TW202235427A - 醯胺化合物 - Google Patents
醯胺化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- TW202235427A TW202235427A TW110135600A TW110135600A TW202235427A TW 202235427 A TW202235427 A TW 202235427A TW 110135600 A TW110135600 A TW 110135600A TW 110135600 A TW110135600 A TW 110135600A TW 202235427 A TW202235427 A TW 202235427A
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Classifications
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F251/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H3/00—Compounds containing only hydrogen atoms and saccharide radicals having only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H7/00—Compounds containing non-saccharide radicals linked to saccharide radicals by a carbon-to-carbon bond
- C07H7/02—Acyclic radicals
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- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
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- C08B30/12—Degraded, destructured or non-chemically modified starch, e.g. mechanically, enzymatically or by irradiation; Bleaching of starch
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
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- C08B31/04—Esters of organic acids, e.g. alkenyl-succinated starch
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
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- C08B31/125—Ethers having alkyl or cycloalkyl radicals substituted by heteroatoms, e.g. hydroxyalkyl or carboxyalkyl starch having a substituent containing at least one nitrogen atom, e.g. cationic starch
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F120/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F120/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/34—Esters containing nitrogen, e.g. N,N-dimethylaminoethyl (meth)acrylate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
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- C08F220/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
- C08F220/56—Acrylamide; Methacrylamide
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L3/04—Starch derivatives, e.g. crosslinked derivatives
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- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
- D21H17/07—Nitrogen-containing compounds
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- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
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- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
- D21H19/10—Coatings without pigments
- D21H19/12—Coatings without pigments applied as a solution using water as the only solvent, e.g. in the presence of acid or alkaline compounds
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- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
- D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
- D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
- D21H21/16—Sizing or water-repelling agents
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
- D21H27/10—Packing paper
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
- Y02W90/10—Bio-packaging, e.g. packing containers made from renewable resources or bio-plastics
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
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- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
Abstract
本發明藉由使碳數7至40之長鏈烴基及醯胺基對於生物基材料進行改質所得之醯胺化合物,而提供一種可賦予高溫耐油性之使用了生物基材料之耐油劑。
Description
本揭示係關於一種醯胺化合物,尤其係關於可適合在耐油劑中利用之醯胺化合物。
正期待一種紙容器來作為拋棄式塑膠容器的替代品。紙製之食品包裝材及食品容器係被要求要防止食品之水分及油分滲出,且耐油劑係藉由內添加或外添加而被施用於紙。又,從環境考量之觀點而言,生物分解性材料或生物基材料之需求亦漸升高。
在專利文獻1中,係就以不犧牲纖維素性材料的生物分解性並且對如此之材料提供經提升的疏水性及/或疏油性之組成物來處理纖維素性材料之可調整的方法而言,已揭示一種使糖脂肪酸酯鍵結於纖維素性材料上的方法。
[先前技術文獻]
[專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]美國2018/0066073A1
在專利文獻1中未記載有關高溫耐油性。於意圖在高溫使用的製品(例如食品包裝材)中,高溫耐油性係很重要的特性。本揭示之目的在於提供一種使用了生物基材料之耐油劑,其可賦予高溫耐油性。
本揭示較佳的態樣係如以下。
[項1]
一種醯胺化合物,其為使碳數7至40之長鏈烴基及醯胺基對於生物基材料進行改質而得者。
[項2]
如項1所述之醯胺化合物,其包含選自由下列者所組成的群組中之至少一種長鏈烴醯胺基。-NHC(=O)-R、-C(=O)NH-R、-NHC(=O)O-R、-OC(=O)NH-R、-NHC(=O)NH-R、-NH-S(=O)2-R、及-S(=O)2-NH-R
