TWI773794B - 用於研磨應用的硬化表面產品及其製造方法 - Google Patents
用於研磨應用的硬化表面產品及其製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI773794B TWI773794B TW107125248A TW107125248A TWI773794B TW I773794 B TWI773794 B TW I773794B TW 107125248 A TW107125248 A TW 107125248A TW 107125248 A TW107125248 A TW 107125248A TW I773794 B TWI773794 B TW I773794B
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- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- particles
- matrix
- boron carbide
- hardened surface
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Abstract
硬化表面產品包括基底和結合至基底的硬複合材料。複合材料包括碳化硼和基質合金,碳化硼作為耐磨材料,基質合金包括錳,還包括銅、銀、金、鉑或鈀中的至少一種。硬化表面產品可以通過將熔融基質合金施加至基底來製造,其中基質合金與耐磨材料結合。基質合金包括銅、銀、金、鉑或鈀中的至少一種以及錳。耐磨材料包括碳化硼。
Description
本發明整體涉及耐磨產品及其製造方法。
與研磨材料接觸的工具和其他產品的表面易磨損。例如,與地面接合的工具和礦物加工工具可能具有高磨損率和短使用壽命。
許多硬化金屬表面的方法被用來使它們更耐磨。材料選擇、合金化和熱處理提供了影響工具的硬度和磨損性能的最廣泛方法。表面硬化(滲碳、氮化等)可以提供額外的硬度和耐磨性。使用耐磨材料進行表面硬化可以進一步延長使用壽命。
在大多數類型的表面硬化中,沉積物包含某些類型的耐磨損的硬顆粒。表面硬化也可以通過各種方法完成,例如在含有硬顆粒的材料層上釺焊或將硬顆粒放入模具中並將金屬澆注或滲透到顆粒中。
碳化硼與金屬基質的使用可提供成本有效和/或低密度的表面,以使得在研磨環境中經受磨損的產品耐侵蝕。
在一個實施方式中,硬化表面產品包括基底和結合至基底上的硬複合材料。複合材料包括碳化硼和基質合金,碳化硼作為耐磨材料, 基質合金包括銅、銀、金、鉑或鈀中的至少一種和錳。舉例來說,硬化表面產品可以是用於土方設備的地面接合工具,例如挖掘齒的尖端。
在另一個實施方式中,硬化表面產品具有基底和硬複合材料,所述硬複合材料包括微粒狀碳化硼和滲透在碳化硼中的基質合金,其中基質合金包括銅、銀、金、鉑或鈀中的至少一種和錳。
在另一個實施方式中,硬化表面產品具有基底、熔焊或釺焊到基底的殼、以及在基底和殼之間並結合至基底和殼的硬複合材料,其中複合材料包括碳化硼和基質合金。基質合金包括銅、銀、金、鉑或鈀中的至少一種和錳。
在另一個實施例中,硬化表面磨損部件包括基底和結合到基底的硬複合材料。複合材料包括滲透有含銅和錳的金屬釺焊合金的碳化硼顆粒。基質材料可包含15-95%的銅和5-85%的錳。
在另一個實施例中,硬化表面磨損部件包括基底和結合到至少一部分基底的複合材料。複合材料包括滲透有銅錳合金的碳化硼,其中合金的錳沉澱到碳化硼的表面。
在另一個實施例中,地面接合工具具有帶有工作部和安裝部的基底,其中安裝部包括用於將工具安裝到土方設備的後開口腔。表面硬化複合材料在基底的至少一部分上形成塗層,例如在工作部上。表面硬化複合材料包括滲透有銅錳合金材料的碳化硼硬微粒材料,其中銅錳合金材料的熔化溫度低於工具基底。將金屬複合材料結合至基底,以將表面硬化複合材料連接到基底,從而形成耐磨工具。在一個實例中,殼被固定到基底以在加工過程中容納複合材料和熔融基質。複合材料結合至殼,由此限 定工具工作表面的最終形狀。在基底的表面和殼之間限定腔,並由表面硬化複合材料填充該腔。
在另一個實施例中,硬化表面磨損部件包括基底、附接(例如通過焊接)到基底的金屬殼以在基底和殼之間限定空間,以及填充該空間並在至少一部分基底上形成塗層的複合材料。複合材料包括滲透有銅錳基釺焊材料的微粒狀碳化硼材料。在一個實例中,滲透材料可以結合至基底的表面和殼。在另一個例子中,釺焊材料可以為約66%重量百分比的銅和34%重量百分比的錳。
在另一個實施方式中,使產品表面硬化的方法包括將熔融基質合金施加至基底,其中基質合金與耐磨材料結合。基質合金包括銅、銀、金、鉑或鈀中的至少一種和錳。耐磨材料包括碳化硼。
在另一個實施方式中,通過滲透進行表面硬化的方法包括將碳化硼顆粒置於模具中,將含有銅和錳的基質材料置於與碳化硼相鄰並熔化基質材料以滲透碳化硼。
在另一個實施方式中,通過滲透進行表面硬化的方法包括將碳化硼顆粒置於模具中,將更高密度的材料置於碳化硼上方,將銅和錳的基質材料置於與碳化硼相鄰並加熱模具以熔化基質材料並滲透碳化硼。更高密度的材料可以是固體或微粒形式。
