TWI788646B - 電光顯示器及其驅動方法 - Google Patents

電光顯示器及其驅動方法 Download PDF

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TWI788646B
TWI788646B TW109109973A TW109109973A TWI788646B TW I788646 B TWI788646 B TW I788646B TW 109109973 A TW109109973 A TW 109109973A TW 109109973 A TW109109973 A TW 109109973A TW I788646 B TWI788646 B TW I788646B
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light
layer
electro
optic
transmitting
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TW202045998A (zh
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桑尼爾克瑞旭納 賽尼斯
德平 辛
理查 J 小波里尼
史蒂芬 J 塔爾夫
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美商電子墨水股份有限公司
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    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/36Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
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    • G09G3/3696Generation of voltages supplied to electrode drivers
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    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/166Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
    • G02F1/167Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
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    • G02F1/165Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
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    • GPHYSICS
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    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/19Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on variable-reflection or variable-refraction elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169
    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/344Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
    • GPHYSICS
    • G09EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/344Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
    • G09G3/3446Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices with more than two electrodes controlling the modulating element
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
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    • G09G2300/0421Structural details of the set of electrodes
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    • GPHYSICS
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    • G09GARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00Command of the display device
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Abstract

一種電光顯示器,其依序包括:導電材料之透光層;雙穩態電光介質之層;遮光材料之層;複數個像素電極;光導電材料之層;及一個以上之發光器。在一個示例性實施例中,該光導電材料之層係適用於當該光導電材料處於一低阻抗狀態時,橋接一定址線與該等像素電極之至少一者之間之一間隙。在另一非排除性實施例中,該電光顯示器進一步包括介於該光導電材料之層與該一個以上之發光器之間之一第二電極層及一驅動器,適用於在該導電材料之透光層與該第二電極層之間施加電壓。

Description

電光顯示器及其驅動方法
本申請案聲明2019年3月29日提出之美國專利申請案62/825,845之優先權,其全文以引用方式併入本文。
本發明係關於光電顯示器。更特別言之,本發明之一態樣係關於大型電光顯示器,其包括雙穩態電光介質,諸如電泳介質。
電光顯示器一般包括一電光材料層及沉積於該電光材料之相對側上之至少兩個其它層,此兩層之一係電極層。在大部分此類顯示器中,兩種層均係電極層,且使電極層中的一或兩層圖案化以定義顯示器的像素。例如,一電極層可經圖案化為長列電極而另一為走向與該等列電極呈直角之長行電極。或者更常見者係,一電極層呈單一連續電極形式而另一電極層經圖案化為像素電極矩陣,該等像素電極之每一者定義顯示器之一像素。在另一型欲作為觸控筆之用之電光顯示器中,印刷頭或類似的可移動電極與顯示器分開,僅該等層之一者與包括一電極之電光層相鄰,在電光層之相對側上之層係保護層,用以避免可移動電極損壞電光層。
術語「電光」適用於材料或顯示器,此處採用其在成像技術中的習知意義,係指具有至少一光學性質相異之第一與第二顯示狀態之材料,藉由施加電場至該材料使其自第一顯示狀態變為第二顯示狀態。雖然一般人眼可見的光學性質是顏色,但亦可係其他光學性質如光學穿透性、反射率、照度,或是對於供機器讀取之顯示器而言,在可見光範圍外之電磁波長之假色(pseudo-color)反射率變化。
術語「雙穩的」及「雙穩態」在此處採用其在此技術中的習知意義,係指顯示器包括具有至少一光學性質相異之第一與第二顯示狀態之顯示單元,且使得在以有限期程定址脈衝驅動任何給定單元後,假定其處於第一或第二顯示狀態,在終止定址脈衝後,該狀態將持續至少數倍(例如至少4倍)於改變顯示單元狀態所需定址脈衝最低期程。在美國專利號7,170,670中顯示有些具灰階之基於粒子之電泳顯示器,不僅在極端黑白狀態下穩定,在其中間的灰階狀態亦然,且此對於一些其他類型的電光顯示器亦同。此類顯示器適合稱之為「多穩態」而非雙穩態,然為便利之故,術語「雙穩態」在此可用以涵蓋雙穩態及多穩態顯示器。
大型雙穩態反射型電光顯示器係供標誌市場用之理想產品。與發射型顯示器如LCD相較,雙穩態反射型電光顯示器耗電較少且在日光下易於觀看。不幸地,對於大面積顯示器如計價板而言,製作雙穩態反射型電光顯示器用之新穎背板及驅動器價格不斐。因此,需要得以利用雙穩態電光介質之低價大型顯示器。
