UA70441A - Method to increase thermal resistance of building method to increase thermal resistance of building structures (walls) structures (walls) - Google Patents

Abstract

Method to increase thermal resistance of building structures includes implementation of works at the inner side through application of low-heat-conductive heating material to the wall, with its fixation by a pressing wall and pins in chess order. The works on arrangement of heat-insulation material are performed simultaneously with the wall, this comprises two long walls placed one with respect to another at distance and connected by vertical diaphragms, with formation of well porous cavities.

Description

Description of the invention

The invention relates to the industry of building materials and construction, reconstruction of civil and industrial buildings and is intended for the construction of external walls of buildings and structures from one to 16 floors. There is a known method of increasing the thermal resistance of building structures with the help of a building block, which includes thicknesses located along the spoon, two-stage symmetrically or asymmetrically located protrusions (author's certificate SRSV Mo1520215 dated 10.11.87, publ. 07.11.89 (prototype 1), and the first stage forms on joint cavity for insulation, the depth of which is equal to the length of the central cavity, and the second - 70 cavity for solution.

The disadvantage of this design is the need to create a special technology for the manufacture of the above-mentioned building block, as well as the complexity of laying such blocks.

A more perfect solution to the "technology of effective laying of walls with well (cell) voids". (prototype 2). They provide only effective lightweight masonry for correcting typical projects with the development of examples of non-bearing walls up to 5 floors; horizontal diaphragms are not developed, examples of load-bearing walls in cross-section, with horizontal diaphragms, as well as laying of walls with a spread seam; not studied: the effect on the overall thermal resistance of fast-heat-dissipating individual sections of the walls, the possibility of application in seismic areas.

Another similar solution is the 2-120-8 series, which was developed by "Len ZNYIZP" and approved by order on 01.06.88

Mo127 dated 10.05.88 of the State Committee for Architecture of the former USSR (became known in Ukraine only in 1998 - for the author - in 2001 after approval by the author M.D. Knyaziuk TUU 13642645.005-95 "Technology for increasing the thermal resistance of buildings" from 1.P. 1995 in the State Standard of Ukraine)

In the series, it is indicated that the connection of the outer wall made of bricks 120 mm thick with the inner wall (made of bricks or lightweight concrete or aerated concrete stones, according to the calculation) for lightweight masonry with a spread seam of 50 mm, which is filled with an effective insulation, takes place with laying rows of bricks (without details , row step).

The second disadvantages of this design (solutions) are: 1) Use of lightweight masonry only up to 5 floors. 2) Its use only for non-seismic areas (seismic requirements are not taken into account, except for vertical - diaphragms, there should be horizontal heat-resistant belts, jumpers and ready-made uneven bricks for "Her bandages, etc.")

C) The series provides for construction as a lightweight masonry, and not for increasing the thermal resistance of the walls by 2 times C according to the norms from 9Zr. (that is, for the new purpose). Ha") 4) Horizontal diaphragms with 1 row of bricks or other solutions are not provided. 3о 5) The role of horizontal diaphragms, both for strength (their pitch, construction) and thermal resistance, the need for their uniformity (without weakening by heat-insulating material) has not been investigated; 6) The technological level of contracting organizations is not taken into account; 7) It does not have an economic justification, the effectiveness of heat loss reduction. "8) It is not indicated the necessity of setting up house or entrance devices for accounting and regulation of energy resources, in particular thermal energy. c 9) The effect on the thermal resistance of the walls of individual areas with rapid heat loss, in particular seams, concrete,

From" (concrete, metal inclusions) jumpers, girders, beams, racks, slab supports, balconies, etc. (improvement of the construction of bricks with the use of irregular box bricks, blocks.

The closest in terms of technology (technical) essence are "Building structure" (patent of Ukraine Mo24161A publ. 49 bull. MoB, 1998 (prototype 3)); and "Building structure for laying walls with tying of seams (patent of Ukraine Mo37460 A. publ. Bull. Mo4 av | 15.05.2001 (prototype 4) and "Methods of increasing the thermal resistance of buildings" patent of Ukraine 44671A publ. Bull. Mo2, 2002 (prototype 5) (all under the authorship of M.D. Knyaziuk). shk Known method (prototype 3) increasing the thermal resistance of building structures with the help of "construction "IZ" 20 structure" for masonry walls with joint binding, consisting of two longitudinal walls with a thickness of half a brick each, or one (external) of half a brick, the second (internal) - in one brick or 1.5 (2; 2.5) bricks, or the external one in 1.5-2 bricks, the second internal one in 1/4, 1/2 bricks, with 8VOmm effective gypsum boards (300х80Омм) and the walls are placed between themselves at a distance of 50-60 (140) (270) mm, and the longitudinal walls are connected to each other by transverse walls in half a brick, or in one brick, and the wells formed between the longitudinal and 29 transverse walls are filled with heat-insulating materials, for example, mineralized sawdust or mineralized termite, or slag gravel of Burshtynska DRES.

The disadvantages of the first three inventions (prototypes C, 4, 5) are that they do not fully specify and investigate the horizontal diaphragms for well masonry walls, the influence of fast-wearing areas of walls, in particular concrete, reinforced concrete and metal inclusions (bridges, belts, beams, slabs covering of balconies), masonry seams and 60 others for the general thermal resistance of walls with openings, as well as the possibility of using and obtaining selected bricks, box bricks; the effectiveness of the use of facing bricks, including uneven bricks (with protection (conservation) of wall surfaces.

At the same time, the first and second (prototype 3, 4) of them are only for buildings up to 9 floors high, and prototype 4 with multilayer heat insulators, incl. voluminous because the Third invention (prototype 5) is suitable, mainly for existing buildings and for new buildings - from the inside.

Technical task: 1) creation of a method of increasing the thermal resistance of external enclosing building structures, in particular walls with optimal heat-resistant structures, which would solve the problem of energy saving, increase the thermal technical characteristics of building walls, reduce heat losses on indoor heating networks and operating costs due to the calculation of metering and regulating fittings; the optimal (including local, autonomous) method of heating, slot designs, increasing the thermal resistance of rapidly heat-dissipating sections of the walls; 2) the possibility of reducing the cost of works due to the use of local cheap production waste for 70 heat-insulating materials, for example, mineralized sawdust and sawdust t -160-200kg/m?, slag gravel

Burshtynska DRES (including fractions of 10-20 mm/or in combination with other heat-insulating materials;

C) the possibility of applying the method and design for all regions, including seismic with a height of 1 to 16 floors; 4) the possibility of reducing the labor-intensiveness, material-intensiveness of works, increasing the attractiveness, 75 safety of BMR due to the use of face bricks or ceramic stones, as well as uneven bricks or box bricks. In one or more colors with or without hydrophobization (protection) of external surfaces. 5) fuller loading of masons, simultaneous construction of walls with a 2-fold increase in thermal resistance of the walls.

