、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 ,發明是有關於-種非侵入式泥砂濃度及流 統，特別是指一種可即時量測試驗室水槽中水流泥砂濃: 及流速的超音波量測系統。 夂 【先前技術】 對於地形陡峻、河川端急的地區，每逢趨洪暴雨 流量瞬時遽增，挾帶大量泥砂進入河川，連帶發生泥砂運 移、沖刷沉積等現象。相關研究單位為了瞭解泥砂運移機 制，常用水工模型或是水槽試驗模擬現場的含砂水流“式 驗時所採用之泥紗，由於要正確採集到與現地泥砂粒徑比 例-致並不容易，現行做法通常還採用高嶺土或以染劑 配合不同密度的流體來進行試驗。前者做法是因為高嶺土 粒經約等同於水庫泥砂平均粒徑，可代表水庫泥紗；後者 做法尤其在進行水流中各高程不同密度流體運動相關試驗 時採用，例如模擬挾帶泥妙、的高濃度異重流自上游經水庫 底層往下游潛流的狀態，在水工試驗則是以鹽水（密度高 ;純水）加入染劑當作高濃度異重流，藉此可由模型外清 楚觀察其流動機制。 採用南嶺土或鹽水來進行試驗，量測濃度的方法 疋牙〗用虹吸方式先在特定高程及位置抽取樣品，再利用 烘乾後的泥砂重換算成水體中的泥砂濃度，或抽取樣品後 用鹽度计量測鹽水濃度，但此方式無法即時獲知濃度。 以使用染劑進行試驗來說，是藉由一般濁度計的光學 透光性來判斷濃度’雖可即時獲知泥砂濃度，但應用性並 不高’原因在於目前濁度計可量得較準確的泥砂濃度範圍 約在3000〜5000濁度（NTU)，而一般在現場所觀測到的泥砂 濃度可能經常高達數十萬NTU。 至於量測流速方面，一般是使用一維（譬如：皮托管）、 二維（譬如：ACM-200p電磁式流速計）或是三維（譬如：ADV流 速儀）的流速儀進行侵入式的流速量測，但是上述方法皆會 影響到流場。 除了上述即時性及應用性的限制之外，該二種現行技 術（濃度或是流速量測技術），取樣或量測儀器皆會對於流場 產生侵入式的干擾，而產生試驗量測時的濃度/流速誤差。 【發明内容】 因此，本發明之目的，即在提供一種針對流動中的流 體，自動化即時量測其泥砂濃度及流速隨時間變化的非侵 入式水工試驗用超音波泥砂濃度及流速測定裝置。 於疋本毛明疋包含一支架組、一或多組超音波測定 單元’及處理單it。支架組包括二對稱地分別設於該水 槽二侧的直立支撐架，每一支撐架設有多數縱向間隔排列 的定位部，且該等定位部與另一支撐架的定位部相對應而 高程對齊》 每一超音波測定#A包括一超音波發射$、一接收端 ，及一組傳輸線，該發射端與接收端分別可移離地裝設於 該二支標架的高程相對齊的定位部，且該發射端用以對水 槽中之含砂流體發射-發射訊號，該接收端則用以接收- 1345635 • 由該發射訊號通過含砂流體後成為的衰減訊號。若為多組 超音波測定單元，則各組的發射端與接收端是分別沿對應 之支撐架縱向相互間隔設置，藉此可測定不同高程的泥砂 濃度及流速。 處理單元透過該組傳輸線與該發射端、接收端連接， 可依據該發射訊號及衰減訊號的強度得知衰減量，並推算 對應之水流濃度及流速。 【實施方式】 • 有關本發明之前述及其他技術内容、特點與功效，在 以下配合參考圖式之二個較佳實施例的詳細說明中，將可 清楚的呈現。 在本發明被詳細描述之前，要注意的是，在以下的說 明内容中，類似的元件是以相同的編號來表示。 參閱圖1、圖2,本發明非侵入式水工試驗用超音波泥 砂濃度及流速測定裝置2的第一較佳實施例應用於一具有 一水槽1的水工模型1〇〇，該水槽1供含泥砂的流體流動其 • 中’本實施例以模擬在水庫底層運移的高泥砂濃度異重流 運動的水槽1舉例說明，但不以此為限。水槽1包括一界 定出寬5公分、高40公分、長度約1〇〇公分的長方體容置 空間的水槽壁10、一貫穿水槽壁1〇 一端近底部且供模擬的 含泥砂流體進入的進水口丨丨、一安裝於容置空間内近進水 口 11處的導流板12 ’及一溢流區13。溢流區13是由設於 水槽壁10内側的數個分隔板圍繞界定而成，橫截面概呈L 型’具有一朝上的頂端開口 131及一側向貫通水槽壁1〇形 7 1345635 • 訊號干擾，該等個別位於不同高程的超音波測定單元3 t ，其中一組超音波發射端31發射出發射訊號且對應接收端 32接收後，另一組才進行發射及接收。 發射端31與接收端32的固定方式並不以上述為限， 支撐架41的定位部410也可以只是貫穿各該支撐架41而 形成的穿孔，此時發射端31及接收端32則是藉由固定器 311、321 (不限上述型態）嵌設於對應穿孔而定位。值得一 提的是，若超音波測定單元3數量有限，例如只有一組， • 也可以κ測一尚程濃度完畢後，將發射端31及接收端32 移離原本定位部410而改設在另一高程的定位部41〇。 處理單元5透過傳輸線與該等發射端31 '接收端32連 接，可依據每一組超音波測定單元3的發射訊號及衰減訊 號的強度得知所在高程位置的超音波訊號衰減量，並將衰 減量代入一預先經率定求出之超音波衰減量_濃度關係式而 推异求出對應之泥砂濃度。以石門水庫泥砂濃度量測為例 ，其預先率定的方式如圖6所示，率定流程包括： 1·決定所要量測的溶液濃度範圍及濃度值，例如圖7之 圖表中表示，所量測的溶液濃度範圍為1000〜300000PPm ( LPPm=lmg/1L)，且共選定2〇個滚度值進行量測。當然，選 定的濃度值量測數量不以2〇為限，若濃度值隨分貝（dB) 值變化大時’應考慮加密測點。 2·依所需濃度分別以電子秤秤得溶質及溶液重β 3·針對這20種濃度溶液，使用攪拌器攪拌24〜96小時 ，且控制溶液溫度為5。(： '轉速為8〇〇RpM ^ 10 1345635 . 4.將攪拌完成的溶液分別放入攪拌保溫桶，並擇定其中 之一（通常是依序）放入溫度計及超音波探頭。若有需要 維持較長時間低溫’更可在保溫桶中放入冷卻器。 5·每隔3°C的溫度變化，利用該超音波探頭進行—次量 測，直到18°C為止。在此步驟中測得該濃度溶液在各種溫 度下的超音波訊號振幅大小、傳遞時間（T〇f )，并4 ) 嚴記錄波 形。藉此得知超音波訊號對應這種濃度溶液的衰減值。 接著回到步驟4. ’針對另一種濃度的溶液進行步驟$ • ’直到所有濃度測定完成為止’製成圖7所示圖表。 本實施例也可應用來量測流速’且同樣需事先進行率 定。需注意的是，量測流速時的裝置佈置與量測濃度時的 佈置方式（超音波訊號打出之方向垂直水流方向）不同， 量測流速時必須調整支架組4方位，而使超音波發射端3ι 朝接收端發出之訊號方向與試驗水槽1内水流方向呈現小 於90°的關係（如圖4所示調整角度的原因是因為流速 量測的原理是依據水流方向對於超音波的衰減量而求得， • 因此超音波佈置方向必須存在平行於水流方向的分量，則 處理單元5 (圖3)可透過分解超音波直射能量之水平分量 ，配合超音波衰減1 -流速關係式換算出平行於流場方向的 流速。 整體而言，使用本發明超音波泥沙濃度及流速測定裝 置2的*^作流私如圖5所不’包含以下步驟· 步驟S!—設定超音波測定單元3之量測高程，例如圖2 所示’量測4、8、16、20公分高程處之濃度或流速。 11 1345635 步驟S2—依量測濃度或流速之需求，安裝超音波發射 端31及接收端32。如上文所述，本裝置2量測含砂流體之 濃度時’安裝方式需使超音波發射端31朝向接收端32發 射訊號之方向與水流方向垂直，而量測含砂流體之流速時 ’安裝方式則需使超音波發射端31朝向接收端32發射訊 號之方向與水流方向之間夹角小於90。，藉此產生平行水流 方向的超音波訊號分量。 步驟S3—超音波發射端31發射超音波訊號。 步驟S4—超音波接收端32接收超音波訊號。 需注意的是’上述步驟&及步驟s4必須是按照高程逐 -人進行，也就是一高程（例如在4公分處）的超音波發射 端3丨發射訊號（S3)、且其對應接收端32接收對應訊號（ %)後，另一高程（例如8公分處）的超音波發射端31才 進行其步驟S3、S4;且另一方面，4公分高程處的訊號已 進入下一步驟85作進一步處理。 步驟Ss—訊號傳輸至處理單元5。 ，步驟處理單元5將訊號衰減量帶入衰減量·濃度或 机速關係式’依序求出每—高程的濃度或流速。 ^本發明非侵入式水工試驗用超音波泥砂濃度及流速測 置100的第二較佳實施例與第一較佳實施例主要差異 2於.