TWI506834B - Method for preparing organic solar cells with conductive nanocoltons - Google Patents
Method for preparing organic solar cells with conductive nanocoltons Download PDFInfo
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- TWI506834B TWI506834B TW102118816A TW102118816A TWI506834B TW I506834 B TWI506834 B TW I506834B TW 102118816 A TW102118816 A TW 102118816A TW 102118816 A TW102118816 A TW 102118816A TW I506834 B TWI506834 B TW I506834B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 92
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 13
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 13
- 239000002061 nanopillar Substances 0.000 description 12
- MCEWYIDBDVPMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N [60]pcbm Chemical group C123C(C4=C5C6=C7C8=C9C%10=C%11C%12=C%13C%14=C%15C%16=C%17C%18=C(C=%19C=%20C%18=C%18C%16=C%13C%13=C%11C9=C9C7=C(C=%20C9=C%13%18)C(C7=%19)=C96)C6=C%11C%17=C%15C%13=C%15C%14=C%12C%12=C%10C%10=C85)=C9C7=C6C2=C%11C%13=C2C%15=C%12C%10=C4C23C1(CCCC(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 MCEWYIDBDVPMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920000301 poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 5
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 2
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminum fluoride Inorganic materials F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015096 spirit Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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Description
本發明係關於一種具有導電奈米柱之有機太陽能電池之製備方法,尤指一種透過蝕刻液蝕刻圖案化銦錫氧化物層,使其產生奈米柱之結構,利於收集主動層中的電洞之具有導電奈米柱之有機太陽能電池之製備方法。
太陽能電池的研究是再生能源中受眾人期待的一個方向。雖然現今已商業化的多數產品是以矽為其主要材料,有機太陽能電池仍因其製程簡單、造價便宜、材質輕盈、可撓曲等特性而受到業界與學術界的矚目。
然而,目前有機太陽能電池仍有多項缺點仍待克服,例如轉換效率偏低、載子遷移率低、元件生命期短等。
有機太陽能電池的主動層係負有吸收光能、拆解激子(exciton dissociation),也就是電子電洞對(electron-hole pair),以及傳導電子與電洞等功能,而由於電子與電洞容易在單一材料中相遇而復合(recombination),所以具有單層之主動層之有機太陽能電池的效率並不高,多是以雙層做為其製備架構。