[式中,各個R係獨立地為碳數7至40之長鏈烴基]。
[項3]
如項1或2所述之醯胺化合物,其中,前述生物基材料為高分子。
[項4]
如項1至3中任一項所述之醯胺化合物,其中,前述生物基材料為糖類。
[項5]
如項1至4中任一項所述之醯胺化合物,其為使具有碳數7至40之長鏈烴基的聚合物對於前述生物基材料進行接枝改質而成的接枝聚合物。
[項6]
如項5所述之醯胺化合物,其中,前述聚合物具有衍生自下述式所示之至少具有1個醯胺基之醯胺單體(a1)的重複單元;
CH2=C(-X1)-C(=O)-Y1-Z(-Y2-R1)n
式中,R1分別獨立地為碳數7至40之長鏈烴基,
X1為氫原子、一價之有機基或鹵素原子,
Y1為-O-或-NH-,
Y2分別獨立地為由選自直接鍵結鍵、-O-、-C(=O)-、-S(=O)2-或-NH-之至少1種以上所構成的基,
Z為直接鍵結鍵、或者2價或3價之碳數1至5的烴基,
n為1或2。
[項7]
如項1至6中任一項所述之醯胺化合物,其中,前述長鏈烴基之碳數為12以上。
[項8]
如項1至7中之任一項所述之醯胺化合物,其依ASTM D6866測得之生物基度為40%以上。
[項9]
一種耐油劑,其包含項1至8中任一項所述之醯胺化合物。
[項10]
如項9所述之耐油劑,其為紙用添加劑。
[項11]
一種纖維製品,係附著有項1至8中任一項所述之醯胺化合物。
[項12]
如項11所述之纖維製品,其為紙製品。
[項13]
如項12所述之纖維製品,其中,前述紙為食品包裝材。
本揭示中之醯胺化合物係可對於基材賦予優異之耐油性及/或耐水性,尤其可賦予高溫耐油性。本揭示中之醯胺化合物因源自於生物基材料,故對環境造成之負荷低。
<醯胺化合物>
醯胺化合物為使碳數7至40之長鏈烴基與醯胺基對於生物基材料進行改質而成之化合物。醯胺化合物可為不具有氟烷基之化合物,亦可為不包含氟之化合物。
[長鏈烴基]
長鏈烴基之碳數可為7以上、10以上、12以上、14以上、16以上、18以上、或20以上,較佳係10以上或12以上。長鏈烴基之碳數可為40以下、35以下、30以下、25以下、22以下、20以下、或18以下。較佳為30以下。
長鏈烴基較佳係脂肪族烴基,更佳係一價之脂肪族烴基。長鏈烴基可為直鏈狀、分枝鏈狀、或環狀,但較佳係直鏈狀。長鏈烴基可為不飽和(例如一價不飽和、二價不飽和、三價不飽和、四價不飽和、或多價不飽和)或飽和,例如為烷基。
長鏈烴基之具體例可列舉:辛基、月桂基、棕櫚基、硬脂基、二十二烷基、2-乙基己基、異硬脂基等烷基;油基、棕櫚醯基、二十碳烯基等烯基等。
[醯胺基]
醯胺基係不需要在醯胺基之兩端鍵結有碳,而可為胺基甲酸酯基或脲基之一部分的醯胺基。又,醯胺基係除了羧酸之醯胺以外,尚可包含磺醯胺。醯胺基較佳係鄰接於長鏈烴基。
[長鏈烴醯胺基]
醯胺化合物較佳係具有長鏈烴醯胺基。長鏈烴醯胺基可為選自由-NHC(=O)-R、-C(=O)NH-R、-NHC(=O)O-R、-OC(=O)NH-R、-NHC(=O)NH-R、-NH-S(=O)2-R、及
-S(=O)2-NH-R所組成的群組中之至少一種長鏈烴醯胺基
[式中,各個R係獨立地為碳數7至40之長鏈烴基]。
R可為與上述之長鏈烴基同樣。
[鍵結性基]
醯胺化合物較佳係具有會與基材所具有之官能基(例如紙中之纖維素所具有的羥基)化學性或物理性地進行鍵結之鍵結性基。所謂化學性鍵結係指例如共價鍵。所謂物理性鍵結係指例如離子鍵、氫鍵等。鍵結性基可源自生物基材料。藉由具有鍵結性基,醯胺化合物會高度地固定於纖維素,且可良好地顯現紙製品之耐油性及/或撥水性。鍵結性基通常源自生物基材料。
鍵結性基尤其為極性基,尤其為醯胺基以外之極性基。極性基之例可列舉:含有活性氫的基、活性氫反應性基、含有陽離子供給基的基、及陰離子供給基等。極性基之具體例可列舉羥基、胺基、硫醇基、聯肼基、三聚氰胺、醛基、環氧基、(封端)異氰酸酯基、脲基、胺基甲酸酯基、鹵素基、羧酸基、磺酸基、磷酸基、銨基等。欲形成離子時,可為此等之共軛鹼或共軛酸。
[醯胺基之量等]
在醯胺化合物中之長鏈烴基含量可為1重量%以上、3重量%以上、5重量%以上、10重量%以上、20重量%以上、或30重量%以上,較佳係5重量%以上。在醯胺化合物中之長鏈烴基含量可為80重量%以下、70重量%以下、60重量%以下、50重量%以下、40重量%以下、30重量%以下、或25重量%以下,較佳係70重量%以下。
在醯胺化合物中之醯胺基含量可為0.5重量%以上、1重量%以上、3重量%以上、5重量%以上、或10重量%以上,較佳係1重量%以上。在醯胺
化合物中之醯胺基含量可為30重量%以下、20重量%以下、10重量%以下、5重量%以下、1重量%以下、或0.5重量%以下,較佳係10重量%以下。在此,所謂在醯胺化合物中之醯胺基含量係意指在醯胺化合物中之NHC(=O)部分所占的重量比率。
在醯胺化合物中之鍵結性基含量可為0.5重量%以上、1重量%以上、3重量%以上、5重量%以上、10重量%以上、或20重量%以上,較佳係3重量%以上。在醯胺化合物中之鍵結性基含量可為70重量%以下、50重量%以下、30重量%以下、20重量%以下、10重量%以下、或5重量%以下,較佳係30重量%以下。
[生物基度]
醯胺化合物之依ASTM D6866所測得的生物基度可為40%以上、50%以上、60%以上、70%以上、80%以上、90%以上、或95%以上,較佳係80%以上,更佳係95%以上。生物基度高係意指以石油等為代表之化石資源系材料的使用量少。在如此之觀點中,醯胺化合物之生物基度可謂愈高愈佳。
[生物基材料]
所謂「生物基材料」係指源自動物、植物、微生物等的生物分子之材料。又,該技術領域中已知半衰期為約5700年之碳14(C-14)雖然存在於生物基材料中,但不存在於化石燃料中。該發明所屬技術領域的通常知識者已知半衰期為約5700年之碳14(C-14)係存在於生物基材料中,但不存在於化石燃料中。因此,所謂「生物基材料」係亦可意指其中之碳為源自化石以外之生物源的有機材料。
生物基材料可為低分子(例如分子量1000以下、或500以下),亦可為高分子(天然高分子)。生物基材料為高分子時,其重量平均分子量可為1000
以上、3000以上、5000以上、7500以上、10000以上、30000以上、100000以上、300000以上、或500000以上。聚合物之重量平均分子量可為10000000以下、7500000以下、5000000以下、3000000以下、1000000以下、750000以下、500000以下、3000000以下、100000以下、75000以下、或50000以下。
生物基材料通常具有極性基。極性基之例為羥基、胺基、羧酸基等。
生物基材料之例係可列舉:糖類、醇類、胺基酸或肽化合物、核酸鹼基或核酸類、生物鹼化合物、類固醇化合物、賀爾蒙、多酚、維生素類等。
糖化合物之具體例係可列舉:葡萄糖、蔗糖、半乳糖、乳糖、右旋糖(dextrose)、赤藻糖醇、麥芽糖醇、山梨糖醇、木糖醇、甘露糖醇、異麥芽酚(isomaltol)、乳糖醇、甘油羧基烷基多糖類、羧基甲基纖維素、幾丁質、幾丁聚醣、左聚醣(levan)、聚三葡萄醣(pullulan)、卡特蘭多糖(curdlan)、黃原膠、鹿角菜膠、刺槐豆膠、果膠、糊精、澱粉、瓜爾膠、褐藻酸、木質素等。
醇類之具體例係可列舉:甘油、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、聚乙二醇、山梨糖醇(糖醇)、木糖醇(糖醇)等。
胺基酸或肽類之具體例係可列舉:丙胺酸、精胺酸、天冬醯胺酸、天冬胺酸、半胱胺酸、麩醯胺酸、麩胺酸、甘胺酸、組胺酸、異白胺酸、白胺酸、離胺酸、甲硫胺酸、苯基丙胺酸、脯胺酸、絲胺酸、蘇胺酸、色胺酸、酪胺酸、纈胺酸、膠原蛋白、多肽、蛋白酶、脂酶、氧合酶(oxygenase)、過氧化酶等各種酵素等。
核酸鹼基或核酸類之具體例係可列舉:尿嘧啶、腺嘌呤、鳥嘌呤、胞嘧啶、胸嘧啶、核苷酸類、去氧核糖核酸(DNA)、核糖核酸(RNA)等。
脂肪酸或油脂類之具體例係可列舉:丁酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸、辛酸、壬酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、十五烷酸、棕櫚酸、棕櫚油酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、油酸、牛油酸、α-次亞麻油酸、亞麻油酸、γ-次亞麻油酸、油硬脂酸、花生酸、米德酸(mead acid)、花生四烯酸、二十二烷酸、二十四烷酸、神經酸、二十六烷酸、褐媒酸、三十烷酸、此等之脂肪酸酯、小燭樹蠟、棕櫚蠟、米糠蠟、木蠟、荷荷芭固體蠟等植物油脂、蜜蠟、羊毛脂、鯨蠟等動物油脂等。
其他,生物基材料之具體例係可列舉:異黃酮、原花青素、花青素、兒茶素、芸香苷、橙皮苷、單寧、鞣花酸(ellagic acid)、木聚糖、薑黃素、香豆素、甜茶多酚、綠原酸、白藜蘆醇、對多酚、蝦紅素(astaxanthin)、葉黃素、岩藻黃素(fucoxanthin)、玉米黃素、β-隱黃素等。
(糖類)
生物基材料可為糖類。糖類可列舉:單糖類、衍生糖、寡糖類、多糖類、糖醇、澱粉類等。
所謂單糖類係指在糖類之中不會因水解而成為比其還要簡單的分子之基本物質,且為寡糖類或多糖類之構成單元。單糖類可為下述通式所示之化合物,