The given technical task is solved by the construction of walls of different thicknesses, made of different materials (concrete, light concrete, brick, and others) with cell voids filled with heat-insulating materials, with the additional arrangement of horizontal diaphragms along the height of the wall or foundation or without them (mainly for low-rise buildings buildings, self-supporting walls, non-seismic areas); moreover, for buildings with a height of 6-16 floors, less often with a height of 1-5 floors, according to thermal engineering and structural calculations, masonry with a spread seam of up to 40-70 mm is used, which is filled with effective thermal insulation, preferably of low thermal conductivity.

The proposed method and design according to the invention can be used for the walls of new buildings with a height of 1-5 floors, 1-9 and 1-16 under certain conditions, and for existing buildings with a height of 1-16 floors only according to "thermal engineering calculations and operational safety.

For buildings with a height of more than 3 floors (for load-bearing walls), it is mandatory to specify (approval) of structural solutions (for new buildings) by the project author from the point of view of strength and reliability of operation, "taking into account various factors that lead to a decrease in load-bearing capabilities (including the technological level of subcontractors, seismicity requirements, the impact of vibrations from transport, equipment, and others). M

As a result of the application of the proposed invention, the thermal resistance of the walls increases by 2 times, and the walls made of "I box bricks, ceramic blocks, concrete and light concrete shells by 2-8 times, that is, the operating costs for thermal energy are reduced by 25-9095 (provided that the thermal resistance of the slots is simultaneously increased in about 2.5-3 times). -

The proposed method with the help of an effective building structure consists of 2 longitudinal walls with a thickness of half a brick (or a quarter of a brick) each; or one (external) in half a brick or a quarter of a brick, the second (internal) in half a brick or one brick, or 1.5; 2/2, 5; With (bricks or external -in 1,1,5-2/2, 5-3) bricks, the second "internal in 1/4 brick, 1/2 brick, from efficient gypsum boards. (Fig. 1-26, 33-40)

The walls are placed at a distance of 40-70/140/270/mm from each other. When using selected bricks (according to TUU s 13642645.005-95 change Mo2 author M.D. Knyazyuk) in particular three-quarters, longitudinal halves, halves, and quarters, the width of the wells can be of other sizes, which are multiples of their thickness plus the thickness of the seams, that is, for i"? 3/4-185520mm-205mm; 1/4-65-20-85mm; for the longitudinal half bOhm-60-20-80mm. Thus, in our invention, the range of thicknesses of the outer and inner walls has been changed and supplemented (up to bOhm, b4Omm) 2.5 bricks (78 Ohm Z brick), the width of the wells due to the use of selected bricks. -And in a separate case (fig. 27-32) during reconstruction, overhaul, increasing thermal resistance (resistance to heat transfer / arranging structures / external enclosing building structures / residential - for civil buildings and structures under construction, the thickness of the heat-insulating layer from the inner or outer sides (or from the "r" of both sides at the same time) can be up to 25-60 mm in accordance with the calculations, or at the customer's request, it is higher than the standard (i.e. greater thickness)on 10-10095 from one of the parties, incl. as protruding parts e (cornices, etc.) with safety fasteners. - M Longitudinal walls (walls) are connected to each other by vertical diaphragms-transverse walls in half a brick or in one brick; is allowed when mastering selected bricks, including longitudinal halves, quarters, the thickness of a quarter of a brick, or individual point diaphragms from individual bricks or, matal connections.

The length of the cells, preferably, is not more than 1200 mm (up to 2500 mm is allowed) » The masonry of the transverse walls is connected with the longitudinal ones through one or two rows in height.

The wells formed between the longitudinal and transverse walls are filled with heat-insulating material of the 1st or 2nd types, in including mineralized sawdust, or mineralized termite, or slag or gravel of Burshtynska DRES, crushed household waste up to 5-20mm in polyethylene bags-pillows with a volume weight of no more than 200-400kg/m3, (fig. 1- 26, 33-60, except fig. 53).

The wells of load-bearing walls and weakened sections of walls are filled with lightweight concrete or lightweight concrete liners in the form of stones and slabs (as specified by the project author), or it is allowed for the first floors of buildings more than 5 stories high without insulation with loss compensation using insulated shutters of openings with 65 increased thermal resistance with 3- x panes, or using metallized or ionized glass of "warm" jumpers according to TUU 13642645.005-95 change of Mo2 (author M. D. Knyaziuk) lightweight concrete belts at the level of overlap and covering.

It is recommended for buildings in seismic areas and areas close to them to use masonry with a widespread insulated seam with a thickness of 40-7 Ohm (including near transport highways), or to increase the thermal resistance of the walls, especially for buildings higher than 9 floors, to place a heat-insulating layer from the inner sides,

When using a utility helicopter, increasing the thermal resistance of external enclosing walls is effective from the outside, both for new and existing buildings higher than 9-12 floors. (fig. 27-32) (51-62)

It is advisable for new buildings with a height of 9-16 floors for the outer layer to use box bricks, brand 100-300, in the cavity of which a heat insulator is placed (fig. 53, 61).

The heat-insulating backfill in the wells is rammed layer by layer so that the backfill does not settle, it is watered with solution /o after 40-50 cm along the height of the masonry, forming soluble belts.

Due to the rigidity of the masonry contour, heat-insulating backfilling can be performed immediately after the walls are raised to a height of five rows, that is, in such tiers, at the level of which anti-shrinkage soluble diaphragms and horizontal diaphragms in the form of a row of bricks or lightweight concrete belt are arranged (mainly for seismic areas); and for the latter - the row of poles must be continuous with the use of selected bricks or from u/5 monolithic lightweight concrete inserts / incl. based on perlite for Transcarpathia (fig. 41-42, 51, 52, 54-62).

For the stability of the pressure wall made of plasterboard, 1/4-thick brick (including longitudinal halves), box brick 250хбОмм are connected to the existing wall with pins or dowels along the length of 1050-1200mm, along the height of 600-800mm. Fasteners should be arranged in a staggered order, for new buildings the pins should be replaced with separate brick bundles, including longitudinal halves every 1200 mm in the same order.

In winter, in seismic areas, insulation from the outside (including pressure walls) (thickness up to 60-80 mm) is performed on fast-hardening, high-strength, hydrophobic cements with or without fixing nets) with possible incised grooves, (net ) on one or both sides and setting stainless steel safety screws with or without dowels (fig. 73-76).

In order to eliminate masonry freezing, for effective well masonry in winter, including for seismic areas, the above-mentioned quick-hardening cements are used (the application of the author M.D. Knyazyuk entitled "Energy-saving (self-heating) method of conducting work." with the use of toothed trowels according to TUU « 13642645.005-95, modification of Mo2 (author M.D. Knyazyuk) 1- 1st option (1st refinement) 1. Ways of arranging diaphragms "- zo. Added horizontal diaphragms from continuous vertical rows of masonry through b rows (rarely 3-5, 7-12 rows) provide additional harmonious operation of the outer and inner layers of the masonry under power and temperature - effects of masonry. "E

Taking into account the different degree of loading and the working conditions of the outer and inner walls of lightweight masonry, in the projects, calculations or measurements, in particular, a smaller step of the diaphragms, o c5 Mandatory use of ready-made uneven bricks, light heat-resistant non-bearing jumpers-inserts, cha combined (insulated inside or outside) belts and others with (concrete inclusions of walls, which rigidly connect and ensure the reliability of their work, compatible work, especially in the event of seismic phenomena for seismic regions and close to them, or near transport arteries with intensive traffic vehicles.

