampen the channels in order to emphasize the focus effect.
  • the gain values are updated as,
  • G ⁇ X ⁇ ( b ) - [ G ⁇ X ⁇ ( b ) - ( 1 - att ⁇ ( b ) ) ] ⁇ ⁇ min w s + G ⁇ X ⁇ ( b ) .
  • example scaling logic is similar to that shown with respect to the binaural mode.
  • i is the index of the channel nearest to ⁇ .
  • the spatial focuser can then in some embodiments be configured to determine the actual channel scaling coefficients ⁇ X (b) based on the computed gain values ⁇ X (b)
  • ⁇ 1 (b), ⁇ 2 (b) and ⁇ 3 (b) stand for the scaling coefficients of the channels c 1 , c 2 and c 3 , respectively.
  • the described focus procedure can be performed to only those subbands with valid direction estimates to prevent emphasizing potentially incorrect directions.
  • an additional gain control procedure as described herein is applied which allows modifying every subband by means of statistical analysis.
  • the spatial focuser can be further configured to process the side signal S(b). It would be understood that since there is no directional information included in the side signal S(b), in the binaural mode the audio focuser has no effect to the side signal synthesis.
  • the side signal is added un-modified to the processed mid signal.
  • the focusing effect can also be applied to the side signal by considering the focus angle ⁇ as the obtained angle estimation ⁇ for all subbands.
  • the ambient signal is hence amplified in the focused direction to enhance the overall focus effect.
  • the amplification of side signal components should be performed with caution to retain a natural tone in the synthesized output signal. For example a too high amplification of the side signal focus tends to “draw” the whole audio scene towards the specified angle, which should be avoided.
  • the output of the spatial focuser can be passed to the post processing gain control/temporal smoother.
  • the audio processor 103 further comprises a post processing gain control/temporal smoother.
  • the processed mid signals can be further processed to further enhance the focus effect.
  • all the subbands are further modified by additional gain coefficients.
  • the post processing gain control/temporal smoother can be configured to apply temporal smoothing to avoid sudden gain changes over consecutive frames.
  • the post processing gain controller/temporal smoother 807 can be configured to determine the sub-band thresholds that are used to determine whether additional gain control is to be applied.
  • the post processing gain controller/temporal smoother 807 can be configured to determine the number of direction estimates inside the focused sector, E and further compare the value of E to the set thresholds. In other words by evaluating the number of valid in-sector direction estimates in some situations the post processing gain controller/temporal smoother 1807 can be configured to amplify or dampen all the 32 subbands within the current time frame, including also those bands with unreliable/unknown ⁇ (b) estimates obtained in the spatial audio analyser.
  • the additional amplification is applied only to those audio source bands within the focus sector or where the direction is unreliable/unknown when the threshold is met.
  • the bands with estimates inside the sector are not affected by additional dampening (based on the set thresholds, there are at most 3 such bands in that case).
  • amp add and att add are additional amplification and attenuation coefficients derived from the original amp and att coefficients.
  • the additional gain coefficients in some embodiments are static and fixed among the sub-bands (in other words they are not affected by the amount of zooming).
  • ⁇ 1 (b), ⁇ 2 (b) and ⁇ 3 (b) stand for the scaling coefficients of the channels c 1 , c 2 and c 3 , respectively.
  • the post processing gain controller/temporal smoother 807 can further apply temporal smoothing to the audio signals based on the past history of frame states.
  • the audio processor 103 further comprises a channel mode converter.
  • the channel mode converter can in some embodiments be configured to receive the processed mid and side signals and generate suitable channel outputs.
  • the channel mode converter is configured to generate a stereo signal suitable for headphone listening from a multichannel processed signal.
  • X(z) corresponds to the time-domain signal of channel x.
  • the mode converter is configured to use the focused mid-signals M(b) of the multi-channel synthesis and consider the original (non-focused) side-signals.
  • the stereo signal conversion is performed in the frequency domain, once the focusing effect is combined with the mid-signal components.
