TWI829127B - 混合塑膠-聚丙烯摻合物 - Google Patents
混合塑膠-聚丙烯摻合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI829127B TWI829127B TW111111511A TW111111511A TWI829127B TW I829127 B TWI829127 B TW I829127B TW 111111511 A TW111111511 A TW 111111511A TW 111111511 A TW111111511 A TW 111111511A TW I829127 B TWI829127 B TW I829127B
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- Prior art keywords
- polypropylene blend
- plastic polypropylene
- blend
- mixed plastic
- determined
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08L23/12—Polypropene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/02—Separating plastics from other materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
- B29B17/0026—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics by agglomeration or compacting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract
本發明提供混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其主要包括不含苯之聚丙烯,具有經界定之CIELAB顏色。
Description
本發明係關於通常源自再循環物之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物。
已進行許多嘗試以純化源自消費後垃圾之再循環料流。在彼等措施當中,可能提及洗滌、篩分、通氣、蒸餾及其類似者。舉例而言,WO2018046578揭示一種自混合彩色聚烯烴廢料(包括包裝廢料)產生聚烯烴再循環物之方法,其包含用水冷洗滌該廢料,隨後在60℃下用鹼性介質洗滌,隨後進行薄片顏色分選以得到經顏色分選(白色、透明、其他顏色)之單聚烯烴增濃之部分。接著在50℃-155℃下處理彼等部分。US5767230A描述一種方法,其包含使含有揮發性雜質之PCR聚烯烴晶片與加熱氣體以足以實質上減少揮發性雜質(諸如氣味活性物質)之表觀速度接觸。然而,迄今為止因殘餘量的苯所致的污染會成為問題。消費後再循環物中殘餘量之苯的來源仍為不確定的,但對於諸如醫療包裝、食品包裝及其類似物之領域中的最終用途構成障礙。殘餘量,亦即痕量之苯尤其成問題,因為藉由嗅探實驗進行氣味測試變得不可能。因此,對氣味具有某些需求的最終用途受限。顏色仍為未完全解決之遺留問題。許多再利用應用需要材料接近於通常表示為白色之顏色。由於又一其他問題,已知的再循環物受中度均質性影響,如由注射模製產品中發生的表面污染反映。對於適用於注射模製以供加藥蓋、化妝用具、螺旋蓋、蓋帽及閉合件之再循環物存在特定需求。
因此,仍存在提供更有價值的聚丙烯摻合物的問題。
本發明提供一種混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其具有:(i)根據CRYSTEX QC分析測定之在86.0至94.0wt.-%範圍內之結晶部分(crystalline fraction;CF)含量,及(ii)根據CRYSTEX QC分析測定之在6.0至14.0wt.-%範圍內之可溶性部分(soluble fraction;SF)含量,其中(iii)如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定,該結晶部分(CF)之丙烯含量(C3(CF))在95.0至99.0wt.-%範圍內;較佳在96.0至98.0wt.-%範圍內,且其中(iv)如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定,該結晶部分(CF)之乙烯含量(C2(CF))在1.0至5.0wt.-%、較佳2.0至4.0wt.-%且更佳2.5至3.5wt.-%範圍內;及(v)該可溶性部分(SF)之固有黏度(iV(SF))在1.10至低於1.50dl/g、較佳1.25至1.45dl/g範圍內;及其中(vi)如根據DIN ISO 1172:1996藉由煅燒分析(TGA)所量測,該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物之無機殘餘物相對於該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物為0.05至3.0wt.-%,較佳0.05至2.5wt.-%,視情況1.0至2.5wt.-%;及其中(vii)該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物不含有高於HS GC-MS 80℃/2h之偵測極限的苯;及其中(viii)該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物具有以下CIELAB顏色空間(L*a*b*):
- L*為72.0至97.0,較佳80.0至97.0;- a*為-5.0至0.0;- b*為0.0至低於22.0;及其中(ix)該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物具有高於2.3之大振幅振盪剪切-非線性因子[Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear-Non-Linear Factor;LAOS-NLF](190℃,1000%),其中
其中G 1'為一階傅立葉係數
G 3'為三階傅立葉係數。
本發明亦係關於呈丸粒形式之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物及藉由過氧化物減黏裂化之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物。本發明進一步提供由該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物製成之製品及用於包裝及/或醫療領域中之用途。在又另一態樣中,本發明涉及該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物與至少一種原始聚烯烴之摻合物。
混合塑膠被定義為存在通常未發現於原始聚丙烯摻合物中之低量化合物,諸如聚苯乙烯、聚醯胺、聚酯、木材、紙、檸檬烯、醛、酮、脂肪酸、金屬及/或穩定劑之長期分解產物。原始聚丙烯摻合物指示如直接源自生產過程而無中間使用之摻合物。
按照定義,「混合塑膠(mixed plastics)」可與可偵測量之聚苯乙烯及/或聚醯胺-6及/或檸檬烯及/或脂肪酸相等。
混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物進一步具有加寬的分子量分佈,因為其為無數聚丙烯與一些極少量之低密度聚乙烯以及線性低密度聚乙烯的機械摻合物。所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者應理解,來自各種製造商的聚丙烯最終流入
塑膠垃圾料流中,尤其在富聚烯烴塑膠垃圾料流中預分選時。
所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者應進一步瞭解,如藉由CRYSTEX QC分析獲得之具有在1.10至低於1.50dl/g範圍內之固有黏度(iV(SF))的可溶性部分(SF)通常發現於來自再循環料流之材料中。在本發明之較佳態樣中,如藉由CRYSTEX QC分析獲得之可溶性部分(SF)的固有黏度(iV(SF))在1.25至低於1.45dl/g範圍內。
已出乎意料地發現,根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物提供較佳表面特性,使得能夠實現許多要求苛刻的最終使用應用。