在另一個實施方式中,通過滲透進行表面硬化的方法包括將碳化硼顆粒置於模具中,將包含銅錳合金的基質材料置於與碳化硼相鄰,熔化基質材料以滲透碳化硼。錳與碳化硼顆粒的外表面形成化合物,以促進潤濕及與基質材料的結合。
在另一個實施方式中,通過滲透進行表面硬化的方法包括將基底放置在模具中,將碳化硼顆粒放置在由模具和基底限定的腔中,將銅和錳的基質材料放置成與碳化硼相鄰,熔化基質材料,用熔融基質合金滲透碳化硼材料並將基質材料結合至基底。該方法可包括由於與熔融基質材料中的錳反應而在碳化硼表面上形成錳化合物。該方法可包括在高於銅錳合金的初始熔化溫度的溫度退火基底,其中熔融基質材料中錳的消耗提高了基質材料的熔化溫度。該方法可包括將錳顆粒或錳合金顆粒與碳化硼顆粒一起置於腔中以補充熔融基質材料中的錳。該方法可包括將塗覆錳的碳化硼顆粒置於腔中。
根據本發明的經受表面硬化的產品可包括,例如,適配器、鎬、紐扣、塊、耐磨板、尖端、護罩、滾筒篩、卡車車身等。
在考慮優選實施例的附圖和詳細描述之後,將更容易理解本發明的優點。
10‧‧‧基底
10’‧‧‧基底
11‧‧‧模具腔
12‧‧‧模具
13‧‧‧內表面
14‧‧‧外表面
14’‧‧‧外表面
15‧‧‧硬顆粒
16‧‧‧基質材料
17‧‧‧部件
17’‧‧‧部件
18‧‧‧複合塗層
18’‧‧‧複合材料層
19‧‧‧重顆粒
20‧‧‧工具
22‧‧‧基座
24‧‧‧唇部
26‧‧‧後開口腔
30‧‧‧轉移材料
100‧‧‧系統
112‧‧‧基底
114‧‧‧殼
116‧‧‧兩件式殼體
117‧‧‧開口
120‧‧‧共形帶
126‧‧‧前半件
128‧‧‧後半件
130‧‧‧凸緣
132‧‧‧凸緣
200‧‧‧系統
圖1為示出根據本發明的一個實施方式的自上方的垂直滲透以形成耐磨複合材料的例子的示意圖。
圖2為示出根據本發明的一個實施方式的自下方的垂直滲透以形成耐磨複合材料的例子的示意圖。
圖3為示出根據本發明的一個實施方式的水準滲透以形成耐磨複合材料的例子的示意圖。
圖4為示出與圖1類似的自上方的垂直滲透的例子的示意圖,其中具有用以在滲透期間壓縮硬顆粒的一層材料。
圖5為示出在滲透之前採用垂直滲透在基底上形成耐磨複合材料的系統和方法的一個實施方式的示意圖。
圖6為示出在滲透之後具有採用圖5所示的實施方式形成有耐磨複合材料的基底的示意圖。
圖7為一個實施方式的配置為在一個於部件上形成耐磨複合材料的實例中用作模具的殼的透視圖。
圖8為連接至一個實施方式的挖掘或採礦裝備的尖端的形式的基底的圖7的殼的橫截面視圖,該殼配置為用於形成耐磨複合材料。
圖9為一磨損元件的爆炸橫截面視圖,該磨損元件具有採用滲透方法在其上形成的耐磨複合材料以及用以由該磨損組件接收的唇部上的底座。
圖10A為模具中與硬顆粒混合的基質顆粒的示意圖。
圖10B為基質顆粒熔融後圖10A的硬顆粒及基質顆粒的示意圖。
圖11A為模具中處於硬顆粒上方的基質顆粒的示意圖。
圖11B為基質顆粒熔融後圖11A的硬顆粒及基質顆粒的示意圖。
圖12為一種用於在基底上產生複合材料的可替代方法的示意圖。
在諸如採礦的研磨環境中使用的工具易於快速磨損,這限制了它們的操作使用壽命。更換磨損部件的停機時間增加了採礦作業的成 本。應用於磨損部件表面的表面硬化可延長其使用壽命並降低成本。在表面硬化中通常使用碳化鎢或其他高成本和/或重硬材料,以提供所需的耐磨性。
在本發明的一個實施方式中,硬化表面產品包括基底和結合至基底的硬複合材料。複合材料包括碳化硼和基質合金,碳化硼作為耐磨材料,基質合金包括銅、銀、金、鉑或鈀中的至少一種和錳。這種表面硬化可以通過已知的方法實施,例如滲透硬化、等離子轉移弧焊、鐳射焊接、HIP包覆、在硬質材料上澆注基質合金等方法。
在一個實例中,通過滲透工藝進行的表面硬化包括將多孔耐磨材料鄰近基底放置在模具腔中,將基質材料鄰近耐磨材料放置,將基質材料加熱至熔化以利用液體基質材料滲透多孔材料,並使多孔材料結合至基底,然後冷卻元件以形成耐磨複合材料。所得的複合材料包括混合並結合至耐磨材料的基質材料。基質材料將耐磨材料結合到一起並將複合材料結合至基底。滲透可用於在基底上形成耐磨複合表面,例如作為用於採礦、挖掘或其他土方設備的零件或經受研磨條件的其他產品。該方法可任選地在惰性或還原性氣氛中進行,以防止可能干擾浸滲劑材料潤濕硬質材料的氧化,但也可採用大氣條件。
碳化鎢由於其高硬度和潤濕特性而被常用於這種耐磨材料中。然而,碳化鎢具有高密度並且通常相對昂貴。高密度增加了部件的重量,而高成本增加了成品的成本。相比於碳化鎢和其他常用的表面硬化材料,碳化硼通常具有較低的密度和優異的硬度,並且通常成本更低。與在表面硬化中常用的耐磨材料相比,包含碳化硼(B4C)的硬表面可以以更低 的成本生產具有優異耐磨性的複合材料,並且產品所增加的重量更少。
僅作為一個例子,在一個實施方式中,複合塗層可包括耐磨的碳化硼(B4C)顆粒和具有約66%重量銅和約34%重量錳的共晶成分的結合基質材料。該成分提供低熔融溫度並且可以為例如在採礦和其他環境中使用的地面接合工具上的表面硬化提供合適的效果。但是,成分的變化是可能的。
