TWI725578B - 搭配電感器之閘調變 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一種感測器包含:一光電二極體,其安置於一半導體材料中以接收光及將該光轉換成電荷;及一第一浮動擴散部,其耦合至該光電二極體以接收該電荷。一第二浮動擴散部耦合至該光電二極體以接收該電荷,且一第一轉移電晶體經耦合以將該電荷自該光電二極體轉移至該第一浮動擴散部中。一第二轉移電晶體經耦合以將該電荷自該光電二極體轉移至該第二浮動擴散部中,且一電感器耦合於該第一轉移電晶體之一第一閘端子與該第二轉移電晶體之一第二閘端子之間。該電感器、該第一閘端子及該第二閘端子形成一諧振電路。
Description
本發明大體上係關於電子裝置,且特定言之(但非排他地),係關於影像感測器。
隨著3D應用之普及在諸如成像、電影、遊戲、電腦、使用者介面、面部辨識、物件辨識、擴增實境等之領域中持續成長,對三維(3D)相機之興趣正在增加。建立3D影像之典型被動方式係使用多個相機擷取立體影像或多個影像。使用立體影像,可以對影像中之物件進行三角量測以建立3D影像。此三角量測技術之一個缺點係難以使用小型裝置建立3D影像,因為各台相機之間必須存在一最小分隔距離以便建立三維影像。另外,此技術很複雜,且因此需要大量電腦處理能力以便即時建立3D影像。
對於需要即時獲取3D影像之應用,有時利用基於飛行時間量測之主動深度成像系統。飛行時間相機通常使用將光引導至一物件之一光源,偵測自物件反射之光之一感測器及基於光行進至物件及自物件行進所花費之往返時間計算至物件之距離之一處理單元。
獲取3D影像之一持續挑戰係平衡飛行時間相機之所期望效能參數與系統之物理大小及電力約束。舉例而言,用於成像遠物件及近物
件之飛行時間系統之電力要求可能有很大之不同。此等挑戰因外部參數(例如,所期望之相機圖框速率、深度解析度及側向解析度)及固有參數(例如,感測器之量子效率、填充因數、抖動及雜訊)而變得更加複雜。
100:飛行時間系統
102:光源
104:發射光
110:反射光
116:透鏡
120:複數個像素
122:第一像素
126:控制器
130:物件
200A:TOF感測器/電路
200B:電路
203:光電二極體
205:第一轉移電晶體
207:第二轉移電晶體
209:第一浮動擴散部
211:第二浮動擴散部
213:電感器
C(OX1):電容器
C(OX2):電容器
C1:電容
C2:電容
flens:焦距
L:電感
參考以下圖式描述本發明之非限制及非窮舉實例,其中相似元件符號指代貫穿多種視圖之相似部件,除非另有繪示。
圖1係展示根據本發明之教示之一飛行時間(TOF)感測器之一個實例之一圖。
圖2A展示根據本發明之教示之圖1之TOF感測器之部分之一實例性電路圖。
圖2B展示根據本發明之教示之圖2A之電路圖之部分之一實例性示意圖。
圖2C展示根據本發明之教示之圖2B之電感器之一實例性示意圖。
對應參考字元指示貫穿諸圖中若干視圖之對應組件。熟習此項技術者應瞭解,為了簡單且清楚之目的繪示圖中之元件,且並不一定按比例繪製元件。舉例而言,圖中一些元件之尺寸可相對於其他元件而被誇大以幫助改善對本發明之多種實施例之理解。而且,為了更方面地瞭解本發明之此等多種實施例,通常不描繪在商業可行之實施例中有用或必要之常見但好理解之元件。
本文描述用於搭配電感器之閘調變之系統、設備及方法之
實例。在以下描述中,陳述諸多特定細節以便提供對實例之窮舉理解。然而,熟習相關技術者應認識到,可無需運用該特定細節之一或多者或可用其他方法、組件、材料等而實踐本文描述之技術。在其他情況中,未詳細展示或描述熟知結構、材料或操作以避免使某些態樣模糊。
貫穿本說明書對「一個實例」或「一個實施例」之參考意味著與實例相結合而描述之特定特徵、結構或特性包含於本發明之至少一個實例中。因此,貫穿本說明書在多個地方出現片語「在一個實例中」或「在一個實施例中」並不一定皆指代相同之實例。此外,在一或多個實例中特定特徵、結構或特性可以任何適合方式組合。