在第一具體實例中,較佳的係結晶部分(CF)及可溶性部分(SF)之量在CRYSTEX QC分析中為:87.0至90.0wt.-%之結晶部分(CF)含量及10.0至13.0wt.-%之可溶性部分(SF)含量。
在第二具體實例中,結晶部分(CF)及可溶性部分(SF)之量在CRYSTEX QC分析中為:91.0至94.0wt.-%之結晶部分(CF)含量及6.0至9.0wt.-%之可溶性部分(SF)含量。
在第一具體實例中,該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物具有以下CIELAB顏色空間(L*a*b*)- L*為85.0至97.0;- a*為-5.0至0.0;- b*為0.0至低於8.0。
在第二具體實例中,該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物具有以下CIELAB顏色空間(L*a*b*)- L*為72.0至97.0,較佳80.0至97.0;
- a*為-5.0至0.0;- b*為0.0至低於22.0,通常高於8.0至低於22.0
CIELAB顏色可受分選過程影響。接受的材料愈淡黃色,b*愈高。
根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物典型地具有2.0至100g/10min之熔體流動速率(ISO1133,2.16kg;230℃)。熔體流動速率可受以下影響:分離消費後塑膠廢料流,例如(但不限於):源自生產者延伸責任計劃,如來自德國DSD;或自城市固體廢棄物分選為大量預分選部分且以適當方式將其重組。作為修改最終混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物之熔體流動速率的另一方式,可將過氧化物引入最終粒化步驟中。通常MFR在2.0至100g/10min、較佳5.0至80g/10min、更佳10至60g/10min且最佳12至55g/10min範圍內。
第二具體實例之MFR較佳在2.0至12g/10min範圍內(ISO1133,2.16kg;230℃)。此MFR範圍尤其適用於非減黏裂化混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物。對於第二具體實例,減黏裂化亦允許MFR提高至30g/10min。
通常,根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物將為再循環材料。
典型地,再循環性質可藉由以下物質中之一或多者的存在來評估:
a)聚苯乙烯
b)聚醯胺-6
c)檸檬烯,如藉由使用固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)所測定
d)脂肪酸,如藉由使用固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)所測定。
存在意謂可偵測極限。固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)中檸檬烯及脂肪酸之偵測極限低於0.1ppm,亦即此等物質之痕量容易允許確定再循環性質。
以下量較佳為:
a)聚苯乙烯:0至2.0wt.-%;更佳為0至0.5wt.-%
b)聚醯胺-6:0至1.5wt.-%;更佳為0至0.5wt.-%
c)檸檬烯,如藉由使用固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)所測定:0.1ppm至50ppm
d)脂肪酸,如藉由使用固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)所測定:0.1ppm至200ppm,更佳50ppm。
不言而喻,a)、b)、c)及d)之量應儘可能低。在尤其較佳具體實例中,混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物不含聚苯乙烯且不含聚醯胺,意謂兩種聚合物低於偵測極限。
根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物較佳具有藉由CRYSTEX QC分析獲得之可溶性部分(SF),其乙烯含量(C2(SF))如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定在12.0至32.0wt.-%範圍內。
在第一具體實例中,根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物較佳具有藉由CRYSTEX QC分析獲得之可溶性部分(SF),其乙烯含量(C2(SF))如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定在25.0至32.0wt.-%範圍內。
在第二具體實例中,根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物較佳具有藉由CRYSTEX QC分析獲得之可溶性部分(SF),其乙烯含量(C2(SF))如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定在10.0至25.0wt.-%、更佳12.0至25.0wt.-%、甚至更佳12.0至20.0wt.-%且最佳14.0至19.0wt.-%範圍內。
根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物之特徵較佳為4.0或更低,較佳3.0或更低的氣味(VDA270-B3)。應理解,由於存在有問題的物質,當VDA270下之氣味測試被禁用,因此不報告氣味之許多商業再循環等級實際上甚至更糟。
在另一態樣中,根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,尤其第一
具體實例之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物具有較佳高於2.7、更佳高於3.3之大振幅振盪剪切-非線性因子(LAOS-NLF)(190℃;1000%),其中
其中G 1'為一階傅立葉係數
G 3'為三階傅立葉係數
在第二具體實例中,大振幅振盪剪切-非線性因子(LAOS-NLF)(190℃;1000%)僅高於2.3。
在不希望受理論束縛的情況下,咸信聚合物之加工促成由封閉污染物觸發之支化。LAOS-NLF可受選擇原料影響,使得約10wt.-%材料為軟聚丙烯。在此方面中,「軟聚丙烯」意謂低於900MPa之拉伸模數(如實驗部分中所述量測)。併入低密度聚乙烯及線性低密度聚乙烯,更精確而言,存在如CFC分析中觀測到的呈2.0至4.0wt.-%之量的低結晶PE部分(low crystalline PE Fraction;LCF-PE)亦有助於使大振幅振盪剪切-非線性因子(LAOS-NLF)(190℃;1000%)高於2.3。應理解,若干區運作收集站收集高度消費之預分選塑膠。此類高度有價值的塑膠料流為可商購的且允許其他低品質料流(諸如藉由較軟聚丙烯混合物)自其他廢料處置資源升級。具有較高量之結晶部分(CF)(亦即91.0至94.0wt.-%結晶部分(CF)含量及6.0至9.0wt.-%可溶性部分(SF)含量)之第二具體實例更受限,由此大振幅振盪剪切-非線性因子(LAOS-NLF)(190℃;1000%)略微較低。
在又另一態樣中,根據本發明之第一具體實例的混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物使用如EN ISO 1873-2中所描述之注射模製試樣(狗骨形,4mm厚度)具有至少1300MPa、較佳至少1350MPa、最佳至少1390MPa之拉伸模數(ISO 527-2,以1mm/min之十字頭速度;23℃)。此類相對較高拉伸模數係由相對較低量之
類橡膠材料及類塑性體材料引起。通常,第一具體實例之拉伸模數(ISO 527-2,以1mm/min之十字頭速度;23℃)將不高於1500MPa。
根據本發明之第二具體實例的混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物使用如EN ISO 1873-2中所描述之注射模製試樣(狗骨形,4mm厚度)具有至少1200MPa、較佳至少1250MPa之拉伸模數(ISO 527-2,以1mm/min之十字頭速度;23℃)。通常,第二具體實例之拉伸模數(ISO 527-2,以1mm/min之十字頭速度;23℃)將不高於1400MPa。