例如,無論如何施加硬複合材料,基質合金可包括約1%重量至約50%重量的錳,其餘成分則通常可以是銅。對於某些應用,也可以使用更高比例的錳。基質材料也可包括其他材料。例如,可以包括銀、金、鉑和/或鈀以及銅,或者可以使用其中的一種或多種代替銅。此外,錳可以與碳化硼預混合和/或預反應,使得錳可以在基質合金中被省去或減少在基質合金中所占百分比。各種形式的碳化硼可被使用,例如球形鑄造B4C、壓碎鑄造B4C和/或膠結B4C。除B4C外可包括其它耐磨顆粒,包括例如各種碳化物、氮化物、硼化物、矽化物等,只要它們能夠被浸滲劑材料潤濕並結合。B4C可以是耐磨材料的主要成分或少數成分。這些材料可以以原始形式和/或合適的塗層提供,例如金屬碳化物和/或金屬氮化物塗層,其可促進潤濕相容性和/或抵抗硬顆粒的降解。耐磨材料可以以其他形式提供,例如塊、預製件等。
基質合金可具有少量的附加元素,例如矽、鋁、硫、磷和/或偶然的元素和雜質。可利用合金的添加取得不同的性能和/或微觀結構,但需要在不會以過度的方式不利地影響性能和/或微觀結構的條件下進行,例如不當地增加滲透溫度和/或過度降低基質和/或所得到的耐磨材料的性 能以致達到已不再能實現該方法和/或產品的實際應用的程度。該方法還可用於製造具有金屬基質材料的合成物,例如青銅、黃銅或其他銅合金。在某些實施方式中,添加元素的濃度可為約0.01%-10%。或者,添加元素的濃度可為約0.01%-2%。如本文所用,術語“約”表示所列標稱值(例如成分範圍的端點)的+/-10%的變化。在其他實施方式中,合成物可以不包括這種變化。
基質材料可以以各種形式提供。例如,在一個實施方式中,基質材料可以以整體形式提供,例如一個或多個塊、坯料、錠料等。在另一個實施方式中,基質材料可以以微粒形式提供,例如粉末、纖維、晶須等。在另外的實施方式中,基質材料可以以這些形式的組合提供。在一些實施方式中,在鑄造的基質材料中硬顆粒彼此間隔開。硬顆粒的平均中心間距可以大於顆粒的尺寸或直徑。或者,將顆粒壓實並與相鄰顆粒接觸。
B4C材料可以是鬆散微粒材料的形式,例如粉末、纖維、晶須等。該方法可以在各種實施方式中採用大範圍的不同細微性(particle size),包括小於50μm的細微性或小於1mm的細微性。在一個實施方式中,微粒的細微性可以大於0.1μm。在另一個實施方式中,微粒狀多孔硬質材料的細微性可以大於0.1μm且最大可達5mm。在另一個實施方式中,微粒狀硬質材料可具有約500μm的平均細微性。在一個實施方式中,硬質材料可以以多種細微性提供,例如粗顆粒和細顆粒的組合,該組合可用於獲得更大密度和/或更大的體積分數的硬質材料。在給定的任何體積分數的硬質材料中,這種細顆粒的使用通常導致更小的孔徑並且可以增加填充這些孔的基質材料的屈服強度,從而增加材料的整體耐磨性。當將微粒材料置於模 具腔中時,顆粒之間的空間形成可被基質材料滲透的多孔結構。
硬質材料可選地為多孔或無孔預製件的形式。在一個實施方式中,多孔預製件的孔隙率可以在5%至95%的範圍內。舉例來說,多孔預製件可包括通過粘合劑材料(例如聚合物粘合劑)粘合在一起的微粒材料。預製件可以附接至基底材料,例如通過在滲透過程中會揮發的粘合劑而附接。當材料在滲透迴圈中被加熱時,粘合劑和粘結材料將揮發,並且除了顆粒之間的孔之外,基質材料還可以填充因除去粘合劑而留下的孔。在另一個實例中,多孔預製件可包括通過燒結而結合在一起的微粒材料,從而使得在顆粒之間存在孔。
預燒結的預製件的孔徑可以與細微性(顆粒尺寸)相似,因為該部件可以輕度地燒結以實現顆粒之間的頸部生長並提供一些機械處理強度。也可以使用其他的硬質材料,例如編織纖維墊或織物。在另一個實施方式中,硬質材料可以以不同形式的組合提供。例如,在一個實施例中,硬質材料可包括形成硬質材料的一部分的一個或多個預製件,其他部分則由微粒材料(例如鬆散粉末、纖維、晶須等)和/或編織纖維墊或織物形成。
在一些實施方式中,當硬顆粒的孔隙率大於60%時,滲透將受到限制。在一些實施方式中,當細微性大於1000微米時,滲透將受到限制。
滲透過程利用顆粒之間的間隔,該間隔使得毛細力得以壓倒重力。在採用較大顆粒或者顆粒或部分間的間隔較寬的情況下,加工過程中的毛細作用受到限制。在這種情況下,顆粒被原位澆鑄而非滲透。通過在滲透之前將較大的硬顆粒與較小的顆粒組合可以獲得一些優勢。將金屬澆注到大顆粒上與滲透明顯不同,但也可以採用。
因為滲透可提供相比於預混合基質和硬顆粒或將熔融金屬澆注在顆粒上更精確且可重複的成品,因此滲透是優選的。如圖10A-B所示,將複合材料成分預混合,可在基質材料被加熱到熔化溫度時使得硬顆粒發生位移。塗層的組成可能與某些區域中的硬顆粒濃度以及其他區域中硬顆粒的消耗不一致。表面紋理也可能不一致。
如圖11A所示,在滲透過程中,基質材料層16與模具12中的分離的硬顆粒15相鄰。硬顆粒開始彼此接觸,並且在引入液體浸滲劑材料之後顆粒保持在基本相同的位置。因此,如圖11B所示,複合材料的尺寸傾向於與滲透之前多孔硬顆粒層的尺寸類似。
可以使用如下所述的各種滲透方法。圖1-3示出了根據各種實施方式的各種滲透構造,各個圖中都示意性地示出了在模具12的腔11中熔融基質材料16滲透多孔硬質材料15。圖1示出了向下垂直滲透,其中重力有助於滲透。然而,因為滲透主要由毛細作用驅動,所以可以採用水準滲透、向上垂直滲透、向外/徑向滲透和其它可不利用重力或可對抗重力的滲透構造。圖2示出了向上垂直滲透的示例,圖3示出了水準滲透的示例。其他滲透技術也可使用。諸如美國公開文獻US 20130196169和美國專利No.9,561,562(其全部內容通過引用併入本文)中所教導的其他技術和產品可以通過使用B4C作為表面硬化塗層中的耐磨材料來實施和/或製造。
