TWI403364B - 催化反應器 - Google Patents

催化反應器 Download PDF

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TWI403364B
TWI403364B TW095102415A TW95102415A TWI403364B TW I403364 B TWI403364 B TW I403364B TW 095102415 A TW095102415 A TW 095102415A TW 95102415 A TW95102415 A TW 95102415A TW I403364 B TWI403364 B TW I403364B
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Clive Derek Lee-Tuffnell
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Description

催化反應器
本發明係關於適合使用在化學程序中來轉化天然氣成為較長鏈烴類之催化反應器,特別用於實施費雪-闕布希(Fisher-Tropsch)合成法,及關於包括此種催化劑反應器來實施該程序之裝置。
於國際專利公開WO01/51194及WO 03/048034(Accentus plc)中記述一種程序,其係使甲烷與水蒸汽在第一催化反應器中產生反應而產生一氧化碳和氫;然後使用所得之氣體混合物在第二催化反應器中實施費雪-闕布希合成法。整體結果,甲烷轉化成為具有較高分子量之烴類,在周圍條件下,其通常是液體或蠟。該程序中之水蒸汽/甲烷重組及合成的兩階段,係需要不同催化劑,因為反應各自是吸熱性和放熱性,且熱被轉移至反應氣體或自反應氣體放出。此等反應之反應器可能由一堆疊的板所形成,並具有形成在各板間之流動通道,不同流體之流動通道交替在堆疊中。在需要催化劑之那些通道中,較佳是呈攜帶催化劑在陶瓷塗層中之金屬基材的形式,當催化劑被耗盡時可以從此等構造自通道中將之移出。該催化劑構造提供大表面積適合反應氣體與催化材料間之接觸,但是它同時也抑制反應氣體流經通道之流動。
根據本發明,提供一種適用於費雪-闕布希合成法之小型催化反應器,其係在在反應器中形成交替配置之多條第一和第二流動通道,以便各有攜帶進行費雪-闕布希合成之氣體混合物及冷卻劑流體;其中每一第一流動通道含有一種可移動之透氣催化劑構造包括一種非孔性金屬基材,並在該基材上的至少一表面上具有不超過200μ m大體上均勻厚度的連續陶瓷塗層,該陶瓷塗層併合有催化材料,該催化劑構造形成中孔和巨觀細孔以提供80至120 m2 /g範圍內之細孔表面積,使該催化劑構造成形以便形成有多重總體流動路徑貫通,其中該空隙度,即由多重總體流動路徑所構成之第一流動通道截面積的比例是在25%至77%間。
該空隙度,較佳是在約35%至75%間,更佳在60%至72%間。
應了解有:該費雪-闕布希反應是一種相當慢的反應。該費雪-闕布希合成法的目的是產生其中碳鍵較甲烷之碳鏈長的烴類,且實際上較佳為含至少五碳原子而因此;通常是液體及/或蠟。因此,實用之反應器每單位時間必須產生甚大數量的此等較長鏈烴,且應對於形成此等較長鏈烴而非對於甲烷具有選擇性。如今已發現:如果空隙度小於約25%,則生產力太低不經濟,而如果空隙度高於約77%,生產力可能高但是甲烷的產生將變的過量。
該費雪-闕布希反應典型上係在約200℃溫度下進行,因此,可選擇廣大範圍的材料作為反應器。舉例而言,該反應器可由一種鋁合金、不鏽鋼、高鎳合金或其他鐵合金造 成。
催化劑構造之金屬基材較佳是鋼合金,當加熱時,其形成氧化鋁的一黏附之表面塗層,舉例而言,(較佳是)一種帶有鋁之肥粒鐵鋼例如具有15%鉻、4%鋁和0.3釔之鐵(例如Fecralloy(TM))。當此金屬在空氣中被加熱時,它形成礬土一種的黏附之氧化物塗層,其保護合金對抗更進步氧化及對抗腐蝕。於該陶瓷塗層是屬於礬土之情況,此顯現連合氧化物塗層在表面上。基材較佳是例如具有小於100μ m厚度的薄金屬箔且可將該基材造成波紋形、打褶或用別的方法成形以便形成許多的流動路徑。