根據本發明之第一具體實例之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物出人意料地產生關於熔體流動速率η(2.7kPa)(eta(2.7kPa))及η(300rad/s)(eta(300rad/s))之優越的時間穩定性。作為又另一且出人意料的優點,觀測到格外高的熔融強度。進一步出人意料地結果是,根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物存在格外良好的均質性。舉例而言,當單獨地分析時,一批次之不同(經選擇)丸粒顯示基本上相同的熔體流動速率η(2.7kPa)及η(300rad/s)值。此為特殊的發現,因為預期再循環材料具有實質性變化。
根據第二具體實例之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物經證明具有極佳可加工性,由高於13.0之η 0.05與η 300之比率的剪切稀化因子(shear thinning factor;STF)反映。
根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物之夏比凹口衝擊強度(非儀錶化,ISO 179-1,在+23℃下)較佳高於4.0kJ/m2,更佳高於4.5kJ/m2。根據第二具體實例之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物之夏比凹口衝擊強度(非儀錶化,ISO 179-1,在+23℃下)較佳高於6.0kJ/m2,更佳高於8.0kJ/m2,最佳高於8.3kJ/m2。
在尤其較佳具體實例中,根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物在+23℃下根據ISO 179-1 eA在根據EN ISO 1873-2製備之80×10×4mm注射模製試樣上具有至少8.0kJ/m2,較佳8.3kJ/m2之夏比凹口衝擊強度(notched Charpy
impact strength;NIS)(1eA)(非儀錶化,ISO 179-1,在+23℃下),其中,如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定,藉由CRYSTEX QC分析獲得之另一該可溶性部分(SF)的乙烯含量(C2(SF))在12.0至20.0wt.-%範圍內,且進一步較佳地混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物之CIELAB顏色空間(L*a*b)為- L*為72.0至97.0,較佳80.0至97.0;- a*為-5.0至0.0;- b*為0.0至低於22.0
在第二具體實例之此尤其較佳態樣中,根據CRYSTEX QC分析測定之結晶部分(CF)含量較佳在91.0至94.0wt.-%範圍內,且根據CRYSTEX QC分析測定之可溶性部分(SF)含量較佳在6.0至9.0wt.-%範圍內。
根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,亦即第一及第二具體實例較佳以丸粒形式存在。粒化促成低量揮發性物質。
在具體實例中,根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物藉由一或多種過氧化物減黏裂化。混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物可經受減黏裂化作為任何其他原始聚丙烯摻合物。若根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物已經受減黏裂化,則減黏裂化過程之分解產物可見於所得摻合物中。應理解,減黏裂化過程(如本領域中對於原始材料所常用)之分解產物不被視為雜質。可對第一及第二具體實例進行減黏裂化。
在另一態樣中,本發明涉及一種由如本文所描述之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物製成之模製品。此適用於第一具體實例及第二具體實例。
在又另一態樣中,本發明涉及含有如本文所描述之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物及至少一種原始聚烯烴的摻合物。同樣,此適用於第一具體實例及第二具體實例。舉例而言,如以異相聚丙烯形式所含之原始聚丙烯均聚物可經如本文所描述之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物取代。
本發明亦關於根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物(亦即第一具體實例及第二具體實例)用於包裝及/或醫療領域之用途。
[圖1]顯示缺陷評估之結果。
用於提供根據本發明之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物的方法為非常苛刻的。該方法包含以下步驟:a)提供消費後塑膠垃圾;b)分選出由聚苯乙烯、聚醯胺、聚乙烯、金屬、紙、木材及其他非聚丙烯材料製成之物品,從而提供消費後塑膠材料;c)分選出有色物品,由此提供含有大部分為白色之瓶子、大部分為白色之優酪杯、大部分為白色之罐子、大部分為無色之板塊、大部分為無色之組件部件及其類似物之消費後塑膠材料;d)使大部分為白色或無色之所選消費後塑膠材料經受碾磨、用各種清潔劑在水溶液中洗滌及後續乾燥、風力分選及篩選;e)使經預處理之消費後塑膠材料經受另一分選以用於消除非聚烯烴及有色部件,從而產生中間產物;f)品質控制步驟,其中對來自步驟e)之中間產物進行交叉分級層析且藉此測定CFC中之低結晶聚乙烯部分(LCF-PE)及雙重檢驗該量是否屬於2.0至4.0wt.-%範圍內;g)丟棄不具有在2.8至4.2wt.-%範圍內之低結晶聚乙烯部分的中間產物;
h)擠壓該材料且產生呈丸粒形式之根據本發明之聚丙烯摻合物;i)視情況之通氣,其較佳在100℃-130℃範圍內之溫度下藉由使用溫度為至少100℃之空氣流將消費後塑膠材料預加熱至此類溫度進行。
來自分別的收集系統(例如來自生產者延伸責任計劃)以及尤其城市垃圾收集系統之若干可能原料係可商購的且允許提供消費後塑膠垃圾。視消費者之參與及所涉及之分選設備品質而定,彼等原料之純度將不同,其通常由收集系統指示。進一步可在步驟b)之後篩選中間產物,確定是否存在明顯極舊(『古舊』)大部分無色/天然塑膠製品。大部分無色/天然塑膠製品之變色(例如明顯黃化)及/或明顯刮痕允許分選。此類步驟使得有可能除去所謂的高度關注物質。彼等物質(諸如Pb、Hg、聚溴化二苯基醚及其類似物)已被禁用相當長的時間但仍存在於現實世界中,因為消費者往往會儲備塑膠製品(例如呈塑膠玩具形式)多年且最終將其投進收集系統。額外篩選步驟可藉由針對該等高度關注物質的分析控制來輔助。
氣味控制及評估藉由多種方法為可能的。概述尤其由以下提供:Demets,Ruben等人.「Development and application of an analytical method to quantify odour removal in plastic waste recycling processes」.Resources,Conservation and Recycling 161(2020):104907,其特此以引用之方式併入。
包括以下實施例以展現如申請專利範圍中所描述的本發明之某些態樣及具體實例。然而,所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者應瞭解,以下描述僅為說明性且不應以任何方式視為本發明之限制。
a)CRYSTEX
聚丙烯(PP)組成物之結晶(CF)及可溶性部分(SF)以及各別部分之共聚單體含量及固有黏度藉由使用CRYSTEX儀器(Polymer Char(Valencia,Spain))分析。技術及方法之細節可見於文獻(Ljiljana Jeremic,Andreas Albrecht,Martina Sandholzer & Markus Gahleitner(2020)Rapid characterization of high-impact ethylene-propylene copolymer composition by crystallization extraction separation:comparability to standard separation methods,International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization,25:8,581-596)