在一第一態樣中,本申請案提供一種電光顯示器,其依序包括:導電材料之透光層;雙穩態電光介質之層;遮光材料層;複數個電極;光導電材料之層;及一個以上的發光器。在一個示例性實施例中,光導電材料之層適用於當光導電材料處於低阻抗狀態時橋接定址線與像素電極之至少一者間之間隙。在一第二非排除性實施例中,電光顯示器進一步包括一第二透光電極層及一驅動器,該第二透光電極層介於光導電材料之層與該一個以上發光器之間,及該驅動器適用於施加電壓於導電材料之透光層與第二透光電極層間。第二電極層可包括透光片及施加於與光導電材料接觸之透光片表面之導電材料之透光層。第二實施例之電光顯示器可進一步包括一個以上發光器與第二透光電極層間之遮光圖案。此第一態樣之電光顯示器可進一步包括頂部透光保護層,其中導電材料之透光層位於頂部透光保護層與電光介質之層間。電光介質可係囊封電泳介質。在一實施例中,囊封電泳介質包括黏結劑與複數個微膠囊,該等微膠囊包含分散在流體中之帶電粒子。在另一實施例中,囊封電泳介質包括複數個密封微胞,其包含分散在流體中之帶電粒子。在另一實施例中,囊封電泳介質包括連續相,其包括內含帶電粒子之複數個流體液滴,及包括聚合材料之連續相。
在一第二態樣中,本申請案提供一種電光顯示器,其依序包括:導電材料之透光層;雙穩態電光介質之層;光活化電晶體之層,其具有罩著適用於實質上遮擋穿透透光層及雙穩態電光介質之層之光之材料之閘極;及一個以上發光器。在一實施例中,光活化電晶體之層係TFT陣列。
本發明之這些及其他態樣將在下述中闡明。
10:反射型電光顯示器
11:發光器
12:頂部透光保護層
14:電光介質
16:電極
18:電晶體閘極
19:透光間隔體
20:顯示器
21:發光器
22:頂部透光保護層
24:電光介質之層
26:遮光層
28:光導電材料
29:第二電極層
30:顯示器
31:發光器
32:頂部透光保護層
33:定址線
34:電光介質
35:間隙
36:遮光層
37:電極
38:光導體材料
39:透光片
40:顯示器
41:頂部透光片
42:發光器
43:電光介質
44:電極
45:光導電材料
46:第二電極層
47:遮光層
48:驅動器
49:選用遮光圖案
圖式描繪依本概念之一或多個施行,僅係示例,並無限制之意。該等圖式並未按比例繪製。在圖式中的類似代號係指相同或類似單元。
圖1係依本發明之第一態樣之顯示器之概略剖面圖。
圖2係依本發明之第二態樣之顯示器之概略剖面圖。
圖3A係依本發明之第三態樣之顯示器之概略剖面圖。
圖3B係圖3A所示顯示器中所含背板之頂視平面圖。
圖4係依本發明之第四態樣之顯示器之概略剖面圖。
圖5係施加至圖4所示顯示器之第一波形圖示。
圖6係施加至圖4所示顯示器之第二波形圖示。
圖7係在暴露於亮源而背面具遮罩之AM-EPD裝置上所形成影像之照片。
圖8係AM-EPD裝置上所形成影像之照片,其中利用DLP投射機,其自AM-EPD裝置背面啟動AM-EPD之TFT。
圖9A係成像於LCD顯示器上用以驅動LCD顯示器上之FPL之圖案之照片。圖9B係在自具有LCD顯示器之背面照明且同時施加低電壓至FPL後在FPL上獲得之影像樣本。
在下列實施方式中,諸多特定細節係由實例呈現,以提供對相關教示之完整了解。但熟諳此藝者應知本教示可在無此等細節下實行。
在實施例中,依本發明之各實施例製作之顯示器藉由在顯示器堆疊中併入光導電材料之層而提供大面積雙穩態電 光顯示器。光導電材料可用以形成用以施加跨越電光介質之電場之電極陣列,或可將光導電材料之層併入用以施加電場之兩電極層間。
參考圖1之示例性實施例,圖示一反射型電光顯示器10。顯示器10可包含一頂部透光保護層12,可透過其觀看顯示影像。本專利及此處使用之術語「透光」係指所指定層可穿透足夠的光,使得觀察者可透過該層觀看,以觀察電光介質之顯示狀態變化,此一般係透過導電層及相鄰基板(若有)觀看;在電光介質在非可見光波長下顯示反射率變化之情況下,術語「透光」理當視為相關非可見光波長之穿透。頂部透光保護層12可包含充作頂部電極之連續導電材料層,諸如一片聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET),其具有施加於PET片未暴露表面上之銦錫氧化物(ITO)薄膜。
在頂部透光保護層12下方的是一雙穩態電光介質之層14。一些雙穩態電光材料可呈固態,亦即材料具有固態外表面,但該等材料可且常具有內部液體或氣體填充空間。雙穩態固態電光材料之示例包含但不限於轉動雙色組件顯示器、電致變色顯示器、電濕化顯示器及囊封化電泳顯示器。