該催化劑構造較佳包括厚度在40μ m至200μ m間的陶瓷塗層,更佳具有厚度在60μ m至100μ m之間。此塗層形成細孔,且併合催化金屬的粒子。
可將併合催化材料之催化劑構造嵌入反應器的流動通道中,其中費雪-闕布希反應之流動通道與移除熱之流動通道交替。流動通道內之催化劑構造的金屬基材增加熱傳及催化劑表面積。催化劑構造自模組中之通道可移出,因此如果催化劑變的耗盡,可將彼等置換。由催化劑構造所形成之流動路徑可具有任何適當截面積形狀。至少某些流動路徑可沿著其長度相互連通或或者,各流動路徑經由催化劑構造都可相互被分開。形成催化劑構造之所有表面較佳併合催化材料。
於通道深度是不超過約3mm之情況時,因此該催化劑構造,舉例而言,可能是一單成形箔。或者,且特別於該通道深度是大約2mm之情況時,較佳之催化劑構造包括經由實質為平箔的所分隔之許多的此類成形箔;可將成形箔和平箔相互連結,或或者,作為分開項目可被嵌入。為了保證所需要之良好熱接觸,費雪-闕布希反應之通道較佳是小於200mm深,且更佳小於100mm深。意欲,將通道內之溫度維持均勻越過通道寬度,在約2至4℃內,且通道變的越大,此是更難實現。
反應器模組可以由堆疊的板構成。舉例而言,第一和第二流動通道可以由各板中之溝槽所形成,將各板堆疊然後連接在一起。或者,各流動通道可由薄金屬所形成,將此等薄金屬板造成城堡狀並與各平板交替堆疊;堆疊的各板,舉例而言係由擴散結合,硬焊或熱等壓壓製連接在一起。
因此,用於加工處理天然氣而獲得較長鏈烴類之裝置可併合蒸汽/甲烷重組反應器,使甲烷與水蒸汽反應而形成合成氣以及本發明的費雪-闕布希反應器而產生較長鏈烴類。
本發明與用於轉化天然氣(主要是甲烷)成為較長鏈烴類之化學程序有關。此程序的第一階段包括蒸汽重組,換言之,該型的反應:H2 O+CH4 → CO+3H2
此反應是吸熱性,且可能經由流動通道中之銠或鉑或鉑/銠催化劑來催化。造成此反應所需要之熱可能由燃燒一種可燃氣體例如甲烷或氫來提供,它是放熱性且可能經由一接隣第二氣體流動通道中之鉑/鈀催化劑與以催化。
然後使用由蒸汽/甲烷重組所產生之氣體混合物來實施費雪-闕布希合成法而產生較長鏈烴,換言之,nCO+2nH2 → (CH2 )n +nH2 O
它是一種放熱反應,在一種催化劑例如鐵、鈷或熔化磁鐵礦之存在時,在昇高溫度下,一般在190℃至280℃之間及昇高壓力下,一般在1.5MPa至2.5MPa(絕對值)發生。費雪-闕布希h合成法之較佳催化劑包括比表面積為140-230m2 /g的伽馬礬土的塗層,具有約10-40%鈷(與礬土相比較,以重量計)並具有一種促進劑例如小於10%鈷的重量之釘、鉑或釓及一種鹼度促進劑例如氧化鑭。在沉積陶瓷和浸漬及然後還原而產生催化劑粒子後,該比表面積較佳是約80-110m2 /g(如經由BET氣體吸附技術所量測者),例如90m2 /g如由汞注入法孔隙率計所量測之剛才供應之礬土的比孔隙體積較佳是在0.37至0.47cm3 /g範圍內,而含有催化劑之陶瓷的比孔隙體積是在0.20至0.26cm3 /g的範圍內(如由BET技術所量測者),舉例而言,0.24cm3 /g。
將經由水蒸汽甲烷重組所產生之高壓一氧化碳和氫的流冷卻並壓縮至昇高壓力下,比如說2.0MPa,然後進給至催化之費雪-闕布希反應器,此反應器係如上所示,自堆疊的板所形成之緊緻催化反應器;反應物混合物流經一組的通道,而冷卻劑流經另一組。
將來自費雪-闕布希合成法之反應產物,主要是水和烴類例如鏈烷烴,經由通經一熱交換器和一旋風分離器接著通經一分離室其中三相一水烴和尾氣分離,予以冷卻來冷凝各液體,並將烴產物在大氣壓下穩定化。收集並分離殘留在氣相中之烴類和過量氫氣(費雪-闕布希尾氣)。可將一部份通經一壓力減壓閥而提供作為重組器中催化燃燒(如上所述)。可將其餘之尾氣進給至經配置產生電力之一具氣渦輪機。主要裝置電力需要是使用以提升壓力至費雪-闕布希反應縮需要壓力的壓縮機;亦可使用電力來操作真空蒸餾單元而提供蒸汽產生之程序用水。
