UA134830U - METHOD OF GROWING AGRICULTURAL CROPS IN CULTIVATIONS WITH SHORT ROTATION ON IRRIGATED LAND - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of growing crops in crop rotations with short rotation on irrigated lands, which includes basic, pre-sowing tillage, application of mineral and organic fertilizers, irrigation, crop care and harvesting. Differentiated by methods and depth system of basic tillage with one slit for crop rotation rotation by 38-40 cm, fertilizer dose N120P60 kg per 1 ha of crop rotation area and crop rotation in winter rotation - winter wheat, grain sorghum, corn for grain, soybeans.

Description

The useful model belongs to the field of agriculture, to the technology of growing agricultural crops.

The closest analogue of the method of growing agricultural crops on irrigated lands of the South of Ukraine includes basic, pre-sowing soil cultivation, mineral and organic fertilizers, irrigation, crop care and harvesting

Methodical recommendations for effective use of irrigated land in farms

of the Kherson region in 2000 - Kherson, 2000. - 22 p.

The disadvantage of the closest analogue is that it requires high costs of funds, energy and resources, as well as an increase in the cost of production and a decrease in the profitability of growing crops in crop rotation. the basis of the useful model is the task of increasing the yield of agricultural crops and reducing energy consumption due to the optimization of the main cultivation system for each crop of the crop rotation while minimizing the costs of performing the main soil cultivation.

The task is solved by the fact that a system of basic soil cultivation differentiated by methods and depth is used with one slotting per crop rotation rotation of 38-40 cm, with a dose of MigoRbvo fertilizers kg per 1 ha of the crop rotation area and alternating crops in the crop rotation - winter wheat, grain sorghum, corn for grain, soybeans, which provides a conditionally net profit at the level of 276,023 hryvnias/ha, the level of profitability is 185 95.

The method was experimentally developed in the Department of Irrigated Agriculture of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences during 2016-2018. The scheme of the experiment is shown in Table 1. The soil of the experimental field is dark chestnut, medium loamy, the arable layer contains humus 2.06 905, total nitrogen - 0.103, phosphorus - 0.120 and potassium - 2.3 95.

According to the scheme of the experiment, mineral fertilizers were applied to winter wheat and grain sorghum at a dose of MigoRbvo, to corn for grain MivoRvo and soybeans MeoRieo kg/ha.

Agricultural technology in the experiments is generally recognized for crop rotation, except for the factors that were studied. The repetition in the experiment is 4 times. The area of the sown plot is 742 m, the accounting area is 14 m?

Table 1

The scheme of a stationary experiment on the experimental study of the effectiveness of the use of methods, methods, depth and systems of the main tillage in the crop rotation with winter irrigation. urnov "early and at 12-14 (h)-- 38-

Note: O - plowing; Ch - chisel loosening; D - disc processing; Sh - targeting.

Factor A - the system of the main tillage: 1 - shelf multi-depth - plowing to a depth of 14-16 to 25-27 cm (control); 2 - shelf-less multi-depth - chisel processing to the same depth as in the control;

C - shelfless one-depth shallow - disc processing to a depth of 12-14 cm; 4 - differentiated - 1 with one slitting at 38-40 cm per crop rotation; 5 - differentiated - 2 with one plowing for 18-20 cm per rotation. Factor B (fertilizer system): 1. Organic (residues from crop rotation); 2. Organo-mineral (traces of Mvg, 5 Ro) 3. Organo-mineral (traces of MigoRbo).

З The use of tools with different constructions of working bodies for soil cultivation to a certain extent affects the entire complex of agrophysical properties of the soil, including compaction density, porosity, water permeability.

Research has established that the methods, techniques and depth of processing had a significant impact on the density of compaction. Thus, at the beginning of the spring growing season, they were closest to the optimal indicators for crops of crop rotation under multi-depth and differentiated-1 tillage systems, before harvesting, natural compaction of the soil occurs in all variants of the experiment, at the same time, it was most significant in the variant of single-depth shallow shelfless (var. 3) (table 2).

Determining the density of the 0-40 cm soil layer under the influence of different systems of main tillage in crop rotation made it possible to establish fluctuations of the investigated indicator within the range of 1.27-1.32 g/cm? during the germination period. The soil layer of 0-40 cm was the most loosened in the variant of multi-depth plowing (var. 1) in crop rotation, where the compaction density was 1.27 g/cm3.

The use of single-depth shallow (12-14 cm) disk tillage in crop rotation led to an increase in compaction density by 0.05 g/cm3 or by 3.995.

The closest to controlling its impact on the soil is the 4th option with a differentiated-1 system of basic soil cultivation. In all years, the difference between the control and this variant did not exceed 0.01 g/cm3 or was insignificant.

