UA131695U - METHOD OF PROTECTION AND INDUCTION OF MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE OF APPLE PLANTATIONS TO PHYTOPHAGE POPULATIONS - Google Patents

Abstract

The method of protection and induction of mechanisms of resistance of apple plantations to phytophagous populations includes methods of phytosanitary monitoring of plantations and repeated spraying of tree crowns with chemical and biological preparations during the period of phytophagous development.

Description

The useful model belongs to agriculture, in particular to the field of protection of plants from harmful arthropods, and can be used in integrated systems of protection of grain gardens.

It is known that among the significant species diversity of harmful species of insects and mites, fruit eaters dominate as species that damage fruits (Vasilyev V.P., Lyvshits I.3.

Pests of fruit crops. - M.: Kolos, 1984. - 399 p.).

It is also known that the principle of controlling the number and combating numerous species of phytophages consists in poisoning the caterpillars and larvae during the short period of their open existence. (Danylevsky, A.S., Kuznetsov, V.Y. - Fauna of the USSR. Insects of Cheshuekrlyev, 1968. - Volume 5, Issue 1, Leaflets. - 635 p.).

There is a well-known way of controlling the number and protection of perennial plantations, which consists in the fact that fruit and berry crops are treated before bud break by continuously spraying the crowns of trees and bushes with a composition consisting of aviation oil, paraffin and polyisobutylene PP-20. The composition is characterized by the fact that caterpillars, larvae and adults of insects stick to it, and it is applied to plants. The consumption rate of the composition is 15 kg/ha. As a positive result of the implementation of the method, it is indicated that the death of phytophages exceeds the similar indicator of the chemical standard by 28.3 95.

Obviously, the main disadvantage of this method is that, in addition to harmful species of insects and mites, a significant number of parasites and predators stick and die. Too high rates of consumption of this 20 composition - up to 20 kg/ha.

There is also a known method of controlling the number and protection of fruit plantations from harmful species, which is the closest technical solution to the proposed method and was chosen as the closest analogue (Method to protect fruit plantations from pests. Author's certificate USSR, Mo 1745166, MKY AO1K 67/00. Published on 07/07/1992, Mo 25 Blvd., Smolyakova

V.M., Storchevaya E.M.).

The method chosen as the closest analogue consists in the fact that in the industrial apple orchard, in the center of the quarter, a plot with an area of at least 1.95% of the total area of the quarter is allocated, where aqueous solutions of chemical insecticides are not used. Natural populations of entomophages develop, accumulate and disperse in these peculiar everyday zones.

Along the border of the garden massif, according to the method, a zone of biological protection of the garden is allocated, with an area of 2 95, where only biological preparations are used. Behind the zone of biological protection, there is an array of gardens where chemical insecticides are used. Implementation of the known method provides favorable conditions for the development of entomophages, which effectively control the number and harmfulness of phytophages.

However, the method-the closest analogue has the following disadvantages: the problem of inducing mechanisms of apple tree resistance to phytophagous populations is not solved in any way; a rather complex design of the garden with multiple alternation of spraying with biological and chemical preparations is proposed; there are no methods that include the distribution of laboratory cultures of entomophages.

The basis of a useful model is the task of experimentally substantiating the method of protection and induction of resistance mechanisms of apple plantations to phytophagous populations. The task was to optimize the modes of functioning of the apple tree into a structure of partial self-regulation, using only methods of biological origin.

The task is solved through the consistent implementation of essential elements as part of the planned method. In particular, in apple orchards, mainly with a planting pattern of 6.0 x 8.0 and 4.0 x 6.0 m, with flat-round and dome-shaped crown shapes, a buffer zone is formed along the perimeter of the blocks, with a set of shrubby and herbaceous plants. Among them, autochthonous species predominate, at least 80-95, the rest allochthonous species.

It is significant that more than 6,095 of the entire fund are nectar-bearing plants with a long flowering period.

It is essential in the method that in the phase of the pink bud and immediately after the flowering of the apple tree, three methods of foliar feeding of trees with an aqueous solution of Avangard fertilizer are carried out

R Phosphorch"Potassium, at the rate of 5; 7 and 6 l/ha, with an interval of 8-10 days. In the spring, at the beginning of the flowering of the apple tree, paper cards with grain moth eggs pasted on them, whose age does not exceed 18-20 hours, are displayed in the crowns of the buffer zone plantations every 10-12 linear meters.

Expose moth eggs at the rate of 65-75 eggs per card. At the beginning of egg-laying, the females of the apple fruit-eater and other lepidoptera species carry out two methods of resettlement, during the development of each generation, of the industrial culture of trichogram. At the beginning of the mass revival of phytophagous caterpillars, one spraying of trees with a composition containing the drug Actofit k.e. is carried out. (emulsion concentrate), at the rate of 2.0 l/ha and the immunogenic preparation Immunocytofit, at the rate of 0.45 g/ha. For the appearance of phytophagous caterpillars of older ages on trees, two receptions are carried out, with an interval of 9-10 days, the distribution of the ectoparasite Gabrobrakon on the trees of the laboratory culture at the rate of 15-20 individuals per tree.

The essence of the proposed method is that all essential elements and their action are aimed at protecting apple plantations from phytophages, including through the induction of resistance mechanisms, at the level of functioning of individual organs, trees and agrocenosis as a whole. Biocenotic stability is a multi-vector artificial construction of agrocenosis. The consort role of the buffer zone is pronounced.