CnH2nOn
[式中,碳數(n)為2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9及10(分別可稱為乙糖、丙糖、丁糖、戊糖、己糖、庚糖、辛糖、壬糖、及癸糖)]。
單糖類中,具有醛基者被分類為醛糖,具有酮基者被分類為酮糖。n=3以上者係具有不對稱碳原子,可依照不對稱碳之數量而具有多數之立體異構物,但天然已知者係其一部分。天然存在者大多為戊糖與己糖。就本揭示所使用之單糖
類而言,屬於n=5以上之鏈式多元醇的醛之醛糖因天然大量存在,故為較佳。如此之單糖類,可列舉例如葡萄糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、木糖等,但其中,以葡萄糖與半乳糖為更佳。單糖類可分別單獨使用,或者組合2種以上而使用。又,可為單糖之一部分經改變的衍生糖。例如,可列舉醛糖酸(aldonic acid)、糖醛酸(uronic acid)、糖醇、胺糖等。
所謂糖醇係指使醛糖或酮糖還原所得到之聚羥基烷。本揭示所使用之糖醇係以鏈式多元醇為較佳。如此之糖醇可為下述通式所示之化合物,
CnH2n+1On
[式中,n為3、4、5、6、7、8、9及10(可稱為丙糖醇、丁糖醇、戊糖醇、己糖醇、庚糖醇、辛糖醇、壬糖醇、及癸糖醇)]。各別之糖醇係依照不對稱碳原子之數量而存在多數之立體異構物。本揭示中較佳係使用n=3至6之糖醇。糖醇之具體例係可列舉山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、半乳糖醇、木糖醇、赤藻糖醇、甘油等。糖醇可分別單獨使用,或者組合2種以上而使用。
將具有2個以上至10個左右之單糖藉由糖苷鍵連結而成之結構者稱為寡糖(少糖)。依照單糖之數量,而分類為二糖、三糖、四糖、五糖等。具體例係可列舉蔗糖、乳糖、海藻糖、纖維雙糖、麥芽糖、棉子糖、水蘇糖等。又,亦可使用此等寡糖之末端經醇化者(末端醇化寡糖)。
所謂多糖類係指單糖類經聚糖苷基化而成之高分子化合物(例如,聚合度10以上)之總稱,構成糖之種類為一種之情形稱為同元多糖(homoglycan),2種以上者稱為異元多糖(heteroglycan)。多糖類係在動物/植物/微生物界中以貯存多糖(澱粉類等)、結構多糖(纖維素等)、機能多糖(肝素等)之形式廣泛存在。
多糖類係主要以醛己糖及醛戊糖作為構成單元,且此等以糖苷鍵連接成直鏈狀、分枝狀或環狀而成之高分子化合物。醛戊糖及醛己糖係在C1位之醛與C5位的醇之間,藉由分子內半縮醛鍵而形成被稱為吡喃糖環之6員環結構。天然多糖類分子中之醛己糖及醛戊糖係主要採用該吡喃糖環結構。屬於天然多糖類之構成單元的醛己糖之硫酸酯、磷酸酯、其他有機酸酯或甲基醚、僅使第一醇基氧化成羧基而成之糖醛酸、醛己糖之C2位的羥基被取代成胺基之己糖胺或其衍生物而包含N-乙醯基己糖胺、C3位與C6位之羥基間形成有醚之3,6無水化醛己糖等。天然多糖類係廣泛分布於動植物界,在植物中係作為高等植物或海藻類之細胞壁構成成分及不參與細胞壁構成者、微生物類之細胞構成成分而存在。就不參與高等植物或海藻類之細胞壁構成者而言,係有在細胞液中所含有之黏質物或澱粉等貯存物質。在動物中係作為肝糖等貯存物質、肝素或軟骨素硫酸等黏液構成成分而存在。若使天然多糖類依據其構成成分而分類,則被分類成中性多糖、酸性多糖、鹼性多糖。又,就異元多糖而言,僅由己糖所構成者被包含於蒟蒻或瓜爾豆膠(guaran)等,僅由戊糖所構成者被包含於木聚糖或阿拉伯木聚糖等。另一方面,包含己糖與戊糖者已知有羅望子或腺齒獼猴桃(Actinidia rufa)等。就酸性多糖而言,有僅包含糖醛酸者,就包含半乳糖醛酸與中性糖者而言,有黃蜀葵或果膠等,就包含葡萄糖醛酸與中性糖者而言,有德國洋甘菊、天門冬等,其他還有包含中性糖之硫酸酯、磷酸酯、有機酸酯、甲基醚或3,6酸酐之酸性多糖。就鹼性多糖而言,有包含葡萄糖胺或半乳糖胺作為構成單糖者。本揭示所使用之多糖類,除了此等天然多糖類之外,亦包含:使此等多糖類以有機酸或無機酸、甚至此等多糖類的水解酵素作為觸媒,而以固相、液相或固液混合相,依需要而藉由加熱,進行水解所得到者;對於天然多糖類及此等之經施予前述水
解處理者,進一步施加加工處理所得者。澱粉之重量平均分子量可為1000至10000000,較佳係5000至7500000,更佳係7500至5000000。
澱粉類係被包含於前述多糖類,但以下更詳細說明有關本揭示所使用之澱粉類。本揭示所使用之澱粉類除了小麥澱粉、玉米澱粉、糯玉米澱粉、馬鈴薯澱粉、木薯澱粉、米澱粉、番薯澱粉、西米澱粉等生澱粉(未改性澱粉)之外,尚有各種之加工澱粉。加工澱粉係可列舉例如:α化澱粉、分離精製直鏈澱粉、分離精製支鏈澱粉、濕熱處理澱粉等物理性改性澱粉、水解糊精、酵素分解糊精、直鏈澱粉等酵素改性澱粉、酸處理澱粉、次氯酸氧化澱粉、二醛澱粉等化學分解改性澱粉、酯化澱粉(乙酸酯化澱粉、琥珀酸酯化澱粉、硝酸酯化澱粉、磷酸酯化澱粉、尿素磷酸酯化澱粉、黃原酸酯化澱粉、乙醯乙酸酯化澱粉等)、醚化澱粉(烯丙基醚化澱粉、甲基醚化澱粉、羧基甲基醚化澱粉、羥基乙基醚化澱粉、羥基丙基醚化澱粉等)、陽離子化澱粉(澱粉與2-二乙基胺基乙基氯化物之反應物、澱粉與氯化2,3-環氧基丙基三甲基銨之反應物等)、交聯澱粉(甲醛交聯澱粉、表氯醇交聯澱粉、磷酸交聯澱粉、丙烯醛交聯澱粉等)等化學改性澱粉、在各種澱粉類接枝聚合有單體而成之接枝化澱粉[單體係例如乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、第三丁基乙烯基醚、(甲基)丙烯醯胺、(甲基)丙烯酸、(甲基)丙烯酸烷酯、(甲基)丙烯酸羥基烷酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙氧基烷酯、(甲基)丙烯酸甲氧基聚乙二醇酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-羥基-3-氯丙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸二甲基胺基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸縮水甘油酯、丙烯腈、苯乙烯、馬來酸酐、伊康酸等]等。在此等澱粉類之中,以可溶於水之加工澱粉為較佳。澱粉類可為含水物。又,此等澱粉類可分別單獨使用,或者組合2種以上而使用。
[長鏈烴基及醯胺基對於生物基材料的改質方法]
本揭示中之醯胺化合物為使長鏈烴基及醯胺基對於生物基材料進行改質而成之化合物。使長鏈烴基及醯胺基對於生物基材料進行改質之方法並無特別限定。例如,可列舉醚化反應、醯基化反應(酯化、醯胺化)、使用環氧基之反應、使用異氰酸酯基之反應、接枝改質等。
醯胺化合物為藉由使生物基材料與含有長鏈烴基的反應體進行反應所得到之化合物。在此,所謂「含有長鏈烴基的反應體」為具有長鏈烴基,且可與生物基材料反應之化合物。
醯胺化合物中之醯胺基可為生物基材料與含有長鏈烴基的反應體之反應時所形成者。例如,醯胺化合物中之醯胺基可為藉由使屬於含有長鏈烴基的反應體之脂肪族胺與生物基材料之羧酸基脫水縮合的反應、使屬於含有長鏈烴基的反應體之脂肪族異氰酸酯與生物基材料之羥基或胺基反應的方法所形成者。或者,相反地,醯胺化合物中之醯胺基亦可藉由使生物基材料之胺基與屬於含有長鏈烴基的反應體之含有長鏈烴基的羧酸基脫水縮合的反應等來形成。在反應中可適合使用醯基化劑、縮合劑、觸媒等。
醯胺化合物中之醯胺基可為含有長鏈烴基的反應體所具有者。含有長鏈烴基的反應體例如可為除了具有長鏈烴醯胺基(-NHC(=O)-R、-C(=O)NH-R、-NHC(=O)O-R、-OC(=O)NH-R、-NHC(=O)NH-R、-NH-S(=O)2-R、-S(=O)2-NH-R[式中,各個R係獨立地為碳數7至40之長鏈烴基])以外,尚具有對於生物基材料有反應性之基(例如,胺基、羥基、羧酸基、異氰酸酯基、異硫氰酸酯基、環氧基等、酸酐、鹵化醯基)之化合物。
含有長鏈烴基的反應體之例係如下列者。H2N-R、
HO-R、HO(O=)C-R、X(O=)C-R、RC(=O)OC(=O)R、O=C=N-R、S=C=N-R、(CH2OCH)CH2OR
[式中,各個R係獨立地為碳數7至40之長鏈烴基,X係F、Cl、Br、或I]。
(胺基甲酸酯鍵之形成)
醯胺化合物中之胺基甲酸酯鍵可藉由使具有羥基之生物基材料與長鏈烴異氰酸酯反應而形成。在反應時可使用錫觸媒或胺作為觸媒。合成方法係例如,若在有機溶劑中使含有羥基的生物基材料與長鏈烴異氰酸酯反應一定時間,則羥基會與異氰酸酯基反應,可獲得含有胺基甲酸酯鍵與長鏈烴基之醯胺化合物。在此,就長鏈烴異氰酸酯之例而言,脂肪族異氰酸酯的具體例,可列舉:庚基異氰酸酯、辛基異氰酸酯、壬基異氰酸酯、癸基異氰酸酯、十二烷基異氰酸酯、十八烷基異氰酸酯等飽和脂肪族異氰酸酯;辛烯基異氰酸酯、十二烯基異氰酸酯等不飽和脂肪族異氰酸酯等。
(脲鍵之形成)
醯胺化合物中之脲鍵可藉由使具有胺基之生物基材料與長鏈烴異氰酸酯反應而形成。可在反應時利用合適的觸媒。合成方法係例如,若在有機溶劑中使含有胺基的生物基材料與長鏈烴異氰酸酯反應數小時,則胺基會與異氰酸酯基反
應,可獲得含有脲鍵與長鏈烴基之醯胺化合物。在此,長鏈烴異氰酸酯之例係與上述相同。
[屬於接枝聚合物之醯胺化合物]