The length of the wells is allowed up to 1200 mm (up to 10 thicknesses). With a spread seam of 60 (40-70) mm, the non-load-bearing pressure wall of 60-120 mm is used, it is connected to the load-bearing part of the wall only with laying bricks (stud rows) through 3- 6-10 rows (or a multiple of the height of the tile insulator) in the form of a solid. of a horizontal diaphragm or with studded bricks-ties every 500-1000 mm in a staggered order, and? mainly for non-seismic areas, for seismic areas with well lengths of 5 2500 mm.

Clarification of the description "Technologies of effective laying of walls with wells (cell) voids.." (Constructions of Horizontal Diaphragms). -I Horizontal diaphragms from stick rows (bricks, stones, blocks) can be homogeneous (continuous) and non-homogeneous (non-continuous) with inserts made of heat-insulating material. o The latter, preferably, are allowed to be performed when laying with a spread seam up to 60(70) mm. them In load-bearing, (as well as self-supporting) external walls with a thickness of 560 and b90 mm with a spread seam, the length of 5 or x rows or along the top of the perimeter of the masonry), with the connection of the walls (layers) with laying rows of bricks. The connection of walls (layers) is allowed with separate bricks (mostly with a step of б00х600, 1200хб0О0mm) in a checkerboard pattern.

The prototype of this decision is the 2-120-8 series, developed by "Len-ZNIYZP" and approved on 01.06.88 by Mo127 from two 10.05.88 of the State Committee of Architecture of the former USSR, where it is only indicated that the walls (layers) of lightweight masonry are joined by laying rows brick, up to 5 floors, non-seismic areas, without details, construction,

P methods of increasing thermal resistance.

Heat-insulating inserts-belts in non-homogeneous horizontal diaphragms should be made of solid heat-insulating material. It is mainly made of cast expanded clay concrete with a volume weight of no more than 500-700 kg/m3, especially in walls, on the first floors of 9-12-story buildings, as well as in seismic areas and close to them (smaller by 1-2 points. ) near transport arteries with heavy traffic, airports and other analogues of the influence of dynamic loads.

Reasoning for the lower efficiency of heterogeneous (discontinuous) or higher efficiency of homogeneous (horizontal) diaphragms (Fig. 51) 65 1. The surface of the heat transfer (heat transfer) of the heat flow is 2 times larger, which means higher heat consumption 28 sh p; x2x70 5 75:140mm 7 75mmMmM

2. With fiberglass, another heat insulator, with a grade lower than 25 kg/cm 2, the wall, or rather the connection of the outer and inner walls, weakens.

Conclusion: From the point of view of strength, heat-technical requirements, homogeneous horizontal diaphragms with the largest possible step (6-12 rows) or non-homogeneous ones: with small lightweight concrete or cellular concrete inserts with a volumetric weight of up to 500 (rarely up to 700) kg/m are the most effective.

The step of the vertical diaphragms is determined by calculation based on thermal engineering considerations, it is recommended to take it 7 76b0mm (in axes) and the maximum is no more than 1700mm, if the self-supporting capacity of the inner wall is not ensured, in other cases 5 2500mm. 70 The essence of the 1st clarification is supplemented by the figures of the graphic image Mo, Mo51-62, and their description. 2nd option (2nd clarification) 2. With the help of multilayers, incl. bulk, heat insulators.

The method of increasing the thermal resistance of building structures, in particular the walls of well masonry (including with a spread seam) with the help of channel-like box-like volumetric heat insulators consists in performing instead of the 1st (2-X) 75 heat-insulating layers of plate heat-insulating materials for the 2nd (3- and 5-layer construction of the heat insulator), separate thermal insulation of the longitudinal walls and strips of the transverse walls-diaphragms of 3, 5, 8 elements, which are attached to the masonry with the help of staples and glues for wells with a length of up to 530-770 mm (and possibly more up to 2500 mm), a structure of 1, 2, 4 elements of channel-like, less often tubular (rectangular in plan) heat insulators is installed to create 2, 4, 8 - we have a layered construction with the possibility of using them for other enclosing structures as attached thermal insulation.

At the same time, other structures are understood as: foundation walls, the walls themselves, doors, shutters, ceilings, floors, attics.

These designs can be made integrally at the factory, or at the site (in the workshops of small enterprises) by gluing from individual elements (walls-ribs or spacers and heat-insulating plates),

Volumetric elements can be replaced by solid ones, but with grooves in increments of up to 200-250 mm on one or both "planes, faces/less often on 3 or 4 faces/for ventilation, self-ventilation.

The essence of the 2nd clarification is supplemented by the figures of the graphic image Mo, Mo25-52, 55, their description, (patent

Mo44671 А) 3rd version (3rd refinement) --

Peculiarities of using face bricks of uneven bricks, ceramic stones, box bricks.

The use of face bricks with selected bricks or (rarely) face ceramic stones with uneven stones, or face box bricks with uneven box bricks, or "And other face artificial stones for the outer layer or, as a pressure wall, is especially effective for walls with widened a seam filled with heat-insulating material, in particular in seismic areas and close to them, near transport arteries, in particular for tall buildings, as well as for other walls with well - masonry and all regions, including non-seismic

At the same time, there is no need for time-consuming, to a certain extent, dangerous plastering works, which at the same time accelerates the delivery of objects, and reduces their cost, in particular walls, to 25-3095, reduces labor intensity to "25-40905.

To increase the durability, attractiveness of the appearance of the walls, increase the heat resistance of the open seams - from the front surfaces, the latter cover and protect, especially, walls made of silicate brick and other front (in regions with increased humidifying influence, and throughout the country due to temperature fluctuations in winter periods, "" due to the violation of the ecological balance of the environment) by different concentrations of aqueous solutions of GKZh-10 or

GKZh-11, or GKZh-94 or foreign analogues, i.e. perform hydrophobization.

The concentration is recommended to be increased, for example: 5-10-15-3095, for GKZh-94 and up to 5095, depending on the class of buildings, degree of humidification of structures, height of buildings. o Hydrophobization is carried out in the course of laying, in tiers between horizontal diaphragms (rows of sticks) with brushes, bones, squeegees with extended handles or a spray gun or other

Its mechanized methods (with the help of compressors (second painting devices), including from windows, remote, 1" 50 attached devices (ladders, cradles, scaffolding, etc.).

When laying the outer layer, a toothed grater or trowel, or other devices can be used - to increase the thermal resistance of the seam, or hydrophobic additives in the amount of 1-595 are introduced into the solutions, or hydrophobic special cements are used.

Instead of a face brick, a selective-ordinary brick can be covered with hydrophobic components, for example GKZh-94 with possible additions of dyes for a matte terracotta color. z» The step of horizontal diaphragms for seismic zones is generally accepted, no more than 6 rows.

