TW202203917A - 治療細胞激素釋放症候群之方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本發明揭示一種治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體之方法。該方法包含向該個體投與有效量的由結構式(I)表示之化合物:
Description
細胞激素釋放症候群為可藉由多種因素(諸如感染及某些藥物)觸發之全身性發炎反應。嚴重病例被稱為「細胞激素風暴症候群」。症狀包括發熱、疲乏、食慾不振、肌肉及關節疼痛、噁心、嘔吐、腹瀉、皮疹、呼吸急促、心跳加速、低血壓、癲癇、頭痛、意識模糊、譫妄、幻覺、顫抖及協調喪失。實驗室測試及臨床監測顯示低血氧、脈壓增寬、心輸出量增加(早期)、心輸出量可能減弱(晚期)、血液中高含量之氮化合物、D-二聚體升高、轉胺酶升高、因子I缺乏及過量出血以及膽紅素高於正常含量。
當大量白血球經活化且釋放發炎性細胞激素(其轉而又在病原性發炎之正回饋迴路中活化更多白血球)時,出現細胞激素釋放症候群。因由免疫細胞產生之細胞激素將更多效應子免疫細胞(諸如T細胞)及發炎性單核球(其分化成巨噬細胞)募集至發炎或感染之部位,故此症候群可在免疫系統正對抗病原體時出現。另外,促炎性細胞激素結合其在免疫細胞上之同源受體引起活化及刺激進一步的細胞激素產生。當調節異常時,此過程可因全身性過度發炎、低血壓休克及多器官衰竭所致而危及生命。
當將抗T細胞抗體莫羅莫那-CD3 (muromonab-CD3) (OKT3)引入臨床中作為實體器官移植之免疫抑制治療時,在90年代初首次創造出術語「細胞激素釋放症候群」 [Chatenoud L等人, N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1420-1421;Chatenoud L等人, Transplantation. 1990;49:697-702]。隨後,已在若干基於抗體之輸注療法之後描述細胞激素釋放症候群,該等療法諸如抗胸腺細胞球蛋白(ATG) [Pihusch R等人, Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30:347-354]、CD28超促效劑TGN1412 [Suntharalingam G等人, N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1018-1028]、利妥昔單抗(rituximab) [Winkler U等人, Blood. 1999;94]、奧濱尤妥珠單抗(obinutuzumab) [Freeman CL等人, Blood. 2015;126]、阿侖珠單抗(alemtuzumab) [Wing MG等人, J Clin Invest. 1996;98:2819-2826]、本妥昔單抗(brentuximab) [Alig SK等人, Eur J Haematol. 2015;94:554-557]、達西珠單抗(dacetuzumab) [de Vos S等人, J Hematol Oncol. 2014;7:44]及納武單抗(nivolumab) [1Rotz SJ等人, Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2017;64:e26642]。亦已在投與非蛋白類癌症藥物之後觀測到細胞激素釋放症候群,該等非蛋白類癌症藥物諸如奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin) [Tonini G等人, J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2002;16:105-109]及來那度胺(lenalidomide) [Aue G等人, Haematologica. 2009;94:1266-1273]。此外,細胞激素釋放症候群報導於半相合供體幹細胞移植之背景(setting)及移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)中[Abboud R等人, Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22:1851-1860, Cho C等人, Bone Marrow Transplant. 2016;51:1620-1621]。因大量T細胞刺激所致之細胞激素風暴亦為病毒感染(諸如流感)之所提出病理機制[Tisoncik JR等人, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2012;76:16-32, de Jong MD等人, Nat Med. 2006;12:1203-1207]。