Centers of accumulation, preservation and distribution of entomophagous populations. Trophically and ecologically, more than 1,000 consumers of the second level - populations of parasitic and predatory species of arthropods - are connected with this specific agrocenosis.

Essential elements of the proposed method activate their activity. 3-4 trophic chains are clearly visible in populations of insects and mites.

Consumers of different levels are activated. Mechanisms of positive and negative feedback are functioning. Thus, the important economic problem of long-term suppression of the activity of sucking phytophages - aphids, honey bees, scale insects, plant-feeding mites - is solved. Strengthens resistance and immunity at the cellular and organismal levels. This is a specific action of the immunogenic drug Immunocytofit.

An example of the implementation of the method

Typical farm, collective and private apple plantations of the Forest Steppe and Polissia

of Ukraine. Zoned varieties, mostly late ripening. The shape of the crown is flat-round and dome-shaped.

The planting scheme is 6.0 x 8.0 and 4.0 x 6.0 m. The inter-rows function in the seeding mode. Standard methods of pruning trees. Agricultural techniques are typical for the region. The age of the trees is from 12 years.

Laboratory studies. Industrial cultures of entomophages. A parasite of lepidopteran phytophagous eggs - a trichogram adapted to the agrocenosis of the garden. Laboratory culture of gabbrobracon. These species are bred according to standard methods and techniques. The main result is obtaining highly viable cultures with high motivational activity in agrocenoses.

In order to substantiate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, experimental variants were formed, of which there were three and a control. In the first version, essential elements of the proposed method were implemented. In the second - essential elements of the closest analog method. In the third, a similar problem was solved by using chemical insecticides listed

From the State Register of Ukraine. During the research, methods generally accepted in the field of entomology, plant protection, parasitology, and biotechnology were used. For the final assessment of the effectiveness of the methods, the most informative and objective test characteristics were used. The obtained digital material was processed statistically. The results of the research are given in the table.

Table

Final evaluation of the effectiveness of the method of protection and induction of apple resistance mechanisms against phytophages (Kyiv region, Kyiv-Svyatoshynsky district, 2014-2017)

Initial Final and efficiency numbers. . phytophages, entomophages, Damage- Effect- Diapause-

Ways that io wife Harvest, | The productivity of the fruit is compared with Apples and other fruits per hectare fruit-eating caterpillars - Na Na o biv 5, | fruit-eater, Species, harvest period, 7 IV, byu | ki, ex/ha. Threshold diapausing levels are 15.06| 20.09 caterpillars are offered

The closest method 136.9 2.5 341 52.4 6.7 254.3 77.5 30.3 analogue

Chemical standard. 147.8 25 | 47. 112 1.9 282.6. 902 14.5

Basic option

Control | 156.9 | 30 /138)| 182 | 302 | 1584 | - | 1812

Nibbo | 7 - | - 120| 32 | 05 | 58 | 52 | 35

It is established that the problem posed by the useful model has been solved. The final efficiency of the proposed method was 89.5 95. The gross fruit yield was 281.7 tons/ha.

Analogous indicators of the closest analog method were 77.595 and 254.3 c/ha. The difference is statistically proven. It was also significant that the indicators of the proposed method were not inferior to the basic version. The manner in which a positive result was achieved was also important. The number of phytophages, including the most dangerous species - the apple borer, was maintained at a subthreshold level by the distribution of industrial crops of entomophages - trichogramma and gabbrobracon, as well as due to the use of a biological preparation

Actofit, as part of the proposed method. These methods had a pronounced exterminating-regulatory effect for a long time. Techniques, as part of the proposed method - foliar feeding of trees with Avangard complex fertilizer, induced the mechanisms of resistance of trees to the action of various stress factors, mainly of biogenic origin. The effect of the immunogenic drug Immunocytofit was specific. All these components ensured the final efficiency of the proposed method.

Claims (1)

USEFUL MODEL FORMULA A method of protecting and inducing mechanisms of resistance of apple tree plantations to phytophage populations, which includes methods of phytosanitary monitoring of plantations and repeated spraying of tree crowns with chemical and biological preparations during the period of phytophage development, which differs in that in apple orchards, mainly with planting scheme 6, 0x8.0 and 4.0x6.0 m, with flat-round and dome-shaped crowns, forming a buffer zone around the perimeter of the blocks, with a set of shrubby and herbaceous plants, while among them autochthonous species predominate, at least 80 95, the rest allochthonous species , in addition, more than 60,905 of the entire fund - nectar-bearing plants with a long flowering period, while in the phase of a pink bud and immediately after the flowering of an apple tree, carry out three methods of foliar feeding of trees with an aqueous solution of Avangard R Phosphorus-Potassium fertilizer, at the rate of 5; 7 and 6 l/ha, with an interval of 8-10 days, while in the spring, at the beginning of the flowering of the apple tree, in the crowns of the buffer zone plantations, every 10-12 linear meters, Zo exhibit paper cards with grain moth eggs glued on them, the age of which does not exceed 18-20 hours, at the same time, moth eggs are exposed at the rate of 65-75 eggs per card, in addition, at the beginning of egg-laying, females of the apple fruit fly and other lepidoptera species carry out two resettlement methods during the development of each generation of industrial culture trichograms, in addition, at the beginning of the mass revival of phytophagous caterpillars, one spraying of trees is carried out with a composition consisting of the preparation Aktofit k. e. ha, in addition, for the appearance of phytophagous caterpillars of older ages on the trees, two receptions are carried out, with an interval of 9-10 days, the distribution of the ectoparasite gabrobracon on the trees of the laboratory culture at the rate of 15-20 individuals per tree.