  • the transformation to the time domain can in some embodiments be performed using an inverse Fourier transform (IFT). In such embodiments a “smoother” and more stable background noise compared to the first “direct” conversion option is generated.
  • IFT inverse Fourier transform
  • the mode converter is configured to perform audio panning on the angle estimations ⁇ (b).
  • the panning coefficients of the two channels (P R , P L ) are computed as
  • the audio processor 103 can therefore in some embodiments generate a processed audio signal which can be passed to the spatial audio output 105 .
  • step 207 The operation of audio signal processing based on at least the UI input/tracking is shown in FIG. 3 by step 207 .
  • the spatial audio output 105 is configured to output the processed audio signals to a suitable playback apparatus or to memory or any suitable storage element.
  • the output or playback audio can in some embodiments be at least one of; a mono, a stereo, a binaural, multi-channel, spatial or 3D audio signal.
  • the processing of the audio signals can be output to a suitable playback apparatus where such playback audio can be used to generate a mono or multi-channel audio playback to the user.
  • the suitable playback apparatus can be coupled to the apparatus via an audio connector or in some embodiments be at least one internal speaker of the apparatus.
  • processed audio signal the sound manipulation
  • adjusted settings based on the user input can be saved or stored (for example in an internal memory, database or cloud) either alone or with the visual data.
  • step 209 The operation of providing an output for the processed audio signals is shown in FIG. 3 by step 209 .
  • the apparatus comprises a visual processor 107 .
  • the visual processor 107 can in some embodiments be configured to receive image data from the camera 51 and furthermore user interface input/selection tracking information from the tracker 106 .
  • the visual processor 107 can in some embodiments be configured to generate a user interface overlay displayed over the visual image from the camera 51 based on the user interface/tracked selection (audio sources).
  • the visual processor 107 can be configured to highlight the selection region or area and as the tracker 106 follows the (audio source) selection the visual processor can be configured to generate an overlay which can highlight this motion.
  • the visual processor 107 can be configured to provide a user interface visual indication when the selection (audio source) leaves the field of view, in other words moves out of vision of the camera, so that the user can in some embodiments re-orientate the apparatus to follow the audio source.
  • the visual processor or suitable visual processing means can be configured to generate a display image comprising at least one visual image element from an image frame within a region of the display. Further the display can in such embodiments be configured to display the display image on a touch interface display configured to provide at least one selection input, wherein determining a point of interest location of the at least one visual element can be provided by determining the at least one point of interest location based on the at least one selection input.
  • the visual processor 107 can output this visual user interface overlay to the display 52 along with the camera image data.
  • the embodiments as described herein generate the display image by: capturing (by suitable means) at least one image frame; generating (by suitable means) at least one user interface overlay element; and combining (by suitable means) the at least one image frame and the at least one user interface overlay element to generate the display image comprising the at least one visual element.
  • the overlay as described herein can be any of the following: an overlay displaying the point of interest location of the at least one acoustic source; an overlay highlighting the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source is out of field of view of the image frame; a focus region overlay displaying a processing focus range and direction based on the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source; a processing overlay configured to display the toggle state for generating at least one further at least one user interface overlay element; a focus amplification overlay configured to display at least one amplification gain for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory; a focus attenuation overlay configured to display at least one attenuation dampening for reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory; a focus inverter overlay configured to display a toggle state for inverting a focus operation; and a focus amplification profile overlay
  • step 208 The operation of generating a video/image data based on the user interface input/tracking is shown in FIG. 3 by step 208 .
  • the display 52 can be configured to receive the data from the visual processor 107 and display the generated/processed images.
  • step 210 The operation of displaying the generated/processed images is shown in FIG. 3 by step 210 .
  • FIG. 4 an example apparatus 10 in operation according to some embodiments is shown.
  • the apparatus 10 comprising the display 52 and camera 51 shows a camera vision range shown by the dotted lines following the initialisation of an application or program where video/audio capture is performed.
  • a first audio source 1001 Within the view of the camera are shown a first audio source 1001 , a second audio source 1003 and a third audio source 1005 .
  • These audio sources are represented visually on the display 52 by a first audio source visual representation 1011 , a second audio source visual representation 1013 , and a third audio source visual representation 1015 .