近來,隨著較新T細胞參與免疫治療劑之成功,對細胞激素釋放症候群之關注已在增長,此係由於其代表此等療法的最常見嚴重不良作用中之一者。舉例而言,使用博納吐單抗(blinatumomab) [Teachey DT等人, Blood. 2013;121:5154-5157]及靶向CD19之CAR T細胞[Morgan RA等人, ERBB2. Mol Ther. 2010;18:843-851;Brudno JN, Kochenderfer JN. Blood. 2016;127(26):3321-30;及Porter DL等人, N Engl J Med. 2011;365:725-733]之研究揭露了細胞激素釋放症候群為此等療法之最重要不良事件,其中頻率在靶向CD19之CAR T細胞試驗中高達100%,有時具有致命後果。
細胞激素釋放症候群亦與2019冠狀病毒疾病(COVID-19)相關。截至2020年4月12日,2019冠狀病毒疾病在世界範圍內已確診1,696,588人,帶來大約6.2%之死亡率(2019冠狀病毒疾病(COVID-19)情況報告-52. 2020年4月12日)。累積證據表明,患有嚴重COVID-19之患者亞群發展出細胞激素風暴症候群,此有助於此患者亞群之高死亡率。
因此,尤其歸因於由冠狀病毒及流感病毒所引起之衛生緊急事故且隨著T細胞參與免疫治療劑的使用增加,迫切需要研發有效療法。
目前已發現,本文中所描繪之化合物抑制細胞激素之異常釋放。舉例而言,在模擬細胞激素釋放症候群之某些態樣的活體外檢定中,化合物1抑制人類免疫細胞活化、增殖及細胞激素產生。舉例而言,外周血單核細胞之化合物1處理抑制由若干刺激物誘導的CD4+
及CD8+
T細胞活化及增殖,該等刺激物包括抗CD3及抗CD28抗體、植物血球凝集素以及超抗原葡萄球菌腸毒素B (實例1);外周血單核細胞之化合物1處理抑制同種異體混合性淋巴球反應中之淋巴球增殖(實例2);外周血單核細胞之化合物1處理抑制抗CD3抗體及抗CD28抗體刺激之細胞激素釋放,該等細胞激素包括IL-2、IL-6、IFNγ及TNFα (實例3);化合物1抑制小鼠原發性癌症相關纖維母細胞的TGFβ細胞激素產生(實例3);化合物1處理促進休眠CD14+
單核球之細胞存活率損失(實例4);且化合物1不會造成未經刺激之全血中之細胞激素產生,且因此預期不引起患者之細胞激素釋放症候群(實例6)。另外,化合物2在多發性硬化症[亦即,實驗性自體免疫性腦脊髓炎(EAE)]之動物模型中阻斷疾病進展(實例6)。部分地基於此等結果,本文揭示抑制個體之異常細胞激素釋放及全身性發炎的方法。
本發明為一種治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體之方法。該方法包含向該個體投與有效量的由結構式(I)表示之化合物:
或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其中:
X1
、X2
及X3
中之一者為S,另兩者各自獨立地為CR;
R為H、-F、-Cl、-Br、-OH、-(C1
-C4
)烷基、-(C1
-C4
)鹵烷基、-(C1
-C4
)烷氧基、-(C1
-C4
)伸烷基-OH或視情況經1至3個選自以下之基團取代的4員至7員單環雜環基:-F、-Cl、-Br、-OH、-(C1
-C4
)烷基、-(C1
-C4
)鹵烷基、-(C1
-C4
)烷氧基或-CO2
-(C1
-C4
)烷基;
R1
為-NRa
Rb
或-ORa1
;
Ra
在每次出現時獨立地為-H、-(C1
-C6
)烷基、-(CH2
)n
-(C3
-C7
)環烷基、-(CH2
)n
-3員至7員單環雜環基、-(CH2
)n
-橋連(C6
-C12
)環烷基、視情況經取代之-(CH2
)n
-5員至10員雜芳基;或-(CH2
)n
-6員至12員橋連雜環基,其中-(C1
-C6
)烷基、-(CH2
)n
-(C3
-C7
)環烷基、-(CH2
)n