結晶及非晶形部分經由在160℃下溶解、在40℃下結晶且在160℃下再溶解於1,2,4-三氯苯中之溫度循環分離。SF及CF之定量及乙烯含量(C2)之測定藉助於積體紅外線偵測器(IR4)來達成,且對於固有黏度(intrinsic viscosity;IV)之測定,使用在線2-毛細管黏度計。
IR4偵測器為量測兩個不同帶(CH3伸縮振動(集中於約2960cm-1)及CH伸縮振動(2700-3000cm-1)處之IR吸光度的多波長偵測器,其用於測定乙烯-丙烯共聚物(EP共聚物)之濃度及乙烯含量。用一系列8種已知乙烯含量在2wt.-%至69wt.-%範圍內(藉由13C-NMR測定)且各自在2及13mg/ml範圍內之不同濃度下的EP共聚物校準IR4偵測器。為同時滿足Crystex分析期間針對預期之各種聚合物濃度的兩種特徵亦即濃度及乙烯含量,應用以下校準等式:濃度=a+b*Abs(CH)+c*(Abs(CH))2+d*Abs(CH3)+e*(Abs(CH3)2+f*Abs(CH)*Abs(CH3) (等式1)
CH3/1000C=a+b*Abs(CH)+c* Abs(CH3)+d *(Abs(CH3)/Abs(CH))+e *(Abs(CH3)/Abs(CH))2 (等式2)
藉由使用最小二乘回歸分析測定等式1之常數a至e及等式2之a至
f。
使用以下關係式將CH3/1000C轉化為以wt.-%為單位之乙烯含量:Wt.-%(EP共聚物中之乙烯)=100-CH3/1000TC * 0.3 (等式3)
可溶性部分(SF)及結晶部分(CF)之量經由XS校準與「二甲苯冷可溶物」(Xylene Cold Soluble;XCS)量及相應地二甲苯冷不溶物(Xylene Cold Insoluble;XCI)部分相關,根據標準重力方法按照ISO16152所測定。XS校準藉由測試XS含量在2-31Wt%範圍內之各種EP共聚物來達成。所測定XS校準為線性的:Wt.-% XS=1,01* Wt.-% SF (等式4)
親本(parent)EP共聚物及其可溶性及結晶部分之固有黏度(IV)藉由使用在線2-毛細管黏度計測定,且與根據ISO 1628-3於十氫萘中藉由標準方法測定之對應IV相關。藉由IV=2-4dL/g之各種EP PP共聚物實現校準。所測定校準曲線為線性的:IV(dL/g)=a* Vsp/c (等式5)
將待分析之樣品稱量出10mg/ml至20mg/ml之濃度。為了避免注入可能的凝膠及/或聚合物,其在160℃下不溶解於TCB中,如PET及PA,將經稱量之樣品封裝於不鏽鋼網(MW 0,077/D 0,05mmm)內。
用含有250mg/l 2,6-三級丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)作為抗氧化劑之1,2,4-TCB自動填充小瓶之後,在160℃下溶解樣品直至達成完全溶解,通常持續60分鐘,同時以400rpm持續攪拌。為避免樣品降解,在溶解期間用N2氛圍覆蓋聚合物溶液。
將限定體積之樣品溶液注入至填充有惰性載體之管柱中,其中進行樣品結晶及將可溶性部分自結晶部分分離。此過程重複兩次。在第一次注射期
間,在高溫下量測整個樣品,確定PP組成物之IV[dl/g]及C2[wt%]。在第二次注射期間,量測結晶週期下之可溶性部分(在低溫下)及結晶部分(在高溫下)(Wt% SF,Wt% C2,IV)。
b)藉由NMR光譜法(僅校準)定量微結構
使用定量核磁共振(nuclear-magnetic resonance;NMR)光譜法進行校準。
使用分別地在用於1H及13C之400.15及100.62MHz下操作的Bruker Avance Neo 400 NMR光譜儀在溶液態下記錄定量13C{1H}NMR光譜。所有光譜在125℃下使用氮氣(對於所有氣動裝置)使用13C最佳化之10mm寬溫探頭記錄。將大致200mg材料溶解於大致3ml 1,2-四氯乙烷-d2(TCE-d2)以及大致3mg BHT(2,6-二-三級丁基-4-甲基苯酚CAS 128-37-0)及乙醯基丙酮鉻(III)(Cr(acac)3)中,產生60mM之溶劑中之鬆弛劑溶液,如G.Singh,A.Kothari,V.Gupta,Polymer Testing 2009,28(5),475中所描述。
為確保均質溶液,在於加熱塊中製備初始樣品後,進一步在旋轉烘箱中加熱NMR管至少1小時。插入至磁體中後,使試管在10Hz下旋轉。此設置主要針對高解析度而選擇且針對精確乙烯含量定量以定量方式為所需。採用標準單脈衝激發,無NOE,使用最佳化之頂錐角、1 s再循環延時及雙水準WALTZ16解耦合流程,如Z.Zhou,R.Kuemmerle,X.Qiu,D.Redwine,R.Cong,A.Taha,D.Baugh,B.Winniford,J.Mag.Reson.187(2007)225及V.Busico,P.Carbonniere,R.Cipullo,C.Pellecchia,J.Severn,G.Talarico,Macromol.Rapid Commun.2007,28,1128中所描述。每個光譜獲得總共6144(6k)個瞬態。
定量13C{1H}NMR光譜經處理、積分,且自積分測定相關定量特性。所有化學位移均使用溶劑之化學位移在30.00ppm下間接參照乙烯嵌段
(EEE)之中心亞甲基。甚至在此結構單元不存在時,此方法允許類似參照。
觀測對應於乙烯併入之特徵信號(如Cheng,H.N.,Macromolecules 1984,17,1950中所描述)且共聚單體部分經計算為關於聚合物中之所有單體的聚合物中之乙烯部分:fE=(E/(P+E)
共聚單體部分使用W-J.Wang及S.Zhu,Macromolecules 2000,33 1157之方法經由對13C{1H}光譜之整個光譜區域之多個信號進行積分而定量。略微調節積分區域以增加在接觸之共聚單體含量之整個範圍內的適用性。
自莫耳分率計算共聚單體併入莫耳百分比:E[mol%]=100 * fE
自莫耳分率計算共聚單體併入重量百分比:E[wt%]=100 *(fE * 28.06)/((fE * 28.06)+((1-fE)* 42.08))。
c)拉伸模數及斷裂拉伸應變係使用如EN ISO 1873-2中所描述之注射模製試樣(狗骨形,4mm厚度)根據ISO 527-2(十字頭速度=1mm/min;測試速度50mm/min,在23℃下)量測。在該試樣在96h調節時間後,進行量測。
d)衝擊強度係在+23℃下根據ISO 179-1 eA在根據EN ISO 1873-2製備之80×10×4mm注射模製試樣上以夏比凹口衝擊強度(1eA)(非儀錶化,ISO 179-1,在+23℃下)形式測定。
e)無機殘餘物:使用Perkin Elmer TGA 8000根據DIN ISO 1172:1996進行TGA。將大約10-20mg材料置放於鉑盤中。溫度在50℃下平衡10分鐘,且隨後在氮氣下,以20℃/min之加熱速率升高至950℃。灰分含量在850℃下以重量%形
式評估。
f)MFR:熔體流動速率在230℃下在2.16kg載荷(MFR2)下量測。熔體流動速率為相對於ISO 1133標準化的測試裝置在10分鐘內在230℃的溫度下在2.16kg載荷下擠出的以公克為單位之聚合物之量。
g)金屬量
藉由x射線螢光(x ray fluorescence;XRF)測定。
h)紙、木材(僅出於對照目的)之量
紙及木材可藉由習知實驗室方法,包括碾磨、浮選、顯微法及熱解重量分析(Thermogravimetric Analysis;TGA)測定。
i)苯含量
其藉由HS GC-MS 80℃/2h量測,描述如下
本文描述所應用之靜態頂空氣相層析質譜分析(headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry;HS/GC/MS)方法之參數。
將4.000±0.100g樣品稱量於20ml HS小瓶中且用PTFE蓋緊密密封。
質譜儀係以掃描模式操作且記錄總離子層析圖(total ion chromatogram;TIC)用於各分析。下文給出關於適用方法參數及資料評估之更詳細資訊:
- HS參數(Agilent G1888頂空取樣器)
瓶平衡時間:120min
烘箱溫度:80℃
環溫度:205℃
轉移管線溫度:210℃
低振盪
- GC參數(Agilent 7890A GC系統)
管柱:ZB-WAX 7HG-G007-22(30m×250μm×1μm)
載氣:氦5.0
流速:2ml/min