一些成像飛行時間(iTOF)感測器以自10MHz直至數100MHz範圍內之頻率全域地調變在裝置中之閘。感測器技術可使用閘調變將電荷自光電二極體轉移至浮動擴散部中。一些感測器可使用閘調變以在光電二極體較大時加速光電二極體內之電荷轉移。然而,閘調變消耗大量電力,尤其當閘電容較大、閘調變速度較高及/或閘調變電壓擺動較大時。
如將展示,根據本發明之教示之實例電路包含以較高頻率調變之兩個閘。當一個閘接通時,另一閘關斷。電感器串聯耦合於此兩個閘之間且在接通及關斷閘時利用LC振盪(即,諧振電路)回收利用閘電容電力。因此,在一些實例中,減小LC振盪器中之電阻以改良效率係有幫助的。使用像素級混合鍵,靈活性可用於特殊設計及程序以減小在一些實例中提出之金屬線之電阻。
下文將進一步詳述上文論述之實施例及其他實施例,因為其與圖相關。
圖1係展示根據本發明之教示之一飛行時間系統100之一個
實例之一圖。飛行時間系統100包含光源102、透鏡116、複數個像素120(包含第一像素122)及控制器126(其包含控制電路、記憶體、計數器裝置等)。控制器126耦合至光源102及複數個像素120(包含第一像素122)。複數個像素120定位在距透鏡116之一焦距flens處。如實例中展示,光源102及透鏡116定位在距物件130之一距離L處。應瞭解,未按比例繪示圖1,且在一個實例中,焦距flens遠小於透鏡116與物件130之間之距離L。因此,應瞭解,出於本發明之目的,根據本發明之教示,出於飛行時間量測之目的,距離L及距離L+焦距flens基本上相等。如繪示,複數個像素120及控制器126表示為單獨組件。然而,應瞭解,複數個像素120及控制器126全皆可整合至一相同堆疊式晶片感測器上且亦可包含一時間至數位轉換器(或複數個時間至數位轉換器,其中各像素與複數個時間至數位轉換器中之一對應者相關聯)。在其他實例中,複數個像素120及控制器126可整合至一非堆疊式平面感測器上。亦應瞭解,各像素(或甚至各SPAD)可具有用於儲存用於對偵測到的光子進行計數之數位位元或信號之一對應記憶體。
飛行時間系統100可為一3D相機,其基於用複數個像素120進行之飛行時間量測計算將成像之一場景(例如,物件130)之影像深度資訊。複數個像素120中之各像素判定物件130之一對應部分之深度資訊使得可產生物件130之一3D影像。深度資訊藉由量測光自光源102傳播至物件130及回至飛行時間系統100之往返時間來判定。如繪示,光源102(例如,可發射可見、紅外或紫外光之一垂直腔表面發射雷射)經組態以將光104發射至一距離L外之物件130。接著,發射光104自物件130反射作為反射光110,部分反射光110朝向一距離L外之飛行時間系統100傳播且入
射於複數個像素120之上作為光。複數個像素120中之各像素(例如第一像素122)包含偵測影像光及將影像光轉換成電信號(例如電荷)之一光電二極體(例如一或多個單光子突崩二極體(SPAD))。
在一些實例中,飛行時間感測器100包含於一掌上型裝置(例如一行動電話、一平板電腦、一相機等)中,其具有大小及至少部分基於裝置之大小判定之電力約束。替代地或另外,飛行時間系統100可具有特定所期望之裝置參數,諸如圖框速率、深度解析度、側向解析度等。在一些實例中,飛行時間感測器100包含於一LiDAR系統中。
圖2A展示根據本發明之教示之圖1之TOF感測器200A之部
分之一實例性電路圖。電路200B係一等效電路。如描繪,電路200A包含光電二極體203(例如,單光子突崩光電二極體(SPAD))、第一轉移電晶體205、第二轉移電晶體207、第一浮動擴散部209(例如一半導體材料中之一摻雜井)、第二浮動擴散部211(例如半導體材料中之一摻雜井)及電感器213。
