TWI519526B - 製備1,2-環氧化物之方法 - Google Patents
製備1,2-環氧化物之方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI519526B TWI519526B TW103125000A TW103125000A TWI519526B TW I519526 B TWI519526 B TW I519526B TW 103125000 A TW103125000 A TW 103125000A TW 103125000 A TW103125000 A TW 103125000A TW I519526 B TWI519526 B TW I519526B
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- aqueous phase
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- terminal olefin
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 39
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 16
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical group 0.000 claims description 48
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- OSDWBNJEKMUWAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC=C OSDWBNJEKMUWAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ATVJXMYDOSMEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-prop-2-enoxyprop-1-ene Chemical compound C=CCOCC=C ATVJXMYDOSMEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001451 organic peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004965 peroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001289 polyvinyl ether Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960000834 vinyl ether Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 18
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Epichlorohydrin Chemical compound ClCC1CO1 BRLQWZUYTZBJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WLDGDTPNAKWAIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazonane Chemical group CN1CCN(C)CCN(C)CC1 WLDGDTPNAKWAIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001260 acyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC=C XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001923 cyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 2
- HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M pent-4-enoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC=C HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 (substituted) triazacyclononane Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ITWBWJFEJCHKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,7-triazonane Chemical compound C1CNCCNCCN1 ITWBWJFEJCHKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AWNOGHRWORTNEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(6,6-dimethyl-4-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-enyl)ethyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCCC1=CCC2C(C)(C)C1C2 AWNOGHRWORTNEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920004890 Triton X-100 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YBCVMFKXIKNREZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N acoh acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O YBCVMFKXIKNREZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005210 alkyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BHELZAPQIKSEDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl bromide Chemical compound BrCC=C BHELZAPQIKSEDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIFHFRBCEUSGEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O.OC(=O)C(O)=O NIFHFRBCEUSGEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001290 polyvinyl ester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HJSRRUNWOFLQRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N propanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O.OC(=O)CC(O)=O HJSRRUNWOFLQRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
- C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
- C07D301/12—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with hydrogen peroxide or inorganic peroxides or peracids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/0208—Separation of non-miscible liquids by sedimentation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/18—Stationary reactors having moving elements inside
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- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
- B01J19/2415—Tubular reactors
- B01J19/2435—Loop-type reactors
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
- B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
- B01J31/1815—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine
- B01J31/182—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine comprising aliphatic or saturated rings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J4/00—Feed or outlet devices; Feed or outlet control devices
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
- C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
- C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
- C07D301/14—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with organic peracids, or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
- B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
- B01F25/431—Straight mixing tubes with baffles or obstructions that do not cause substantial pressure drop; Baffles therefor
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00049—Controlling or regulating processes
- B01J2219/00051—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2219/00074—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids
- B01J2219/00087—Controlling the temperature by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids with heat exchange elements outside the reactor
- B01J2219/00094—Jackets
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- B01J2231/72—Epoxidation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/02—Compositional aspects of complexes used, e.g. polynuclearity
- B01J2531/0213—Complexes without C-metal linkages
- B01J2531/0216—Bi- or polynuclear complexes, i.e. comprising two or more metal coordination centres, without metal-metal bonds, e.g. Cp(Lx)Zr-imidazole-Zr(Lx)Cp
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
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- B01J2531/72—Manganese
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Description
本發明係關於一種在作為氧化催化劑之水溶性錳錯合物存在下,製備1,2-環氧化物的方法及一種用於實施該方法之裝置。
一種用於製備1,2-環氧化物之方法係於歐洲公開專利申請案EP 2149569中所述。其描述利用水溶性錳錯合物作為氧化催化劑來催化氧化末端烯烴。
所述方法係在多相系統中實施,例如兩相系統,即包含有機相(其可係液相或氣相)及水相之系統。實際反應係於水相中發生,而所得環氧化物產物因其低溶解性或藉由有機相萃取或汽提而自水相分離出進入有機相中。為此,可以高轉換數(TON)製得1,2-環氧化物,對1,2-環氧化物的選擇性高且單離所得1,2-環氧化物的簡易性得以改良。
一般,實現上述優點之催化劑系統包含與一配位體或多個配位體配位之一錳原子或大量錳原子。特別值得注意的係雙核錳錯合物。舉例說明1,2-環氧化物之上述製備,可參考歐洲專利申請公開案EP 2149570,其描述氧化烯丙基氯,產生表氯醇。EP 2149569進一步指出該方法可在反應器中進行,但未對此詳細說明。然而,事實表明分離1,2-環氧化物後,留下之水相包含部分活性催化劑。EP 2149569未描述此部份之任何其他用途,其意指浪費一部份未發揮效能之催化
劑。歐洲非公開專利申請案09075528中展示環氧丙烷之製造方法之另一實例。
因此,本發明之一目的係提供一種催化劑效能得以改良之方法。
本發明之另一目的係提供一種對產物的選擇性得以改良之方法。
本發明之又另一目的係提供一種對分離及純化步驟的能量需求低的方法。
本發明之又另一目的係提供一種用以製造1,2-環氧化物的裝置,例如反應器。
本發明之又另一目的係提供一種盡可能小且每反應器體積具相同改良生產率的反應器。
藉由一種用於製造環氧化物之方法可達成以上一或多個目的,該方法包括添加氧化劑、水溶性錳錯合物及末端烯烴以形成多相反應混合物,其中該水溶性錳錯合物係通式(I):[LMnX3]Y(I)之單核物種或通式(II):[LMn(μ-X)3MnL](Y)n(II)之雙核物種,其中Mn係錳;L或各L獨立地係多齒配位體,各X獨立地係配位物種及各μ-X獨立地係橋接配位物種,且其中Y係非配位抗衡離子,在水溶性錳錯合物存在下,令末端烯烴與氧化劑在具有至少一有機相之多相反應混合物中反應,將該反應混合物分離為至少一有機相及一水相,並再次利用至少一部份該水相。
10‧‧‧裝置
11‧‧‧進料導管
12‧‧‧進料泵
13‧‧‧排出管
15‧‧‧進料槽
20‧‧‧反應器
21‧‧‧入口
22‧‧‧出口
23‧‧‧分散構件
24‧‧‧冷卻構件
26‧‧‧反應器泵
30‧‧‧分離構件
31‧‧‧分離入口
32‧‧‧產物出口
33‧‧‧再循環出口
41‧‧‧再循環導管
42‧‧‧再循環泵
50‧‧‧預混合構件
以下為簡要描述圖,其中相同數字表示相同元件。
圖1圖示用於製造表氯醇之一裝置之一實施例的示意圖。
本發明係基於單離水相含有仍具活性的催化劑的觀察結果。此使本發明者理解到再次利用包含催化劑的單離水相的至少一部份,可更有效地利用催化劑,及降低隨後分離步驟中之能量消耗。分散良好之兩相反應系統與再次利用水相之組合得到高轉換數(TON),其係每莫耳催化劑在失去活性前可轉化的末端烯烴之莫耳數。該組合可進一步將隨後分離及純化步驟之能量消耗降至最低,所有原材料對產物之選擇性高及有效利用反應器容積,得到較不複雜的方法。以下更詳細論述本發明。