當滲透碳化硼時,待滲透的硬顆粒的密度小於銅基熔融基質材料。低密度顆粒可漂浮在液體基質中,熔池底部的顆粒密度可低於熔池頂部的顆粒密度。為了確保整個成品的硬顆粒的體積分數恒定,可選地可在較輕的顆粒上佈置一層較重的材料。如圖4所示,一層重顆粒19(例如碳 化鎢)可以位於碳化硼顆粒15上方。基質材料層16可以放置在重顆粒19上方和/或與顆粒相鄰。可漂浮於液體基質中的較輕顆粒被較重的顆粒壓住,確保當基質材料固化時整個複合材料的密度更均勻。當組件被加熱並且基質材料滲入顆粒時,重顆粒和輕顆粒通常保持分層而不混合。
B4C的密度低於許多適於滲透的基質金屬。碳化硼的密度為2.5克/立方釐米。例如,34Mn-66Cu的密度為7.7克/立方釐米,並且處於液態時密度略低。實心鋼的密度約為7.8克/立方釐米,碳化鎢的密度為15.6克/立方釐米。
在一個示例中,較輕的顆粒15可以是碳化硼,而較重的顆粒19是碳化鎢。滲透的碳化鎢顆粒具有與碳化硼顆粒相似的研磨性質和硬度性質,並且在成品中起到類似的作用。較重的顆粒可包含其他材料,例如鎢金屬或鋼。較輕顆粒上方的鋼層可在用基質合金滲透期間下壓或壓縮較輕顆粒。鋼材料通常是多孔的,從而允許基質材料流過。一旦滲透,如果需要已完成表面或配合表面,基質材料中的鋼可以在處理後加工。去除較重的材料並非是必需的。可替代地,重顆粒19可以位於基質材料16上方而不是直接位於硬顆粒上方。其他組合的顆粒也是可以採用的。
在一個實施方式中,基質材料被過度加熱至較其熔融溫度高25℃至75℃。滲透的保持時間例如可以是1至60分鐘,具有更大滲透距離的滲透通常需用更長的滲透時間。在一個實施方式中,滲透可選地在惰性氣氛中進行,例如氬(Ar),這可以避免被加熱材料的氧化。在另一個實施方式中,滲透可選地在真空中進行。在這種情況下,加熱優選在1.3×10-5至1.3×10-7kPa(10-4至10-6托(Torr))的真空水準下開始,但隨著接近滲透材料的 熔化溫度,氬氣的一小部分分壓可以可選地被引入(例如1托)以抑制浸滲劑材料組分的蒸發以及熔融狀態下的沸騰和飛濺。下面更詳細地討論可用於滲透的各種氣氛。滲透後,可將部件冷卻至室溫。或者,可以首先將基質材料加熱至更高或更低的溫度。或者,可以將材料在環境氣氛中加熱至某個溫度。
在一個實例中,銅-錳合金被用作基質材料。在滲透過程中,熔融合金與碳化硼顆粒接觸,在顆粒表面形成錳化合物。當使用60-70%的重量百分比銅的合金作為基質材料時,大部分錳能夠與碳化硼顆粒的表面反應。
碳化硼耐多種熔融金屬的潤濕。無論應用的形式如何,錳與碳化硼反應並形成中間層,該中間層可以與硬顆粒和富含銅的基質材料結合。如上所述,銅可以與銀、金、鉑和/或鈀組合或由其代替。
當錳促進基質材料對硬顆粒的潤濕時,錳在基質中的消耗可能限制滲透深度。基質材料中過量的錳可以提高基質材料的滲透深度和潤濕性。可替代地或者額外的,在加工之前用錳、錳化合物或其它適當的材料塗覆硬顆粒可促進基質材料的潤濕和滲透,並降低浸滲劑材料中錳的百分比或需要。除了在基質中以外或者代替在基質中,錳顆粒(或以其他形式)還可以與碳化硼顆粒一起(例如,混合在一起)被提供。這可能導致前述的顆粒沉降問題。
或者,錳或錳化合物可通過蒸發或其他方法沉積在碳化硼顆粒上,以促進基質材料的潤濕和滲透。
在錳沉澱之後,碳化硼顆粒之間的基質材料可以是大約 90-100%的銅。銅合金的熔點通常低於其組成元素的熔點。共晶銅錳合金的熔點為871℃,滲透加工溫度約為900℃。非合金銅的熔化溫度為1085℃。隨著熔點抑制劑(錳)從熔體中沉澱,銅的濃度和基質材料的熔化溫度增加到高於加工溫度。隨後,基質材料固化。
在基質合金溶液中補充錳可以增加滲透深度。錳顆粒或錳合金形式的錳可與硬顆粒混合。隨著熔融基質材料促使基質中的錳消耗,與硬質顆粒一起分佈的錳溶解在熔融基質中以補充錳。如上所述,將基質材料與硬顆粒混合可以使得硬顆粒隨著基質材料熔化移位元,從而影響最終產品的尺寸。使用可以佔據硬顆粒之間的間隙的更細的錳顆粒或錳合金顆粒可以限制尺寸的不穩定性。可替代地或者額外地,碳化硼顆粒在滲透之前可包括錳塗層。
取決於所涉及的材料、特別是基底材料的性質,可能需要加工後的熱處理。根據基底材料,可以根據已知技術進行熱處理,例如退火、正火、硬化然後回火或馬氏體淬火然後對基底進行回火,而不改變複合塗層材料。通常不希望這些熱處理在基質材料的熔化溫度以上進行。因此,上述基質熔融溫度的增加可能是有利的。
圖5-6示出了用於形成耐磨複合材料的系統或元件100。在該實施例中,基底10(例如,挖掘工具的尖端)定位在模具12的腔11內,使得模具12在模具12的內表面13和基底10的外表面14之間在腔11中獲得一定體積,如圖5所示。基底10可以預先製備,例如通過清潔和乾燥以去除油或油脂物質和/或使用金屬砂礫進行噴砂處理以去除氧化層以及使得表面具有顆粒狀,因而使得基質材料牢固地粘合到基底10。模具12可以由任何合適的材 料製成,例如高熔點金屬材料,其可以無塗層或有塗層以避免與浸滲劑材料、陶瓷材料或石墨發生反應。當使用金屬模具時,模具12可以熔焊、釺焊或以其他方式連接到基底10的外表面14,例如通過在點P處焊接。在一個實施例中,模具12是鋼殼,該鋼殼焊接到基底以形成腔11;在焊接之前可以對殼進行噴砂處理,以避免污染模具腔11。在該實施例中,殼可以形成成品的一部分。