  • the example shown in FIG. 4 is shown as the user 1101 indicates, by tapping the display at the point of the third audio source visual representation 1015 , that the third audio source 1015 is the selection, in other words that the third audio source is to be tracked and processed.
  • the apparatus touch/user interface controller 104 can be configured to receive an input from the display 52 indicating a position or location of a selection which can then be passed to a tracker 106 .
  • the apparatus display or other user interface input can be configured to determine whether the focus is to be a positive focus, and to enhance or amplify the third audio source relative to the other audio sources or a negative focus and to diminish or attenuate the third audio source relative to the other audio sources.
  • the display can display specific amplify/attenuate icons, or comprise a user interface slider, or dial which can be used to specify the degree of focus attenuation/amplification to be applied to the focus or selection region.
  • the apparatus is shown following the selection of the third audio source as the audio source to be focussed.
  • the tracker 106 feature selector has generated suitable visual descriptor (and/or audio fingerprint or descriptor) elements associated with the third audio source 1005 and passed these to highlight the third audio source visual representation 1015 displayed on the screen.
  • the visual descriptor is displayed on the display as at least one visual descriptor feature 1203 shown in FIG. 6 by the crosses.
  • the highlighting of the audio source visual representation can employ a box 1201 surrounding the third audio source visual representation.
  • the apparatus is shown following the movement of the third audio source 1005 .
  • the third audio source 1005 has moved relative to the first audio source 1001 and the second audio source 1003 to pass in front of the first audio source 1001 .
  • This is shown in FIG. 7 on the display 52 of the apparatus 10 as the third audio source visual representation 1015 moves across and in front of the first audio source visual representation 1011 but where the visual descriptor elements 1203 are shown having tracked the third audio source visual representation.
  • FIG. 8 an example visual image showing a selection (audio source) is shown wherein the image 1403 comprises a first audio source, a speaker or person speaker shown by the highlighted selection box 1401 . Furthermore FIG. 8 shows the difference between a normal stereo capture audio signal 1411 and the focused stereo capture audio signal 1413 where the apparatus has applied a focus towards the speaker.
  • the image 1505 shows the position of the original selection (or audio source speaker) 1501 and of the audio source or speaker having moved and being highlighted by box 1503 .
  • the figure further shows the unfocused stereo capture audio signals 1511 , a fixed focused audio signal 1513 based on the original selection area 1501 , and the tracked focussed audio signal 1515 based on tracking the audio source from the original selection area 1501 to the current tracked area 1503 .
  • example visual processor user interface overlays showing tracking are shown wherein the first image 1601 , which is based on the image 1403 of FIG. 8 , is shown where the visual processor has applied a masking overlay such that the focused region is brighter than the unfocused regions. In some embodiments this can be performed by applying a lightening of the pixels in the focus area or region or by applying a darkening of the pixels outside of the focus area or region or both. Thus the focused region 1603 can be seen clearly where the unfocused regions are dark. Furthermore FIG. 10 shows how the masking tracks the selection such that the second image 1611 , based on the image 1505 of FIG. 9 shows a similar darkening of the non-focused regions.
  • the visual processor 107 can generate any suitable overlay image processing to show the focusing of the selection region or area. These can include brightening of the image, changing the image colours or sharpening or blurring the image where the image is in focus or out of the focus region.
  • example visual processor user interface overlays are shown where the selection feature (audio source) is out of the field of view of the camera.
  • the selection feature audio source
  • the speaker has moved out of view of the camera.
  • the first image 1701 shows a user interface overlay arrow 1703 pointing in the direction that the audio source has moved out of the field of view of the camera.
  • the second image 1711 shows where the visual processor 107 has applied a masking function to graduate a darkening away from the selection (or in other words graduate a lightening of the image towards the out of view selection) such that the image is lightest towards the edge that the audio source or selection has moved out of the field of view.
  • FIG. 12 an example flowchart shows an example operation of the apparatus according to some embodiments.
  • the user starts the application or suitable program on the apparatus and video recording is initiated.