分流比:5:1
GC烘箱程式:35℃持續0.1min
10℃/min直至250℃
250℃持續1min
- MS參數(Agilent 5975C惰性XL MSD)
採集模式:掃描
掃描參數:
低質量:20
高質量:200
臨限值:10
- 軟體/資料評估
MSD ChemStation E.02.02.1431
MassHunter GC/MS採集B.07.05.2479
AMDIS GC/MS分析版本2.71
NIST質譜庫版本2.0g
- AMDIS解卷積參數
最小匹配因數:80
臨限值:低
掃描方向:高至低
資料檔案格式:Agilent檔案
儀器類型:四極
組件寬度:20
相鄰峰減除:兩個
解析度:高
靈敏度:極高
形狀需求:中等
溶劑拖尾(tailing):44 m/z
管柱流失:207 m/z
最小型號峰:2
最小S/N:10
最小特定峰:0.5
TIC資料藉助於AMDIS軟體(參見上文所陳述之參數)進一步解卷積,且與基於質譜庫(NIST)之定製目標庫相比。在定製目標庫中,包括所選擇物質(例如苯)之各別質譜。僅當識別之峰值顯示出80之最小匹配因數且有經驗之質譜學家確認該匹配時,物質被接受為「暫時鑑定的」。
在此研究中,陳述「低於偵測極限(<limit of detection;LOD)」
稱為其中匹配因數低於80(AMDIS)或峰值因此甚至不被識別的情況。結果僅指經量測樣品、量測時間及應用之參數。
j)CIELAB顏色空間(L*a*b*)
在根據DIN EN ISO 11664-4量測之CIE L*a*b*均勻顏色空間中,顏色座標為:L*-亮度座標;a*-紅色/綠色座標,其中+a*指示紅色,且-a*指示綠色;且b*-黃色/藍色座標,其中+b*指示黃色,且-b*指示藍色。L*、a*及b*座標軸定義三維CIE顏色空間。標準Konica/Minolta色度計CM-3700A。
k)氣味VDA270-B3
VDA 270係對機動車輛內飾材料的氣味特徵的測定。在此研究中,氣味按照VDA 270(2018)變體B3測定。每個評估者在儘可能少地掀開罐子之蓋子後,根據VDA 270量表對各自樣品的氣味進行評估。六級量表係由以下等級組成:等級1:不可察覺,等級2:可察覺、不干擾,等級3:明顯可察覺但不干擾,等級4:干擾,等級5:強烈干擾,等級6:不可接受。評估者在評估期間保持平靜且不允許在測試期間討論個別結果而使彼此產生偏見。亦不允許其在測試另一樣品之後調整其評估。出於統計原因(及如由VDA 270所接受),迫使評估者在其評估中使用完整步驟。因此,氣味等級係基於所有個別評估之平均值,且捨入至整數。
l)檸檬烯偵測
可使用固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)藉由標準品添加進行檸檬烯定量。
將50mg研磨樣品稱重至20mL頂空瓶中且在添加呈不同濃度之
檸檬烯及經玻璃塗佈磁性攪拌棒後,藉由襯有矽酮/PTFE之磁力蓋將瓶密閉。微型毛細管(10pL)用於將已知濃度之稀釋檸檬烯標準品添加至樣品。添加0、2、20及100ng等於0mg/kg、0.1mg/kg、1mg/kg及5mg/kg檸檬烯,此外,標準量之6.6mg/kg、11mg/kg及16.5mg/kg檸檬烯與本申請案中測試的樣品中之一些組合使用。為定量,使用以SIM模式獲得的離子-93。在60℃下藉由具有2cm穩定的柔性50/30pm DVB/Carboxen/PDMS纖維之頂空固相微萃取進行揮發性部分之富集,持續20分鐘。在270℃下,直接在GCMS系統之經加熱注入口中進行去吸附。
GCMS參數:管柱:30m HP 5 MS 0.25*0.25
注入器:具有0.75mm SPME襯裡之不分流進樣,270℃
溫度程式:-10℃(1min)
載氣:氦5.0,31cm/s線速度,恆定流速
MS:單一四極,直接介接,280℃介接溫度
採集:SIM掃描模式
掃描參數:0-300amu
SIM參數:m/Z 93,100ms停留時間
m)脂肪酸偵測
使用頂空固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)藉由標準品添加進行脂肪酸定量。
將50mg研磨樣品稱重至20mL頂空瓶中且在添加呈不同濃度之檸檬烯及經玻璃塗佈磁性攪拌棒後,藉由襯有矽酮/PTFE之磁力蓋將瓶密閉。10μL微型毛細管用於將已知濃度之稀釋自由脂肪酸混合物(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸及辛酸)標準品添加至三個不同量之樣品。添加0、50、100及500ng等
於各個別酸之0mg/kg、1mg/kg、2mg/kg及10mg/kg。為定量,除丙酸在本文中使用離子74外,所有酸都使用SIM模式下獲得之離子60。
GCMS參數:管柱:20m ZB Wax加0.25*0.25
注入器:具有玻璃內襯之分裂襯裡之分流進樣5:1,250℃
溫度程式:40℃(1min),在6℃/min下至120℃,在15℃下至245℃(5min)
載劑:氦5.0,40cm/s線速度,恆定流速
MS:單一四極,直接介接,220℃介接溫度
採集:SIM掃描模式
掃描參數:46-250 amu 6.6次掃描/秒
SIM參數:m/z 60,74,6.6次掃描/秒
n)聚醯胺-6及聚苯乙烯之存在
藉由FTIR光譜法,使用1601cm-1(PS)及3300cm-1(PA6)下之條帶的吸收。
o)對薄板之污染之測定
薄板經注射模製,150×80×2mm尺寸。接著,在5個薄板(使其彼此接近)上拍攝高解析度影像(照片)。接著藉由允許自動計數歸因於污染之視覺缺陷(裸眼識別)之數目的軟體分析影像。
p)動態剪切量測(η(2.7kPa)及η(300rad/s))
聚合物熔體藉由動態剪切量測之特徵界定符合ISO標準6721-1及6721-10。在裝備有25mm平行板幾何結構之Anton Paar MCR501應力控制旋轉流
變儀上進行量測。在壓縮模製板上,使用氮氣氛圍且將應力設定於線性黏彈性方案內來進行量測。在230℃下,施加0.01與600rad/s之間的頻率範圍且設定1.3mm間隙,進行振盪剪切測試。
在動態剪切實驗中,在正弦變化剪切應變或剪切應力(分別為應變及應力控制模式)下使探針發生均勻形變。在控制應變實驗時,探針經受可藉由以下表示之正弦應變:γ(t)=γ 0 sin(ωt) (1)
若所施用之應變在線性黏彈性方案內,則可藉由以下給出所得正弦應力回應:σ(t)=σ 0 sin(ωt+δ) (2)
其中σ 0及γ 0分別為應力及應變振幅
ω為角頻率
δ為相移(施加之應變與應力回應之間的角度損失)
t為時間
動態測試結果典型地藉助於若干不同流變功能表示,即剪切儲存模數G',剪切損失模數G",複變剪切模數G*,複變剪切黏度η*,動態剪切黏度η',複變剪切黏度之異相位分量η"及損耗正切tan δ,其可如下表示:
G *=G'+iG"[Pa] (5)
η*=η'-iη"[Pa.s] (6)
η(x kPa)係根據等式9確定。
ETA(x kPa)=針對(G *=x kPa)之Eta *[Pa.s] (9)
舉例而言,η(2.7kPa)藉由針對複變模數等於2.7kPa之值測定的複變黏度之值定義。
η(x rad/s)根據等式10確定。
ETA(x rad/s)=針對(ω=x rad/s)之Eta *[Pa.s] (10)
舉例而言,η(300rad/s)由在300rad/s之頻率掃描下測定之複變黏度之值定義。
該等值係藉助於如Rheoplus軟體所定義之單點內插程序來測定。在給定G*值無法以實驗方式獲得之情況下,該值係藉助於外推法使用與先前相同的程序測定。在兩種情況(內插或外推)下,應用自Rheoplus「自參數內插y值至x值(-Interpolate y-values to x-values from parameter)」及「對數內插類型(logarithmic interpolation type)」之選擇。
參考文獻:
[1] 「Rheological characterization of polyethylene fractions」 Heino, E.L., Lehtinen, A., Tanner J., Seppälä, J., Neste Oy, Porvoo, Finland, Theor. Appl. Rheol.,
Proc. Int. Congr. Rheol, 第11次(1992), 1, 360-362
[2] 「The influence of molecular structure on some rheological properties of polyethylene」, Heino, E.L., Borealis Polymers Oy, Porvoo, Finland, Annual Transactions of the Nordic Rheology Society, 1995.)。