一類電光顯示器係轉動雙色組件型,如例如美國專利號5,808,783;5,777,782;5,760,761;6,054,0716,055,091;6,097,531;6,128,124;6,137,467;及6,147,791所述,利用大量小主體(一般為球狀或圓柱形),其具有光學特性相異之兩個以上區段,及一內部偶極。但此類顯示器常稱之為「轉動雙色球」顯示器,術語「轉動雙色組件或主體」較為精確而較佳,因為在一些上述專利中,轉動組件並非球狀。這些主體懸浮於 一基質內之充滿液體的液泡內,該等液泡充滿液體使得主體易於轉動。顯示器外觀因施加於其之電場而變,因而轉動主體至各種位置且改變透過觀看表面所見之主體區段。
一種雙穩態電致變色顯示器採用例如電致變色媒體,例如呈奈米色膜形式之電致變色媒體,其包括至少部分係由半導性金屬氧化物形成之一電極,及附接於該電極之可反轉顏色變化之複數個染料分子。見於例如O'Regan,B.等人之Nature 1991,353,737,及Wood,D.等人之Information Display,18(3),24(2002年3月)。亦見於Bach,U.等人之Adv.Mater.,2002,14(11),845。在例如美國專利號6,301,038;6,870,657及6,950,220中亦描述此類奈米色膜。此類媒體一般亦係雙穩態。
已成為密集研發主題多年之一類型的電光顯示器係基於粒子之電泳顯示器,其中複數個帶電粒子在電場下行經流體。與液晶顯示器相較,電泳顯示器可具有以下屬性:良亮度與對比度、視角廣、雙穩態及低功耗。
讓渡予或在Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)、E Ink Corporation、E Ink California,LLC及相關公司等名下之多個專利及申請案中描述囊封型電泳及其他電光介質中採用的各種技術。此囊封型介質包括多個小膠囊,其每一者本身包括一內相及圍繞該內相之一膠囊壁,該內相包含在流體介質中之電泳行動粒子。膠囊一般本身固定於聚合物黏合劑中,形成位於兩電極間之連貫層。在一微胞電泳顯示器中,帶電粒子及流體並未囊封於微膠囊內,而係保持在載體介質(一般為聚合物膜)內形成之複數個孔穴內。這些專利及申請案中所述技術包含: (a)電泳粒子、流體及流體添加物;詳見如美國專利案號7,002,728及7,679,814;(b)膠囊、黏合劑及囊封處理;詳見如美國專利案號6,922,276及7,411,719;(c)微胞結構、壁材料及形成微胞之方法;詳見如美國專利案號7,072,095及9,279,906;(d)用於填充及密封微胞之方法;詳見如美國專利案號7,144,942及7,715,088;(e)包含電光材料之膜及子總成;詳見如美國專利案號6,982,178及7,839,564;(f)用於顯示器之背板、黏著層及其他輔助層及方法;詳見如美國專利案號7,116,318;7,535,624;(g)顏色形成及顏色調整;詳見如美國專利案號7,075,502及7,839,564;(h)用於驅動顯示器之方法;詳見如美國專利案號7,012,600及7,453,445;(i)顯示器之應用;詳見如美國專利案號7,312,784及8,009,348;及(j)非電泳顯示器;見於美國專利案號6,241,921及美國專利申請公開案號2015/0277160;及顯示器以外之囊封與微胞技術之應用;詳見如美國專利申請公開案號2015/0005720及2016/0012710。
許多前述專利及申請案咸認在囊封電泳介質中圍繞離散微膠囊的壁可以連續相取代,因而產生所謂的聚合物分散式電泳顯示器,其中電泳介質包括電泳流體之複數個離散液滴 及聚合材料之一連續相,及在聚合物分散式電泳顯示器內之電泳流體之離散液滴可視為膠囊或微膠囊,即使並無與每一個別液滴相關聯之離散膠囊薄膜亦然;詳見如美國專利號6,866,760。因此,為達本申請案之目的,將此聚合物分散式電泳介質視為囊封電泳介質之亞種。其他類型電光介質亦可用於本發明之顯示器。
回到圖1之實施例,電極層16係以可獨立定址薄膜電晶體(TFT)光活化電極之主動矩陣(AM)陣列形式提供,諸如氫化非晶矽(a-Si:H)製之電晶體陣列。電晶體閘極18已被材料遮罩,該材料較佳可阻擋大部分(若非全部)自觀看側經頂部透光保護層12與電光介質14穿透之光,以避免此類光導致電光介質14之非受控切換。遮罩材料可為例如金屬塗層。
透光間隔體19如塑膠或玻璃耦合光導電陣列18至發光器11。發光器11可為例如光導,其具有發射光至光導邊緣中之一個以上光源。或者,市售發射裝置如LCD顯示器、數位光處理(DLP)裝置、有機發光二極體(OLED)或光柵/掃描雷射,或可移動式單點光源,其投射於一陣列內之一個以上電晶體上,可充作發光器。