-3員至7員單環雜環基、-(CH2
)n
-橋連(C6
-C12
)環烷基、-(CH2
)n
-5員至10員雜芳基或-(CH2
)n
-6員至12員橋連雜環基視情況經1至3個選自以下之基團取代:-F、-Cl、-Br、-CN、-NH2
、-OH、側氧基、-(C1
-C4
)烷基、-(C1
-C4
)鹵烷基、-(C1
-C4
)烷氧基、-(C1
-C4
)鹵烷氧基、-(C1
-C4
)伸烷基-OH或-(C1
-C4
)伸烷基-NH2
;
Rb
在每次出現時獨立地為-H或-(C1
-C6
)烷基;或
Ra
及Rb
與其所連接之氮一起形成-(C3
-C10
)雜環基;
Ra1
在每次出現時獨立地為-H、(C1
-C6
)烷基、(C3
-C10
)環烷基、3員至10員雜環基、(C6
-C10
)芳基或3員至10員雜芳基;
R2
及R3
獨立地為H或-(C1
-C4
)烷基;
R4
及R5
與其所連接之氮一起形成4員至7員單環雜環基或6員至12員橋連雜環基,其中該4員至7員單環雜環基或6員至12員橋連雜環基視情況經1至3個選自以下之基團取代:-F、-Cl、-Br、-CN、-NH2
、-OH、側氧基、-(C1
-C4
)烷基、-(C1
-C4
)鹵烷基、-(C1
-C4
)烷氧基、-(C1
-C4
)鹵烷氧基、-(C1
-C4
)伸烷基-OH或-(C1
-C4
)伸烷基-NH2
;
R6
在每次出現時獨立地為-F、-Cl、-Br、-CN、-NH2
、-OH、-(C1
-C6
)烷基、-(C1
-C6
)鹵烷基、-(C2
-C6
)烯基、-(C2
-C6
)炔基、(C3
-C6
)環烷基、-(C1
-C6
)烷氧基、-(C1
-C6
)鹵烷氧基、-(C1
-C6
)伸烷基-OH或-(C1
-C6
)伸烷基-NH2
;
m為0、1、2或3;且
n為0、1或2。
本發明之另一實施例為一種治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之全身性發炎反應的個體或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之全身性發炎反應的風險下之個體的方法,其包含向該個體投與結構式(I)之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
本發明之另一實施例為一種本文所揭示之化合物(例如,結構式(I)之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽),其用於治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體。
本發明之另一實施例為一種本文所揭示之化合物(例如,結構式(I)之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽),其用於治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之全身性發炎反應的個體或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之全身性發炎反應之風險下的個體。
亦揭示一種本文所揭示之化合物(例如,結構式(I)之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽)的用途,其用於製造用於治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體之藥劑。
亦揭示一種本文所揭示之化合物(例如,結構式(I)之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽)的用途,其用於製造用於治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之全身性發炎反應的個體或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之全身性發炎反應之風險下的個體之藥劑。
相關申請案之交叉參考
本申請案主張2020年4月13日申請之美國臨時申請案第63/009,059號及2020年5月11日申請之美國臨時申請案第63/022,956號的優先權。前述申請案之全部內容以引用之方式併入本文中。