第二較佳實施例的測定裝置2設計用來同時測定各 :程特定點的濃度及流速（不用調整佈置方式）。如圖8所 ，其=圖顯tf針對其中—高程之特^點所佈置的測定裝置2 ,、3 一'、且超音波測定單元3，且支架組4的支樓架41 12 1345635Description of the invention: [Technical field to which the invention pertains] The invention relates to a non-invasive muddy sand concentration and flow system, in particular to an ultrasonic measurement of the concentration of water and mud in a water tank of a test chamber: system.夂 【Prior Art】 For areas with steep terrain and urgent rivers, the flow of rainstorms increases instantaneously, and a large amount of muddy sand enters the river, causing mud and sand migration and erosion deposition. In order to understand the mechanism of mud and sand migration, the relevant research unit used the hydraulic model or the tank test to simulate the sand flow in the field. “The mud yarn used in the test is not easy to collect due to the ratio of the particle size to the existing mud. The current practice is usually carried out by using kaolin or dyeing agents with different densities of fluids. The former is because the kaolin particles are equivalent to the average size of the reservoir silt, which can represent the reservoir mud yarn; the latter practice especially in the water flow. It is used in the experiments related to the movement of different density fluids in the elevation, for example, the simulation of the high-concentration heterogeneous flow of the muddy mud, from the upstream to the downstream subsurface flow through the reservoir bottom layer, in the hydraulic test, it is added with salt water (high density; pure water). The dye is treated as a high-concentration heterogeneous flow, so that the flow mechanism can be clearly observed from outside the model. The test is carried out using Nanling soil or salt water, and the method of measuring the concentration is to use a siphon method to first sample at a specific elevation and position. , and then use the mud sand after drying to be converted into the concentration of mud sand in the water body, or measure the salt water concentration by salinity after taking the sample. However, in this way, the concentration cannot be known immediately. In the case of using the dye to test, the concentration is determined by the optical transmittance of the general turbidity meter. Although the concentration of the mud is immediately known, the applicability is not high. At present, the turbidity meter can measure the concentration of mud sand with a concentration of about 3000~5000 turbidity (NTU), and the concentration of mud sand generally observed at the site may often be hundreds of thousands of NTU. As for the measurement flow rate, it is generally Invasive flow rate measurement using one-dimensional (eg, pitot tube), two-dimensional (such as: ACM-200p electromagnetic flow meter) or three-dimensional (such as: ADV flow meter) flow meter, but all of the above methods will affect In addition to the above-mentioned immediacy and application limitations, the two current technologies (concentration or flow rate measurement technology), sampling or measuring instruments will generate intrusive interference to the flow field, and produce tests. Concentration/flow rate error at the time of measurement. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an automated measurement of the mud concentration and flow rate for a flowing fluid. Ultrasonic muddy sand concentration and flow rate measuring device for time-varying non-invasive hydraulic testing. The 疋本毛明疋 includes a stent group, one or more sets of ultrasonic measuring units' and a processing unit. The stent group includes two symmetrically The vertical support frames are respectively disposed on two sides of the water tank, and each support frame is provided with a plurality of longitudinally spaced positioning portions, and the positioning portions are aligned with the positioning portions of the other support frames and are respectively aligned with each other" Each ultrasonic measurement# A includes a supersonic wave transmitting, a receiving end, and a set of transmission lines, wherein the transmitting end and the receiving end are respectively detachably mounted on the elevation of the two sub-frames, and the transmitting end is used for For the sand-containing fluid emission-emission signal in the water tank, the receiving end is used to receive - 1345635. The attenuation signal is obtained by the emission signal passing through the sand-containing fluid. If it is a plurality of sets of ultrasonic measuring units, the emission of each group The end and the receiving end are respectively spaced apart from each other along the longitudinal direction of the corresponding supporting frame, thereby measuring the concentration and flow rate of the mud at different elevations. The processing unit is connected to the transmitting end and the receiving end through the set of transmission lines, and the attenuation amount is obtained according to the intensity of the transmitting signal and the attenuation signal, and the corresponding water flow concentration and flow rate are estimated. The above and other technical contents, features and effects of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the drawings. Before the present invention is described in detail, it is noted that in the following description, similar elements are denoted by the same reference numerals. Referring to Figures 1 and 2, a first preferred embodiment of the ultrasonic muddy sand concentration and flow rate measuring device 2 for a non-invasive hydraulic test of the present invention is applied to a hydraulic model 1 having a water tank 1, the water tank 1 The flow of the fluid containing the mud sand is described in the present embodiment as an example of the water tank 1 simulating the movement of the high mud sand concentration in the bottom layer of the reservoir, but not limited thereto. The water tank 1 includes a water tank wall 10 defining a rectangular parallelepiped accommodation space having a width of 5 cm, a height of 40 cm, and a length of about 1 cm, and a bottom of the tank wall 1 near the bottom and allowing the simulated mud-containing fluid to enter. The water inlet port, a deflector 12' installed at the near water inlet 11 in the accommodating space, and an overflow area 13. The overflow zone 13 is defined by a plurality of partition plates disposed on the inner side of the water tank wall 10, and has a cross section of an L-shaped shape having an upwardly facing top opening 131 and a side through the sink wall 1 7 7 1345635 • Signal interference, the individual ultrasonic measuring units 3 t located at different elevations, wherein one set of ultrasonic transmitting ends 31 emits a transmitting signal and corresponding to the receiving end 32, the other group transmits and receives. The fixing manner of the transmitting