A similar pattern was observed before harvesting. There was also a tendency to compaction of the lower soil layers, due to which the increased density indicators of the 0-40 cm soil layer were formed, and ranged from 1.28 to 1.35 g/cm3.

Table 2

Compaction density of dark chestnut soil under different systems of main tillage in crop rotation, g/cm 00111111 Compaction density g/cm

Single-depth shelfless

Single-depth shelfless

During the growing season, the multi-depth shelf and differentiated - 1 systems of the main tillage (var. 1, 4) provided a sufficiently dense arable layer, while the shelf-less shallow (var. 3) led to the separation of the arable layer into a looser top (0-15 cm ) its part and the compacted (15-40 cm) lower part, which is explained by the concentration of post-harvest residues in the upper part of the arable layer after cultivation with disk-type tools.

Its porosity was directly dependent on the density of the arable layer. The more compacted the soil was according to the test options, the lower was its porosity, which made it difficult to absorb and filter water in the area where the root system is located.

The results of experimental studies obtained in our study indicate that

From the seedling phase, the indicators of the total porosity of the soil layer 0-40 cm were practically the same, although there is a tendency to increase it in the polyline and shelf-less variants of different depth and differentiated - 1 main tillage. The difference between the options was only 1.3 95.

A similar pattern was noted before harvesting in almost all variants of the experiment. In the variant of multi-depth shelf main tillage (option 1), the total porosity was within the optimal parameters and amounted to 50.86 95, while in the variant of shelfless shallow single-depth tillage it was only 48.40 95, that is, it decreased by 4.8 95 compared to the control variant.

No significant deviations from established regularities were found over the years of research.

We can only note the reduction of the total porosity to the optimal indicators for crop rotation from sowing to harvesting in all variants of the main tillage and layers of the arable horizon.

Research results show that water permeability is influenced by the methods of basic soil cultivation. At the same time, to a greater extent, its value depends on the depth of loosening.

Thus, when determining the water permeability of the soil after obtaining seedlings of agricultural crops, it was within optimal limits in all variants of methods and depth of loosening.

It was the highest in the plowing variant against the background of long-term use of the system of shelf multi-depth main tillage in crop rotation and amounted to an average of 3.92 mm/min over the 3 years of research with a 3-hour exposure. Replacing plowing with chisel tillage with the same loosening depth led to a decrease in water permeability by 11.5 95, and replacing it with a shallow disk tillage - by 26.8 95, with indicators of 3.47 and 2.87 mm/min, respectively.

At the end of the growing season of crop rotation, water permeability indicators decreased compared to the initial ones, which is associated with soil compaction under the influence of solar radiation, atmospheric precipitation, irrigation water, running systems of tractors and working bodies of tillage tools.

The results of the analysis of experimental studies by year confirm the regularity revealed at the beginning of the growing season. The highest water permeability of the soil before harvesting was obtained with multi-depth plowing with an indicator of 3.44 mm/min. Close to multi-depth plowing was the variant of the differentiated-1 system of the main tillage with an indicator of 3.07 mm/min.

Therefore, the research conducted by us over the course of 3 years allows us to conclude that the depth of the main tillage plays a decisive role in the formation of compaction density, porosity, water permeability of the soil and water supply of plants. The most optimal agrophysical parameters for the growth and development of crop rotation plants were formed under multi-depth plowing and differentiated-1 system of main cultivation.

З Under the influence of the main tillage systems, there were changes in agrophysical properties and nutrient regime, which led to the creation of different conditions for the growth and development of agricultural crops and crop formation. As a result, the productivity of crop rotation was formed differently.

On average, over three years of research, it was established that the highest productivity of crop rotation was provided by the application of fertilizers with a dose of MigoRvo against the background of the multi-depth shelf and differentiated-1 systems. Thus, the yield of corn per grain was 14.44 and 14.82 t/ha, soybean - 4.31 and 4.34 t/ha, winter wheat 6.81 and 6.90 t/ha, and grain sorghum - 7, 09 and 7.70 t/ha (Table 3).

Table C

Yield of agricultural crops of short-rotational crop rotation under different systems of main tillage and fertilizer application rates, for 2016-2018. Background of soil tillage factor nutrition (factor B) for sorghum, winter grain, grain

Politseva (control) (control) 6.15 o'clock MeeRyu | 601 | 1143 |368| 6.90 |" sh

Shelfless 5.73 shi shi shelfless 446 shi shi

Differentiated-1 6.37 o Miobyu 690 | 1482 /431| 770 shi

Differentiated-2 5.53 sh

The use of shelfless shallow single-depth and differentiated-2 systems of the main tillage (option 3, 5) led to a significant decrease in the productivity of all crop rotations.