現在述及圖1,顯示適合於使用作為費雪-闕布希反應器之一部分的反應器10,該反應器10以剖面顯示及為了清晰,具有分離之各構件。該反應器10由相間隔分開,具有1mm厚度的一堆疊之平板12組成以使形成與費雪-闕布希合成法之通道交替之冷卻劑流體之通道。該冷卻劑流體通道由厚度0.75mm的城堡狀板14所形成。城堡牆的高度(典型在1至4mm範圍內)此實施中是2mm,及將2mm厚度實心邊緣條片16沿著各邊設置,及連續之帶是6mm分開。費雪-闕布希h合成法之通道是具有5mm高度,由5mm高,平方橫剖面的柱體18予以形成經由350mm相間隔而分開而因此形成直通通道。(或者,費雪-闕布希合成法之通道代替可由城堡狀板形成,以致舉例而言,個別通道可能是5mm高和10mm寬,或舉例而言,3mm高和20mm寬)。平板12、柱體18及其他結構構件可能由鋁合金造成,舉例而言,3003級(具有約1.2%錳和0.1%銅之鋁)。
如上所述,組合該堆疊,然後舉例而言經由硬焊連接在一起而形成反應器10。如圖2中所示,現在參照圖2,然後將併合一種適當催化劑之催化劑載體嵌入費雪-闕布希合成法之通道中,且其具有與相對應之通道相同寬度和高度。此實例中,費雪-闕布希合成法每一通道到中之載體22係由三個波紋形箔23造成,其中波紋形具有1.3mm高度,由標稱平箔24相分隔,所有此等箔具有50μ m厚度。該等標稱平箔23較佳以極小振幅形成波紋,舉例而言,產生約0.1mm的總高度,因為此現象使彼等具略少的撓性,而因此較易操作和嵌入。將每一箔用厚度約80mm的一催化劑層25覆蓋在每一面上,較佳是礬土陶瓷的每一面上。該陶瓷可具有2nm至20nm範圍內之特性大小的中細孔,其提供分散之催化劑金屬之大部份部位。此等中(等)細孔較佳具有10至16nm間之大小,更佳在12至14nm之間。關於此費雪-闕布希合成法,亦必須其中具有較大之中細孔及亦具有巨觀細孔,換言之,至少50nm和以上大小的細孔。此類巨觀細孔之含量,舉例而言,5-40μ m範圍內不可分之伽馬礬土粒子,連同作為支撐劑和作為黏結劑之某些礬土溶膠被獲得。所得之礬土粒子間之間隙提供必需之巨觀細孔。陶瓷層亦必須併合適當催化劑,舉例而言,貴金屬促進之鈷;可將催化之金屬,以硝酸塩之形式沉積入陶瓷層中,然後加熱並還原成金屬。
應了解者:箔的截面積係由總箔厚度、波紋的高度及經由波紋的波長予以測定。此實例中,每一箔的總厚度(包括 陶瓷塗層)是約210μ m,及波紋具有1.5mm之總高度;波紋的波長是約2.5mm。因此該空隙度,換言之,經由流動路徑所構成之截面積的部分是約71%。亦應了解者:該空隙度,僅計及總體氣流路徑;陶瓷的孔隙度並不促成流動路徑(因為孔隙度是太低且因為孔隙是太小)。在使用期間,陶瓷內之孔隙主要由液體烴所佔據,而因此,不能提供氣流之路徑。應了解者:所有流動路徑具有催化劑在至少其某些的表面上;通過箔間之所有流動路徑具有催化劑在其所有的表面上。
此實例中,將波紋形箔23和平箔24經由噴霧步驟,分開使用催化劑覆蓋,且並未相互固定;僅將彼等嵌入流動通道中。或者代之者,可將至少某些的箔表面不提供催化劑塗層25,舉例而言,標稱之平箔24全然不被覆蓋,或可能被覆蓋僅在一表面上。作為另外之選擇,在被嵌入流動通道中前,可將箔相互固定。亦應了解者:波紋可具有與所顯示者不同之形狀,舉例而言,彼等可能是交錯波紋或由平剖面所分隔之尖峯。關於振幅及關於波長,彼等可具有不同大小。亦應了解者:通道的尺寸可能與所敘述者不同。然而,流動通道較佳是至少1mm深、至少2mm深較佳來提供催化劑之充分空間;但較佳不超過20mm深,更較佳不超過10mm深,因為難以保證:大體上均勻溫度遍及此深通道。