end 31 and the receiving end 32 is not limited to the above, and the positioning portion 410 of the supporting frame 41 may also be a perforation formed through each of the supporting frames 41. At this time, the transmitting end 31 and the receiving end 32 are borrowed. The holders 311, 321 (not limited to the above type) are embedded in the corresponding perforations for positioning. It is worth mentioning that if the number of the ultrasonic measuring units 3 is limited, for example, only one set, • the absorbing point 31 and the receiving end 32 may be moved away from the original positioning unit 410 and then changed in the κ test. Another elevation positioning unit 41〇. The processing unit 5 is connected to the transmitting end 31 'receiving end 32 through a transmission line, and can obtain the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal at the elevation position according to the intensity of the transmitted signal and the attenuation signal of each set of the ultrasonic measuring unit 3, and will decay. The decrement is substituted into a supersonic attenuation amount_concentration relationship determined by the previous rate, and the corresponding mud sand concentration is obtained by differentiating. Taking the sediment concentration measurement of Shimen Reservoir as an example, the pre-determined method is shown in Figure 6. The calibration process includes: 1. Determine the concentration range and concentration value of the solution to be measured, for example, in the chart of Figure 7. The measured solution concentration ranged from 1000 to 300,000 ppm (LPPm = 1 mg/1 L), and a total of 2 rolling values were selected for measurement. Of course, the selected concentration value is not limited to 2〇. If the concentration value varies greatly with the decibel (dB) value, the encrypted measurement point should be considered. 2. According to the required concentration, the solute and the solution weight are respectively weighed by an electronic scale. For these 20 kinds of concentration solutions, the mixture is stirred for 24 to 96 hours, and the temperature of the control solution is 5. (: 'The rotation speed is 8〇〇RpM ^ 10 1345635. 4. Put the stirred solution into the mixing and holding tank separately, and select one of them (usually in order) to put the thermometer and ultrasonic probe. If necessary Maintain a long time low temperature 'More can be placed in the cooler barrel cooler. 5 · Every 3 ° C temperature changes, using the ultrasonic probe - measurement, until 18 ° C. In this step The ultrasonic signal amplitude and transmission time (T〇f) of the solution at various temperatures are obtained, and 4) the waveform is strictly recorded. From this, it is known that the ultrasonic signal corresponds to the attenuation value of the solution of this concentration. Then return to step 4. 'Steps for another concentration of solution $• ' until all concentration determinations are completed' This embodiment can also be applied to measure the flow rate' and also needs to be determined in advance. It should be noted that the arrangement of the device when measuring the flow rate is different from the arrangement of the measured concentration (the vertical direction of the direction in which the ultrasonic signal is emitted). When measuring the flow rate, the orientation of the bracket group 4 must be adjusted, and the ultrasonic transmitting end is made. 3ι The