本方法係在具有一水相及至少一有機相之多相系統中進行。咸信末端烯烴之氧化(步驟a))係在水相中進行,但咸信有機相係自水相萃取或汽提所得的1,2-環氧化物。本發明者已發現有機相含有很少或不含有水溶性副產物及催化劑。宜使用在水中具有有限溶解度的末端烯烴,例如烯丙基氯及醋酸烯丙酯替代常用烯丙醇。多相系統可藉由將具有限溶解度之末端烯烴以大於水相中溶解量之量加入水相中而產生。末端烯烴較佳具有約100g/L(20℃下),更佳0.01至100g/L之最大溶解度。
反應器內之有機相對水相之體積比及相間之接觸程度為催化劑系統性能的重要參數。若有機相量過高,則水相不再係連續相。在此情況下,成份混合不充分。此意指末端烯烴之轉化率顯著下降。另一方面,若反應器內水相相對於有機相量過高,則水相中末端烯烴之濃度相對於氧化劑濃度過低。此可導致非所需副產物之生成及催化劑失活。因此,反應器內水相對有機相之體積比較佳係在10:1至1:5之間,最大程度地限制乳液的生成。
以上限制亦可受混合度之影響。事實上,此意指有機相需良好地分散於連續水相中,諸如以液滴之形式,較佳儘可能小,例如小於3mm。
有機相分散於水相中後,在催化劑存在下可發生末端烯烴與氧化劑之反應(催化氧化)(步驟a))。將所得反應混合物自反應器排出。所排出之反應混合物包含產物及未反應的起始材料。使排出之反應混合物沉降為其分離相,水相及至少一有機相。該至少一有機相可包含兩有機相,諸如一水相下方及一水相上方。
本發明者吃驚地發現水相含有仍具活性的催化劑。可再次利用單離水相中所含的催化劑,由此增加催化劑效率。
咸信水相含有至少痕量之末端烯烴。在不受任何理論局限下,咸信末端烯烴之存在使催化劑保持活性,但咸信在不存在末端烯烴下及/或由於存在環氧化物及/或氧化劑而不存在末端烯烴,活性催化劑之活性會降低。亦可利用冷却以減小催化劑效率之下降。
藉由將至少一部份(份)單離水相進料至另一反應器或藉由將至少一部份單離水相再循環至相同反應器(步驟d))可再次利用水相。較佳地,將至少一部份水相再循環於反應混合物中。這樣,不排出再循環水相中存在的催化劑,但可再次有效使用。
當進行該方法時,每單位時間將一定體積之水性起始材料,諸如氧化劑、催化劑及若須要之緩衝劑供應至反應混合物(步驟a))。
此等水性起始材料表示為水性組份。同時,每單位時間亦可將一定體積之單離水相再循環於反應混合物中。水性組份之體積對在每一瞬間加入反應混合物中之再循環水相的體積之質量比表示為水再循環比。為實現再循環催化劑之有利作用,該水再循環比較佳係10:1至1:10,更佳2:1至1:5及最佳1:3.5。此外,水相湍流狀態(諸如高速度)將防止分散於該介質中的有機液滴之凝聚。
末端烯烴對氧化劑之莫耳比對進行本發明方法極為重要。末端烯烴對氧化劑之莫耳比可大於1:2。較佳地,此比係在12:1至1:1之範圍中。更佳地,此比可係1:1、1.2:1、2:1、或4:1、或2:1
至12:1。若使用過多氧化劑,則由於生成非所需副產物,故對1,2-環氧化物的選擇率降低。氧化劑相對於末端烯烴過多之另一後果係催化劑快速失活。若氧化劑不充足,則轉換數非最佳。因此,此明顯不同於先前技術中所述之漂白條件,其中使用過量的氧化劑,即過氧化氫。為保證過氧化物最佳效率,最佳將氧化劑以約等於催化氧化之反應速率之速度加入水相中。
利用過氧化氫或其前驅體作為氧化劑來進行反應(催化氧化)。過氧化氫具有強氧化性。常使用水溶液。過氧化氫之濃度可於15%(例如,漂白毛髮之消費者等級)與98%(推進劑等級)間變化,技術等級較佳係於30%與70%間變化。更佳地,過氧化氫之濃度係70%。可使用之其他氧化劑包括有機過氧化物、過酸及其組合。
末端烯烴之反應(催化氧化)係於水相中發生。水相pH可為1至8,諸如2至5。水相可進一步包含一緩衝系統以將pH穩定於某一範圍內。例如,發現將水相穩定在1至8,更佳2至5之pH範圍內比較有利。因此,pH(宜)低於以過氧化氫作為氧化劑漂白烯烴時所用的pH,一般在鹼性較強的條件下進行(例如,以NaHCO3將pH調節至9.0)。可藉由多種已知酸-鹽組合達到適宜或較佳範圍,其中較佳組合係基於草酸-草酸鹽、醋酸-醋酸鹽、丙二酸-丙二酸鹽及其組合。
水相可進一步包含少量(若有)其他有機化合物。水相亦可含有少量共溶劑,例如以增加烯烴之溶解度。適宜共溶劑包括(例如)丙酮、甲醇及其他水溶性醇。共溶劑使用量為保持兩相系統之量,量較佳<10重量%。
水相可進一步包含一相轉移劑及/或一界面活性劑,尤其是若使用低溶解度(例如,低於0,1g/L水)之末端烯烴時。可用於本發明方法中之已知相轉移劑包括四級烷基銨鹽。可用於本發明方法中之已知界面活性劑包括非離子界面活性劑,諸如獲自Union Carbide之Triton
X100TM。
包含水溶性錳錯合物之催化劑系統係如下所述。氧化催化劑係水溶性錳錯合物。有利地,錳錯合物包括通式(I)之單核物種:[LMnX3]Y (I),及通式(II)之雙核物種:[LMn(μ-X)3MnL](Y)n(II),其中Mn係錳;L或各L獨立地係多齒配位體,較佳含3個氮原子之環狀或非環狀化合物;各X獨立地係配位物種及各μ-X獨立地係橋接配位物種,選自由以下組成之群:RO-、Cl-、Br-、I-、F-、NCS-、N3 -、I3 -、NH3、NR3、RCOO-、RSO3 -、RSO4 -、OH-、O2-、O2 2-、HOO-、H2O、SH-、CN-、OCN-與S4 2-及其組合,其中R係選自由烷基、環烷基、芳基、苯甲基及其組合組成之群的C1-C20基,及Y係選自由RO-、Cl-、Br-、I-、F-、SO4 2-、RCOO-、PF6 -、醋酸根、甲苯磺酸根、三氟甲磺酸根(CF3SO3 -)及其組合組成之群的非配位抗衡離子,其中R同樣係選自由烷基、環烷基、芳基、苯甲基及其組合組成之C1至C20基。非配位抗衡離子Y可對錯合物提供電荷中性及數值n取决於陽離子錯合物與陰離子抗衡離子Y之電荷,例如n可係1或2。在一實施例中,CH3COO-或PF6 -離子可用作非配位抗衡離子。適用於本發明之配位體係主鏈含至少7個原子的非環狀化合物或環中含至少9個原子之環狀化合物,各具有由至少兩個碳原子隔開之若干氮原子。較佳配位體類係基於(經取代之)三氮雜環壬烷(「Tacn」)。較佳配位體係1,4,7-三甲基-1,4,7-三氮雜環壬烷(「TmTacn」)。