醯胺化合物可為使具有長鏈烴基與醯胺基之含有長鏈烴基的聚合物對於生物基材料進行接枝改質而成的接枝聚合物。接枝聚合物係包含屬於源自生物基材料的幹部分、及屬於已鍵結於該幹部分之含有長鏈烴基的聚合物的枝部分(延長部分,接枝)之兩者。
含有長鏈烴基的聚合物具有由具有碳數7至40之長鏈烴基的具有長鏈烴基之單體(a)所形成的重複單元,且具有長鏈烴基之單體(a)包含醯胺單體(a1)。具有長鏈烴基之單體(a)可更包含非醯胺單體(a2)。具有長鏈烴基之單體(a)亦可僅由單體(a1)所構成。
含有長鏈烴基的聚合物可具有由具有親水性基之丙烯酸單體(b)所形成的重複單元。含有長鏈烴基的聚合物可具有由具有離子供給基之單體(c)所形成的重複單元。含有長鏈烴基的聚合物可具有由單體(a)至(c)之單體以外的其他單體(d)所形成的重複單元。
(具有長鏈烴基之單體(a))
具有長鏈烴基之單體(a)為具有碳數7至40之長鏈烴基的丙烯酸單體。碳數7至40之長鏈烴基較佳係碳數7至40之直鏈狀或分枝狀之烴基。長鏈烴基之碳數係10至40,例如,以12至30為較佳,尤其以15至30為佳。或者,長鏈烴基之碳數可為18至40。
‧醯胺單體(a1)
醯胺單體(a1)係具有長鏈烴基與醯胺基。對於長鏈烴基及醯胺基係可如上所述。
醯胺單體(a1)為具有長鏈烴基與醯胺基,且可更具有由選自-O-、-C(=O)-、-S(=O)2-、或-NH-之至少1種以上所構成的基之(甲基)丙烯酸酯或(甲基)丙烯醯胺。在本說明書中,所謂「(甲基)丙烯酸」係意指丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸。例如,所謂「(甲基)丙烯酸酯」係意指丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯。在丙烯酸酯中之α位原子並不限定於氫原子,而亦可為其他的基。
醯胺單體(a1)可為下述式所示之至少具有1個醯胺基之化合物,
CH2=C(-X1)-C(=O)-Y1-Z(-Y2-R1)n
[式中,R1分別獨立地為碳數7至40之長鏈烴基,
X1係氫原子、一價之有機基或鹵素原子,
Y1係-O-或-NH-,
Y2分別獨立地為由選自直接鍵結鍵、-O-、-C(=O)-、-S(=O)2-或-NH-之至少1種以上所構成的基,
Z為直接鍵結鍵、或者2價或3價之碳數1至5之烴基,
n為1或2]。
R1係長鏈烴基,較佳係脂肪族烴基,尤其以飽和之長鏈烴基為佳,特別以烷基為佳。長鏈烴基之碳數可為7以上、10以上、12以上、14以上、16以上、18以上、或20以上,較佳係10以上或12以上。長鏈烴基之碳數可為40以下、35以下、30以下、25以下、22以下、20以下、或18以下。較佳係30以下。
X1可為氫原子、甲基、鹵素(例如F、Cl、Br、I。亦可排除氟)、取代或非取代之苯甲基、取代或非取代之苯基。以氫原子、甲基或氯原子為較佳。
Y1可為-Y’-、-Y’-Y’-、-Y’-C(=O)-、-C(=O)-Y’-、-Y’-C(=O)-Y’-、-Y’-R’-、-Y’-R’-Y’-、-Y’-R’-Y’-C(=O)-、-Y’-R’-C(=O)-Y’-、-Y’-R’-Y’-C(=O)-Y’-、或-Y’-R’-Y’-R’-
[式中,Y’分別獨立地為直接鍵結鍵、-O-、-NH-或-S(=O)2-,
R’為-(CH2)m-(m係1至5之整數)、碳數1至5之具有不飽和鍵的直鏈狀之烴基、碳數1至5之具有分枝結構的烴基、或-(CH2)l-C6H4-(CH2)l-(l分別獨立地為0至5之整數,且-C6H4-為伸苯基)]。
Y2之具體例係:直接鍵結鍵、-O-、-NH-、-O-C(=O)-、-C(=O)-O-、-C(=O)-NH-、-NH-C(=O)-、-NH-S(=O)2-、-S(=O)2-NH-、-O-C(=O)-NH-、-NH-C(=O)-O-、-NH-C(=O)-NH-、-O-C6H4-、-NH-C6H4-、-O-(CH2)m-O-、-NH-(CH2)m-NH-、-O-(CH2)m-NH-、-NH-(CH2)m-O-、-O-(CH2)m-O-C(=O)-、-O-(CH2)m-C(=O)-O-、-NH-(CH2)m-O-C(=O)-、-NH-(CH2)m-C(=O)-O-、-O-(CH2)m-O-C(=O)-NH-、-O-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-O-、-O-(CH2)m-C(=O)-NH-、-O-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-、-O-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-NH-、-O-(CH2)m-O-C6H4-、-NH-(CH2)m-O-C(=O)-NH-、-NH-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-O-、-NH-(CH2)m-C(=O)-NH-、-NH-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-、-NH-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-NH-、-NH-(CH2)m-O-C6H4-、-NH-(CH2)m-NH-C6H4-
[式中,m為1至5之整數]。
Y2較佳係-O-、-NH-、-O-C(=O)-、-C(=O)-O-、-C(=O)-NH-、-NH-C(=O)-、-NH-S(=O)2-、-S(=O)2-NH-、-O-C(=O)-NH-、-NH-C(=O)-O-、
-NH-C(=O)-NH-、-O-C6H4-。Y2更佳係-NH-C(=O)-、-C(=O)-NH-、-O-C(=O)-NH-、-NH-C(=O)-O-或-NH-C(=O)-NH-。Y2較佳係不為烴基。
Y1及Y2之至少一者係以具有醯胺基為較佳。亦即,Y1不為NH基時,Y2具有醯胺基;Y2不具有醯胺基時,Y1係以NH基為較佳。
Z為直接鍵結鍵、或者2價或3價之碳數1至5的烴基,可具有直鏈結構,亦可具有分枝結構。Z之碳數為2至4,尤其以2為較佳。Z之具體例係:直接鍵結鍵、-CH2-、-CH2CH2-、-CH2CH2CH2-、-CH2CH2CH2CH2-、-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2-、具有分枝結構之-CH2CH=、具有分枝結構之-CH2(CH-)CH2-、具有分枝結構之-CH2CH2CH=、具有分枝結構之-CH2CH2CH2CH2CH=、具有分枝結構之-CH2CH2(CH-)CH2-、具有分枝結構之-CH2CH2CH2CH=。
Z可不為直接鍵結鍵,Y2及Z可同時不為直接鍵結鍵。
醯胺單體(a1)較佳係CH2=C(-X5)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-R3、CH2=C(-X5)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)m-O-C(=O)-NH-R3、CH2=C(-X5)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-O-R3、CH2=C(-X5)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-NH-R3[在此,R3及X5係與上述者相同意義]。
醯胺單體(a1)係以CH2=C(-X5)-C(=O)-O-(CH2)m-NH-C(=O)-R3為特別佳。
醯胺單體(a1)係可藉由使含有羥基的(甲基)丙烯酸酯或含有羥基的(甲基)丙烯醯胺(例如,(甲基)丙烯酸羥基烷酯或羥基烷基(甲基)丙烯醯胺)或含有胺基的(甲基)丙烯酸酯或含有胺基的(甲基)丙烯醯胺(例如,(甲基)丙烯酸胺基烷酯或胺基烷基(甲基)丙烯醯胺)與長鏈烷基異氰酸酯反應而製造。長鏈烷基異氰酸酯係例如有:月桂基異氰酸酯、肉豆蔻基異氰酸酯、鯨蠟基異氰酸酯、硬脂基異氰酸酯、油基異氰酸酯、二十二烷基異氰酸酯等。
或者,醯胺單體(a1)亦可藉由使在側鏈具有異氰酸酯基之(甲基)丙烯酸酯(例如甲基丙烯酸2-甲基丙烯醯氧基乙基酯)與長鏈烷基胺或長鏈烷基醇反應來製造。長鏈烷基胺係例如有:月桂基胺、肉豆蔻基胺、鯨蠟基胺、硬脂基胺、油基胺、二十二烷基胺等。長鏈烷基醇係例如有:月桂醇、肉豆蔻醇、鯨蠟醇、硬脂醇、油醇、二十二烷醇等。
醯胺單體(a1)係可例示下列之結構。
[上述式中,n係7至40之數,m係1至5之數]。
上述化學式之化合物雖屬於α位為氫原子之丙烯酸化合物,但具體例可為α位為甲基之甲基丙烯酸化合物及α位為氯原子之α氯丙烯酸化合物。