  • video recording is initiated.
  • both the audio and video are captured.
  • step 1801 The operation of the initialising or starting of the audio and video recording is shown in FIG. 12 by step 1801 .
  • step 1803 The operation of activating the object selection by pressing a dedicated icon on the screen and indicating an interesting object by tapping is shown in FIG. 12 by step 1803 .
  • the user can further provide a user input indicating whether the object should be amplified or attenuated by pressing a corresponding icon on the screen.
  • the user can provide a suitable control input associated with the at least one point of interest location associated with the at least one acoustic source and which is employed by the audio processor such that reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer based on the determined trajectory causes the apparatus to reproduce the at least one audio signal based on the at least one control input.
  • the control input for example could be any of the following: a processing width for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a processing range for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a focus amplification factor for controlling reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; a focus attenuation factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; an out of focus amplification factor for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer; and an out of focus attenuation for controlling the reproducing the at least one audio signal from at least one sound playback transducer.
  • step 1805 The operation of selecting whether the object should be amplified or attenuated by pressing a corresponding icon on the screen is shown in FIG. 12 by step 1805 .
  • the object selection and/or the determination of whether the application or attenuation of the focused object can be determined automatically in some embodiments.
  • the apparatus application can create the visual and/or acoustic descriptor of the object.
  • step 1807 The operation of creating the visual and/or acoustic description of the object is shown in FIG. 12 by step 1807 .
  • the apparatus application can then in some embodiments track the location of the selected object based on the visual and/or acoustic descriptor of the object.
  • the operation of the tracking the location of the selected object is shown in FIG. 12 by 1809 .
  • the location of the tracked object is visualised on the screen.
  • the visual processor generates a suitable masking or highlighting effect based on the location of the tracked object which can be presented with the physical image of the object from the camera image.
  • step 1811 The operation of visualising the object on the screen is shown in FIG. 12 by step 1811 .
  • audio processing or manipulation is applied by emphasising the direction of the tracked object.
  • FIG. 12 by step 1813 .
  • the processed audio is then stored in a determined format as at least one audio track of the video.
  • step 1815 The operation of the storing of the manipulated audio as at least one audio track of the video is shown in FIG. 12 by step 1815 .
  • the object can in some embodiments be tracked once every 100 ms.
  • the operation of updating of the descriptor values can in some embodiments occur every 2-300 ms (in other words less often than the tracking or in some embodiments at the same frequency as the tracking) or in some embodiments the updating of the descriptor values can occur where the tracked descriptor values change significantly from the previously stored descriptor values.
  • the components can be considered to be implementable in some embodiments at least partially as code or routines operating within at least one processor and stored in at least one memory.
  • user equipment is intended to cover any suitable type of wireless user equipment, such as mobile telephones, portable data processing devices or portable web browsers.
  • PLMN public land mobile network
  • the various embodiments of the invention may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof.
  • some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although the invention is not limited thereto.
  • firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although the invention is not limited thereto.
  • While various aspects of the invention may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
  • the embodiments of this invention may be implemented by computer software executable by a data processor of the mobile device, such as in the processor entity, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware.
  • any blocks of the logic flow as in the Figures may represent program steps, or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of program steps and logic circuits, blocks and functions.
  • the software may be stored on such physical media as memory chips, or memory blocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media such as hard disk or floppy disks, and optical media such as for example DVD and the data variants thereof, CD.
  • the memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory.
  • the data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), gate level circuits and processors based on multi-core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.
  • Embodiments of the inventions may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit modules.
  • the design of integrated circuits is by and large a highly automated process.
  • Complex and powerful software tools are available for converting a logic level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed on a semiconductor substrate.
  • Programs such as those provided by Synopsys, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif. and Cadence Design, of San Jose, Calif. automatically route conductors and locate components on a semiconductor chip using well established rules of design as well as libraries of pre-stored design modules.
  • the resultant design in a standardized electronic format (e.g., Opus, GDSII, or the like) may be transmitted to a semiconductor fabrication facility or “fab” for fabrication.

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