由於雙核錳錯合物具更大活性及在水中之溶解度更高,故指出其等係較佳。較佳雙核錳錯合物係式[MnIV 2(μ-O)3L2](Y)n(與式:[LMn(μ-O)3MnL](Y)n相同)之彼等者,其中n係2,及L及Y具有以上相同意義,較佳以TmTacn作為配位體,及PF6 -或
醋酸根(CH3CO2 -,下文為OAc)作為抗衡離子。包含水溶性錳錯合物之催化劑系統係如上所述。本發明之較佳錯合物包含作為較佳配位體之1,4,7-三甲基-1,4,7,-三氮雜環壬烷(「TmTacn」)。此配位體購自Aldrich。
使用催化有效量之錳錯合物。通常而言,催化劑係以催化劑(Mn)對氧化劑之莫耳比為1:10至1:10,000,000,較佳1:100至1:1,000,000,最佳1:1000至1:100,000使用。為方便起見,牢記水性介質之體積時,催化劑量亦可以其濃度來表示。例如,其可以0.001至10mmol/L,較佳0.01至7mmol/L及最佳0.01至2mmol/L之莫耳濃度(基於Mn)使用。
熟習此技術者可快速確定催化氧化之反應條件。反應係放熱型,故需冷却反應混合物。取决於諸如所用末端烯烴之熔點及沸點的物理參數,反應溫度較佳在-5℃與40℃之間。
根據本發明,所用的末端烯烴係可官能化之可環氧化之烯烴。末端烯烴在製程條件下可係液體,例如烯丙基氯或液化丙烯,亦可係氣體,例如氣態丙烯。
末端烯烴之適宜實例包括末端烯烴系不飽和化合物。在一實施例中,末端烯烴系不飽和化合物可具有至少一不飽和-C=C-鍵,諸如至少一不飽和-C=CH2基團。烯烴系不飽和化合物可包含多於一個之不飽和-C=C-鍵。此外,不飽和-C=C-鍵不必係端基。末端烯烴系不飽和化合物可具有一或多個末端-C=CH2鍵。
因此,末端烯烴系不飽和化合物之適宜實例包括以下化合物:R-CH=CH2
R'-(CH=CH2)n
X-CH=CH2
Y-(CH=CH2)2
其中R係視需要包含1或更多個雜原子(諸如氧、氮或矽)之具有1或更多個碳原子之基團;R'係視需要包含1或更多個雜原子之具有1或更多個碳原子之多價基團,其中n對應於多價基團之化合價;X係鹵素原子,及Y係氧原子。
特別值得注意的係選自以下化合物之烯烴系不飽和化合物:(a)氯乙烯或烯丙基氯;(b)1-烯烴,較佳丙烯;(c)單、二或聚醇之單、二或聚烯丙基醚;(d)單、二或聚醇之單、二或聚乙烯基醚;(e)單、二或聚酸之單、二或聚烯丙基酯;(f)單、二或聚酸之單、二或聚乙烯基酯;(g)二乙烯基醚或二烯丙基醚。
末端烯烴在水中具有有限溶解度,例如末端烯烴在20℃下於水相中具有約100g/L之最大溶解度,更佳在20℃下為0.01至100g/L。
在本發明之一更佳實施例中,末端烯烴係選自烯丙基溴、烯丙基氯及醋酸烯丙酯。在本發明之一最佳實施例中,由於商業利益及單離所得表氯醇的簡易性,故使用烯丙基氯來製造表氯醇。
根據本發明之另一較佳實施例,為產生環氧丙烷,末端烯烴係丙烯,且反應溫度係在-5℃至40℃之間。較佳使用對於氧化劑為過量之丙烯。
根據本發明之又另一實施例,以預先混合的混合物將緩衝劑(若有)及氧化催化劑進料於步驟a)中。
本發明之另一態樣係關於一種實施上述用於製造1,2-環氧化物之方法的裝置。根據本發明,該裝置包含用於進行催化氧化之一反應器,其具有用於將氧化劑、氧化催化劑、視需要之緩衝劑及末端烯烴進料至該反應器的一入口,及用於將反應混合物自該反應器排出之一
出口,連接該反應器出口用於將該反應混合物分離為至少一有機相與一水相之分離構件,用於再循環分離構件中單離水相之一部份的再循環構件,用於將末端烯烴分散於水相中之分散構件及用於控制催化氧化方法之溫度的冷卻構件。
根據本發明,該裝置包含用於實施本發明之一反應器,其具有一入口及一出口。經由該反應器入口,將反應物進料至該反應器,而經由該反應器出口排出反應混合物。如上所述,該裝置進一步包含連接該反應器出口之用於將反應混合物分離成至少一有機相與水相之分離構件。較佳地,此分離構件包含液液直接分離器(諸如沉降槽),此因產物形成沉降時自水相相分離的至少一分離有機相。亦可使用諸如旋液分離器之其他裝置。
經由該反應器入口將水相再循環於該反應器中。此再循環構件可具簡單設計,例如連接分離構件之水相出口與反應器入口之配備有一泵以將水相輸送至反應器中的管。應注意熟練者將意識到根據本發明之反應器係配備有如(例如)泵、閥及控制機構之標準製程工藝元件。
根據本發明之反應器進一步包含用於將有機末端烯烴相分散於水相中之分散構件及由於催化氧化之放熱性質而控制其溫度之冷却構件。
關於反應器類型,許多反應器設計係適於實施本發明之方法。反應器可係一塞式流動反應器(PFR)。由於分散所需之高速度及長滯留時間,故本發明中使用之PFR將係一極長的PFR。反應器亦可係一連續攪拌釜式反應器(CSTR)。當利用CSTR時,將末端烯烴分散於水相中時應特別留意。
根據本發明之一較佳實施例,亦可在一環管反應器中進行催化氧化。在一環管反應器中,使反應混合物循環。當環管反應器之循環
率約為進料水性組份及末端烯烴之速度(即進料速度)的15倍時,環管反應器因高度反向混合則可稱為CSTR。本方法利用環管反應器之優點係其以緊湊反應器設計提供泵抽系統與分散構件之組合明確界定的混合行為。
根據本發明之又另一較佳實施例,分散構件係一靜態混合器,因此混合器將最大程度地破碎連續水相中的有機液滴。