醯胺單體(a)之具體例係可列舉:硬脂基(甲基)丙烯醯胺、二十烷基(甲基)丙烯醯胺、二十二烷基(甲基)丙烯醯胺等烷基丙烯醯胺;(甲基)丙烯酸棕櫚醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸二十二烷醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸肉豆殼醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸月桂醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸異硬脂醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸油醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸第三丁基環己基己醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸金剛烷羧醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸萘羧醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸蒽羧醯胺乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸棕櫚醯胺丙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂醯胺丙基酯等(甲基)丙烯酸羧醯胺烷基酯;或此等之混合物。醯胺單體(a)係以(甲
基)丙烯酸硬脂醯胺乙基酯為較佳。醯胺單體(a)可為(甲基)丙烯酸羧醯胺烷基酯,其中,可為包含(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂醯胺乙基酯的混合物。在包含(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂醯胺乙基酯之混合物中,相對於醯胺單體(a)整體之重量,(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂醯胺乙基酯之量係例如,可為55至99重量%,較佳係可為60至85重量%,更佳係可為65至80重量%,其餘之單體係例如,可為(甲基)丙烯酸棕櫚醯胺乙基酯。
具有長鏈烴基之醯胺單體(a1)之熔點係以10℃以上為較佳,以25℃以上為更佳。
‧非醯胺單體(a2)
非醯胺單體(a2)具有衍生自具有長鏈烴基且不具有醯胺基之單體(a1)的重複單元。關於長鏈烴基可為如上所述。
非醯胺單體(a2)為下述式所示之化合物,
CH2=C(-X2)-C(=O)-Y2-R2
[式中,R2為碳數7至40之烴基,
X2為氫原子、一價之有機基或鹵素原子,
Y2為-O-]。
非醯胺單體(a2)可為Y2為-O-之長鏈丙烯酸酯單體。
R2係長鏈烴基,較佳係脂肪族烴基,尤其為飽和之脂肪族烴基,特別佳係烷基。長鏈烴基之碳數可為7以上、10以上、12以上、14以上、16以上、18以上、或20以上,較佳係10以上或12以上。長鏈烴基之碳數可為40以下、35以下、30以下、25以下、22以下、20以下、或18以下。較佳係30以下。
X2係可為氫原子、甲基、鹵素(例如F、Cl、Br、I。可排除氟)、取代或非取代之苯甲基、取代或非取代之苯基。以氫原子、甲基或氯原子為較佳。
非醯胺單體(a2)之較佳的具體例係:(甲基)丙烯酸月桂酯、(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂酯、(甲基)丙烯酸二十烷酯、(甲基)丙烯酸二十二烷酯、α氯丙烯酸硬脂酯、α氯丙烯酸二十烷酯、α氯丙烯酸二十二烷酯等。
(親水性基單體(b))
親水性單體(b)係具有親水性基之丙烯酸單體。親水性基單體(b)為醯胺單體(a)以外之單體,且親水性基較佳係氧伸烷基(伸烷基之碳數為2至6)。尤其,親水性基單體(b)較佳係聚烷二醇單(甲基)丙烯酸酯及/或聚烷二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚烷二醇單(甲基)丙烯醯胺、丙烯酸羥基乙酯、丙烯酸羥基丙酯、丙烯酸羥基丁酯、或羥基乙基丙烯醯胺。
(具有離子供給基之單體(c))
具有離子供給基之單體(c)較佳為具有烯烴性碳-碳雙鍵及離子供給基之單體。離子供給基為陰離子供給基及/或陽離子供給基。
具有陰離子供給基之單體可列舉具有羧基、磺酸基或磷酸基之單體。具有陰離子供給基之單體的具體例係:(甲基)丙烯酸、巴豆酸、馬來酸、富馬酸、伊康酸、檸槺酸、乙烯基磺酸、(甲基)烯丙基磺酸、苯乙烯磺酸、磷酸(甲基)丙烯酸酯、乙烯基苯磺酸、丙烯醯胺第三丁基磺酸等、或此等之鹽。
陰離子供給基之鹽可列舉:鹼金屬鹽、鹼土金屬鹽、或銨鹽,例如甲基銨鹽、乙醇銨鹽、三乙醇銨鹽等。
在具有陽離子供給基之單體中,陽離子供給基之例係胺基,較佳係三級胺基及四級胺基。在三級胺基中,要鍵結於氮原子之2個基較佳係相同或
相異,而為碳數1至5之脂肪族基(尤其為烷基)、碳數6至20之芳香族基(芳基)或碳數7至25之芳香脂肪族基(尤其為芳烷基,例如苯甲基(C6H5-CH2-))。在四級胺基中,要鍵結於氮原子之3個基較佳係相同或相異,而為碳數1至5之脂肪族基(尤其為烷基)、碳數6至20之芳香族基(芳基)或碳數7至25之芳香脂肪族基(尤其為芳烷基,例如苯甲基(C6H5-CH2-))。在三級胺基及四級胺基中,要鍵結於氮原子之其餘的1個基可具有碳-碳雙鍵。陽離子供給基可為鹽之形式。
屬於鹽之陽離子供給基為與酸(有機酸或無機酸)之鹽。有機酸較佳係例如碳數1至20之羧酸(尤其為乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、硬脂酸等單羧酸)。以(甲基)丙烯酸二甲基胺基乙基酯及(甲基)丙烯酸二乙基胺基乙基酯及此等之鹽為較佳。
(其他單體(d))
其他單體(d)係單體(a)、(b)及(c)以外之單體。如此之其他單體可列舉:乙烯、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯、氟乙烯、鹵化乙烯基苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、對-甲基苯乙烯、聚氧伸烷基單(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(甲基)丙烯醯胺、二丙酮(甲基)丙烯醯胺、羥甲基化(甲基)丙烯醯胺、N-羥甲基(甲基)丙烯醯胺、烷基乙烯基醚、鹵化烷基乙烯基醚、烷基乙烯基酮、丁二烯、異戊二烯、氯丁二烯、(甲基)丙烯酸縮水甘油基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸氮丙啶基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸苯甲基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸異氰酸酯乙基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸環己基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸異莰基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸短鏈烷基酯、馬來酸酐、具有聚二甲基矽氧烷基之(甲基)丙烯酸酯、N-乙烯基咔唑。
上述之單體(a)至(d)可不具有碳數1以上、3以上、6以上、或8以上之氟烷基(尤其為全氟烷基)。上述之單體(a)至(d)可不具有氟原子。
(屬於接枝聚合物之醯胺化合物的組成等)
相對於幹部分(生物基材料)與枝部分(含有脂肪族烴基的聚合物)之合計,枝部分之重量比可為1重量%以上、5重量%以上、10重量%以上、30重量%以上、50重量%以上、70重量%以上、或90重量%以上。相對於幹部分(生物基材料)與枝部分(含有脂肪族烴基的聚合物)之合計,枝部分之重量比可為95重量%以下、85重量%以下、75重量%以下、65重量%以下、45重量%以下、35重量%以下、25重量%以下、或15重量%以下。
相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(a)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(a))之量可為20重量%以上、30重量%以上、40重量%以上、45重量%以上、50重量%以上、60重量%以上、或75重量%以上。相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(a)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(a))之量可為95重量%以下、75重量%以下、60重量%以下、或50重量%以下。
相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(a1)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(a1))之量可為10重量%以上、15重量%以上、20重量%以上、25重量%以上、30重量%以上、40重量%以上、50重量%以上、或60重量%以上。相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(a1)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(a1))之量可為95重量%以下、75重量%以下、60重量%以下、50重量%以下、40重量%以下、或30重量%以下。