多孔硬質材料15插入模具腔11中,與基底10的外表面14接觸或以其他方式連通外表面14,例如如圖5所示,以微粒材料或預製件的形式。基質材料16被置於與多孔硬質材料15和基底的外表面14連通。基質材料16可以定位在模具腔11內,例如如圖5所示地通過簡單地將基質材料16以固體形式放置在多孔硬質材料15的頂部上。在一個實施方式中,基質材料16可以是塊狀或方坯形式。在另一個實施方式中,基質材料16可以定位在進料器或注射結構中。在另一個實施例中,基質材料可以通過諸如緻密顆粒19的介入材料與多孔硬質材料隔開。然後系統100可以如上所述地準備用於滲透,例如通過將系統100放置在加熱爐中,加熱爐可以包括惰性氣氛(例如氬氣或氮氣)或真空。諸如不銹鋼或石墨託盤的託盤、固定裝置或類似容器可用於支撐爐子中的系統100。在滲透期間,基質材料16熔化並向下滲透通過多孔硬質材料15,最終接觸基底10的外表面14。
在滲透已經完成並且系統100冷卻之後,形成如圖6所示的在外表面14上具有複合塗層18的部件17。部件17可以從模具12中移除,如果模具焊接到基底10上和/或粘合到塗層18上,則可能需要切割或破壞模具12。然而,在一些實施例中,模具可以保持附著到基底和塗層上並作為在使用 期間快速磨損的可消耗的表面。複合塗層18包含粘合在一起並通過基質材料16連接到基底10的硬質材料15。在一個實施例中,硬質材料15在複合材料18中可具有5-95%的體積分數。在另一個實施例中,硬質材料15可具有30-85%的體積分數。
根據所需的應用,複合塗層18可以形成為具有寬範圍的厚度。在一個實施例中,部件17可以形成有約1.2cm(0.5英寸)厚的複合塗層18,其可用於各種應用。部件17可以是一件設備中承受反復的衝擊和應力的尖端、護罩、邊緣或其他部分,而複合塗層18的耐磨性和韌性提高了在這種應用中的性能。挖掘/採礦設備代表了根據本文描述的系統和方法生產的部件的應用的一個示例。或者,塗層厚度可達19釐米(7.5英寸)或更大。優選地,基底比施加的硬複合材料厚。
圖7和8示出了另一個例子的系統200,系統200主要通過向下垂直滲透在基底10的外表面14上形成複合材料。圖7-8的系統200利用由片材製成的殼114形式的模具,如圖所示,其與基底112結合並以挖掘/採礦尖端形式被使用,該基底112可以類似於圖5、6、9所示的基底10、10'。與如上所述並如圖5和6所示相似的,殼114可用於形成複合塗層18。在一個實施例中,多孔硬質材料15可以通過殼114中的開口117澆注,然後基質材料16可以放置在多孔硬質材料15的頂部,如圖5類似所示。開口117可以具有漏斗狀構造以輔助插入多孔硬質材料15和/或基質材料16。在其他實施例中,開口117可以位於殼114上的其他位置,例如如果殼114在釺焊期間被定位成不同的朝向。在一個可替代的實施例中,比多孔硬質材料更緻密的材料層19可以位於多孔硬質材料15上或基質材料16上,以確保整個成品的顆粒密度更加恒定。
圖9示出了具有複合塗層的工具20,該工具20為用於土方設備(例如,鋼採礦尖端)的磨損構件的形式,並具有形成基底10'的工作部,在基底10'的外表面14'覆蓋有如上所述的耐磨複合材料層18'。該工具包括用於接合土質材料的前工作部和用於接收安裝在挖掘設備的唇部24上的底座22的後開口腔26。在一個實施例中,複合材料層18'由碳化硼自身單獨或與銅錳合金基質材料中的其它耐磨材料組合而成。鎖(未示出)可用於將工具20固定到基座22。
殼114可以由能夠形成為或製造成所需形狀並且能夠承受在滲透工藝期間由滲透材料或者大體上由滲透釺焊所需的溫度導致的溶解、熔化或過度弱化的任何材料製成。在一個示例中,殼114可以由低碳“軟”鋼形成。例如,殼114可以具有例如大約0.25cm(0.105英寸)的平均殼厚度。在一個實施例中,殼114可以由16Ga(0.15cm厚)至10Ga(0.34cm厚)範圍內的金屬板製成,這可用於廣泛的應用。相反,圖8中的基底112在由殼覆蓋的區域可以具有例如2.54cm至8.8cm(1.000至3.450英寸)範圍內的厚度。在其他實施例中,殼114可具有任何其他合適的厚度。殼114可以鑄造、由棒料加工、或以其他不同的方式形成。殼114的不同部分可以具有不同的厚度。
與基底112相比,殼114的相對薄度意味著殼114可以容易且相對便宜地形成。對於殼的簡單形狀,可以通過切割多件金屬片,並將這些件熔焊或釺焊在一起來製造相對低成本的殼114。通過在特定構造中彎曲多件金屬片,然後將彎曲的金屬片焊接在一起,可以製造稍微複雜一些的形狀。殼可以結合至複合材料並且可以是磨損構件的一部分。殼作為比下面的表面更軟的材料,可以是消耗性的並且在挖掘操作期間快速磨損。殼 可為磨損部件提供光滑的表面光潔度。
如圖7和8所示,在一個示例中,殼114可以由兩部分形成,具有兩部分共形帶120,但是其他結構也是可能的。殼114的兩件式殼體116可以最初由前半件126和後半件128形成,前半件126和後半件128分別具有前凸緣130和後凸緣132。前凸緣130從前半件126的後邊緣橫向延伸,後凸緣132從後半件128的前邊緣橫向延伸。前凸緣130可通過熔焊或採用釺焊材料釺焊連結到後凸緣132,釺焊材料的熔化溫度高於用於滲透的材料。殼114可以具有共形帶120,該共形帶120被配置成圍繞殼114的整個週邊放置成與基底112的一部分表面面對面接觸,從而如下所述地,通過至少在共形帶120處熔焊或釺焊使得殼114連接到基底112。在其他實施例中,殼114可以由單個件(其中可以不存在凸緣130、132)或更多數量的件形成。