Thin (12-14 cm) loosening in the system of long-term use of single-depth no-shelf cultivation and without the introduction of mineral fertilizers led to the formation of the lowest yield of crop rotation (from 1.77 t/ha of soybeans to 3.05 t/ha of corn).

Evaluating the effectiveness of low-cost - shallow and variable-depth tillage systems in crop rotation, it must be said that, having provided significant cost savings for their implementation, they had little effect on the overall costs of crop cultivation technologies as a whole (Table 4).

Table 4

Economic efficiency of their cultivation technologies per hectare of crop rotation area under different systems of main tillage in crop rotation with irrigation (2016-2018)

The system of the main Cost Profit, Profitability

Mo z.p.| of processing a pound in |Dose of fertilizers!| gross | Costs, hryvnias hryvnias/ha ' o, ' crop rotation of products I Y

The shelf is of equal depth

Bezpolitseva 2| multi-depth

Bezpolitseva 3 | odnoelibynyna milyka 4 | Differentiated-1 5 | Differentiated-2

Calculations of the economic efficiency of the use of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of crops in crop rotation show that their application ensured an increase in monetary costs of 5 per 1 ha of crop rotation area. Thus, on the control variant, the costs amounted to UAH 10,470.7, with the introduction of a dose of Maheg2»5Rvo for the same system of main processing, the costs increased by UAH 3,356.6 or 32.1 95, for MigoRbo - by UAH 4,545.6 or by 43.4 9.

The highest conditionally net profit - UAH 27,602.3 on average over the years of research was obtained in the version with the introduction of MigoRveo mineral fertilizers in the system of differentiated - 1 main tillage (var. 4). The cost of products in this version was UAH 42,397.7, total costs were UAH 147,940 with a profitability level of 185.95.

With an increase in the dose of fertilizers, the size of the conditional net profit also increased, since the yield increases from the application of fertilizers were quite significant.

The highest costs for the cultivation of agricultural crops of crop rotation were in the variant of the system of multi-depth shelf main tillage and application of nitrogen fertilizers

MigoReo, and the lowest - 10155.7 UAH, or 32.4 95 less - for disc main cultivation in the system of shelf-less single-depth loosening without fertilizer application.

It should be noted that the cultivation of crop rotation was profitable in all variants of the experiment, while the use of disc main tillage did not allow obtaining the same high profits as in other variants of the experiment. With an increase in the doses of fertilizers under this system, the level of profitability increased only by 63-70.7, while under the differentiated-1 system it increased by 89.7-102.1 Fo.

Thus, the calculation of economic efficiency makes it possible to state that the cultivation of crop rotation with the introduction of mineral fertilizers at the dose of MigoRvo under systems of differentiated-1 main cultivation is the most expedient and profitable from an economic point of view.

Calculations of energy efficiency proved that technological costs for the use of mineral fertilizers contributed to the growth of energy costs.

The highest technological costs are set in the version of the main shelf system

From soil cultivation with plowing for crop rotation to a depth of 14-16 to 25-27 cm and application of nitrogen fertilizers with a dose of MigoReo kg/ha - 39.7 GJ/ha, while the lowest energy consumption (35.2

GJ/ha) were on the variant with disc loosening at 12-14 cm in the system of shelfless shallow one-depth main tillage without nitrogen fertilizers (Table 5).

Table 5

Energy efficiency of crop cultivation technology under different tillage and fertilization systems

GJ GJ 4 | Differentiated// | 361 | 660 | 718

Thus, in order to obtain the profitability of production at the level of 185 95, with an energy coefficient of 4.2 of conventional values and with optimal agrophysical properties of the soil on irrigated lands, it is necessary to apply a differentiated-1 system of the main tillage, in which disc tillage is carried out during the crop rotation rotation for all crops, and for sorghum grain chisel loosening, supplemented by splitting up to 38-40 cm and applying fertilizers with a dose of MigoRbvo kg per 1 ha of crop rotation area.

Claims (1)

USEFUL MODEL FORMULA A method of growing crops in crop rotations with a short rotation on irrigated lands, which includes the main, pre-sowing soil cultivation, application of mineral and organic fertilizers, irrigation, crop care and harvesting, which is distinguished by the fact that it uses differentiated methods and the depth of the main tillage system with one slotting per rotation of the crop rotation at 38-40 cm, the dose of MigoReo fertilizers kg per 1 ha of the crop rotation area and the alternation of crops in the crop rotation - winter wheat, grain sorghum, corn for grain, soybeans.