For blind sections of walls in non-seismic areas, when laying walls with a spread seam, the length of the wells is not limited / the connection of the outer layer is ensured by rows of laying pegs or it is recommended to arrange vertical diaphragms or separate connections made of bricks or with bo uneven longitudinal halves.

Facing artificial stones are allowed to be used on the inside of the walls, as interiors, with the customer's consent, i.e., walls with well masonry are allowed to be built from two sides at the same time, which makes it possible to get rid of finishing works on both sides at once.

At the same time, the partitions (internal walls) are also made of facing fireplace materials. 65 When using one or two or more colors of face stone materials, especially for facades in the first place, incl. ornamental details, splashes on entrances, cornices, etc. increase the attractiveness of our buildings, as well as the beauty of our settlements.

The essence of the 3rd refinement-method is supplemented by figures of the graphic image Mo, Mo1-27, 29, 30, 33-76, 78 with their description, appendices MO, 2, Z, 4 4th variant (4th refinement)

Primary thermal resistance of building structures, without insulation of all walls or with insulation

The known methods practiced now involve the traditional placement of the heat insulator in the wells (including the common seam) of the masonry, which leads to a decrease in the strength of the masonry in the event of seismic, vibrational, dynamic influences. 70 The proposed method does not provide for the installation of wells, including a common seam, in which a heat insulator is placed, and consists in primarily increasing the thermal resistance of rapidly heat-dissipating sections of walls, in particular with metal, reinforced concrete, concrete, mortar, glass, open (including crevices), moistened inclusions; consists in urgent, with increased heat resistance (thickness), thermal insulation, including with other measures: hydrophobization, liquidation of fungal damage with priority funding, as 7/5 of the Quick-collect method; renovation (repair), hydrophobization (protection) approaches in the design of complex structures (with reinforced concrete inclusions) of wall sections, limiting the use of highly heat-conducting materials without heat protection measures and others.

Separate sections of the walls are understood as: wall seams, openings (windows, doors, showcases, vents, etc.), slopes of windows, doors, window niches, lintels, reinforced concrete (concrete) inserts of ceilings, coverings; belts, beams, racks, (frames), balconies, roofs, support pillows; walls of the foundations (including the plinth) to the depth of freezing with sections; metal inclusions (nets, anchors, racks, beams, etc.); heat pipes

Increasing the thermal resistance (thermal resistance) of individual sections of the walls of enclosing building structures, which was developed in TUU 13642645. 005-95 of the Mo2, Z change under the name "Technology for increasing the thermal resistance of building structures" (author M.D. Knyaziuk) is equivalent to the insulation of all walls developed in this period and ov It is traditionally used (according to patent Mo21161А, author M.D. Knyaziuk, the validity period has expired) at the objects of Ukraine, and it pays off quickly (up to 5-6-12 months) and allows you to achieve a tactical loss of thermal energy in 2 (perhaps " more) times lower than known traditional methods; normative values, taking into account the recommendations

KyivZNDIEPU, and together with the insulation of all walls, which is currently practiced up to 3.5-4 times, for example, the thermal resistance of the walls increases, or heat losses are eliminated. "- zo 1) The use of effective bricks instead of full-bodied ones increases the thermal resistance of the walls by 20-2590; 2) arrangement of "warm" seams with the help of toothed devices and others, including laying polymer - rods with the addition of hydrophobizer to the solution - on 3090; "3) hydrophobization of the masonry surface with plaster seams - up to 1595, individual areas - up to 3095; 4) installation of insulated shutters with a "thermal mirror" (including opening and closing with the help of a radio signal), insulated doors, as well as the use of windows with three panes, or two, one of which (external) with metallized glass-20-3590; 5) installation of "warm" jumpers - up to 3-590; (additional insulation). 6) Additional insulation of the rear sides of panels up to 295; 7) use of combined belts, beams 5-2595 (or 40-5095 from losses through the wall); "8) installation of reflective screens, insulation of niches-590; shsh c 9) use of uneven ready-made bricks, stones - up to 290; 10) use of "warm" foundations instead of solid concrete - up to 3-25965. ;" The use of metal inclusions (not protected by a heat insulator) should be limited, as their coefficient of thermal conductivity is 1000 times (for colored ones even higher) than that of a low-heat-conducting heat insulator and 950-100 times that of a brick wall structure with the same cross-section thickness. -I Method (4th refinement) is supplemented by appendices Mo, Mo1-4 with examples (p. ), figures of graphic images confirming the possibility of implementing the method (sub-methods) of Fig. 1-82 about the 5th variant (refinement) of them A method of increasing the thermal resistance of building structures / walls made of aerated concrete / less often lightweight concrete / stones

The above-known clarifications provide for the installation of walls made of bricks or ceramic stones, and in order to increase their thermal resistance, wells or a common seam filled with heat-insulating materials are arranged between the walls, less often, especially for seismic areas of the wall without traditional inserts of heat-insulating materials (clarification-4- th option), but only with "warm" (heat-resistant) seams or without them; increased heat resistance of openings (with shutters with a "thermal mirror", insulated doors, metallized outer pane, etc.), window niches, combined or additionally insulated concrete, reinforced concrete metal inclusions, with the possible simultaneous use of effective bricks or stones and

P multifunctional combined concrete belts instead of jumpers.

The essence of the proposed method is the arrangement of walls from aerated concrete, less often, lightweight concrete stones with a thickness of 200, 250, 300, 400, 460, 510, 5bOmm or others, with the exception of walls with a wet regime, plinths, basements. Wall stones (aerated concrete) are made by autoclaving and non-autoclave hardening method. By type of production: on cutting machines without subsequent processing or pouring method with subsequent mechanized processing.

Instead of concrete jumpers, it is recommended to perform multifunctional combined 65 reinforced concrete (less often reinforced lightweight concrete for non-bearing walls) belts, especially in seismic areas and close to them, near transport arteries with vibrating, dynamic loads.

Seams are also arranged "warmly" in the boundaries of the outer layer (in non-seismic areas - along the entire width of the wall)

("warm" heat resistance) with the help of a toothed trowel or grater. From the outside, hydrophobization of the surface is carried out with increased concentrations of aqueous solutions (10-15-20-3095) GKZh-10, or GKZh-11, or

GKZh-94, or foreign and other analogues; moreover, hydrophobization is allowed to be performed on a plastered (puttyed) surface instead of the 1st painting layer of the primer; or carry out sheathing or decoration with moisture-resistant protective material (sheet or lath or ingot, or facing brick, etc.).

Aerated concrete, lightweight concrete stones (blocks) for thermal insulation and structural heat-insulating, structural (for partitions, self-supporting walls) may be manufactured and used with voids or voids filled with heat-insulating material, or formed and ribbed (U-shaped, channel-shaped) 7/0 form of with a pitch of ribs or grooves of no more than 200-250 mm, which serve at the same time for self-ventilation of material that is not moisture-resistant.

Efficiency (advantages) 1. Ease of installation (without wells) and processing. 2. Weight reduction by 1.5-2 times for walls.