電場未施加於電極層16與頂部透光保護層12的連續導體之間的電光介質14,除非來自發光器11之光亦透至閘極18上。當光透至閘極18上同時定址電極16時,電場施加於電光介質14,切換其光學狀態,且藉此形成透過頂部透光保護層12可見之影像。由於電光介質14係雙穩態,故僅需在需產生影像之時段供應電能至發光器11、電極16與頂部透光保護層12中之連續導體。一但產生影像,該影像將維持直到切斷電源。
依本發明之實施例製作之顯示器之各種態樣可最佳化,以改善顯示器之性能與降低耗電。例如可選擇發光器發射之光波長與強度,以確保電光介質中之最大光產生,可設計透光間隔體以保存傳送至光導電材料之光強度(亦即避免光損),發光器發射之光可受限於僅在需要改變電光介質光學狀態以形成新影像之區域中,且可選擇施加至顯示器之適當時段及電壓以確保DC平衡。
在圖2中,圖示出依本發明之第二實施例之顯示器20。類似於第一實施例,顯示器20包括頂部透光保護層22,其包含連續電極、電光介質之層24、遮光層26及發光器21。在遮光層26下方的是光導電材料之層28及在光導電材料28與發光器21之間的第二電極層29。可用以形成光導電材料之層之材料包含但不限於鍺、鎵、硒、摻雜矽、金屬氧化物與硫化物,以及有機光導體如銅酞菁(「酞菁藍」),及光導電聚合物。第二電極層29可類似於頂部透光保護層處在於其包含透光材料如PET,具有施加於與光導電材料接觸之表面之一導電材料層如ITO。ITO可呈分段式圖案形式施加,其中每一分段可獨立定址。第二電極層29內之透光材料用以耦合發光器21至光導電材料28。
依圖3A與3B中所示本發明之第三實施例之顯示器30類似包括頂部透光保護層32,其包含連續電極、電光介質之層34、遮光層36及發光器31。顯示器30異於第一與第二實施例處在於光導電材料38層隔離電極陣列37與透光片39。刻意將不導電間隙35引入每一電極37與一相關定址線33之間。
為了操作顯示器30,施加跨越定址線33與頂部透光保護層32之頂部電極之所要極性之驅動電壓。但若發光器31關閉,則光導體38處於高阻抗狀態,且電流無法跨越定址線33與電極37之間的間隙35。當發光器31開啟且光被導向間隙35附近內之光導電材料38時,光導體阻抗降低至足以使定址線33短路至電極37,藉此得以施加電場至短路電極37與頂部透光保護層32之頂部導體之間的電光介質34。
在一替代實施例中,可以一連續電極取代顯示器30之定址線,諸如圖4所示顯示器40。顯示器40類似於前述實施例,包括具連續電極之頂部透光片41、電光介質之層43、遮光層47及發光器42。在遮光層47下方的是絕緣電極陣列44、光導電材料之層45及第二電極層46,其可包括透光片,其具有施加至與光導電材料接觸之表面之導電材料層。選用之遮光圖案49可施加於發光器42與第二電極層46之間,以在發光器自其表面均勻發射光時顯示與圖案對應之影像。驅動器48施加所要電壓於頂部片41之連續電極與第二電極層46之間,以切換電光介質43,但僅在光導電材料45之阻抗因接收到來自發光器42的光而降低的區域。陣列44內之每一電極作為一像素,且當發光器42未發射光時,像素電極44處於浮動狀態。
可用各種方法,透過自初始光學狀態過渡至最終光學狀態而驅動依本發明製作之電光顯示器之一個以上像素。術語「波形」將用以表示用以造成過渡之整個電壓對時間曲線。此波形一般將包括複數個波形單元;其中這些單元基本上為矩形(亦即其中一給定單元包括施加恆定電壓一段時間);該等單元可稱之為「脈衝」或「驅動脈衝」。術語「驅動機制」表示 足以造成一特定顯示器用之光學狀態間之所有可能過渡之一組波形。顯示器可利用不只一個驅動機制;例如前述US專利號7,012,600教示驅動機制可需視參數如顯示器溫度或在其壽年期間之操作時間而修改,且因而顯示器可具有在不同溫度等情況下使用之複數個不同驅動機制。亦可同時在同一顯示器之不同區域利用不只一個驅動機制。
對於任何前述實施例之驅動器施加之電壓(Vdrive)僅可在給定時間以特定驅動極性驅動,亦即正(Vpos)、負(Vneg)或中性(0V),不具電容器,在驅動期間需「開啟(on)」發光器。如前述,電光介質之切換需要協調驅動器與發光器。因此,依本發明之一實施例之一驅動方法可適當設定Vdrive(Vpos、0、Vneg),且同時開啟發光器之光一段時間,造成電光介質之所要光學性質。圖5顯示應用於電泳印墨之此驅動策略之實例。