或者,複合材料可以作為預製件與基底相分離地形成,並通過釺焊或其他附接方法施加到基底上。或者,複合材料可以形成在諸如板材的基底上以形成磚。然後可以將具有複合材料的板材焊接到表面上。具有複合材料的一套瓷磚或板材可以焊接或以其他方式附接到諸如鏟鬥或卡車車身的表面,以限制表面的腐蝕。
或者,硬顆粒15可以沉積在轉移材料30上,例如如圖12所示的諸如紙、尼龍、PTFE或其他材料的織物或帶狀物。類似地,基質顆粒16可以沉積在分離的織物或帶狀物30上。硬質材料和基質材料可以通過粘合劑固結和保持,該粘合劑允許利用有限散佈的粘合材料處理帶狀物。具有硬顆粒的帶狀物可放置在基底上以接收複合材料。將具有基質材料的帶狀物放置在硬質材料上。帶狀物可以具有粘性表面,該粘性表面使得帶狀物 得以相對於彼此及基底定位並保持自身的位置。然後,可將具有堆疊的帶狀物的基底在烘箱中加熱,以使用上述方法熔化基質材料。帶狀物和粘合劑在爐子中加熱時被消耗。達到熔融溫度的基質材料將滲透其下方的硬顆粒,將它們粘合在一起並在冷卻時粘合到基底上以產生複合材料。
如上所述的多孔硬質材料的滲透主要由毛細作用驅動,即由作用於滲透前沿的毛細壓強驅動。滲透前沿的壓差可取決於許多因素,包括例如熔融基質材料的表面張力、熔融基質材料相對於多孔硬質材料的接觸角、多孔硬質材料的幾何特徵(例如孔隙率、曲折因數、孔徑和形狀的變化、以及它對熔融材料的表觀接觸角的影響)、以及多孔硬質材料內的任何殘餘氣體的壓強。控制這多種因素的自由度可能受限於特定的基質/填料系統。殘餘氣體壓強可以是至少部分可控的,並且多孔硬質材料內的殘餘氣體壓強的最小化可以使壓強差和毛細作用的驅動力最大化。這進而可以最大化基質材料所能滲透多孔硬質材料的潛在距離。在至少一些配置中,與其他形式的多孔硬質材料相比,使用單個或多個預成型件形式的多孔硬質材料可以使滲透距離最大化。
在用於形成耐磨複合材料的一些實施例中,在滲透操作期間,不同的氣氛被用來控制和/或最小化多孔硬質材料中的殘餘氣體壓強。在這些實施方式中,滲透在具有腔室的爐子中進行,腔室容納模具、基質材料和多孔硬質材料,腔室內的氣氛則是可以控制的。應當理解,如下所述地,組件還可包括與模具連通的基底。
操作中的氣氛可以被控制,以幫助取得足以驅動基質材料在更大/更長距離上滲透穿過多孔硬質材料的毛細壓強梯度。在該實施例中, 在基質材料熔化之前,腔室基本上被排空。在一個實施方式中,至少在滲透過程開始時的排空是優選的,用以避免或最小化元件的部分的氧化。在其他實施例中可以採用不同的過程,例如不排空或排空到較上面所述的更低的程度。
在一個實施方式中,在基質材料熔化之前將整個腔室排空,並在整個滲透過程中保持腔室在真空條件下。在另一個實施方式中,排空後的氣壓可以為0.0001至0.0010kPa或可以低至1×10-5kPa。在另一個實施方式中,腔室壓力可以是0.00001至0.0010kPa。在基質材料熔化之前排空腔室可以減少或消除多孔硬質材料中的殘餘氣體壓強,這有助於通過毛細作用驅動滲透。多孔硬質材料內的殘餘氣體可能會限制通過毛細作用所能實現的滲透長度。
在一個實施例中,在滲透過程之前,如上所述對腔室進行排空。在基質材料熔化之後,將氬氣(或另一種非反應性氣體如氮氣)的分壓引入腔室中。氬氣氣體可被送入腔室,直到氬氣分壓達到約0.07-0.01kPa。在熔化基質材料之前排空腔室以減少或消除多孔硬質材料中的殘餘氣體壓強,可如上所述地幫助驅動滲透。氬氣氣體的隨後引入則有助於減少浸滲劑材料或其組分的蒸發和飛濺。
在耐磨材料顆粒與基質材料不潤濕相容的另一個實施方式中,耐磨材料顆粒可以在被用以通過滲透釺焊形成複合材料之前用潤濕相容塗層塗覆。
本文所用術語“基質材料”和“硬質材料”不應被理解為暗示基質材料或硬質材料形成任何特定比例的複合材料。例如,在一些實 施例中,基質材料不需形成複合材料的大多數或一部分,而硬質材料可以形成複合材料的大多數或一部分。
應當理解,如本文所述的基底的“表面”可以包括多個不同的表面或側面,並且除非明確指出,否則不暗示這些表面的任何特定輪廓。基底可以是熔點適於應用表面硬化的任何材料。例如,在滲透過程中,基底優選地具有高於基質材料的熔點。這種基底的例子可包括鑄造、鍛造和粉末冶金生產的金屬材料,以及陶瓷和陶瓷基的材料,例如金屬化陶瓷。在一個實施例中,基底可以是碳鋼、合金鋼、不銹鋼或工具鋼。該系統和方法可選地可用於將耐磨複合材料形成為整體件。
本文已描述和說明了若干可替代的實施方式和示例。本領域普通技術人員可理解各個實施例的特徵,以及元件的可能組合和變化。本領域普通技術人員應進一步理解,本文公開的實施方式可與任何其他實施方式相互組合。應當理解,在不脫離本發明的精神或主要特徵的情況下,本發明可以以其他特定形式實施。因此,本發明的實施例和實施方式在所有方面都被認為是示例性的而非限制性的,並且本發明不限於本文給出的細節。如本文所使用的諸如“頂部”,“底部”等的相對術語僅用於說明目的,並不以任何方式限制本發明的實施方式。
