UA66408C2 - Data transmitter (variants) and data receiver (variants) - Google Patents
Data transmitter (variants) and data receiver (variants) Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- UA66408C2 UA66408C2 UA2001106896A UA2001106896A UA66408C2 UA 66408 C2 UA66408 C2 UA 66408C2 UA 2001106896 A UA2001106896 A UA 2001106896A UA 2001106896 A UA2001106896 A UA 2001106896A UA 66408 C2 UA66408 C2 UA 66408C2
- Authority
- UA
- Ukraine
- Prior art keywords
- specified
- signal
- fact
- transmission
- interleaving
- Prior art date
Links
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000005562 fading Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 101100438261 Dictyostelium discoideum omt5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/27—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes using interleaving techniques
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0697—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using spatial multiplexing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
- H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
- H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0667—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal
- H04B7/0671—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of delayed versions of same signal using different delays between antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0678—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission using different spreading codes between antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/08—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the receiving station
- H04B7/0891—Space-time diversity
- H04B7/0894—Space-time diversity using different delays between antennas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0056—Systems characterized by the type of code used
- H04L1/0071—Use of interleaving
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
- H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
- H03M13/05—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
- H03M13/09—Error detection only, e.g. using cyclic redundancy check [CRC] codes or single parity bit
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
- H03M13/23—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using convolutional codes, e.g. unit memory codes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
- H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
- H03M13/29—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes combining two or more codes or code structures, e.g. product codes, generalised product codes, concatenated codes, inner and outer codes
- H03M13/2957—Turbo codes and decoding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of transmission systems not covered by a single group of H04B3/00 - H04B13/00
- H04B2201/69—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to spread spectrum techniques in general
- H04B2201/707—Orthogonal indexing scheme relating to spread spectrum techniques in general relating to direct sequence modulation
- H04B2201/7097—Direct sequence modulation interference
- H04B2201/709709—Methods of preventing interference
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/004—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
- H04L1/0041—Arrangements at the transmitter end
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Probability & Statistics with Applications (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Radio Transmission System (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
- Error Detection And Correction (AREA)
- Transmission Systems Not Characterized By The Medium Used For Transmission (AREA)
- Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
- Reduction Or Emphasis Of Bandwidth Of Signals (AREA)
- Transmission And Conversion Of Sensor Element Output (AREA)
- Measuring Pulse, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure Or Blood Flow (AREA)
- Cookers (AREA)
- Financial Or Insurance-Related Operations Such As Payment And Settlement (AREA)
- Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/293,527 US6356528B1 (en) | 1999-04-15 | 1999-04-15 | Interleaver and deinterleaver for use in a diversity transmission communication system |
PCT/US2000/009794 WO2000064073A1 (en) | 1999-04-15 | 2000-04-12 | Interleaver and deinterleaver for use in a diversity transmission communication system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
UA66408C2 true UA66408C2 (en) | 2004-05-17 |
Family
ID=23129443
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
UA2001106896A UA66408C2 (en) | 1999-04-15 | 2000-12-04 | Data transmitter (variants) and data receiver (variants) |
Country Status (20)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (3) | US6356528B1 (zh) |
EP (3) | EP1855392B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4574866B2 (zh) |
KR (2) | KR100796539B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1178408C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE371304T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU774761B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR0009766B1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2369959C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE60036099T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK2293463T3 (zh) |