在依任何前述實施例之驅動顯示器之替代方法中,可調整發光器發光強度以改變光導體之跨導且藉此調變電壓。例如參考圖6,雖然維持驅動器於恆定電壓(Vpos或Vneg),但跨越電泳印墨施加之電壓將與發光器發射且穿透光導電材料之光強度成比例。
光導電材料與可變發光器之組合使得以在無需一般採用主動矩陣背板之電光顯示器所需之複雜閘極/源極驅動下簡單調變電壓。此外,切換電光介質光學狀態所需之最大驅動電壓可基於對發光器及光導電材料之適當選擇與設計達成。
在顯示器之較佳實施例中,電光介質係囊封電泳介質。電泳介質一般不受傳統電泳裝置之叢集與定型錯誤模式之 擾,且提供進一步的優點如在多種撓性及剛性基板上印刷或塗布顯示器之能力。(使用字眼「印刷」係為涵括所有形式之印刷及塗布,包含但不限於:預計量塗層如貼片模頭塗層、狹縫或擠出塗層、滑動或級聯塗層、幕簾塗層;輥塗如刮刀式輥塗、正向和反向輥塗;凹版塗層;浸塗;噴塗;彎月面塗層;旋塗;刷塗;氣刀塗層;絲網印刷處理;靜電印刷處理;熱印刷處理;噴墨印刷處理;電泳沉積(詳見US專利號7,339,715);及其他類似技術。)因此,所得顯示器可具撓性。此外,由於可印刷(利用多種方法)顯示器介質,故顯示器本身造價不高。
在數個前述MIT與E Ink專利與申請案中,描述用以製造囊封型電泳顯示器之方法,其中包括在黏結劑中之膠囊之囊封電泳介質被塗布於包括銦錫氧化物(ITO)之撓性基板上,或者類似的導電塗層(作為顯示器成品之一電極)被塗布於塑膠膜上,膠囊/黏結劑塗層被烘乾形成緊固於基板之電泳介質連貫層。另製備一背板,其包含像素電極陣列及適當的導體配置以連接像素電極至驅動電路。為形成顯示器成品,利用層疊黏著物將其上具膠囊/黏結劑之基板層疊至背板。在此方法之一較佳形式中,背板本身具撓性且係藉由印刷像素電極與導體於一塑膠膜或其他撓性基板上而製備。對於本發明之各實施例而言,可在將背板層疊至基板前施加光導電材料膜於背板。藉此方法用於大量顯示器生產之顯著層疊技術係利用層疊黏著物之輥層疊。類似的製造技術可用於其他類型電光顯示器。例如微胞電泳介質或轉動雙色組件介質可以與囊封電泳介質實質上類似方式層疊至背板。
如前述,利用印刷技術在撓性基板上形成一些固態電光介質之層之能力,開啟了利用大量生產技術如輥對輥塗布降低顯示器之電光組件成本之可能性,其中利用用以生產塗層紙、聚合膜及類似介質之市售設備。
前述US專利號6,982,178描述一種組裝固態電光顯示器(包含囊封型電泳顯示器)之方法,頗適於大量生產。基本上,此專利描述所謂的「前板層疊」(front plane laminate「FPL」),其依序包括透光導電層;與導電層電接觸之固態電光介質之層;黏著層;及釋放片。透光導電層一般將被載於較佳具撓性之透光基板上,亦即基板可以人工繞於直徑(譬如)10吋(254mm)之滾筒而無永久變形。基板一般將係聚合膜,且一般厚度範圍在約1至約25mil(25至634μm),較佳約2至約10mil(51至254μm)。便利之導電層係例如鋁或ITO之薄金屬或金屬氧化物層,或可係導電聚合物。市售有塗布鋁或ITO之聚(對苯二甲酸乙二酯)(PET)膜,例如出自Wilmington DE之E.I.du Pont de Nemours & Company之「鋁化Mylar」(「Mylar」係註冊商標),且此市售材料之使用在前板層疊上效果佳。
對於本發明之各實施例而言,較佳係FPL之黏著層形成遮光層。此可例如藉由併入將有效遮蔽穿透電光介質之足量光之吸光顏料或染料達成。應慎選不致實質上改變黏著物電性之適當顏料及/或染料,以不影響顯示器操作。
利用此前板層疊之電光顯示器之組裝可藉由自前板層疊移除釋放片且使黏著層接觸背板而影響,其係在足以導致黏著層黏著至背板之條件下為之,藉此固定黏著層、電光介質之層及導電層至背板。此方法頗適於大量生產,因為一般可利 用輥對輥塗布技術大量生產前板層疊,且接著視特定背板之需切割成任意尺寸之片段。
US專利號7,561,324描述所謂的「雙釋放片」,其基本上係前述US專利號6,982,178之簡化版前板層疊。一型雙釋放片包括夾於兩黏著層間之固態電光介質之層,黏著層之一或兩者被釋放片覆蓋。再者,較佳將黏著層染色以提供遮光層。另一型雙釋放片包括夾於兩釋放片間之固態電光介質之層。兩型雙釋放膜係欲用於與一般用於已描述之自前板層疊組裝電光顯示器之方法類似之方法,但涉及兩獨立層疊;一般在第一層疊中,雙釋放片經層疊至前電極已形成前子組裝,且接著在第二層疊中,前子組裝層疊至背板以形成顯示器成品,但此兩層疊之順序可酌情顛倒。