在主動層係為雙層之有機太陽能電池當中,電子予體(electron donor)吸收光能後形成激子,激子在傳輸至電子予體與電子受體(electron acceptor)介面時拆解為電子與電洞,並且電子可以在電子受體內傳輸至陰極層,而電洞則可以在電子予體內傳輸至陽極層,此陽極層係以銦錫氧化物所組成。
由於電子予體與電子受體可以單獨傳導電子與電洞,電子電洞發生復合的狀況將大幅降低,然而,受限於激子拆解介面之面積僅限於電子予體與電子受體的接觸面積,因此即使具有雙層之有機太陽能電池之轉換效率通常比具單一層面之有機太陽能電池來得高,前者仍非為理想之結構。
另一種具塊材異質介面(Bulk heterojunction)之有機太陽能電池即是較佳的改良結構,其電子予體與電子受體均於溶解在有機溶液後混和形成主動層,其經適當的處理使電子予體與電子受體產生相分離(phase separation)後可以形成電洞與電子的傳輸通道,同時,電子予體與電子受體的接觸面積也因相分離而導致可以拆解激子處變多,使得光電流上升。
另一種具塊材異質介面(Bulk heterojunction)之有機太陽能電池即是較佳的改良結構,其電子予體與電子受體均於溶解在有機溶液後混和形成主動層,其經適當的處理使電子予體與電子受體產生相分離(phase separation)後可以形成電洞與電子的傳輸通道,同時,電子予體與電子受體的接觸面積也因相分離而導致可以拆解激子處變多,使得光電流上升。
目前較常用的電子予體為Poly(3-hexylthiophene
-2,5-diyl) (P3HT),而電子受體為[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric
acid methyl ester (PCBM),當激子於P3HT與PCBM接面處拆解為電子與電洞後,電子將往陰極傳導而電洞往陽極傳導。此時,離陽極較近處所產生的電洞可以較快的傳導至陽極而成為光電流,離陽極較遠處產生的電洞傳導至陽極需要較久之時間,且在傳導途徑與電洞復合的量較多,加上P3HT的電洞遷移率較PCBM的電子遷移率來得低,使得傳導電洞至陽極的通道上有較大的電阻,仍存在有改進的空間。
-2,5-diyl) (P3HT),而電子受體為[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric
acid methyl ester (PCBM),當激子於P3HT與PCBM接面處拆解為電子與電洞後,電子將往陰極傳導而電洞往陽極傳導。此時,離陽極較近處所產生的電洞可以較快的傳導至陽極而成為光電流,離陽極較遠處產生的電洞傳導至陽極需要較久之時間,且在傳導途徑與電洞復合的量較多,加上P3HT的電洞遷移率較PCBM的電子遷移率來得低,使得傳導電洞至陽極的通道上有較大的電阻,仍存在有改進的空間。
本發明之主要目的,係提供一種具有導電奈米柱之有機太陽能電池之製備方法,其透過蝕刻的方式,直接使得陽極獲得導電奈米柱之結構,縮短了主動層所產生的電洞所要抵達陽極之時間,並且提高陽極的穿透率。
本發明之次要目的,係提供一種具有導電奈米柱之有機太陽能電池之製備方法,其在有機太陽能電池之陽極與主動層間設置有電洞傳輸層輔助電洞之傳導。
本發明之再一目的,係提供一種具有導電奈米柱之有機太陽能電池之製備方法,其在電洞傳輸層的設置上,可透過不同比例之溶液調整而使得所形成之電洞傳輸層能於導電奈米柱之間具有複數個間隙,或是於導電奈米柱之上形成一平面。
為了達到上述之目的,本發明揭示了一種具有導電奈米柱之有機太陽能電池之製備方法,其係包含:設置一圖案化銦錫氧化物層於一基板之上;蝕刻該圖案化銦錫氧化物層,形成複數個導電奈米柱;塗佈一電洞傳輸層於該些導電奈米柱之上;設置一主動層於該電洞傳輸層之上;以及設置一陰極層於該主動層之上。據此方法,本發明所製備之有機太陽能電池即可在導電奈米柱的存在之下,提供電洞較短的傳輸路徑並提高陽極之穿透率,提高了有機太陽能電池的發電效率。
1...基板
2...圖案化銦錫氧化物層
21...導電奈米柱
3...保護層
4...電洞傳輸層
41...間隙
42...平面
5...主動層
6...陰極層
S1~S5...步驟
第一圖:其係為本發明之步驟流程圖;
第二圖:其係為本發明之部分流程示意圖;
第三圖:其係為本發明中,經蝕刻所形成之導電奈米柱之電子顯微鏡拍攝圖;