除非在申請專利範圍中明確地敘述,否則本說明書中的任何內容都不應被解釋為需要結構的特定三維取向以落入本發明的範圍內。此外,請讀者注意,附圖並非一定按比例繪製。另外,如本文所使用的術語“多個”表示任何大於一的數位,根據需要分離地或結合地,直到無限的數量。此外,如本文所使用的,“提供”一物品或裝置廣泛地指使物品可 用或可用於將來對物品進行的操作,並且不意味著提供物品的一方已製造、生產或供應該物品或提供該物品的一方擁有該物品的所有權或控制權。因此,雖然已經說明和描述了具體實施例,但是在不顯著脫離本發明的精神的情況下可以想到許多變形,並且保護範圍僅受所附申請專利範圍的範圍的限制。
11‧‧‧模具腔
12‧‧‧模具
15‧‧‧硬顆粒
16‧‧‧基質材料
Claims (15)
- 一種硬化表面產品,包括基底和結合至所述基底的硬複合材料,其中所述硬複合材料包括作為耐磨材料的碳化硼以及基質合金,其特徵在於,所述基質合金包括錳以及至少60%重量的銅。
- 如請求項1所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述基質合金還包括銀、金、鉑和/或鈀中的至少一種。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述基質合金包括60-70%重量的銅。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述基質合金包括約35%重量的錳和約65%重量的銅。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述碳化硼顆粒占所述硬複合材料體積的30%-80%。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述硬複合材料包括在所述基質合金中作為顆粒的碳化硼。
- 如請求項6所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述碳化硼顆粒在0.1μm和5mm之間。
- 如請求項6所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述碳化硼顆粒的平均顆粒尺寸為500μm。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,在施加所述硬複合材料處,所述基底比所述硬複合材料厚。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述基底為能夠在土方設備上使用的地面接合產品的形式。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述基底為尖端的形式,其包括用於將尖端安裝於土方設備的後開口腔,以及所述腔前方的工作部。
- 如請求項11所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述硬複合材料結合至所述工作部。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述碳化硼被所述基質材料滲透。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,包括熔焊或釺焊至所述基底的金屬殼,以將所述硬複合材料夾在所述基底和所述殼之間。
- 如請求項1或2所述的硬化表面產品,其中,所述基底是鋼。
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US201762535099P | 2017-07-20 | 2017-07-20 | |
US62/535,099 | 2017-07-20 |
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TWI773794B true TWI773794B (zh) | 2022-08-11 |
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TW107125248A TWI773794B (zh) | 2017-07-20 | 2018-07-20 | 用於研磨應用的硬化表面產品及其製造方法 |
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EP (1) | EP3655184A4 (zh) |
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CN (1) | CN110944775B (zh) |
CA (1) | CA3070078A1 (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI773794B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2019018605A1 (zh) |