如展示,第一浮動擴散209耦合至光電二極體203以接收在光電二極體203接收一或多個光子時產生之電荷。第二浮動擴散部211類似地耦合至光電二極體203以接收電荷。第一轉移電晶體205經耦合以將電荷自光電二極體203轉移至第一浮動擴散部209中,且第二轉移電晶體207經耦合以將電荷自光電二極體203轉移至第二浮動擴散部211中。電感器213耦合於第一轉移電晶體205之一第一閘端子與第二轉移電晶體207之一第二閘端子之間。在所描繪實例中,電感器213、第一轉移電晶體205之第一閘端子及第二轉移電晶體207之第二閘端子形成一諧振電路。因此,電感器213將一第一振盪電壓施加於第一閘端子及將一第二振盪電壓施加於第二閘端子。施加於第一閘端子之第一振盪電壓可與施加於第二閘端子之第二振盪電壓180度異相。如上所述,使用一電感器回收利用提供至轉移電晶體之閘電極之電荷可節省可觀之感測器電力量,此係因為每晶片可存在數以千計之光電二極體及轉移電晶體。
亦展示當第一轉移電晶體205及第二轉移電晶體207在其各自時間接通時之與電路200A等效之電路200B。等效電路之振盪頻率ω0藉由方程式給出:
其中ω0係振盪頻率,L係電感,且C1及C2分別係兩個電容器C(OX1)及C(OX2)之電容(其係兩個轉移閘之接面電容)。在各種實例中,上述變數之值可經設計使得振盪頻率可大於100MHz(例如250MHz)。
圖2B展示根據本發明之教示之圖2A之電路圖之部分之一實例性示意圖。在所描繪實例中,光電二極體203、第一轉移電晶體205之主動區、第二轉移電晶體207之主動區、第一浮動擴散部209及第二浮動擴散部211安置於半導體材料201(例如矽)中。光電二極體201定位於半導體材料201中以吸收光及回應於該光產生電荷。
如繪示,電感器213安置於一邏輯晶圓(例如,含有一或多個金屬層)中,且該邏輯晶圓耦合至半導體材料201之一非照明側。電感器213可耦合至閘電極,其具有穿過一接合氧化物自邏輯晶圓延伸至半導體材料201之接合通孔。如展示,電感器213可包含基本上平坦之一金屬線圈,且金屬線圈形成同心的基本上矩形形狀。然而,在其他實例中,金屬線圈可採用其他形狀,其等不一定係矩形的,諸如圓形、六邊形或類似物。另外,在一些實例中,金屬(例如銅、鋁、銀或類似物)可不包含一單一平面線圈,而可在邏輯晶圓中之不同平面中包含諸多線圈。
在一個實例中,假設Cox(TX)=5×10-8F/cm2(其中介電常數k=4,閘氧化物厚度大約=70nm),且必須同時打開/關閉(即,接通/關斷)所有轉移電晶體(TX)。因此,對於400×250轉移電晶體陣列,各TX具有0.1μm2之一大小,總電容係5pF。因此,在所描繪實例中,L需要為160nH以在TX1與TX2之間達成250MHz之切換振盪頻率。然而,受益於本發明之一般技術者應瞭解,此等參數可取決於裝置尺寸及材料選擇改變。
圖2C展示根據本發明之教示之圖2B之電感器之一實例性
示意圖。在所描繪實例中,電感器213包含基本上平坦之一金屬線圈(例如,在裝置之一橫截面中存在於一單個平面中)。如在所描繪實例中展示,金屬線圈形成同心的基本上矩形形狀且係一連續線圈。如圖2B中繪示,線圈之內端可耦合至第一轉移電晶體之閘,且線圈之外端可耦合至第二轉移電晶體之閘,或反之亦然。
在所描繪實例中,假設~250MHz操作,D(OUT)可為100μm,D(IN)可為20.8μm,寬度可小於1μm(例如0.4μm),間隔可小於1μm(例如0.4μm),且可存在25個或25個以上匝(例如,50匝-線圈之圈數)。受益於本發明之熟習此項技術者應瞭解,出於例示性目的僅描繪較少數目個匝,此係因為更多匝係冗餘的且不易於繪示。
本發明之所繪示實例之上文描述,包含摘要中所描述之內容,不意欲為窮舉的或將本發明限制為所揭示之精確形式。雖然為了繪示之目的,本文描述本發明之特定實例,但熟習相關技術者應認識到,在本發明之範疇內,多種修改係可行的。
鑑於上文詳細描述,可對本發明做出此等修改。隨附申請專利範圍中所使用之術語不應被解釋為將本發明限制於說明書中揭示之特定實例。實情係,本發明之範疇將完全由隨附申請專利範圍判定,該申請專利範圍應根據建立之申請專利範圍解釋之公認原則來解釋。
200A:TOF感測器/電路
200B:電路
203:光電二極體
205:第一轉移電晶體
207:第二轉移電晶體
209:第一浮動擴散部
211:第二浮動擴散部
213:電感器
C(OX1):電容器
C(OX2):電容器
C1:電容
C2:電容
L:電感
Claims (20)