C5+烴類的生產速率視通過反應器之一氧化碳的質量流動而定,視轉化率(歷經反應之一氧化碳的比例);及選擇 性而定(成為C5+之烴產物的比例)。關於特別催化劑型和催化劑厚度,及關於反應器內固定之壓力和溫度,轉化率及恆則性主要由空間速度來決定(其定義是在STP下進料氣體的體積流量除以可利用於流體流動之反應器通道的體積)。因此,可能選擇該空間速度來提供最適宜轉化率和選擇性。
如果空隙度小於約25%,則生產力變得不經濟。這是因為,如果維持空間速度恆定(為了最適宜轉化率和選擇性),空隙度之減少相當於一氧化碳通過反應器之流量減少,而因此降低生產力。如果不將流量與減少空隙度成比例而減少,則有空間速度之增加,而因此,減少一氧化碳的轉化率。總C5+生產力降低。
在另一方面,如果空隙度太大,比如說約77%,則含意是有相當低催化劑負載在通道體積內,而因此太少催化劑部位可供利用於生產烴類分子。即使空間速度具有最適宜效值,轉化率及選擇性兩者會降低。自增加空隙度產生之氣流增加不足以補償此等降低,以致C5+生產力再降低。
因此,最適催化劑構造是可提供約25%至77%間之空隙度,更佳在約35%至75%之間,例如約71%該催化劑應可提供每克的催化劑每小時至少0.5克C5+之生產能力。使用此空隙度,催化劑不會由過量氣體所淹沒,而流量提供選擇性與生產能力的最適平衡。再者,氣流是充份大以保證良好溫度控制,以致一氧化碳的轉化率維持在意欲之極限以內。
應了解者:該空隙度可能經由改變波紋的高度和波長,或波紋的形狀而改變,因為此等改變了提供波紋箔所需要之起始平箔的寬度其寬度等於流動通道的寬度。該空隙度亦可經由改變箔的厚度及經由改變陶瓷塗層的厚度予以改變。
10...反應器
12...平板
14...城堡狀板
16...邊緣條片
18...柱體
22...催化劑載體
23...波紋形箔
24...平箔
25...催化劑層
本發明現在是僅經由實例並參照附隨之圖式予以更進一步且更特敘述,圖示中:圖1是適合於費雪-闕布希合成法之部分的反應器剖面圖;圖2顯示供使用於圖1反應器中之催化劑載體。
10...反應器
12...平板
14...城堡狀板
16...邊緣條片
18...柱體
22...催化劑載體
23...波紋形箔
24...平箔
25...催化劑層

Claims (6)

  1. 一種用於費雪-闕布希合成法之小型催化反應器,其係在該反應器中界定交替配置之多條第一和第二流動通道,以用於各自攜帶進行費雪-闕布希(Fischer-Tropsch)合成之氣體混合物及一種冷卻劑流體;其中,每一第一流動通道含有包括非孔性金屬基材之一可移動之透氣催化劑構造,在該基材的至少一面上係具有不超過200μm實質上均勻之厚度的連續陶瓷塗層,該陶瓷塗層內併合有催化材料,該催化劑構造形成中孔和巨孔,以提供80-120m2 /g範圍內之孔表面積,使該催化劑構造成形以便形成有多重總體流動路徑貫通,其中該空隙度,亦即經由多重總體流動路徑所構成之第一流動通道的截面積之比例是在60%至72%間。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之反應器,其中該空隙度是約71%。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之反應器,其中該催化劑構造的金屬基材包括具有鋁之肥粒鐵鋼。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項之反應器,其中該催化劑構造的金屬基材包括小於100μm的厚度之金屬箔。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1至4項中任一項之反應器,其中該催化劑構造包括60至100μm間之厚度的陶瓷塗層。
  6. 一種用於轉化天然氣為較長鏈烴類之裝置,其係併合蒸汽 重組反應器以產生合成氣體及如申請專利範圍第1至5項中任一項之費雪-闕布希反應器來產生較長鏈烴類。
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