direction of the signal sent to the receiving end is less than 90° in the direction of the water flow in the test tank 1 (the reason for adjusting the angle as shown in Fig. 4 is because the principle of the flow rate measurement is based on the attenuation of the ultrasonic wave according to the direction of the water flow. Therefore, • Therefore, the direction of the ultrasonic arrangement must be parallel to the direction of the water flow, and the processing unit 5 (Fig. 3) can convert the horizontal component of the direct energy of the ultrasonic wave into parallel with the flow of the ultrasonic attenuation 1 - velocity relationship. The flow velocity in the field direction. Overall, the ultrasonic wave concentration and the flow rate measuring device 2 of the present invention are used as the flow of the device as shown in Fig. 5, which includes the following steps: Step S! - setting the amount of the ultrasonic measuring unit 3 Elevation, such as the concentration or flow rate at 4, 8, 16, 20 cm elevation measured in Figure 2. 11 1345635 Step S2 - Depending on the concentration or flow rate required, The ultrasonic transmitting end 31 and the receiving end 32. As described above, when the device 2 measures the concentration of the sand-containing fluid, the installation mode is such that the direction in which the ultrasonic transmitting end 31 emits the signal toward the receiving end 32 is perpendicular to the direction of the water flow, and When measuring the flow rate of the sand-containing fluid, the installation mode is such that the angle between the direction in which the ultrasonic wave transmitting end 31 emits the signal toward the receiving end 32 and the direction of the water flow is less than 90, thereby generating an ultrasonic signal component in the direction of the parallel water flow. Step S3—the ultrasonic transmitting end 31 transmits the ultrasonic signal. Step S4—the ultrasonic receiving end 32 receives the ultrasonic signal. It should be noted that the above steps & s4 and step s4 must be performed according to the elevation, ie, one. After the ultrasonic transmitter (ie, at 4 cm), the transmitting signal (S3), and the corresponding receiving terminal 32 receives the corresponding signal (%), the ultrasonic transmitting end 31 of another elevation (for example, 8 cm) Steps S3, S4 are performed; and on the other hand, the signal at 4 cm elevation has proceeded to the next step 85 for further processing. Step Ss - signal is transmitted to the processing unit 5. The step processing unit 5 The attenuation amount is brought into the attenuation amount, the concentration or the machine speed relationship, and the concentration or flow rate of each-elevation is sequentially determined. ^The second comparison of the ultrasonic concentration and flow rate of the non-invasive hydraulic test in the present invention The main difference between the preferred embodiment and the first preferred embodiment is that the measuring device 2 of the second preferred embodiment is designed to simultaneously measure the concentration and flow rate of each specific point (without adjusting the arrangement). , which shows the measuring device 2, 3', and the ultrasonic measuring unit 3, and the support frame 41 12 1345635 of the bracket group 4