Z. Cost reduction to 25-30905. 4. The possibility of self-ventilation of structures made of aerated concrete or lightweight concrete stones (including slabs) with the possibility of using self-ventilated stones or self-ventilated cladding or finishing materials (including bricks). 5. The possibility of using walls, without wells, heat-resistant, from the proposed materials for seismic 2o areas and close to them, near transport arteries. 6. The thermal resistance of aerated concrete, lightweight concrete stones, slabs is 1.7-2 times higher than brick, which allows not to put a heat insulator inside the wall or from the outside or from the inside.

The method is supplemented with applications (examples) p. (Mo2-4), figures of the graphic image of Figs. 31-32, 63-72, 77, 79-82, their description.

The main essence of multifunctional reinforced concrete (rarely lightweight concrete, aerated concrete) belts is to arrange them over openings (windows, doors) under the ceiling, covering instead of (concrete "bridges) along the entire width of the wall, in a combined form: inside or outside, less often from the inside, in which a heat insulator is placed along the entire height of the belt with a thickness according to the thermal engineering calculation, depending on the climatic zone, type of walls, heat insulator, 20-110 mm thick. (fig. 7 7-82) beams in frame buildings or with external load-bearing walls, or non-load-bearing ceilings and coverings with load-bearing transverse walls or crossbars (beams). "E

Multifunctional belts are used mainly in seismic areas and close to them, in buildings: with vibration, dynamic loads, near transport arteries, heterogeneous (weak) soils under foundations, in walls made of aerated concrete, lightweight concrete, hollow blocks, stones, as well as at the request of the customer, including low, technological level of contracting organizations.

Taking into account that multi-functional s/concrete girders do not lead to an increase in the cost of construction and installation work (the volume of reinforcement does not increase compared to jumpers due to the operation of girders, as a continuous beam, against load-bearing jumpers, as a beam on 2 supports, that is, it has reduction of the maximum bending moment by 1.5 times, "maximum bending - by 5 times, and the inseparability of the beam is ensured by welding the reinforcement of the lower working part to the hinges of the block, placing anchors in the walls with hooks at a distance of 250 mm from the edge of the slot), they are recommended to be used floor by floor in well masonry, since non-uniform ones are not used;" bricks in horizontal diaphragms due to their non-development by factories, which reduces the load-bearing capacity of the walls, especially in seismic areas. Belt sizes 220x510/320, 380, 450, 510, 560, 640, 690/ or others.

The multifunctionality of concrete belts is determined; -And 1) Using them instead of jumpers; 2) Ensuring heat resistance of individual sections of walls, inclusions; o C) Ensuring the reliability, load-bearing capacity of walls in seismic areas,! other vibrational influences, their when arranging walls with "well masonry", including with a spread seam, walls in the absence of uneven 5r bricks, stones; with heterogeneous soils, materials of walls, foundations; ve 4) The possibility of using multifunctional belts as distributing longitudinal elements as /beams, transoms /overhead/ in frame buildings.

Brand of concrete with/b belts M 150, 200 (non-bearing), 300.

When studying the calculation method, it is recommended to use lightweight concrete or aerated concrete instead of multi-functional concrete in belts/ for self-supporting, non-load-bearing walls in the first place/.

Advantages:

P 1. Multifunctional design. 2. Multivariate.

C. Reduction of the cost of walls /insulated/ by 1.25-2 times /with finishing works)/, because the energy-material intensity is 1.25-8 times//8 times for box bricks/ 4. Increasing the thermal resistance of the inclusions to 6 times/in reinforced concrete belts/, up to 9-12 times (in lightweight concrete, aerated concrete). 5. Increasing the durability and operational reliability of buildings, especially in seismic and similar regions. 6. Possibility of simple reconstruction of the building during operation. 65 The technical essence of the proposed invention is explained by the figures of the graphic image, where in fig. 1-5 option 2, 3, 4k (4th-5th floors) (self-supporting walls); 2.1 k/4th-5th floors /bearing walls/;

1-lightweight 7 -160-200kg/m Z, with E140(120)mm; 2-mintirsa "-200kg/m 3, with thickness 140mm; Z-slag gravel 7 -250-300kg/m3, 85 -140mm; 4-slag gravel. 7 -350-40Okg/m?, 5 -140mm; b5B-other molding heat insulators or in combination with cast ones; 1, 2, C, 4, 5-shaded areas and interchangeable, walls 9 can not be insulated if their area is up to 2595 of the total area of the walls or filled with light concrete 100. Fig. 1-5 shows a principled solution for effective laying of wall corners and the walls themselves with a thickness of 51 mm, with cell voids filled with insulation: mintirsa, mittermittya, slag gravel of Burshtynska DRES, vermiculite and other cast or molding insulation, or loose.

Fig. 6-13 is a continuation of Fig. 1-5-options 2, 3. The principle solution of effective laying of walls with a thickness of 70 B1Omm, with cell voids filled with insulation: mintirsa, mittermittya, slag gravel

Burshtynska DRES or others, incl. fig. 6-9 tile heat insulator and light concrete M75-100. Fig. 14-18, option 3, 2 k (5-9th floor), Z k/load-bearing walls up to 5 floors or the top 5 floors of a 9-story building/, load-bearing itself /1-3 floors of a 9-story building building/, Tk option, 2 floors/5-9 floors/ for load-bearing walls of the 1st-3rd floor of a 5-story building, 5-9 floors/2 floors/. - An example of a principled solution of effective masonry of 75 corners of walls and the walls themselves with a thickness of 40 mm, with cell voids filled with insulation: mintirsa, mittermittya, slag gravel of Burshtynska DRES or others.

Fig. 19-26 is an addition to Fig. 14-1483. An example of a principled solution for the effective laying of walls 6x40mm thick, with cell voids, filled with insulation: mintirsa, mittermittya, slag gravel

Burshtynska DRES and light concrete 7 -150-700kg/m? or other heat insulators from 2 layers, in particular fig. 19-22 - from tile heat insulator and light concrete.

For self-supporting walls of buildings with a height of up to 3 floors / or the upper 3 floors of a 5-story building, "well masonry" with insulation - slag gravel (it is graded) is used.

Fig. 27, 30 shows the scheme of lining the external walls of existing buildings with small insulation with polymer mesh on glue (special solution) with or without accounting screws; on Fig. 28 29 (scheme of cladding the existing external walls with insulation) the dimensions of the plates (according to GOST 15-588-86 and larger), on Fig. 29 the scheme of installation of fixing armonets and anchors or without them on glue, solutions on fast-setting , especially fast-hardening, high-strength cements, or analogs, (with additives), with or without safety screws, incl. heat-insulating plates with grooves for self-ventilation and at the same time improving the adhesion of the key mortar to the heat-insulating plate. Fig. 31-32 - section of the detail of Fig. 29. -

Fig. 33-40 shows the 5k option (bearing and self-supporting walls of 5-story buildings). hE

Fig. 41-42 in addition to Fig. 33-40 shows the details / intersection of the slabs of the ceiling with the outer walls.