- 一種感測器,其包括: 一光電二極體,其安置於一半導體材料中以接收光及將該光轉換成電荷; 一第一浮動擴散部,其耦合至該光電二極體以接收該電荷; 一第二浮動擴散部,其耦合至該光電二極體以接收該電荷; 一第一轉移電晶體,其經耦合以將該電荷自該光電二極體轉移至該第一浮動擴散部中; 一第二轉移電晶體,其經耦合以將該電荷自該光電二極體轉移至該第二浮動擴散部中;及 一電感器,其耦合於該第一轉移電晶體之一第一閘端子與該第二轉移電晶體之一第二閘端子之間,其中該電感器、該第一閘端子及該第二閘端子形成一諧振電路。
- 如請求項1之感測器,其中該電感器將一第一振盪電壓施加於該第一閘端子及將一第二振盪電壓施加於該第二閘端子,且其中施加於該第一閘端子之該第一振盪電壓與施加於該第二閘端子之該第二振盪電壓180度異相。
- 如請求項2之感測器,其中該電感器以大於100 MHz之一頻率將該第一振盪電壓施加於該第一閘端子及將該第二振盪電壓施加於第二閘端子。
- 如請求項1之感測器,其中該電感器安置於耦合至該半導體材料之一非照明側之一邏輯晶圓中。
- 如請求項4之感測器,其中該電感器包含基本上平坦之一金屬線圈。
- 如請求項5之感測器,其中該金屬線圈形成同心之基本上矩形形狀。
- 如請求項5之感測器,其中該金屬線圈具有小於1 μm之繞組之間之一間隔及小於1 μm之一繞組寬度。
- 如請求項5之感測器,其中該金屬線圈具有25個或25個以上繞組。
- 如請求項5之感測器,其中該金屬線圈之外徑大於10 μm。
- 如請求項1之感測器,其中該光電二極體包含一單光子突崩光電二極體(SPAD)。
- 一種飛行時間(TOF)感測器系統,其包括: 一光發射器,其經耦合以發射光;及 複數個像素,其安置於一半導體材料中且配置至一陣列中以接收該光,其中各像素包含: 一光電二極體,其安置於一半導體材料中以接收光及將該光轉換成電荷; 一第一浮動擴散部,其耦合至該光電二極體以接收該電荷; 一第二浮動擴散部,其耦合至該光電二極體以接收該電荷; 一第一轉移電晶體,其經耦合以將該電荷自該光電二極體轉移至該第一浮動擴散部中; 一第二轉移電晶體,其經耦合以將該電荷自該光電二極體轉移至該第二浮動擴散部中;及 一電感器,其耦合於該第一轉移電晶體之一第一閘端子與該第二轉移電晶體之一第二閘端子之間,其中該電感器、該第一閘端子及該第二閘端子形成一諧振電路。
- 如請求項11之TOF感測器系統,其進一步包括讀出電路,該讀出電路經耦合以自該第一浮動擴散部及該第二浮動擴散部讀出該電荷及將該電荷轉換成表示該電荷之資料。
- 如請求項12之TOF感測器系統,其進一步包括一控制器,該控制器耦合至該讀出電路以接收該資料,其中該控制器包含邏輯,該邏輯當由該控制器執行時致使該TOF感測器系統執行包括以下之操作: 自該光發射器發射該光; 用該光電二極體接收該光;及 基於該資料計算自該光發射器發射之該光行進至一物件及返回至一陣列之一飛行時間。
- 如請求項13之TOF感測器系統,其中該控制器進一步包含邏輯,該邏輯當由該控制器執行時致使該系統執行包括以下之操作: 基於該飛行時間計算自該TOF感測器系統至該物件之一距離。
- 如請求項11之TOF感測器系統,其中該電感器將一第一振盪電壓施加於該第一閘端子及將一第二振盪電壓施加於該第二閘端子,且其中施加於該第一閘端子之該第一振盪電壓與施加於該第二閘端子之該第二振盪電壓180度異相。
- 如請求項14之TOF感測器系統,其中該電感器以大於100 MHz之一頻率將該第一振盪電壓施加於該第一閘端子及將該第二振盪電壓施加於第二閘端子。
- 如請求項11之TOF感測器系統,其中該電感器安置於耦合至該半導體材料之一非照明側之一邏輯晶圓中。
- 如請求項17之TOF感測器系統,其中該電感器包含基本上平坦之一金屬線圈。
- 如請求項18之TOF感測器系統,其中該金屬線圈具有25個或25個以上繞組。
- 如請求項11之TOF感測器系統,其中該光電二極體包含一單光子突崩光電二極體(SPAD)。
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