相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(b)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(b))之量可為0.1重量%以上、1重量%以上、3重量%以上、5重量%以上、10重量%以上、20重量%以上、或30重量%以上。相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(b)所形成之重複單元(重複單元
(b))之量可為75重量%以下、60重量%以下、50重量%以下、40重量%以下、30重量%以下、20重量%以下、10重量%以下、或5重量%以下。
相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(c)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(c))之量可為0.1重量%以上、1重量%以上、3重量%以上、5重量%以上、10重量%以上、20重量%以上、或30重量%以上。相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(c)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(c))之量可為75重量%以下、60重量%以下、50重量%以下、40重量%以下、30重量%以下、20重量%以下、10重量%以下、或5重量%以下。
相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(d)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(d))之量可為0.1重量%以上、1重量%以上、3重量%以上、5重量%以上、10重量%以上、20重量%以上、或30重量%以上。相對於聚合物(或相對於重複單元(a)至(d)之合計),由單體(d)所形成之重複單元(重複單元(d))之量可為50重量%以下、40重量%以下、30重量%以下、20重量%以下、10重量%以下、或5重量%以下。
接枝聚合物之枝部分(含有長鏈烴基的聚合物)之重量平均分子量可為1000以上、3000以上、5000以上、7500以上、10000以上、或30000以上。聚合物之重量平均分子量可為10000000以下、5000000以下、1000000以下、500000以下、300000以下、或100000以下。重量平均分子量係藉由凝膠滲透層析以聚苯乙烯換算而求出的值。對於接枝聚合係可參考教科書「聚合之原理」(G.G.Odian、Wiley Interscience、1991年、第3版、715-725頁)等。
[聚合物之製造方法]
本揭示中之醯胺化合物的製造方法係可包含使具有長鏈烴基與醯胺基之聚合物對於生物基材料進行接枝改質之步驟。例如,可使用該發明所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者周知之Grafting-to法、Grafting-from法等。對於接枝改質、接枝聚合係可參考教科書「聚合之原理」(G.G.Odian、Wiley Interscience、1991年、第三版、715-725頁)等。
例如,可藉由屬於枝部分之含有長鏈烴基的聚合物先被聚合,並使所得到之聚合物對於屬於幹部分之生物基材料進行化學性鍵結之接枝改質方法,而獲得屬於接枝聚合物之醯胺化合物。化學性鍵結之方法並無特別限定,但可使用醚化反應、醯基化反應(酯化、醯胺化)、使用環氧基之反應、使用異氰酸酯基之反應。此時,為了使生物基材料與含有長鏈烴基的聚合物能互相鍵結,必須具有反應性基。例如,可使生物基材料之羥基與含有長鏈烴基的聚合物所具有之羧酸基反應。為了進行反應,可適當使用反應觸媒等。
例如,可將在幹部分中之官能基作為聚合起始基,從此聚合起始基起使屬於幹部分之接枝鏈成長。在此方法中,藉由在生物基材料存在下使單體聚合,可獲得屬於接枝聚合物之醯胺化合物。在此方法中,可在生物基材料側鏈形成活性部位(尤其為游離基),及繼而從該活性部位進行單體(a)至(d)之聚合。活性部位之形成係可藉由單體之聚合過程中的鏈轉移反應而產生。藉由聚合物之自由基反應末端與活性部位鍵結,可獲得接枝聚合物。此方法係亦可在使用包含羥基(例如,二級醇)之生物基材料時使用。
為了獲得含有長鏈烴基的聚合物,可選擇溶液聚合、乳化聚合、輻射線聚合等各種聚合方法。例如,可為使用水或有機溶劑之溶液聚合、或併用有機溶劑與水之懸浮聚合、使用界面活性劑或自分散型之乳化聚合。接枝改質係
在生物基材料存在下進行,以在生物基材料會分散(較佳係溶解)之條件下進行為較佳。
本揭示中之含有長鏈烴基的聚合物的製造方法較佳係包含在生物基材料之存在下,使上述之單體聚合的步驟。藉由本製造方法,可獲得含有聚合物的組成物,該含有聚合物的組成物為包含含有長鏈烴基的聚合物;含有長鏈烴基的聚合物與生物基材料之團簇(cluster);及/或含有長鏈烴基的聚合物與生物基材料之混合物而成者。藉由本製造方法所得到之聚合物或含有聚合物的組成物係可具有優異之耐油性能。
聚合起始劑之例係可使用:水溶性聚合起始劑,例如2,2’-偶氮雙異丁基脒二鹽酸鹽、2,2’-偶氮雙(2-甲基丙脒)鹽酸鹽、2,2’-偶氮雙[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]鹽酸鹽、2,2’-偶氮雙[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]硫酸鹽水合物、2,2’-偶氮雙[2-(5-甲基-2-咪唑啉-2-基)丙烷]鹽酸鹽、過硫酸鉀、過硫酸鋇、過硫酸銨、過氧化氫;以及油溶性聚合起始劑,例如2,2’-偶氮雙(2-甲基丙腈)、2,2’-偶氮雙(2-甲基丁腈)、2,2’-偶氮雙(2,4-二甲基戊腈)、2,2’-偶氮雙(2,4-二甲基4-甲氧基戊腈)、1,1’-偶氮雙(環己烷-1-甲腈)、二甲基2,2’-偶氮雙(2-甲基丙酸酯)、2,2’-偶氮雙(2-異丁腈)、過氧化苯甲醯基、過氧化二-第三丁基、過氧化月桂基、氫過氧化異丙苯、過氧三甲基乙酸第三丁基酯、過氧二碳酸二異丙基酯、過三甲基乙酸第三丁基酯等。起始劑可為氧化劑起始劑、還原劑起始劑、或氧化還原起始劑,例如,可包含過氧化物與還原劑之組合、無機之還原劑與氧化劑之組合或者無機-有機之氧化還原對。起始劑可使用選自Ce4+、V5+、Cr6+及Mn3+之多價離子。相對於單體100重量份,起始劑係可在10重量份以下、0.01至5重量份之範圍使用。
又,以分子量調節作為目的,可使用鏈轉移劑,例如含有氫硫基(mercapto)的化合物,其具體例係可列舉2-氫硫基乙醇、硫丙酸、烷基硫醇等。相對於單體100重量份,鏈轉移劑可在10重量份以下、0.01至5重量份之範圍使用。
<耐油劑>
耐油劑為含有上述之醯胺化合物的耐油劑。耐油劑係具有耐油性,亦可更具有耐水性、撥水性、撥油性。耐油劑係除了醯胺化合物以外,尚可含有液狀介質(水、有機溶劑或此等之混合溶液)。耐油劑可更包含選自界面活性劑、及其他添加劑等之至少一種。
相對於耐油劑,醯胺化合物之量可為0.1重量%以上、1重量%以上、3重量%以上、5重量%以上、10重量%以上、20重量%以上、或50重量%以上。相對於耐油劑,醯胺化合物之量可為100重量%以下、75重量%以下、50重量%以下、或25重量%以下。
耐油劑係可含有水性介質。液狀介質係水單獨、有機溶劑單獨、或水與有機溶劑之混合物,較佳係水單獨或水與有機溶劑之混合物。
相對於耐油劑,液狀介質之量可為30重量%以上、50重量%以上、60重量%以上、75重量%以上、或90重量%以上。相對於耐油劑,液狀介質之量可為95重量%以下、75重量%以下、或50重量%以下。
液狀介質為水與有機溶劑之混合物時,相對於液狀介質,有機溶劑之量可為3重量%以上、10重量%以上、30重量%以上、50重量%以上、或75重量%以上。相對於液狀介質,有機溶劑之量可為90重量%以下、50重量%以下、30重量%以下、或10重量%以下。
[界面活性劑或分散劑]
耐油劑係可不包含或可包含界面活性劑(乳化劑)或分散劑。一般,為了聚合中之粒子的安定化、聚合後之水分散體的安定化,可在聚合時以少量(例如,相對於醯胺化合物100重量份為0.01至45重量份、0.01至30重量份、或0.01至15重量份)添加界面活性劑或分散劑,或者可在聚合後添加界面活性劑或分散劑。
當被處理物為纖維製品時,尤其,在耐油劑中,界面活性劑或分散劑係以包含非離子性界面活性劑為較佳。再者,界面活性劑較佳係包含選自陽離子性界面活性劑、陰離子性界面活性劑、及兩性界面活性劑之一種以上的界面活性劑。以使用非離子性界面活性劑與陽離子性界面活性劑之組合為較佳。
非離子性界面活性劑、陽離子性界面活性劑、及兩性界面活性劑之各者可為一種或二種以上之組合。
相對於醯胺化合物量之合計100重量份,界面活性劑或分散劑之量可為15重量份以下、10重量份以下、7.5重量份以下、5重量份以下、2.5重量份以下。相對於醯胺化合物量100重量份,界面活性劑或分散劑之量可為0.1重量份以上、1重量份以上、3重量份以上、5重量份以上、7.5重量份以上、或10重量份以上。一般若添加界面活性劑或分散劑,則水分散體之安定性或對纖維製品之滲透性會提高。
[封端異氰酸酯化合物]