Moreover, expanded clay concrete "7 -600-700kg/m?, M 100 and reinforced brick belts are recommended for brick walls with a change in the length of the "wells" on the floor (their increase), i.e. with a vertical mismatch of the transverse (a) diaphragms with a thickness of half a brick or in one brick, especially above the 1st-2nd, upper floors, for seismic areas. m

Fig. 43-50 (option 4 self-supporting walls) are load-bearing walls with a monolithic ceiling for one-story buildings; Fig. 45-50 - self-supporting walls for three-story buildings. A principled solution for effective construction of blind walls with filling of "wells" with slag gravel "7 -360-40Okg/m Z, light concrete "7 -600-700kg/m, etc. (fig. 43, 44) loose heat insulator-mintyrsa, mintermittya, perlite sand, etc. - fig. 47, 48; fig. 45, « 20 50 - cast, molding heat insulators. Fig. 51 - cross-section of a masonry with a spread seam, which is filled with a heat-insulating plate, and with a laying row of bricks to justify the need for a continuous horizontal diaphragm from peg rows with the use of uneven bricks or lightweight concrete /ceramic-zito-concrete, perlite-concrete, etc. /"inset-belts/.

Fig. 52 - a general scheme of wall thicknesses with effective masonry up to 5; 9-10; 12; 13-16 floors with a common

with a seam, and a pressure wall of 60 or 120 or without a common seam when using box bricks / incl. - 1 front/ with heat-insulating material, in its cavity; from the inside, the dash-dotted line is a variant of insulating walls and walls with multi-layer constructions, mainly existing buildings of unlimited height. o Fig. 53 - an example of effective masonry using box bricks /face and non-face/ with their heat insulator in its cavity. 20 Fig. 54-62 - examples of the solution of horizontal continuous diaphragms in the form of vertical rows of bricks with or without uneven bricks / with inserts-belts made of lightweight concrete / keramzitobeton, shkkch perlite concrete, etc./. including: fig. 54.55 - for walls with a thickness of 56b0mm;

Fig. 56-59 - for walls with a thickness of 51 Ohm;

Fig. 60 - for walls with a thickness of 38 Ohm;

Fig. 61 - for walls with a thickness of 250 mm from box bricks; » Fig. 62 - for walls with a thickness of 51 Ohm (addition to Fig. 57 - variant of uneven bricks).

List of figures of the graphic image: combined ("warm") jumpers for walls made of bricks, ceramic blocks,

A) New buildings and structures in Fig. 63, 64 - cross-section of the combined jumper for load-bearing walls 6-510 mm; Fig. 63 - with the attachment of the heat-insulating insert with the help of glue, solution to the supporting bridge; Fig. 64 - with fastening of the heat-insulating insert with the help of pins (pins) and solution.

Fig. 65, 66 - cross-section of a combined jumper (elemental or block) for load-bearing walls 6-51 Ohm; Fig. 65 - with the attachment of a heat-insulating insert with the help of glue or a solution and a pressing external v5 self-supporting bridge with a height of 220 mm; fig. 6b6 - with fastening of a heat-insulating insert with the help of pins and mortar and a pressing external self-supporting jumper.

Fig. 67-68 - cross-section of a combined jumper /element or block/ for self-supporting walls 6-510 mm; Fig. 67 with fastening of a heat-insulating insert using glue or solution; Fig. 68 - with fastening of the heat-insulating insert with the help of pins (pins) and solution.

Fig. 69, 70 - cross-section of a combined jumper for load-bearing walls 6-450 mm made of effective brick, stones, as well as full-bodied brick for I, IM zones/; Fig. 69 - with fastening of the heat-insulating insert on solution or glue and elemental production; Fig. 70 - with fastening with the help of pins by block formation.

Details of Fig. 63-66, 69-70: 1 - heat-insulating insert (3) polymer, polymer jumper, 76 2 - pin or cotter pin E 6-8-10mm.

C - solution, 2-glue, 4-load-bearing jumpers, 5-bar jumper (non-load-bearing).

Fig. 71, 72 - cross-section of a combined jumper for self-supporting walls 6-45 Ohm made of effective brick, stones, as well as solid brick for PP, IM zone/; Fig. 71 - with fastening of the heat-insulating insert on solution or glue and elemental formation; Fig. 72 - with fastening of the heat-insulating insert with the help of pins and 7/5 block formation.

Details of fig. 67, 68, 71, 72 - heat-insulating insert, 2-pin (pin) 0 6-8-10mm, Z-solution, 2-glue, 4 - 3/6 bar internal jumpers (non-bearing), black bar outer lintel (non-bearing).

B. Existing buildings and structures

Fig. 73, main view (facade), Fig. 74 - cross-section of insulation of s/b jumpers with the help of Zypolymer, polymer jumpers with increased fire-resistant characteristics, thickness 60-120 mm, height 220-300 mm, where: 1-heat-insulating s/polymer , polymer jumper, 2 - safety stainless bolts (screws) with plastic dowels 2 -120-180mm; Z - external insulation of walls according to the "Ceresit" or "brick-zagata" system (according to a separate development, author M.D. Knyaziuk) or insulation from the inside; 4-load-bearing s/b jumper, 5 - 3/6 bar jumpers / non-load-bearing - 2 pcs.; 6 - brick wall, 7 - window; 8 - slope.

Fig. 75 - diagram / cross-section / combined with / polymer or polymer bridge with a corrugated surface and a protective coating made of plastic concrete, or concrete / light concrete / with hydrophobic additives of "high concentration / for example: 5-1095th solution of GKZh-11 or analogues, or 3-595 hydrosol K additives, or on expanding cement, or with a hydrophobized surface, 15956 GKZh-11 solution or analogues (;1-3z) polymer, polymer bridge from a solid effective polymer heat insulator (not hygroscopic), 2-stainless "h- screws (bolts) with plastic dowels; C - mesh made of glass fiber with fastening according to the "ceresit" system, 4 - protective coating made of solution M200 (concrete) 40-6bOhm. M

Fig. 76 - a cross-section of a combined s/polymer, polymer bridge with fire retardant and a protective "fF" coating made of ceramic tiles or a (cement) tiles, incl. facing/sheets: 1 - heat-insulating jumper, 2 - screws with plastic dowels, C mesh made of glass fiber (or polymer) with fastening according to the "Ceresite" system, 4 - ceramic tiles, or facing (ordinary) a/c sheets with hydrophobization . -

Below we present examples of solutions for additional methods of increasing the thermal resistance of buildings with the help of "well masonry" (including with a spread seam) and sub-methods without them with their separate sections (options) and applications. "

In the appendices for a detailed (full) disclosure of the essence of the invention with group technologies, the following are presented:

Appendix 1. - Examples of solutions for effective masonry of external walls of buildings up to 5-9 floors high (according to patent Mo24161A dated 11.03.97 - bulletin Mo5 dated 30.10.98; author M.D. Knyaziuk) for comparison and repeated use in the patent with additional features. "» Appendix Mo2 - types of jumper structures "to the Method of increasing the thermal resistance of wall sections.." copied from TUU 13542645.005-95, change of Mo2 from 10.30.01 (author Knyaziuk M, D.).