[3] Definition of terms relating to the non-ultimate mechanical properties of polymers, Pure & Appl.Chem.,第70卷,第3期,第701-754頁,1998。
r)大振幅振盪剪切(LAOS)
採取大振幅振盪剪切進行剪切流下之非線性黏彈性行為之研究。該方法需要應用在給定角頻率ω下施加之正弦應變振幅γ0持續給定時間t。倘若所施加之正弦應變足夠高,則產生非線性回應。在此狀況下,應力σ隨所施加之應變振幅、時間及角頻率而變化。在此等條件下,非線性應力回應仍係週期性函數;然而,非線性應力回應可能不再由單一諧波正弦表示。由非線性黏彈性回應[1-3]產生之應力可由傅立葉級數表示,該傅立葉級數包括高階諧波貢獻:σ(t,ω,γ 0)=γ 0.Σ n [G' n (ω,γ 0).sin(nωt)+G" n (ω,γ 0).cos(nωt)] (1)
其中,σ-應力回應
t-時間
ω-頻率
γ 0-應變振幅
n-諧波數目
G' n -n階彈性傅立葉係數
G" n-n階黏性傅立葉係數
應用大振幅振盪剪切(LAOS)分析非線性黏彈性反應。在與標準雙錐形晶粒耦合之來自Alpha Technologies之RPA 2000流變儀上進行時間掃描
量測。在量測過程期間,測試腔室經密封且施加約6MPa之壓力。應用190℃之溫度、0.628rad/s之角度頻率及1000%之應變進行LAOS測試。為了確保達至穩態條件,僅在完成每量測至少20個循環之後判定非線性回應。大振幅振盪剪切非線性因子(LAOS_NLF)由以下定義:
[1]J.M.Dealy,K.F.Wissbrun,Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing:Theory and Applications;由Van Nostrand Reinhold編輯,New York (1990)
[2]S.Filipe,Non-Linear Rheology of Polymer Melts,AIP Conference Proceedings 1152,第168-174頁(2009)
[3]M.Wilhelm,Macromol.Mat.Eng. 287,83-105(2002)
[4]S.Filipe,K.Hofstadler,K.Klimke,A.T.Tran,Non-Linear Rheological Parameters for Characterisation of Molecular Structural Properties in Polyolefins,Proceedings of Annual European Rheology Conference,135(2010)
[5]S.Filipe,K.Klimke,A.T.Tran,J.Reussner,Proceedings of Novel Non-Linear Rheological Parameters for Molecular Structural Characterisation of Polyolefins,Novel Trends in Rheology IV,Zlin,Check Republik(2011)
[6]K.Klimke,S.Filipe,A.T.Tran,Non-linear rheological parameters for characterization of molecular structural properties in polyolefins,Proceedings of European Polymer Conference,Granada,Spain(2011)
s)交叉分級層析
化學組成分佈以及測定分子量分佈及對應的分子量平均值(Mn、Mw及Mv)在一定洗提溫度(溶液中之聚合物結晶度)下藉由全自動化交叉分級層析(CFC)測定,如由Ortin A.,Monrabal B.,Sancho-Tello J.,Macromol.Symp.,2007,257,13-28所述。
使用CFC儀器(PolymerChar,Valencia,Spain)進行交叉分級層析(TREF×SEC)。使用四帶IR5紅外線偵測器(PolymerChar,Valoncia,Spain)監測濃度。將聚合物在160℃下以大約1mg/ml之濃度溶解150分鐘。
為了避免注入可能的凝膠及聚合物(其在160℃下不溶解於TCB中),如PET及PA,將所稱出之樣品封裝於不鏽鋼網MW 0.077/D 0.05mmm中。
一旦樣品完全溶解,則將0.5ml等分試樣裝載至TREF管柱中且在110℃下穩定片刻。藉由施加0.1℃/min之恆定冷卻速率使聚合物結晶且沉澱至30℃之溫度。使用以下溫度步驟進行不連續洗提製程:(35、40、50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85、90、95、100、103、106、109、112、115、117、119、121、123、125、127、130、135及140)。
在第二方面,即GPC分析中,3個PL Olexis管柱及來自Agilent(Church Stretton,UK)之1×Olexis Guard管柱用作固定相。作為洗提劑,1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB,用250mg/L 2,6-二-三級丁基-4-甲基-苯酚穩定化)在150℃下及1mL/min之恆定流動速率下施用。使用通用校準(根據ISO 16014-2:2003),利用在0.5kg/mol至11 500kg/mol範圍內之至少15窄MWD聚苯乙烯(polystyrene;PS)標準品校準管柱組。以下馬克霍溫克(Mark Houwink)常數用於將PS分子量轉換成PP分子量當量。
K
PS
=19×10
-3
mL/g,α
PS
=0.655
K
PP
=19×10
-3
mL/g,α
PP
=0.725
使用三階多項式擬合來擬合校準資料。使用由PolymerChar提供
之軟體用CFC儀器進行資料處理。
計算以wt.-%為單位之iso-PP之特定分子量及洗提溫度區域的相對分率。
為了計算第一步驟中以wt.-%為單位之iso-PP在特定分子量及洗提溫度區域的相對分率,需要計算來自CFC等值線圖以wt.-%為單位之iso-PP之量:以wt.-%為單位之iso PP=100-EPR部分-PE部分 等式(1)
其中EPR為藉由CFC分析獲得的在35℃下於TCB中之可溶性部分(SF)之莫耳質量高於logM 3.5的部分
歸因於TREF概況對於低MW部分略有依賴,因此低MW限值之分子量限值與洗提溫度(Tel)有關。使用下式測定低MW限值:低MW限值(對於PE部分)=0.0185 * Tel+3.1538
考慮到此情況,使用以下方法計算PE部分。
其中Hij為以對應資料處理軟體獲得之對應洗提溫度(Tel)i及logM值j下之2D差分分佈。
高結晶PE部分(HCF-PE)定義為PE部分自90℃至100℃洗提之PE洗提份的部分。
此部分主要含有均聚PE及PE共聚物,其中共聚單體量極低,低於約3 SCB/1000 TC(L.Wild,T.R.Ryle,D.C.Knoblauch,I.R.Peat,J.Polym.Sci,Polym.Phys.20,(1982),441-455)。
其中低結晶PE部分(LCF-PE)定義為PE部分在35℃與89℃之間洗提之PE洗提份的部分。
此部分主要含有來自由ZN催化劑獲得之HDPE及LLDPE之共聚物部分或來自SS催化劑之LLDPE且亦含有LDPE之共聚物部分,因為此類聚合物由於其SCB/1000TC之量相當而共洗提。
基本參考文獻:
Zhang, Macromol Symp. 282 (2009), 111-127。
W. Yau, D. Gillespie, Polymer 42 (2001) 8947-8958。
Monrabal,於「Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry」中,R. A. Meyers編,John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2000。
Nakano, Y. Goto, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. (1981), 26, 4217。