耐油劑係可不包含或可包含封端異氰酸酯化合物。封端異氰酸酯化合物係可在聚合前添加,亦可在聚合後(例如,聚合後熟化步驟前)添加。
封端異氰酸酯化合物係可藉由使異氰酸酯(可為A(NCO)m所示之化合物[式中,A係從異氰酸酯化合物去除異氰酸酯基之後殘留的基,m係2至8之整數])與封端劑(可為RH所示之化合物[式中,R可為可經如氮原子或氧原子等雜原子取代之烴基,H為氫原子])反應而製造。
A(NCO)m係例如甲苯二異氰酸酯(TDI)、二苯基甲烷二異氰酸酯(MDI)、六亞甲基二異氰酸酯(HDI)等。會形成R基之封端劑之例為:肟、酚、醇、硫醇、醯胺、醯亞胺、咪唑、尿素、胺、亞胺、吡唑及活性亞甲基化合物等。
封端異氰酸酯化合物較佳係經肟封端的甲苯二異氰酸酯、經封端的六亞甲基二異氰酸酯、經封端的二苯基甲烷二異氰酸酯等經封端的異氰酸酯。
相對於單體之合計100重量份(或醯胺化合物之合計100重量份),封端異氰酸酯化合物之量可為15重量份以下、10重量份以下、7.5重量份以下、5重量份以下、或2.5重量份以下。
[其他添加劑]
耐油劑係可含有其他添加劑。其他添加劑之例為:黏結劑樹脂、分散劑、耐水劑、耐油劑、撥水劑、撥油劑、乾燥速度調整劑、交聯劑、造膜助劑、相溶化劑、抗凍結劑、黏度調整劑、紫外線吸收劑、抗氧化劑、pH調整劑、消泡劑、質地調整劑、滑溜性調整劑、抗靜電劑、親水化劑、抗菌劑、防腐劑、防蟲劑、芳香劑、阻燃劑、上漿劑、紙力增強劑等。相對於單體之合計100重量份(或醯胺化合物之合計100重量份),其他添加劑之量可為0.1至20重量份,例如0.1至10重量份。
[醯胺化合物之用途等]
醯胺化合物係可使用來作為耐油劑、耐水劑、撥水劑、撥油劑、防污劑、污垢脫離劑、剝離劑或離型劑等各種劑或其成分。醯胺化合物係可使用來作為外部處理劑(表面處理劑)或內部處理劑或其成分。
藉由以醯胺化合物處理基材,醯胺化合物可在基材表面形成表面塗敷構造。
為了顯現撥液性,經處理之被處理物(基材)被乾燥,較佳係例如在共聚物之Tg以上的溫度,例如在100℃至200℃下被加熱為較佳。藉由以共聚物之Tg以上的溫度進行處理,基材表面被共聚物被覆,並且引發側鏈之排列。藉此,可形成疏水性優異之表面塗敷構造。
表面塗敷構造係可藉由將醯胺化合物以以往已知的方法施用於被處理物(基材),而在基材表面附著共聚物來形成。通常,採用使醯胺化合物分散於有機溶劑或水而稀釋,藉由如浸漬塗佈、噴霧塗佈、泡塗佈等已知之方法,附著於被處理物之表面,並進行乾燥之方法。又,若有需要,可與適當的交聯劑(例如,封端異氰酸酯化合物)一起施用,進行熟化。再者,亦可在醯胺化合物中添加防蟲劑、柔軟劑、抗菌劑、阻燃劑、抗靜電劑、塗料固定劑、防皺劑、上漿劑、紙力增強劑等而併用。
被包含醯胺化合物之劑處理的被處理物係可列舉纖維製品、石材、過濾器(例如,靜電過濾器)、防塵罩、燃料電池之零件(例如,氣體擴散電極及氣體擴散支撐體)、玻璃、木、皮革、毛皮、石綿、磚、水泥、金屬及氧化物、窯業製品、塑膠、塗面、及石膏等。
纖維製品係可列舉各種例子,但例如,可列舉布製品或紙製品。
布製品之例係可列舉棉、麻、羊毛、絹等動植物性天然纖維、聚醯胺、聚酯、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯腈、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯等合成纖維、嫘縈、乙酸酯等半合成纖維、玻璃纖維、碳纖維、石綿纖維等無機纖維、或者此等之混合纖維。布製品係包含織物、編物及不織布、衣料品形態之布及地毯,但可對於製成布之前的狀態之纖維、紗線、中間纖維製品(例如,棉條(sliver)或粗紗等)進行處理。
紙製品之例係可列舉:由牛皮紙漿或者亞硫酸鹽紙漿等漂白或者未漂白化學紙漿、磨木紙漿、機械紙漿或者熱機械紙漿等漂白或者未漂白高產率紙漿、報紙廢紙、雜誌廢紙、瓦楞紙箱廢紙或者脫墨廢紙等廢紙紙漿等所構成的紙、以紙製成的容器、以紙製成的成形體等。紙製品之具體例係:食品用包裝用紙、石膏板原紙、塗佈原紙、中質紙、一般被面紙及芯紙、中性純白卷紙、中性被面紙、防銹被面紙及金屬保護紙、牛皮紙、中性印刷筆記用紙、中性塗佈原紙、中性PPC用紙、中性感熱用紙、中性感壓原紙、中性噴墨用紙及中性資訊用紙、模塑紙(模塑容器)等。本揭示之醯胺化合物因高溫耐油性優異,故適合使用於要求在高溫中之耐油性的用途,尤其適合使用於食品包裝材。
醯胺化合物係可藉由用來以液體處理纖維製品之已知方法中之任一者而施用於纖維狀基材(例如,纖維製品等)。纖維製品為布時,可使布浸漬於溶液中,或者,可對布附著或噴霧溶液。處理可為外添加處理,亦可為內添加處理。纖維製品為紙時,可塗佈於紙,或者,可對紙附著或噴霧溶液,或者,可與抄造前之紙漿漿液混合而處理。處理可為外添加處理,亦可為內添加處理。
可將醯胺化合物施用於已經預先形成之纖維製品(尤其為紙、布等),或者,亦可在製紙之各種階段,例如在紙之乾燥期間中施用。醯胺化合物
係可藉由洗淨法而施用於纖維製品,例如,在洗滌施用或乾洗法等施用於纖維製品。
或者,纖維狀基材可為皮革。為了使皮革為疏水性及疏油性,可在皮革加工之各種段階,例如在皮革之濕潤加工期間中、或在皮革之精加工期間中,由水溶液或水性乳化物將共聚物施用於皮革。
醯胺化合物亦可使用來作為外部離型劑。例如,可使基材之表面容易地從其他表面(該基材中之其他表面、或者其他基材中的表面)剝離。
所謂「處理」係意指將處理劑藉由浸漬、噴霧、塗佈等而施用於被處理物。藉由處理,使屬於處理劑之有效成分的共聚物滲透到被處理物之內部及/或附著於被處理物之表面。
<紙用添加劑>
醯胺化合物係可適合使用於紙用添加劑。含有醯胺化合物之紙用添加劑係可使用來作為耐水劑、耐油劑、撥水劑、撥油劑。紙用添加劑較佳係溶液、乳液或氣溶膠(aerosol)之形態。紙用添加劑係包含醯胺化合物及介質(例如,有機溶劑及水等液狀介質)而成。紙用添加劑較佳係醯胺化合物之水分散體。在紙用添加劑中,醯胺化合物之濃度例如可為0.01至50重量%。紙用添加劑可不含有界面活性劑。
關於紙用添加劑所含有之液狀介質(例如,有機溶劑或水)之去除,可藉由(較佳係減壓下)(例如,30℃以上,例如50至120℃)加熱聚合物溶液來進行。
在內添加中,紙用添加劑之量可為相對於紙漿100重量份,醯胺化合物之固體成分量會成為0.1重量份以上、0.5重量份以上、1重量份以上、5
重量份以上、10重量份以上、20重量份以上、或30重量份以上之量。紙用添加劑之量可為相對於紙漿100重量份,醯胺化合物之固體成分量會成為80重量份以下、60重量份以下、40重量份以下、20重量份以下、或10重量份以下之量。在外添加中,耐油層所含有之醯胺化合物的量可為0.01g/m2以上、0.03g/m2以上、0.05g/m2以上、0.10g/m2以上、0.30g/m2以上、或0.50g/m2以上。耐油層所含有之醯胺化合物之量可為5g/m2以下、3g/m2以下、2g/m2以下、1.5g/m2以下、0.30g/m2以下、或0.50g/m2以下。
為了處理紙基材(例如,表面處理)可使用紙用添加劑。紙用添加劑係可藉由以往已知之方法而施用於被處理物。通常,採用使紙用添加劑分散於有機溶劑或水而稀釋,藉由如浸漬塗佈、噴霧塗佈、泡塗佈等已知的方法而附著於被處理物之表面,並進行乾燥之方法(表面處理)。被處理物之紙基材可列舉紙、以紙製成的容器、以紙製成的成形體(例如紙漿模塑)等。本揭示之醯胺化合物係良好地附著於紙基材。在此所謂附著係指物理性鍵結或化學性鍵結。
以上,雖然已說明實施型態,但應理解在不超出申請專利範圍之旨意及範圍,形態或詳細內容係可做各種的變更。
[實施例]
其次,舉出實施例而具體地說明本揭示。但,本揭示不受此等說明所限定。以下,「份」、「%」或「比」只要無特別記載,即表示重量份、重量%或重量比。
以下所使用之試驗方法係如下。
(耐油性(KIT))
耐油性(KIT法)係依據TAPPI T-559cm-02而測定。KIT試驗液為以表1之比率混合有蓖麻油、甲苯、庚烷的試驗液。將表1所示之試驗液1滴置放於紙上,在15秒後觀察油之滲透狀態。以不顯示滲透之KIT試驗液所給予的耐油度之最高點作為耐油性。KIT試驗液之編號愈高,耐油性愈高。
(耐油性(實用油試驗1))
在所得到之紙盤或處理紙垂滴市售之橄欖油約1g(處理紙約0.1g),在室溫(20℃)下放置15分鐘後,觀察紙盤或處理紙之背面側的滲入情形。依據背面側之滲入程度,如以下方式設定評估數值。
5:0至5%
4:6至20%
3:21至50%
2:51至75%
1:76至100%
(耐油性(實用油試驗2))
在已成形為容器狀之紙漿模塑製品中注入80℃之評估液(玉米油)100ml,靜置30分鐘後,將評估液廢棄,依據下述之基準以目視評估評估液對紙漿模塑製品(容器)之滲入情形。
4:在紙漿模塑容器底之內側幾乎看不到油滲入
3:在紙漿模塑容器底之外側看不到油滲入
2:在紙漿模塑容器底之外側之未達5%的面積可看到油滲入
1:在紙漿模塑容器底之外側之5%以上未達50%的面積可看到油滲入
0:在紙漿模塑容器底之外側之50%以上的面積可看到油滲入
(耐水性(實用水試驗))
在已成形為容器狀之紙漿模塑製品中注入80℃之評估液(自來水)100ml,靜置30分鐘後,將評估液廢棄,依據下述之基準以目視評估評估液對紙漿模塑製品(容器)之滲入情形。
4:在紙漿模塑容器底之內側幾乎看不到水之滲入
3:在紙漿模塑容器底之外側看不到水之滲入