Appendix MoZ - Copy of pages 19, 20, 21 from TUU 13642645.005-95, amendment Mo2 dated 30.01.01 (author Knyaziuk-I M.D.) entitled Features of increasing the thermal resistance of wall sections with reinforced concrete inclusions: belts, crossbars, beams, panels (slabs) of floors and coverings, foundations. o Appendix Мо4 - Examples of multifunctional solution from /concrete/ lightweight concrete or "g" aerated concrete-rarely/ belts with a description (fig. 7 7-82)

The general essence of the "Method of increasing the thermal resistance of building structures with the help of "well masonry" (including those with a spread seam) and without them" is disclosed and supplemented by the figures of the graphic image 1-76, 77-82, their description, the mentioned appendices Mo, Mo1 -4 and the detailed method II "Primary method, a method of increasing the heat resistance of individual sections of the walls, in particular rapidly perishable" of the subsequent patent application dated 04/07/03Zr.

Examples of specific implementation (detailed description) or information confirming the possibility of implementing the invention

Description of graphic image figures Fig. 77-82.

P» Fig. 77 - cross-section of a multifunctional z/concrete belt with increased thermal resistance on both sides with the help of penofol with a reflective surface, and on the inside, penofol with a one- or two-sided reflective surface, which is glued to the belt with the help of self-adhesive pads with a thickness of 5-15mm with a step of no more than bbOhm (mostly 200-250 mm) with strip or strip-intermittent or dot-dotted gluing methods and sheathing with perforated sheet or slatted materials.

Fig. 78 is the same as Fig. 77, but with one-sided (from the inside) increase in thermal resistance with the help of the same penofol with a reflective double-sided surface with perforated cladding material 65, preferably plasterboard.

Fig. 79 is the same as in Fig. 78, but with the placement of the same heat-insulating material on the outside with the difference of using a moisture-resistant protective layer made of perforated sheet or slatted material (rarely a hydrophobized plaster layer on the grid).

Fig. 80 - cross-section of a multifunctional belt with increased thermal resistance from the outside with the help of a plate heat insulator, 20-60 mm thick, which is pasted in a strip or strip-intermittent manner with the help of glue, a special solution, and the inner surface of the plate heat insulator can be with options: metallized or with grooves (vertical grooves) or without them, and the outer surface is protected, decorated with a protective moisture-resistant layer of sheet or lath, or tile or plaster material, or without them /in the case of facing bricks/ to imitate the rest, or with decoration for ornamental /o0 belts ; the inner side, for example, is decorated with plasterboard sheets with strip or strip-intermittent gluing methods with the use of safety fasteners with stainless screws with and without plastic dowels.

Fig. 81 - cross-section of a multifunctional concrete belt with the placement of a plate heat insulator of the belt (at a distance of no more than 120 mm from its outer surface).

Fig. 82 - cross-section of a multifunctional concrete belt with the placement of a plate heat insulator 20-b0mm thick on both sides of the body, with their fastening with the help of glue (special solution) with the use of safety fasteners and without them (for non-seismic areas and from the inside) with a protective layer by layer, for example, from a plaster layer on a grid, and heat-insulating layers made of board material can serve as formwork at the same time and can be made both on site and assembled with tightening bolts.

Details of figures: 1 - with/concrete multifunctional belt; 2 - rolled thermal insulation material (penofol) with reflective surfaces, rarely with one reflective surface, with pasted self-adhesive pads of the same material (penofol); 2! - plate heat insulator;

C - air layer with gaskets; 3! - air layer with glue (special solution); « 4 - a wall made of artificial stones; 5 - perforated protective (finishing) material for the inner side - plasterboard sheets/; 6 - finishing layer; h- 7 - reflective surface (mainly metallized) or grooves or without them; 8 - armor frame. WITH

Separately, in fact, "And the 6th option / clarification / "Multifunctional belts", which are the most effective in seismic areas with the use of well masonry, including with a common seam and under other conditions, with increased durability and reliability of building operation. uh-

Effectiveness of the invention: 1. Possibility of application for all regions, including seismic with a simultaneous increase in the durability and reliability of buildings. " 2. Reduction of material-energy intensity of production, its cost up to 2-2.5 times. 3. Reduction of labor intensity of construction and installation works, acceleration of commissioning, payback of walls - from to 2 times. and 4. Reduction of heat loss through the walls by 2-4 times, and with the use of combined structures - box "" bricks and others by 4-6-8 times. 5. The versatility and multifunctionality of the invention, especially 2-6 options / refinements/. 6 Increasing the safety of construction and assembly work, the safety of the operation of buildings, especially 3, 4, 6 - and options / clarifications /. o 7. The possibility of a fuller utilization of the existing production and human potential - the creation of additional jobs for the effective social development of the state up to 0, Zmln. man with a simultaneous promotion

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Claims (1)