W. Yau, Macromol. Symp. 2007, 257, 29-45。
Faldi, J.B.P. Soares, Polymer 42 (2001) 3057-3066。
Ortin, B. Monrabal, J, Sancho-Tello, Macromol. Symp. 257 (2007), 13-28。
Li Pi Shan, D. Gillespie, L. Hazlitt, Ecorep 2005. Lyon。
關於聚合物性質及顏色,粗糙地分選消費後塑膠垃圾。在另一步驟中,選擇白色及無色部件。對所選部件進行研磨,用各種清潔劑在水溶液中洗滌,且隨後乾燥及篩選。進一步分選經預處理之消費後塑膠材料,藉此減少有色部件。在另一品質控制步驟中,使中間產物經歷交叉分級層析(自動化儀器組合TREF與CPC;可獲自Polymer Char;細節參見上文)。丟棄具有超出2.8至4.2wt.-%範圍之低結晶PE部分(LCF-PE)的所有中間產物且將其送回消費後垃圾。在擠壓成丸粒後,丸粒經歷通氣(僅在IE3下進行通氣;通氣條件:在120℃空氣下,預加熱基板)。
對於實施例IE4,遵循相同方法。然而,在關於聚合物性質及顏色進行粗糙分選之後,關於可藉由大部分無色/天然塑膠製品之變色(例如明顯黃化)及/或明顯刮痕識別之明顯極舊(『古舊』)大部分無色/天然塑膠製品篩選消費後塑膠垃圾。將此類極舊(『古舊』)大部分無色/天然塑膠製品分選出,由此遵循嚴格標準,亦即在有疑問的情況下,將所討論之製品分選出。進行此操作以排除聚溴化二苯基醚之併入,其已在許多國家中禁止超過約10年。亦關於高度關注物質篩選中間產物。部分翹曲證明為不必要的。
對所有實施例進行CRYSTEX QC分析。
可看出,先前技術藉由本發明再循環組成物得到充實。當與原始組成物及原始減黏裂化組成物相比時,本發明再循環組成物顯示僅關於衝擊之輕微缺陷。此外,對於IE2及IE3,如由高LAOS-NLF反映之可加工性的確良好。VOC(VDA)對於IE3及IE4出人意料地良好。
比較實施例CE3為原始無規異相聚丙烯共聚物。因此,乙烯總量(由C2(CF)及C2(SF)及CF及SF之量反映)的拉伸模數相對較高。然而,此並非再循環物,如由LAOS-NLF反映之可加工性在7.1kJ/m2之夏比NIS下相對較差。
比較實施例CE4為原始無規共聚物,其經歷減黏裂化(用於使熔體流動速率調適至與IE4約相同的值)。CE4與CE3相比明顯較不剛性且其夏比NIS為7.6kJ/m2。
本發明實施例IE4之硬度略高於CE3且同時最佳總體夏比NIS為8.5kJ/m2。本發明實施例IE1至3皆具有顯著較高硬度且同時僅具有中度夏比NIS缺陷。
對實施例進行注射模製測試製品之表面缺陷的評估。比較市場上可獲得之最佳商業級(CE1及CE2)。結果顯示於圖1中。
CE1:為來自Van Werven之PP灰白色產品,其密度為920kg/m3且MFR(230℃/2.16kg)為24g/10min。
CE2:Morssinkhof-Rymoplast供應再研磨物及再造粒,名稱為MOPRYLENE®,其密度為921kg/m3且MFR(230℃/2.16kg)為27g/10min。
圖1顯示缺陷評估之結果。可看出,本發明混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物產生最低缺陷數目以及其均勻分佈。
CE3為不具有助滑劑及防結塊添加劑之無規異相共聚物。其具有無規共聚物PP基質及C3C2橡膠。
CE3在具有預聚合反應器、一個漿態環流反應器、第一氣相反應
器及第二氣相反應器組態之Borstar聚丙烯設備中產生。使用環流及第一氣相反應器來產生用於橡膠相之基質及第二氣相反應器。
調整各反應器中反應物之化學組成以達成所需聚合物設計。
CE4為無規共聚物,其在具有預聚合反應器、一個漿態環流反應器及一個氣相反應器組態之Borstar聚丙烯設備中產生。
在聚合之後,在雙螺桿擠壓機中在200-230℃下之混配步驟期間,藉由減黏裂化且使用適當量之Luperox 101((2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(三級丁基過氧基)己烷)來改質無規共聚物CE4之熔體流動速率以獲得8.0g/10min之目標MFR2。
在該混配步驟期間,以下添加劑1000ppm Irganox B215(新戊四
醇基-肆(3-(3',5'-二-三級丁基-4-羥苯基)-丙酸酯(CAS第6683-19-8號)及參(2,4-二-三級丁基苯基)亞磷酸酯(CAS第31570-04-4號)(可購自BASF SE,Germany)之1:2混合物)及150ppm氧化鎂(CAS第1309-48-4號)作為除酸劑在混配步驟期間添加。
如下製備CE3及CE4之聚合製程中所用的催化劑:所使用之化學物質:於丁基乙基鎂(Mg(Bu)(Et),BEM)之甲苯中之20%溶液,由Chemtura提供
2-乙基己醇,由Amphochem提供
3-丁氧基-2-丙醇-(DOWANOLTM PnB),由Dow提供
雙(2-乙基己基)檸康酸酯,由SynphaBase提供
TiCl4,由Millenium Chemicals提供
甲苯,由Aspokem提供
Viscoplex® 1-254,由Evonik提供
庚烷,由Chevron提供
藉由在攪拌(70rpm)下在20 l不鏽鋼反應器中向11kg丁基乙基鎂(Mg(Bu)(Et))之甲苯中之20wt-%溶液中添加4.7kg 2-乙基己醇與1.2kg丁氧基丙醇之混合物來製備Mg醇鹽溶液。在添加期間,使反應器內含物維持在45℃以下。在完成添加之後,在60℃下持續混合(70rpm)反應混合物30分鐘。在冷卻至室溫之後,將2.3kg g供體雙(2-乙基己基)檸康酸鹽添加至Mg醇鹽溶液中,使溫度保持低於25℃。在攪拌(70rpm)下持續混合15分鐘。
將20.3kg之TiCl4及1.1kg之甲苯添加至201不鏽鋼反應器中。在350rpm下混合且使溫度保持在0℃下,在1.5小時期間添加14.5kg之所製備之Mg烷氧基化合物。添加1.71之Viscoplex® 1-254及7.5kg之庚烷,且在0℃下混合1小時之後,在1小時內將所形成之乳液的溫度升高至90℃。在30分鐘之後,停止混合,使催化劑液滴固化且使所形成之催化劑粒子沉降。在沉降(1小時)後,虹吸走上清液。接著將催化劑粒子在90℃下用45kg之甲苯洗滌20分鐘,之後用庚烷洗滌兩次(30kg,15min)。在第一次庚烷洗滌期間,溫度降低至50℃,且在第二次洗滌期間,降低至室溫。
或者,對於無規共聚物(比較CE3、CE4)之聚合,使用如WO 2020/064673 A1之實施例部分中所描述製備的無鄰苯二甲酸酯齊格勒-納塔(Ziegler Natta)催化劑作為「參考催化劑」。
由此獲得之催化劑與作為共催化劑之三乙基鋁(TEAL)及作為供體之二環戊基二甲氧基矽烷(D-供體)一起使用。
關於高度關注物質(substances of very high concern;SVHC)進一步評估IE4。結果顯示於下表2中。
RoHS-電氣及電子設備中之危害性物質限制指令
用於SVHC之方法(根據REACH法規1907/2006/EU)
在SGS下完成整個分析。
SGS下之內部方法為CTS-HL-114-1、CTS-HL-234-5,藉由ICP-OES、UV-VIS、GC-MS、HPLC-DAD/MS分析,及比色方法
根據IEC 62321-5:2013-6藉由ICP-OES測定鎘
根據IEC 62321-5:2013-6藉由ICP-OES測定鉛
根據IEC 62321-4:2013-6藉由CV-AAS測定汞
根據IEC 62321-5:2013-6藉由ICP-OES測定鉻
根據IEC 62321->非金屬樣品測定鉻(VI):藉由離子層析測定,根據IEC 62321-7-2:2017-03;備註:腐蝕防護中Cr(VI)之濃度可視儲存時間及條件而改變。
根據IEC 62321-6:2015-6藉由GC/MS測定PBB/PBDE(阻燃劑)
備註:根據IEC,PBB/PBDE之測試僅意欲用於聚合物。
根據REACH(IEC 62321-8:2017,GC-MS)之軟化劑DEHP、DBP;BBP、DIBP及擴展清單
在用THF萃取之後根據IEC 62321-8:2017-3藉由GC/MS測定鄰苯二甲酸酯;方法未認證
備註:根據IEC,鄰苯二甲酸酯之測試僅意欲用於聚合物。
CE3為出於比較目的評估之雙峰式原始無規聚丙烯。可見,原始無規聚丙烯可經具有出人意料的關於衝擊之益處之本發明摻合物取代。