2:在紙漿模塑容器底之外側之未達5%的面積可看到水之滲入
1:在紙漿模塑容器底之外側之5%以上未達50%的面積可看到水之滲入
0:在紙漿模塑容器底之外側之50%以上的面積可看到水之滲入
(合成例1)
在具備攪拌機及加熱器之反應裝置中,在攪拌下使加工木薯澱粉(商品名:TSK-13、日本食品化工股份有限公司製品)60份在水700份中懸浮,升溫至90℃
為止,並使其糊化。使硬脂醯胺丙烯酸酯(C18AmEA、熔點:70℃)15.0份、氯化硬脂基三甲基銨11.9份在80℃下溶解,在上述之經糊化之澱粉溶液中藉由超音波進行乳化,並以液滴之平均粒徑成為500nm以下之方式微分散。然後,加入屬於起始劑之硝酸鈰銨1.32份,使該混合物在氮環境下在60℃混合攪拌5小時而使其接枝聚合。所得到之含有澱粉接枝聚合物的溶液之固體成分為10重量%。
(合成例2)
將葡萄糖酸32.7份添加於硬脂酸單乙醇醯胺24.6份與十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)2.5份之水溶液300份中,在75℃下攪拌10小時。反應溶液成為白色混濁的乳液。經過10小時後,加入NaHCO3而停止反應。以乙酸乙酯萃取粗生成物,並以食鹽水洗淨而在Na2SO4上乾燥後,進行去溶劑,獲得反應生成物。使反應生成物分散於水100份中,調整成固體成分10重量%。
(合成例3)
在具備攪拌機及加熱器之反應裝置中,在攪拌下使蔗糖60份在水700份中懸浮,升溫至90℃為止,並使其糊化。使硬脂醯胺丙烯酸酯(C18AmEA、熔點:70℃)15.0份、氯化硬脂基三甲基銨11.9份在80℃下溶解,在上述之經糊化之澱粉溶液中藉由超音波進行乳化,並以液滴之平均粒徑成為500nm以下之方式微分散。然後,加入屬於起始劑之硝酸鈰銨1.32份,使該混合物在氮環境下在60℃混合攪拌5小時而使其接枝聚合。所得到之含有澱粉接枝聚合物的溶液之固體成分為10重量%。
(比較合成例1)
將葡萄糖酸32.7份添加於硬脂醇24.6份與十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA,2.5份)之水溶液300份中,在75℃下攪拌10小時。反應溶液成為白色混濁的乳液。經
過10小時後,加入NaHCO3而停止反應。以乙酸乙酯萃取粗生成物,並以食鹽水洗淨而在Na2SO4上乾燥後,進行去溶劑,獲得反應生成物。在反應生成物中加入水100份,調整成固體成分10重量%。
(比較合成例2)
在具備攪拌機及加熱器之反應裝置中,添加屬於溶劑之甲乙酮(MEK)100份,在攪拌下,依序添加丙烯酸硬脂基酯(StA、熔點:30℃)100份之單體、及屬於起始劑之PERBUTYL PV 1.2份。使該混合物在65至75℃之氮環境下混合攪拌12小時而進行共聚合。所得到之含有共聚物的溶液之固體成分濃度為50重量%。
就後處理而言,係在所得到之共聚物溶液50g中添加0.4%之乙酸水溶液142g,使其分散後,使用蒸發器在加熱、減壓下餾去MEK,獲得淡褐色之共聚合水分散液(揮發性有機溶劑之含量為1重量%以下)。在該水分散液中再加入離子交換水而獲得固體成分濃度15重量%之水分散液。
(實施例1)
[以外添加法之評估]
就木材紙漿而言,係調製LBKP(闊葉樹漂白牛皮紙漿)與NBKP(針葉樹漂白牛皮紙漿)之重量比率為60重量%與40重量%,且紙漿之游離度為400ml(Canadian Standard Freeness)之紙漿漿液,在該紙漿漿液中添加濕潤紙力增強劑、上漿劑並藉由長網抄紙機,使用紙密度為0.58g/cm3之基重45g/m2之紙作為外添加處理(上漿壓製處理)之原紙。該原紙之耐油性(KIT值)為0。
使用合成例1所得到之醯胺化合物的水分散液作為耐油劑,依據以下之配方,獲得耐油紙(加工紙)。處理液係以合成例1所得到之醯胺化合物的
水分散液固體成分濃度成為2.4重量%、且羥基乙基化澱粉(商品名:Penford290、Penford公司製品)之固體成分濃度成為7%之方式調製,以上漿壓機予以處理之後,以滾筒式乾燥機進行乾燥,獲得耐油紙(加工紙)。所得到之耐油紙之澱粉與醯胺化合物之固體成分的塗佈量為1.3g/m2(共聚物之塗佈量為0.33g/m2)。使用所得到之原紙作為試驗紙,進行試驗。將結果表示於表2中(KIT值、實用油試驗1)。
[以內添加法之評估]
將已打漿到游離度為550cc(Canadian Freeness)之70份的闊葉樹漂白牛皮紙漿與30份之針葉樹漂白牛皮紙漿的混合物0.5重量%之水分散液2400g一邊攪拌一邊添加,然後,添加烷基烯酮二聚物(alkyl ketene dimer;AKD)(Solenis製Hercon(註冊商標)79)之5%固體成分水溶液0.18g,並持續攪拌1分鐘,然後,添加已將合成例1之醯胺化合物的水分散液以水稀釋成固體成分10%者36g並持續攪拌1分鐘。
將上述紙漿漿液置入於金屬製的槽之中。使設有多數個抽吸孔的金屬製之紙漿模塑成形模以在其上配置有網狀體之狀態存在於該槽之下部。從紙漿模塑成形模之與配置有網狀體的側為相反側,藉由真空泵,隔著紙漿模塑成形模及網狀體而抽吸/脫水含有紙漿的水性組成物,使含有紙漿的水性組成物所含有之固體成分(紙漿等)堆積在網狀體上,而獲得紙漿模塑中間體。然後,將所得到之紙漿模塑中間體以經加溫至60至200℃之金屬製公母成形模從上下進行加壓並乾燥。藉此,製造已成形為容器形狀之紙漿模塑製品。將所得到之紙漿模塑製品中的各成分相對於紙漿之含有比例及高溫耐油性能(實用耐油試驗2)、高溫耐水性能(實用水試驗)的評估結果表示於表2中。
(實施例2)
除了使用合成例2之醯胺化合物的水分散液取代實施例1中之合成例1的醯胺化合物之水分散液以外,其餘係與實施例1同樣地進行實驗。
所得到之耐油紙的澱粉與醯胺化合物之固體成分的塗佈量為0.9g/m2(共聚物之塗佈量為0.23g/m2)。進行試驗的結果表示於表2中。
再者,將所得到之紙漿模塑製品中的評估結果表示於表2中。
(實施例3)
除了使用合成例3之醯胺化合物的水分散液取代實施例1中之合成例1的醯胺化合物之水分散液以外,其餘係與實施例1同樣地進行實驗。
所得到之耐油紙的澱粉與醯胺化合物之固體成分的塗佈量為1.0g/m2(共聚物之塗佈量為0.26g/m2)。進行試驗的結果表示於表2中。
再者,將所得到之紙漿模塑製品中的評估結果表示於表2中。
(比較例1)
除了使用比較合成例1之酯化合物的水分散液取代實施例1中之合成例1的醯胺化合物之水分散液以外,其餘係與實施例1同樣地進行實驗。
所得到之耐油紙的澱粉與酯化合物之固體成分的塗佈量為0.8g/m2(共聚物之塗佈量係0.20g/m2)。進行試驗的結果表示於表2中。
再者,將所得到之紙漿模塑製品中的評估結果表示於表2中。
(比較例2)
除了使用比較合成例2之酯化合物的水分散液取代實施例1中之合成例1的醯胺化合物之水分散液以外,其餘係與實施例1同樣地進行實驗。
所得到之耐油紙的澱粉與酯化合物之固體成分的塗佈量為1.1g/m2(共聚物之塗佈量為0.28g/m2)。進行試驗的結果表示於表2中。
再者,將所得到之紙漿模塑製品中的評估結果表示於表2中。
Claims (13)
- 一種醯胺化合物,其為使碳數7至40之長鏈烴基及醯胺基對於生物基材料進行改質而得者。
- 如請求項1所述之醯胺化合物,其包含選自由下列者所組成的群組中之至少一種長鏈烴醯胺基;-NHC(=O)-R、-C(=O)NH-R、-NHC(=O)O-R、-OC(=O)NH-R、-NHC(=O)NH-R、-NH-S(=O)2-R、及-S(=O)2-NH-R,式中,各個R係獨立地為碳數7至40之長鏈烴基。
- 如請求項1或2所述之醯胺化合物,其中,前述生物基材料為高分子。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項所述之醯胺化合物,其中,前述生物基材料為糖類。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項所述之醯胺化合物,其為使具有碳數7至40之長鏈烴基的聚合物對於前述生物基材料進行接枝改質而成的接枝聚合物。
- 如請求項5所述之醯胺化合物,其中,前述聚合物具有衍生自下述式所示之至少具有1個醯胺基之醯胺單體(a1)的重複單元;CH2=C(-X1)-C(=O)-Y1-Z(-Y2-R1)n式中,R1分別獨立地為碳數7至40之長鏈烴基,X1為氫原子、一價之有機基或鹵素原子,Y1為-O-或-NH-,Y2分別獨立地為由選自直接鍵結鍵、-O-、-C(=O)-、-S(=O)2-或-NH-之至少1種以上所構成的基,Z為直接鍵結鍵、或者2價或3價之碳數1至5的烴基,n為1或2。
- 如請求項1至6中任一項所述之醯胺化合物,其中,前述長鏈烴基之碳數為12以上。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項所述之醯胺化合物,其依ASTM D6866測得之生物基度為40%以上。
- 一種耐油劑,其包含請求項1至8中任一項所述之醯胺化合物。
- 如請求項9所述之耐油劑,其為紙用添加劑。
- 一種纖維製品,係附著有請求項1至8中任一項所述之醯胺化合物。
- 如請求項11所述之纖維製品,其為紙製品。
- 如請求項12所述之纖維製品,其中,前述紙為食品包裝材。
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