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KR102627470B1 (ko) * | 2016-11-17 | 2024-01-19 | 에이치디현대인프라코어 주식회사 | 건설 기계 버켓 부품 및 이의 제조 방법 |
SE2200126A1 (sv) * | 2022-11-11 | 2024-05-12 | Bae Systems Bofors Ab | Mynningsbroms |
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TW201337071A (zh) * | 2012-01-31 | 2013-09-16 | Esco Corp | 耐磨材料,以及生成耐磨材料之系統及方法 |
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JP2597108B2 (ja) * | 1987-10-15 | 1997-04-02 | 株式会社クボタ | 耐摩耗部材 |
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US7913779B2 (en) * | 2005-11-10 | 2011-03-29 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Earth-boring rotary drill bits including bit bodies having boron carbide particles in aluminum or aluminum-based alloy matrix materials, and methods for forming such bits |
US7802495B2 (en) * | 2005-11-10 | 2010-09-28 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Methods of forming earth-boring rotary drill bits |
KR100866587B1 (ko) | 2006-04-14 | 2008-11-03 | 주식회사 한국애그로바이오 | 게르마늄 및 셀레늄 함유 액상비료의 제조방법, 이로부터제조된 액상비료 및 이를 이용한 작물의 재배방법 |
CN100526671C (zh) * | 2006-11-06 | 2009-08-12 | 中国石油大学(北京) | 盘式刹车盘及其表面处理方法 |
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- 2018-07-19 CA CA3070078A patent/CA3070078A1/en active Pending
- 2018-07-19 WO PCT/US2018/042829 patent/WO2019018605A1/en unknown
- 2018-07-19 US US16/302,080 patent/US20200270727A1/en active Pending
- 2018-07-19 EP EP18834424.6A patent/EP3655184A4/en active Pending
- 2018-07-19 KR KR1020207004503A patent/KR102644057B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2018-07-19 CN CN201880048249.6A patent/CN110944775B/zh active Active
- 2018-07-20 TW TW107125248A patent/TWI773794B/zh active
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TW201337071A (zh) * | 2012-01-31 | 2013-09-16 | Esco Corp | 耐磨材料,以及生成耐磨材料之系統及方法 |
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WO2019018605A1 (en) | 2019-01-24 |
KR20200033887A (ko) | 2020-03-30 |
US20200270727A1 (en) | 2020-08-27 |
CA3070078A1 (en) | 2019-01-24 |
CN110944775B (zh) | 2022-11-18 |
CN110944775A (zh) | 2020-03-31 |
KR102644057B1 (ko) | 2024-03-07 |
TW201908116A (zh) | 2019-03-01 |
EP3655184A1 (en) | 2020-05-27 |
EP3655184A4 (en) | 2021-05-26 |
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