根據本發明之另一實施例,將新鮮氧化劑及烯烴以細分份經由分佈於反應器外殼上之多個入口件進料至反應器之水相中。
藉由圖1進一步解釋本發明,該圖顯示用於製造表氯醇之裝置之一實施例的示意圖。
應注意構造用於實施本發明方法之裝置的技術者將意識到該裝置之所有製程技術元件係藉由利用常見製程技術知識構造及操作。
在此實施例中,裝置10包含一環管反應器20,其包含一入口21及一出口22。將置於各自進料槽15之過氧化氫、作為氧化催化劑之水溶性錳錯合物、草酸鹽緩衝溶液及烯丙基氯進料至反應器20中。藉由進料泵12將反應物經由進料導管11自進料槽15輸送至反應器入口21。在圖1中,將預混合構件50置於入口21與一或多個進料泵12間以預混合諸如催化劑與草酸鹽緩衝液之一些組份。反應器入口21宜包含許多入口孔,一個孔用於一反應物。經由反應器出口22將反應混合物自反應器20排出進入分離構件30中。反應器出口22經由一排出管13與該分離構件30連接。分離構件30包含一分離入口31,經由該入口將反應混合物供應至分離構件30中。在分離構件30中,相分離為至少一有機相與水相。包含表氯醇之有機相經由產物出口32自分離構件30分離。
經由連接分離構件30之一再循環出口33及反應器入口21的一再循環導管41,將分離構件30中之至少一部份水相再循環至反應器20。一再循環泵42係包含於再循環導管41中以輸送水相。利用一分散構件
23,將反應器20內之有機相分散於水相中。反應器20進一步包含用於輸送反應混合物之一反應器泵26及用以冷却反應混合物之冷却構件24。該等冷卻構件24可係(例如)水冷卻器或其他類型之熱交換構件。然而,冷卻構件24類型之選擇係由技術熟練專家所决定。
10‧‧‧裝置
11‧‧‧進料導管
12‧‧‧進料泵
13‧‧‧排出管
15‧‧‧進料槽
20‧‧‧反應器
21‧‧‧入口
22‧‧‧出口
23‧‧‧分散構件
24‧‧‧冷卻構件
26‧‧‧反應器泵
30‧‧‧分離構件
31‧‧‧分離入口
32‧‧‧產物出口
33‧‧‧再循環出口
41‧‧‧再循環導管
42‧‧‧再循環泵
50‧‧‧預混合構件
Claims (16)
- 一種用於製造環氧化物之方法,其包含:於反應器中形成包含水溶性錳錯合物及氧化劑之水相;提供具有水溶解度之範圍自0.01至100g/L之末端烯烴,其量為足以形成使該水相對該有機相之體積比係自10:1至1:5之有機相之量;將該有機相分散於該水相中以在該水相中形成具有平均尺寸小於3mm之有機相液滴;在水溶性錳錯合物存在下,令該末端烯烴與該氧化劑反應;及自該水相分離該有機相,其中經分離之水相包含該水溶性錳錯合物。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該末端烯烴對氧化劑之莫耳比係在12:1至1:1之範圍內。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該製造環氧化物包括一連續方法。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該氧化劑包括過氧化氫、其前驅體或選自由有機過氧化物、過酸及其組合所組成之群的化合物。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該反應器包括連續攪拌反應器、塞式流動反應器或環管反應器。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該有機相包含液相或氣相。
- 如請求項1之方法,進一步包括再利用至少一部份該經分離之水相至第二反應器、再循環至少一部份該經分離之水相至該反應器或其組合。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中自該水相分離該有機相包括向心力或沉降。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該水相進一步包括緩衝系統。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該水相包括1至8之pH。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該水相包含相轉移劑、界面活性劑或兩者。
- 如請求項11之方法,其中該相轉移劑包括四級銨鹽。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該末端烯烴包括下式之化合物:R-CH=CH2;R'-(CH=CH2)n;X-CH=CH2;及Y-(CH=CH2)2;其中R係視需要包含1或多個雜原子(諸如氧、氮或矽)之具有1或多個碳原子之基團;R'係視需要包含1或多個雜原子之具有1或更多個碳原子之多價基團,其中n對應於多價基團之化合價;X係鹵素原子,及Y係氧原子。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該末端烯烴包括選自以下所組成之群的化合物:(a)氯乙烯或烯丙基氯;(b)1-烯烴;(c)單、二或多元醇之單、二或聚烯丙基醚;(d)單、二或多元醇之單、二或聚乙烯基醚;(e)單、二或多元酸之單、二或聚烯丙基酯;(f)單、二或多元酸之單、二或聚乙烯基酯;(g)二乙烯基醚或二烯丙基醚。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中該末端烯烴包括烯丙基氯或丙烯。
- 如請求項7之方法,其中再循環至少一部份該經分離之水相至相同反應器係包括再循環對水性組份之體積比係自10:1至1:10之經再循環之經分離水相之體積。
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