ES (2) | ES2649368T3 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1042997B (zh) |
IL (3) | IL145694A0 (zh) |
MX (1) | MXPA01010401A (zh) |
NO (1) | NO325476B1 (zh) |
PT (1) | PT2293463T (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2252484C2 (zh) |
UA (1) | UA66408C2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2000064073A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (61)
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US6356528B1 (en) * | 1999-04-15 | 2002-03-12 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Interleaver and deinterleaver for use in a diversity transmission communication system |
US6668352B1 (en) * | 1999-04-28 | 2003-12-23 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Distortion compensating device and method in a multi-code mobile communication system |
US6594473B1 (en) * | 1999-05-28 | 2003-07-15 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Wireless system with transmitter having multiple transmit antennas and combining open loop and closed loop transmit diversities |
US6721339B2 (en) * | 1999-08-17 | 2004-04-13 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Method of providing downlink transmit diversity |
US6728296B1 (en) * | 1999-10-19 | 2004-04-27 | Skyworks Solutions, Inc. | Direct sequence spread spectrum system with enhanced forward error correction code feature |
US6661833B1 (en) * | 2000-01-31 | 2003-12-09 | Qualcomm Incorporated | PN generators for spread spectrum communications systems |
GB0004123D0 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2000-04-12 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Communication system and a receiver for use in the system |
GB0004121D0 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2000-04-12 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Communication system and a transmitter for use in the system |
US6768908B1 (en) * | 2000-04-07 | 2004-07-27 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and apparatus for soft handoff communications in a communication system operating according to IS-95B and IS-95C standards |
US7965794B2 (en) * | 2000-05-05 | 2011-06-21 | Greenwich Technologies Associates | Method and apparatus for broadcasting with spatially diverse signals |
US6823021B1 (en) * | 2000-10-27 | 2004-11-23 | Greenwich Technologies Associates | Method and apparatus for space division multiple access receiver |
US7154958B2 (en) * | 2000-07-05 | 2006-12-26 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Code division multiple access wireless system with time reversed space time block transmitter diversity |
US6999530B2 (en) * | 2000-08-22 | 2006-02-14 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Using SISO decoder feedback to produce symbol probabilities for use in wireless communications that utilize turbo coding and transmit diversity |
US20020110108A1 (en) * | 2000-12-07 | 2002-08-15 | Younglok Kim | Simple block space time transmit diversity using multiple spreading codes |
US20020112106A1 (en) * | 2000-12-15 | 2002-08-15 | Henehan Burke S. | Backplane physical layer controller with an internal bus reset |
US7386781B2 (en) * | 2000-12-15 | 2008-06-10 | Arraycomm, Llc | Method and apparatus for increasing the effective range of a communication link in a wireless communication system |
US6731668B2 (en) * | 2001-01-05 | 2004-05-04 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method and system for increased bandwidth efficiency in multiple input—multiple output channels |
US7394792B1 (en) | 2002-10-08 | 2008-07-01 | Urbain A. von der Embse | Multi-scale CDMA |
US6771705B2 (en) * | 2001-02-01 | 2004-08-03 | Nokia Corporation | Turbo encoder with transmitter diversity |
US7278070B2 (en) * | 2001-09-14 | 2007-10-02 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Interleaving to avoid wideband interference in a multi-carrier communications system |
KR100447177B1 (ko) * | 2001-12-06 | 2004-09-04 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 인터리빙 방법 및 이를 위한 장치 |
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US7095709B2 (en) * | 2002-06-24 | 2006-08-22 | Qualcomm, Incorporated | Diversity transmission modes for MIMO OFDM communication systems |
WO2004004178A1 (de) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-08 | Micronas Gmbh | Drahtloses audiosignalübertragungsverfahren für ein raumklangsystem |
KR100630143B1 (ko) | 2002-09-30 | 2006-09-29 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 통신 시스템에서 셔플링 데이터의 수신 방법 및 장치 |
US7505478B2 (en) * | 2002-10-02 | 2009-03-17 | Marvell International Ltd. | Method and apparatus of de-multiplexing data |
US7570671B2 (en) * | 2002-11-20 | 2009-08-04 | Infinera Corporation | Method and apparatus for deploying forward error correction in optical transmission networks and the deployment of photonic integrated circuit (PIC) chips with the same |
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EP2259478A1 (en) * | 2002-10-18 | 2010-12-08 | Panasonic Corporation | Constellation rearrangement for ARQ transmit diversity schemes |