本發明係關於治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放的個體。本發明亦係關於治療處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體。存在由細胞激素釋放介導的涉及發炎及/或免疫反應之許多疾病及病狀。發炎及/或自體免疫反應為針對例如病原體感染之健康及所要防禦機制,其中免疫系統之發炎反應意欲根除病原體。當已根除病原體時,免疫反應逐漸減弱且患者恢復。
在一些情況下,個體在免疫反應期間經歷細胞激素之異常釋放,亦即,持續時間過長從而引起慢性發炎病狀,或程度過強從而引起急性發炎病狀的細胞激素釋放。異常細胞激素釋放之後果為失控的免疫系統。咸信此為例如經歷嚴重症狀之COVID-19患者亞群中的情況;在試圖對病毒感染作出反應時,免疫系統過度反應,從而導致嚴重疾病且甚至死亡。另一實例為有時隨嵌合抗原受體(CAR) T細胞療法而出現之過量免疫反應,亦即由大量細胞激素釋放所產生之嚴重且有可能危及生命的病狀。此等異常細胞激素釋放(尤其在引起具有過度發炎為特徵之症狀時)通常被稱為「細胞激素釋放症候群」。因此,本發明係關於治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之過度發炎或全身性發炎或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之過度發炎或全身性發炎之風險下的個體。
「細胞激素釋放症候群」係指由細胞激素與免疫細胞之間的不當陽性信號傳導所產生且最終達至過量細胞激素釋放含量之全身性發炎反應。當大量白血球經活化且釋放發炎性細胞激素(其轉而又在病原性發炎之正回饋迴路中活化更多白血球)時,出現細胞激素釋放症候群。由免疫細胞產生之細胞激素將更多效應子免疫細胞(諸如T細胞)及發炎性單核球(其分化成巨噬細胞)募集至發炎或感染之部位。另外,促炎性細胞激素結合其在免疫細胞上之同源受體引起活化及刺激進一步的細胞激素產生。在患者中,此導致高熱、腫脹及發紅、極度疲乏、噁心,且在一些情況下為致命的。認為在細胞激素釋放症候群期間釋放超過150種已知的發炎介體,包括IL-Ιβ、TNFα、IL-6、IL-8 (CXCL8)、IL-2、IL-10、IFNɤ、IL-12p70及GM-CSF。
「細胞激素風暴症候群」係指細胞激素釋放症候群之嚴重病例。
治療「處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體」意謂治療患有疾病或病狀的其中已知亞群通常罹患異常細胞激素釋放(或細胞激素釋放症候群或細胞激素風暴症候群)之患者。在一些情況下,或許有可能鑑別亞群中之處於風險下之個體,且僅治療處於風險下之彼等個體。在其他情況下,鑑別亞群中之處於風險下之個體或許不可能或不現實,在此情況下,治療整個群組中之個體,亦即本發明涵蓋治療可能從未經歷異常細胞激素釋放之一些個體。處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體較佳在異常細胞激素釋放出現之前,例如在因異常細胞激素釋放引起之症狀發作出現之前進行治療,以降低症狀(當其發展時)之嚴重程度,或延遲症狀發作。
以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療的病狀包括由以下所產生之病狀:使用經活化T細胞之療法、使用經活化自然殺手(NK)細胞的療法、使用經活化樹突狀細胞之療法、使用經活化巨噬細胞的療法、使用經活化B細胞之療法及抗腫瘤細胞療法。以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療的其他病狀包括由以下所產生之病狀:使用腫瘤浸潤性淋巴球(TIL)療法之過繼細胞療法、經工程改造之T細胞受體(TCR)療法、嵌合抗原受體(CAR) T細胞療法及併入其他免疫細胞(諸如NK細胞)的療法。在一個實施例中,病狀由例如使用替沙津魯(tisagenlecleucel)或阿基侖賽(axicabtagene ciloleucel)之CAR T細胞療法產生。患有此等病狀之個體可在症狀發作及/或異常細胞激素釋放之後根據所揭示方法進行治療。替代地,患有此等病狀的處於異常細胞激素釋放之風險下之個體可在症狀發作之前及/或在異常細胞激素釋放之前進行治療。