(圖未示）需能供該二組超音波測定單元3裝設形式不 限，例如共四支稽架4卜其中__對支料41的連線與1槽 1垂直（如圖3所示），裝設在這一對支樓架41的超音波測 定單元3用以量測濃度，另—對支撐架41的連線則與水槽 1夹-銳角’裝設在這-對支撐$ 41 &超音波測定單元3 則用以量測流速。測定裝置2的其餘構件及量測方式可與 第一較佳實施例相同。(not shown) need to be able to provide the two sets of ultrasonic measuring unit 3 installation form is not limited, for example, a total of four outriggers 4, where __ the line of the support material 41 is perpendicular to the 1 slot 1 (as shown in Figure 3 The ultrasonic measuring unit 3 installed in the pair of support frames 41 is used for measuring the concentration, and the connection to the support frame 41 is attached to the water tank 1 at an acute angle. The 41 & ultrasonic measuring unit 3 is used to measure the flow rate. The remaining components of the measuring device 2 and the measuring method can be the same as in the first preferred embodiment.
歸納上述，利用本發明非侵入式水工試驗用超音波泥 砂濃度及流速測定裝置2,其超音波測定單元3可方便地被 裝設在各種高程位置並且不干擾水槽丨内流場，且處理單 70 5可立即讀取超音波訊號衰減量而即時運算求出泥砂濃 度，對試驗操作而言，不但操作方便、可消弭以往取樣時 干擾流場產生的誤差，且可在流場試驗當中立即取得準確 的泥砂濃度數據，有助於提昇效率。In summary, according to the ultrasonic wave concentration and flow rate measuring device 2 for non-invasive hydraulic test of the present invention, the ultrasonic measuring unit 3 can be conveniently installed at various elevation positions without disturbing the flow field in the sink, and is processed. The single 70 5 can immediately read the attenuation of the ultrasonic signal and calculate the concentration of the muddy sand in real time. For the test operation, it is not only easy to operate, but also can eliminate the error caused by the interference flow field during the previous sampling, and can be immediately in the flow field test. Accurate mud concentration data can help improve efficiency.
惟以上所述者，僅為本發明之較佳實施例而已，當不 能以此限定本發明實施之範圍，即大凡依本發明申請專利 範圍及發明說明内容所作之簡單的等效變化與修飾，皆仍 屬本發明專利涵蓋之範圍内。 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1是一立體分解圖，說明本發明非侵入式水工試驗 用超音波泥砂濃度及流速測定裝置較佳實施例所應用的水 槽的俯視圖； 圖2是該水槽的側視圖； 圖3是非侵入式水工試驗用超音波泥砂濃度及流速測 13 ^45635 疋裝置的示意圖，圖示未按照實際比例； 圖4是一俯視圖，說明該實施例用於量測流速時的配 罝方式； 圖5是-流程圖，說明該實施例之操作順序； 關係圖，說明本實施例之超音波衰減量-濃度 關係I ;7^利用S 6衫方式獲得的超音波衰減量-濃度 圖8是一類似圖4的鉑图 _ 同曰、β ，見圖，說明第二較佳實施例用於 丨]時1測濃度及流速時的配置方式。 14The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the scope of the invention is not limited thereto, that is, the simple equivalent changes and modifications made by the scope of the invention and the description of the invention are All remain within the scope of the invention patent. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view showing a top view of a water tank to which a preferred embodiment of the ultrasonic mud concentration and flow rate measuring apparatus for non-invasive hydraulic testing of the present invention is applied; FIG. 2 is a side view of the water tank Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the 13 ^45635 疋 device for the ultrasonic concentration and flow rate of the non-invasive hydraulic test. The figure is not in accordance with the actual scale; Figure 4 is a top view showing the flow rate of the embodiment for measuring the flow rate. Fig. 5 is a flow chart showing the operation sequence of the embodiment; a relationship diagram illustrating the ultrasonic attenuation amount-concentration relationship I of the present embodiment; 7^ the ultrasonic attenuation amount obtained by the S 6 shirt method - Concentration Figure 8 is a platinum diagram similar to that of Figure 4, with the same reference numerals, as shown in Fig. 4, illustrating the configuration of the second preferred embodiment for the measurement of concentration and flow rate. 14