第四A圖:其係為本發明中,電洞傳輸層一較佳實施例之結構示意圖;
第四B圖:其係為本發明中,電洞傳輸層另一較佳實施例之結構示意圖;
第五A圖:其係為本發明中,電洞傳輸層一較佳實施例之電子顯微鏡拍攝圖;以及
第五B圖:其係為本發明中,電洞傳輸層另一較佳實施例之電子顯微鏡拍攝圖。
第二圖:其係為本發明之部分流程示意圖;
第三圖:其係為本發明中,經蝕刻所形成之導電奈米柱之電子顯微鏡拍攝圖;
第四A圖:其係為本發明中,電洞傳輸層一較佳實施例之結構示意圖;
第四B圖:其係為本發明中,電洞傳輸層另一較佳實施例之結構示意圖;
第五A圖:其係為本發明中,電洞傳輸層一較佳實施例之電子顯微鏡拍攝圖;以及
第五B圖:其係為本發明中,電洞傳輸層另一較佳實施例之電子顯微鏡拍攝圖。
為使本發明之特徵及所達成之功效有更進一步之瞭解與認識,謹佐以較佳之實施例及配合詳細之說明,說明如後:
首先,請參考第一圖,其係為本發明之步驟流程圖;如圖所示,其係包含步驟:
步驟S1:設置一圖案化銦錫氧化物層於一基板之上;
步驟S2:蝕刻該圖案化銦錫氧化物層,形成複數個導電奈米柱;
步驟S3:塗佈一電洞傳輸層於該些導電奈米柱之上;
步驟S4:設置一主動層於該電洞傳輸層之上;以及
步驟S5:設置一陰極層於該主動層之上。
步驟S1:設置一圖案化銦錫氧化物層於一基板之上;
步驟S2:蝕刻該圖案化銦錫氧化物層,形成複數個導電奈米柱;
步驟S3:塗佈一電洞傳輸層於該些導電奈米柱之上;
步驟S4:設置一主動層於該電洞傳輸層之上;以及
步驟S5:設置一陰極層於該主動層之上。
於本發明中,其係在製備有機太陽能電池時,透過蝕刻液直接蝕刻圖案化銦錫氧化物層(下稱為ITO層)而使之形成奈米柱之結構,因而使主動層之電洞能夠更快地抵達ITO層,降低電洞的移動路徑而提升其發電效率。
請參考第二圖,如其流程指向所揭示,本發明之起始係將圖案化銦錫氧化物層2(下稱為ITO層2)設置於一基板之上。此ITO層2係以銦錫氧化物(Indium Tin Oxide)為材質,做為有機太陽能電池之陽極,沉積於是以玻璃為材質的基板1,此係為通常且普遍之有機太陽能電池之結構。
而在ITO層2之上,一般係續行塗佈上用來當作電洞傳輸層(hole transport layer)的聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)(下稱為PEDOT),不過本發明在塗佈上電洞傳輸層之前,係先行將ITO層2做奈米柱之製備處理。如第二圖所示,ITO層2之上可先設置一保護層3,其目的在於遮蔽ITO層2不需要形成奈米柱的區域;本發明於實際操作時,係以鋁(Al)做為保護層3之材料,其本身可在蝕刻的過程中被一併移除。
待設置保護層3以遮蔽該ITO層2不予蝕刻之部分後,接著就將基板1浸於一蝕刻液之中,使得位於其上的ITO層2被蝕刻液所蝕刻,進而形成複數個導電奈米柱21。本發明於此實施例所使用的蝕刻液係為磷酸(H3
PO4
),並且提升至40°C而提高效率,但並不限定為磷酸,也可以使用其他適用的蝕刻材料。
由於保護層3會在蝕刻的過程中被一併移除,因此蝕刻所停止的時間點即係為保護層3被蝕刻液完全移除之際,此時未受保護層3所覆蓋的ITO層2就會在經過磷酸等蝕刻液蝕刻後,產生如第三圖透過掃描式電子顯微鏡所拍攝之照片當中的導電奈米柱21。
接著,本發明在具有導電奈米柱21之ITO層2上再旋轉塗佈導電高分子PEDOT作為電洞傳輸層,此PEDOT實質上係為PEDOT與聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS)的混合物,故以下以PEDOT/PSS稱呼。請參考第四A圖以及第四B圖,其係揭示了本發明兩種電洞傳輸層4之結構。在第四A圖當中,電洞傳輸層4係以薄膜的形式塗佈於導電奈米柱21之表面,沿著該表面而保留了導電奈米柱21之間的間隙41;而在第四B圖中,則是填滿了導電奈米柱21之間的間隙41並將之覆蓋為平面42。此兩種實施態樣係透過不同的旋轉塗佈之轉速以及PEDOT/PSS溶液配製而達成,而其掃描式電子顯微鏡拍攝照片則分別如第五A圖以及第五B圖所示。