The formula of the invention - 1. The method of increasing the thermal resistance of building structures (walls), which includes conducting work from the inside by applying a low-heat-conducting insulation with a thickness of 30-60 mm or another insulation with a thickness of 70-140 mm and fixing it with a pressure wall made of effective gypsum boards with dimensions of 300-400x800x80 z" mm, with a volumetric weight of 600-700 kg/m? or from bricks with a thickness of 65 mm, or from ceramic blocks with a thickness of 90 mm and pins in a staggered order with a step of 1050x600 (800) mm, which is distinguished by the fact that work is carried out on the installation of heat-insulating material simultaneously with a wall consisting of two longitudinal walls (from bricks or ceramic stones, or structures made of other material, including concrete or light, or 60-pore concrete), which are placed at a distance from each other and connected to each other by means of vertical diaphragms (with a step of mainly 760-1700 mm), with the creation of well, hollow cavities (including masonry with a spread seam), which are filled with heat-insulating materials or structures, with additional, if necessary, arrangement of horizontal diaphragms along the height of the wall or walls of the foundation. 2. The method according to claim 1, which differs in that the increase in thermal resistance of building structures (walls) is performed using a structure consisting of the specified 2 longitudinal walls made of half-bricks or a quarter of a brick, each or one (external) of half-bricks or a quarter of a brick, incl. from longitudinal halves, second (internal) - in 1 brick or 1.5, or 2 (2.5; 3) bricks or external - in 1; 1.5; 2 (2.5; 3) bricks, the second inner one is a quarter of a brick (or without it, but only from heat-insulating plates and structures), and the walls are spaced from each other at a distance of 40-70 mm (140-270 mm or 80, 85 , 205 mm), and the wells formed between the longitudinal and transverse walls are filled with heat-insulating materials with the arrangement of horizontal diaphragms (or without them - only with laying dot rows of bricks or without the latter) with the use of uneven bricks or without them. C. The method according to claims 1, 2, which differs in that to ensure additional interaction of the outer and inner layers of the masonry, walls during force and temperature effects on the masonry, during seismic phenomena, 70 vibrations are added horizontal diaphragms from solid rows of masonry through b rows (or after 3-5 rows, or after 7-12 rows) with the use of ready-made uneven bricks, light heat-resistant jumpers-inserts-belts, and in the case of a widespread seam (for non-seismic areas, low-rise buildings, self-supporting walls) connection of the pressure wall with the carrier, they are made with dot bricks-bonds, which are placed in a checkerboard pattern or laying dot rows of bricks in 6 (or 3-5, 7-12) rows, for all regions, 7/5 Except for regions with a seismicity of 7 points. 4. The method according to point 3, which differs in that horizontal diaphragms made of staggered rows of bricks (stones, blocks) can be homogeneous (continuous) and heterogeneous (discontinuous) with an insert made of heat-insulating material, and homogeneous (continuous) and heterogeneous (discontinuous) ) of solid heat-insulating material, preferably cast from light or porous concrete, are more effective than from minboard or foam plastics, and 2 o the length of wells in external walls, especially walls with a thickness of 560 and 690 mm (with a spread seam), while ensuring the bearing capacity of the internal wall , is not limited to a length of 1200 mm, taking into account the connection of the walls with alternating horizontal diaphragms or laying brick rows from the outside. 5. The method according to claims 1-4, which differs in that for the cells of "well masonry" (including with a spread seam) with lengths up to 530-770 mm (or more up to 2500 mm) a construction of volumetric heat insulators is installed of 1, 2, 4 elements, channel-like or tubular (rectangular in cross-section), to create a two-, four-, eight-layer or other multilayer structure with the possibility of using them for enclosing structures as attached thermal insulation, and the last structure (incl. . construction of smooth heat-insulating plates) can be performed on any side (or on both sides at the same time) of existing and new buildings - where zr over the entire surface with a thickness higher than the standard by 10-100 95, or the construction of volumetric heat insulators are installed as protruding parts, sections (cornices, etc.) with safety fasteners. - 6. The method according to claims 1-5, which differs in that instead of ordinary or box-shaped clay bricks, "g ceramic stones (including uneven ones) for the outer verst or pressure wall, front artificial stones are used with subsequent coating - hydrophobization (or without it) front surfaces of walls (with seams) with aqueous solutions of GKZh-10 or GKZh-11, or GKZh-94 of various concentrations (aqueous emulsion), or foreign analogues, in particular, the concentration of aqueous solutions can be 5-30 95 ( for GKZh-94 and up to 50 90) depending on the class of buildings, the degree of wetting of the structures, the height of the buildings, and hydrophobization can be carried out during the course of masonry, in tiers. 7. The method according to item b, which differs in that when laying the outer verst or the entire wall, toothed graters or trowels or other devices are used; or hydrophobic additives are added to the solution in the amount of 1-5 C) with Fo, or hydrophobic cements are used for solutions. . 8. The method according to claims 6, 7, which differs in that instead of facing bricks and stones, selected stones are used. ordinary clay bricks, ceramic stones with a coating of the outer surfaces of the walls (masonry under the jointing) with hydrophobic components, and the use of artificial stones themselves is carried out with the possible addition of dyes for a matte terracotta color (for the second time). -And 9. The method according to claims 6-8, which differs in that the walls with the use of facing artificial stones are made under cladding with stitching on both sides of the wall at the same time, as well as partitions or only individual apartments or rooms. of them 10. The method according to claims 6-9, which differs in that the front artificial stones, as well as tiles, especially for the outer side of the facades, incl. two or more colors are used for ornamental details, splashes, entrances, eaves, balconies and other surfaces. shk 11. The method according to claims 1-10, which differs in that wells are not suitable, including with a spread seam, in which the heat insulator is placed, primarily increase the thermal resistance of fast-heat-dissipating sections of walls with openings, in particular with metal, reinforced concrete, concrete, mortar, glass, open (including slotted), and with wet inclusions (constructs) by using two, three or more or all of the following measures, namely: the use of effective artificial stones for walls; arrangement of "warm" seams P with the help of gears or other devices, or with the addition of hydrophobizers; installation of insulated shutters, with a "thermal mirror", incl. with the possibility of opening and closing with the help of a radio signal, insulated doors, heat-shielding special windows; additional insulation of jumpers, belts, back sides of panels, incl. multifunctional belts; arrangement of reflective screens of niches, as well as upper parts of walls, ceiling; the use of "warm foundations" especially for low-rise buildings; the use of uneven artificial stones with hydrophobization of the external surfaces of structures; limitation of metal inclusions. 12. The method according to claim 11, which differs in that the increase in thermal resistance of the walls is carried out simultaneously with the help of "well masonry" (including with a spread seam) and fast heat-dissipating individual sections of the walls with slots, which makes it possible to reduce heat losses by 3, 5-4 times. 13. The method according to claims 1-12, which differs in that increasing the thermal resistance of building structures is carried out without the help of "well masonry" (including with a spread seam), but using aerated concrete (or lightweight concrete, or other) stones with a thickness of 200, 250 . in particular, the plaster layer or the walls themselves - instead of a primer for paint layers or cladding, or decoration with a moisture-resistant protective material (sheet or rail, or tile or brick, preferably facing), and from brick (ceramic or silicate) and from 7/0 lightweight concrete or aerated concrete stones are made by laying rows of bricks or horizontal diaphragms. 14. The method according to claim 13, which differs in that for partitions, self-supporting (non-bearing) walls, low-rise buildings, aerated concrete or lightweight concrete stones and blocks are made with voids or with voids filled with heat-insulating materials, or form ribbed (channel-like) shapes, or from grooves with a step of the edges of the grooves no more than 200-250 mm, which serve for the possibility of self-ventilation of the material, 7/5 better, easier fastening. 15. The method according to claims 1-14, which is distinguished by the fact that instead of reinforced concrete lintels (including with insulation inside), reinforced concrete belts above the openings, multifunctional belts are arranged under the ceiling, covering the entire width of the wall with a height not less than the height of the load-bearing lintel reinforced concrete in a combined form inside or outside (rarely on the inside or on both sides together), in which a low-conductive heat insulator is placed along the entire height of the belt, 20-120 mm thick, depending on the climatic zone, type of walls, heat insulator; and such belts are used mainly in seismic areas and close to them or near transport arteries, or in buildings with variable loads, or with heterogeneous or weak soils under the foundations, or in block or stone walls with large voids, or in walls with " well masonry", with a spread seam, in the absence of uneven bricks, stones, as well as at the request of the Customer, including with a low technological level of contracting organizations, and the heat insulator on both sides can serve as a formwork. " 16. The method according to claim 15, which differs in that multifunctional belts are used as distribution longitudinal elements (beams, crossbars, belts) from floor to floor in frame buildings, and in low-rise buildings, self-supporting walls, multifunctional belts made of reinforced concrete can be replaced by reinforced lightweight concrete or reinforced concrete of solid cross-section on the entire wall. "Official Bulletin "Industrial Property". Book 1 "Inventions, useful models, topographies of integrated microcircuits", 2004, M 10, 15.10.2004. State Department of Intellectual Property of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. oh and - - . and? -i («c) sh» sh» - 60 b5