US專利號7,839,564描述所謂的「逆前板層疊」,其係前述US專利號6,982,178中所述前板層疊之變體。此逆前板層疊依序包括頂部透光保護層與透光導電層之至少一者、黏著層、固態電光介質之層及釋放片。此逆前板層疊係用以形成在電光層與前電極或前基板間具有層疊黏著層之電光顯示器。接著可將第二染料黏著層層疊至背板之光導電材料之層。此電光顯示器可組合良解析度與良低溫性能。
在此雖已顯示與描述本發明之較佳實施例,將知此等實施例僅係藉由實例提供。熟諳此藝者將可在不背離本發明之精神下進行多種變化、改變及取代。因此,欲以隨附申請專利範圍涵蓋在本發明之精神與範疇內之所有此類變化。
實驗實例
一種具有玻璃背板(E Ink Holdings,Billerica,Massachusetts)之生產標準AM-EPD背面罩著印刷紙且暴露於亮光源。為了在遮罩上使資料成像,AM-EPD處於「寫入模式」,停止閘極掃描,所有閘極維持在約-15V的負電壓,源極線接地,且Vcom維持在-15V。圖7顯示在AM-EPD背面曝光後於其上形成之影像。
在第二實例中,Optoma Pico Projector(Texas Instruments,Dallas,Texas)用以投射影像於具有玻璃背板(E Ink Holdings,Billerica,Massachusetts)之生產標準AM-EPD之背面上。顯示器亦如第一實例中所述處於「寫入模式」。圖8顯示所得成像。
在第三實例中,圖2所示類型之光敏FPL被置於LCD電腦顯示器上,且呈現LCD上顯示之下方圖案。為了使圖案成像,對FPL施加約15V電壓,同時自後方顯示LCD影像。圖9A顯示LCD上之圖案且圖9B擷取在FPL上所得影像。
前述專利與申請案之所有內容均以引用方式併入本文。在本申請案內容與此處引用併入之專利與申請案之任一者間有任何不一致的情況下,本申請案內容應控制解決此不一致所需之範圍。
10:反射型電光顯示器
11:發光器
12:頂部透光保護層
14:雙穩態電光介質之層
16:電極
18:電晶體閘極
19:透光間隔體

Claims (14)

  1. 一種電光顯示器,其依序包括:導電材料之透光層;雙穩態電光介質之層;遮光材料之層;複數個電極;光導電材料之層;及一個以上之發光器,其中該光導電材料之層係適用於當該光導電材料處於一低阻抗狀態時,橋接一定址線與該複數個電極之至少一者之間之一間隙。
  2. 如請求項1之電光顯示器,其進一步包括導電材料之第二透光層及一驅動器,該導電材料之第二透光層介於該光導電材料之層與該一個以上之發光器之間,該驅動器係適用於在該導電材料之透光層與該導電材料之第二透光層之間施加電壓。
  3. 如請求項2之電光顯示器,其中該導電材料之第二透光層包括一透光片及施加於該透光片之表面之透光導電材料之層。
  4. 如請求項1之電光顯示器,其中該複數個電極係像素電極或分段式電極。
  5. 如請求項2之電光顯示器,其進一步包括介於該一個以上之發光器與該導電材料之第二透光層之間之一遮光圖案。
  6. 如請求項1之電光顯示器,其進一步包括一頂部透光保護層,其中該導電材料之透光層係介於該頂部透光保護層與該電光介質之層之間。
  7. 如請求項1之電光顯示器,其中該電光介質包括一囊封電泳介質。
  8. 如請求項7之電光顯示器,其中該囊封電泳介質包括一黏結劑與複數個微膠囊,該等微膠囊包含分散在一流體中之帶電粒子。
  9. 如請求項7之電光顯示器,其中該囊封電泳介質包括複數個密封微胞,其等包含分散在一流體中之帶電粒子。
  10. 如請求項7之電光顯示器,其中該囊封電泳介質包括非連續相與連續相,該非連續相包括含有帶電粒子之複數個流體液滴,該連續相包括聚合物材料。
  11. 一種驅動如請求項1之電光顯示器之方法,其包括:在該導電材料之透光層與該複數個電極中之一者以上之間施加電壓;及同時將來自該發光器之光發射至該光導電材料之層之至少一部分上。
  12. 如請求項11之方法,其進一步包括調變由該發光器發射之光的強度。
  13. 一種驅動如請求項2之電光顯示器之方法,其包括:在該導電材料之透光層與該導電材料之第二透光層之間施加電壓;及 同時將來自該發光器之光發射至該光導電材料之層之至少一部分上。
  14. 如請求項13之方法,其進一步包括調變由該發光器發射之光的強度。
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