本發明在設置電洞傳輸層4時所使用的PEDOT/PSS溶液當中含有異丙醇(IPA)溶劑,以及介面活性劑Triton。異丙醇係用以稀釋PEDOT/PSS,而控制Triton的比例即可決定PEDOT/PSS的覆蓋程度。在第四A圖及第五A圖之實施例當中,其係以PEDOT/PSS:IPA:Triton為10:90:1之比例調配,所得到的PEDOT/PSS填滿間隙41而以平面42覆蓋於導電奈米柱21之上;而在第四A圖及第五A圖之實施例當中,PEDOT/PSS:IPA:Triton之比例則為50:50:1,使得到的PEDOT/PSS服貼於導電奈米柱21之表面。在固定PEDOT/PSS:IPA:Triton之比例下,也可以藉由控制旋轉塗佈時之轉速來控制PEDOT/PSS填滿間隙或是服貼於導電奈米柱21之表面。[0023] 在電洞傳輸層4之上,本發明則依序再設置了主動層5以及陰極層6,其中的主動層5係以P3HT:PCBM為材質,具有電子予體P3HT以及電子受體PCBM,係為有機太陽能電池領域所常用之材料。其係在太陽光在照射於主動層5的材料上時,於最高佔據分子軌域的電子吸收能量後,使之被激發到最低未被佔據分子軌域,因而產生了束縛的電子電洞對,而當其擴散到電子予體與電子受體的介面時,其經克服束縛能之後而離解成自由載子。最後電子電洞再分別被太陽能電池的陰極層6與做為陽極的ITO層2所收集,因而能將光能轉換成電能。
因此,本發明即係透過蝕刻ITO層2之方法,使其形成導電奈米柱21的結構,進而讓任何位於間隙41或是靠近電奈米柱21區域中所產生的電洞可以在短距離內抵達ITO層2,以利於降低電洞的傳輸距離,並且增加電極與主動層5的接觸面積。同時,光線在ITO層2也會有更多的散射發生,使得這些發生散射之光線能與再次與主動層5之材料接觸,因而提高了光電轉換的效率。
主動層5可以由P3HT與PCBM之混合溶液旋轉塗佈而獲得,也可以由先旋轉塗佈P3HT之溶液後,再旋轉塗佈PCBM而獲得。位於主動層5上的陰極層6則是透過蒸鍍而獲得,其材質可選用鋁、銀、鈣/鋁、氟化鋰等習知材料,並無特殊之限定。
配合透過上述之揭示,本發明之製備方法考量到電子予體之載子遷移率較低的問題,以及ITO層的穿透率有限之下,以蝕刻之方式直接使得圖案化之ITO層獲得導電奈米柱之結構,無需使用任何昂貴之真空設備,即可讓電洞能夠更快地抵達做為陽極之ITO層,並且提高ITO層的穿透率。故基於此些優點之下,本發明無疑提供了一具有實用價值之具有導電奈米柱之有機太陽能電池之製備方法。
惟以上所述者,僅為本發明之較佳實施例而已,並非用來限定本發明實施之範圍,舉凡依本發明申請專利範圍所述之形狀、構造、特徵及精神所為之均等變化與修飾,均應包括於本發明之申請專利範圍內。
S1~S5...步驟
Claims (8)
- 一種具有導電奈米柱之有機太陽能電池之製備方法,其係包含:
設置一圖案化銦錫氧化物層於一基板之上;
蝕刻該圖案化銦錫氧化物層,形成複數個導電奈米柱;
塗佈一電洞傳輸層於該些導電奈米柱之上;
設置一主動層於該電洞傳輸層之上;以及
設置一陰極層於該主動層之上。 - 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製備方法,其中於蝕刻該圖案化銦錫氧化物層之步驟前,更包含一步驟:
設置一保護層於該圖案化銦錫氧化物層之上,遮蔽該圖案化銦錫氧化物層不予蝕刻之部分。 - 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之製備方法,其中於蝕刻該圖案化銦錫氧化物層之步驟時,其係停止於該保護層被一蝕刻液所移除。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項所述之製備方法,其中該保護層之材質係為鋁。
- 如申請專利範圍第3項所述之製備方法,其中該蝕刻液係為磷酸。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製備方法,其中該電洞傳輸層之材質係為聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩)。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製備方法,其中該電洞傳輸層係覆蓋於該些導電奈米柱之上,而於該些導電奈米柱之間具有複數個間隙。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之製備方法,其中該電洞傳輸層係覆蓋於該些導電奈米柱之上,而於該些導電奈米柱之上形成一平面。
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