作為另一應用實施例,使用標準製程設定產生注射模製桶。表面品質變得與相當原始材料之表面品質一樣好。厚度分佈及機械特性亦為極佳的。
Claims (14)
- 一種混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其具有:(i)根據CRYSTEX QC分析測定之在86.0至94.0wt.-%範圍內之結晶部分(crystalline fraction;CF)含量,及(ii)根據CRYSTEX QC分析測定之在6.0至14.0wt.-%範圍內之可溶性部分(soluble fraction;SF)含量,其中(iii)如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定,該結晶部分(CF)之丙烯含量(C3(CF))在95.0至99.0wt.-%範圍內;且其中(iv)如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定,該結晶部分(CF)之乙烯含量(C2(CF))在1.0至5.0wt.-%範圍內;及(v)該可溶性部分(SF)之固有黏度(iV(SF))在1.10至低於1.50dl/g範圍內;及其中(vi)如根據DIN ISO 1172:1996藉由煅燒分析(TGA)所量測,該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物之無機殘餘物相對於該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物為0.05至3.0wt.-%;及其中(vii)該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物不含有高於HS GC-MS 80℃/2h之偵測極限的苯;及其中(viii)該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物具有以下CIELAB顏色空間(L*a*b*):L*為72.0至97.0;a*為-5.0至0.0;b*為0.0至低於22.0;及 (ix)該混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物具有高於2.3之大振幅振盪剪切-非線性因子[Large Amplitude Oseillatory Shear-Non-Linear Factor;LAOS-NLF](190℃,1000%),其中
- 如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其熔體流動速率(ISO1133,2.16kg;230℃)為2.0至100g/10min。
- 如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其含有以下物質中之一或多者:e)聚苯乙烯,f)聚醯胺-6,g)檸檬烯,如藉由使用固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)所測定,h)脂肪酸,如藉由使用固相微萃取(HS-SPME-GC-MS)所測定。
- 如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其中如藉由定量13C-NMR光譜法校準之FT-IR光譜法所測定,藉由CRYSTEX QC分析獲得之該可溶性部分(SF)之乙烯含量(C2(SF))在12.0至32.0wt.-%範圍內。
- 如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其具有4以下的氣味(VDA270-B3)。
- 如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其使用如EN ISO 1873-2中所描述之注射模製試樣(狗骨形,4mm厚度)具有至少1200MPa之拉伸模數(ISO 527-2,以1mm/min之十字頭速度;23℃)。
- 如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其在+23℃下根據ISO 179-1 eA在根據EN ISO 1873-2製備之80×10×4mm注射模製試樣上具有至少8.0kJ/m2之夏比凹口衝擊強度(notched Charpy impact strength;NIS)(1eA)(非儀錶化,ISO 179-1,在+23℃下),且另外,根據CRYSTEX QC分析測定之結晶部分(CF)含量在91.0至94.0wt.-%範圍內,且根據CRYSTEX QC分析測定之可溶性部分(SF)含量為6.0至9.0wt.-%。
- 如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其呈丸粒形式。
- 如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物,其藉由過氧化物減黏裂化。
- 一種模製品,其由如請求項1之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物製成。
- 一種摻合物,其含有如請求項1至10之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物及至少一種原始聚烯烴。
- 如請求項12之摻合物,其為異相聚丙烯。
- 一種如請求項1至9之混合塑膠聚丙烯摻合物之用途,其用於包裝及/或醫療領域。
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WO2023180260A1 (en) * | 2022-03-22 | 2023-09-28 | Borealis Ag | Post-consumer recyclated colored polypropylene composition |
EP4345135A1 (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2024-04-03 | Borealis AG | Polyolefin composition comprising polypropylene homopolymer, polypropylene block copolymer and recycled plastic material |
WO2024184523A1 (en) | 2023-03-08 | 2024-09-12 | Borealis Ag | High-purity polypropylene recyclates |
WO2024184522A1 (en) | 2023-03-08 | 2024-09-12 | Borealis Ag | High-purity polypropylene recyclates |
WO2024184525A1 (en) | 2023-03-08 | 2024-09-12 | Borealis Ag | High-purity polypropylene recyclates |
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BR112023019371A2 (pt) | 2021-03-26 | 2023-12-26 | Borealis Ag | Mescla de plásticos mistos-polipropileno |
EP4194502A1 (en) * | 2021-12-13 | 2023-06-14 | Borealis AG | Polyolefin composition comprising polypropylene homopolymer and recycled plastic material |
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WO2022200588A1 (en) | 2022-09-29 |
JP2024509323A (ja) | 2024-02-29 |
EP4314150A1 (en) | 2024-02-07 |
TW202244153A (zh) | 2022-11-16 |
BR112023019371A2 (pt) | 2023-12-26 |
KR102639060B1 (ko) | 2024-02-21 |
KR20230159884A (ko) | 2023-11-22 |
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