CAR T療法涉及T細胞,其經基因工程改造以產生用於免疫療法之人工T細胞受體。人工受體為受體蛋白,其經工程改造以將抗原結合功能及T細胞活化功能兩者組合至單一受體中。T細胞採集自患者或健康供體,經基因改變以表現特異性CAR且隨後進行輸注。如此,此等T細胞經程式化以靶向存在於腫瘤之表面上且不在健康細胞上表現的抗原。在將CAR T細胞輸注至患者中之後,CAR T細胞結合至其靶向細胞,變為活化的,隨後繼續增殖且變為細胞毒性的。CAR T細胞經由若干機制破壞細胞,該等機制包括廣泛刺激的細胞增殖、增加CAR T細胞對其他活細胞具毒性的程度(細胞毒性),及藉由促使可影響其他細胞之因子(諸如細胞激素、介白素及生長因子)的分泌增加。
以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療的其他病狀包括因使用抗體之療法所產生的病狀。抗體可為單株抗體、抗體片段、Fc融合蛋白或雙特異性抗體(例如,雙特異性T細胞接合子或BiTE)。患有此等病狀之個體可在症狀發作及/或異常細胞激素釋放之後根據所揭示方法進行治療。替代地,患有此等病狀的處於異常細胞激素釋放之風險下之個體可在症狀發作之前及/或在異常細胞激素釋放之前進行治療。
在一特定實施例中,以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療的病狀包括因使用單株抗體之療法所產生的病狀,該單株抗體包括抗PD-L1抗體、抗CTLA-4抗體、抗PD-1抗體、抗CD3抗體、抗CD20抗體、抗CD28抗體、抗CD52抗體及抗胸腺細胞球蛋白(ATG)。特定實例包括納武單抗、莫羅莫那(Muromonab)、利妥昔單抗、本妥昔單抗、瑟拉珠單抗(Theralizumab)、阿侖珠單抗、奧濱尤妥珠單抗、達西珠單抗、帕博利珠單抗(Pembrolizumab)、西米普利單抗(Cemiplimab)、阿特珠單抗(Atezolizumab)、阿維魯單抗(Avelumab)、德瓦魯單抗(Durvalumab)及伊派利單抗(Ipilimumab)。在一特定實施例中,以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療的病狀包括因使用雙特異性T細胞接合子(包括博納吐單抗(博啉妥(Blincyto)))之療法所產生的病狀。患有此等病狀之個體可在症狀發作及/或異常細胞激素釋放之後根據所揭示方法進行治療。替代地,患有此等病狀的處於異常細胞激素釋放之風險下之個體可在症狀發作之前及/或在異常細胞激素釋放之前進行治療。
以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療的其他病狀包括因使用非蛋白類癌症藥物(諸如奧沙利鉑及來那度胺)之療法所產生的病狀。患有此等病狀之個體可在症狀發作及/或異常細胞激素釋放之後根據所揭示方法進行治療。替代地,患有此等病狀的處於異常細胞激素釋放之風險下之個體可在症狀發作之前及/或在異常細胞激素釋放之前進行治療。
以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療的其他病狀包括因半相合供體幹細胞移植所產生之病狀。患有此等病狀之個體可在症狀發作及/或異常細胞激素釋放之後根據所揭示方法進行治療。替代地,患有此等病狀的處於異常細胞激素釋放之風險下之個體可在症狀發作之前及/或在異常細胞激素釋放之前進行治療。
以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療之疾病包括感染性疾病。感染性疾病可為病毒性、細菌性、真菌性、蠕蟲性、原蟲性或出血性。在一個特定實施例中,感染為選自以下之病毒疾病:流感病毒、沙狀病毒科(Arenaviridae)、絲狀病毒科(Filoviridae)、布尼亞病毒科(Bunyaviridae)、黃病毒科(Flaviviridae)、彈狀病毒科(Rhabdoviridae)及冠狀病毒科(Cornaviridae)。替代地,感染為選自以下之病毒疾病:埃-巴二氏病毒(Epstein Barr virus)、天花病毒、伊波拉(Ebola)病毒、馬堡(Marburg)病毒、克里米亞-岡果出血熱(Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever;CCHF)病毒、南美出血熱(South American hemorrhagic fever)病毒、登革熱(dengue)病毒、黃熱病(yellow fever)病毒、里夫特谷熱(Rift Valley fever)病毒、鄂木斯克出血熱病毒(Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus)、凱氏森林(Kyasanur Forest)病毒、胡寧(Junin)病毒、馬丘波(Machupo)病毒、薩比亞(Sabia)病毒、瓜納里托(Guanarito)病毒、加里薩(Garissa)病毒、伊萊沙(Ilesha)病毒及拉沙(Lassa)病毒。