EP1552639B1 (en) | 2002-10-18 | 2008-01-09 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Constellation rearrangement for arq transmit diversity schemes |
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EP1447934A1 (en) * | 2003-02-12 | 2004-08-18 | Institut Eurecom G.I.E. | Transmission and reception diversity process for wireless communications |
FR2853784A1 (fr) * | 2003-04-08 | 2004-10-15 | France Telecom | Equipement terminal pour liaison hertzienne bidirectionnelle |
JP4077355B2 (ja) * | 2003-04-16 | 2008-04-16 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 通信装置および通信方法 |
KR100586391B1 (ko) | 2003-04-25 | 2006-06-08 | 주식회사 팬택 | 인터리빙 딜레이 다이버시티 기법을 이용한 송신기 |
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KR100641132B1 (ko) * | 2003-07-11 | 2006-11-02 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 이동 통신 시스템에서의 송신 다이버시티 장치 및 방법 |
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KR20070089694A (ko) * | 2004-12-13 | 2007-08-31 | 코닌클리케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. | 미모 송신을 위한 데이터 스트림의 개별 인터리빙 |
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CN101199153A (zh) * | 2005-07-07 | 2008-06-11 | 诺基亚公司 | 用于多载波无线系统的改进冗余的技术 |
GB0521333D0 (en) * | 2005-10-20 | 2005-11-30 | Mitchell Alan J | Method and apparatus for encrypting, obfuscating and reconstructing datasets or objects |
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KR100807392B1 (ko) | 2006-08-30 | 2008-02-28 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 다중 안테나 통신 시스템을 위한 디지털 전송장치 |
JP4797888B2 (ja) * | 2006-08-31 | 2011-10-19 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 複数の無線リソースを用いて通信する無線通信システム、制御ノード、および基地局 |
JP5089270B2 (ja) * | 2007-06-29 | 2012-12-05 | パナソニック株式会社 | マルチアンテナ送信装置 |
RU2446577C2 (ru) * | 2007-08-24 | 2012-03-27 | Интердиджитал Пэйтент Холдингз, Инк. | Способ и устройство для надежной передачи радиоблоков с совмещенными полями acк/nack |
US8345794B2 (en) * | 2008-04-29 | 2013-01-01 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Encoded control channel information interleaving |
US8737502B2 (en) * | 2009-02-09 | 2014-05-27 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Multiplexing and coding schemes for multiple transmit antennas in a wireless communication system |
WO2011024033A1 (en) * | 2009-08-31 | 2011-03-03 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | Encoding module, apparatus and method for determining a position of a data bit within an interleaved data stream |
US8848823B2 (en) | 2011-12-02 | 2014-09-30 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Systems, methods, and devices to perform interleaving |
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1999
- 1999-04-15 US US09/293,527 patent/US6356528B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2000
- 2000-04-12 CN CNB008061440A patent/CN1178408C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-12 JP JP2000613095A patent/JP4574866B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-12 KR KR1020017013181A patent/KR100796539B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2000-04-12 MX MXPA01010401A patent/MXPA01010401A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2000-04-12 BR BRPI0009766-7B1A patent/BR0009766B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2000-04-12 AT AT00922120T patent/ATE371304T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-04-12 ES ES10180165.2T patent/ES2649368T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-12 RU RU2001130763/09A patent/RU2252484C2/ru active
- 2000-04-12 DE DE60036099T patent/DE60036099T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-12 PT PT101801652T patent/PT2293463T/pt unknown
- 2000-04-12 KR KR1020067025187A patent/KR100793654B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2000-04-12 CA CA002369959A patent/CA2369959C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-12 EP EP07014757.4A patent/EP1855392B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-12 DK DK10180165.2T patent/DK2293463T3/da active
- 2000-04-12 IL IL14569400A patent/IL145694A0/xx active IP Right Grant
- 2000-04-12 AU AU42356/00A patent/AU774761B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2000-04-12 WO PCT/US2000/009794 patent/WO2000064073A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2000-04-12 EP EP10180165.2A patent/EP2293463B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-12 EP EP00922120A patent/EP1169790B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-04-12 ES ES07014757T patent/ES2435776T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-12-04 UA UA2001106896A patent/UA66408C2/uk unknown
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2001
- 2001-09-30 IL IL145694A patent/IL145694A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-10-12 NO NO20014975A patent/NO325476B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-12-05 US US10/002,446 patent/US7158498B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2002
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2006
- 2006-11-21 US US11/562,120 patent/US20070077886A1/en not_active Abandoned
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