患有冠狀病毒科或流感病毒感染之個體之小亞群經歷具有過度發炎(亦即細胞激素風暴症候群,其可導致呼吸衰竭且甚至死亡)特徵的嚴重症狀。包括來自SARS、SARS-CoV-2、MERS、229E、NL63、OC43及HKUl之冠狀病毒科病毒感染。患有此等病毒感染之個體可在症狀發作及/或異常細胞激素釋放之後根據所揭示方法進行治療。替代地,患有此等病毒性疾病的處於異常細胞激素釋放之風險下之個體可在症狀發作之前及/或在異常細胞激素釋放之前進行治療。在一特定實施例中,尤其處於罹患異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體為具有基礎條件之彼等個體,該等條件例如糖尿病、心血管疾病(例如高血壓)、慢性肺病(例如,重度哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病或氣腫)、年齡超過65歲、身體質量指數為40或更大、免疫抑制、慢性腎病、肝臟疾病及因抽菸所致之肺部受損。尤其處於風險下之個體具有大於150、160、170或180之HScore。藉由對個體罹患異常細胞激素釋放之可能性的關鍵指標進行評分,且對各分數求和以獲得預測罹患異常細胞激素釋放之綜合分數來獲得HScore。參見Fardet L等人,Arthritis Rheumatol
2014;66:
2613-20;及http://saintantoine.aphp.fr/score/以供HScore計算。個體中比正常值高2、2.5、2.75、3.0或3.5之IL-6含量亦預測個體處於罹患異常細胞激素釋放的較高風險下。
以異常細胞激素釋放為特徵且可藉由所揭示之方法進行治療的疾病包括自體發炎疾病或自體免疫疾病。實例包括1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、類風濕性關節炎(RA)、全身性紅斑狼瘡(SLE)、多發性硬化症(MS)、發炎性腸病(克羅恩氏病(Crohn's disease)及潰瘍性結腸炎)、牛皮癬、哮喘、家族性地中海熱(FMF)、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)受體相關週期性症候群(TRAPS)、甲羥戊酸激酶缺乏/高免疫球蛋白D症候群(MKD/HIDS)、穆-韋二氏症候群(Muckle-Wells syndrome;MWS)、家族性冷因性自體發炎症候群(familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome;FCAS)、新生兒發作性多系統發炎疾病(neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease;NOMID)、週期性發熱、口瘡性口炎、咽炎及腺炎(PFAPA症候群)、化膿性無菌性關節炎、壞疽性膿皮病、痤瘡(PAPA)、介白素-1受體拮抗劑缺乏(DIRA)、白塞氏病(Behcet's disease)、瑪吉德症候群(Majeed Syndrome)、慢性復發性多灶性骨髓炎(CRMO)、施尼茲勒症候群(Schnitzler syndrome)及布勞症候群(Blau syndrome)。其他實例包括噬血細胞性淋巴組織細胞增生症(HLH)、家族性(原發性)噬血細胞性淋巴組織細胞增生症(FHL)、偶發性HLH、巨噬細胞活化症候群(MAS)、慢性關節炎、全身性幼年特發性關節炎(sJIA)、斯蒂爾氏病(Still's Disease)、隱熱蛋白相關週期性症候群(Cryopyrin-associated Periodic Syndrome;CAPS)、家族性冷因性自體發炎症候群(FCAS)、家族性冷因性風疹(FCU)、穆-韋二氏症候群(MWS)、慢性嬰兒神經性皮膚及關節(CINCA)症候群、包含遺傳性或新生功能獲得性NLRP3基因突變之冷炎素病變(cryopyrinopathy)、遺傳性自體發炎病症、急性胰臟炎、嚴重燒傷、急性輻射症候群、創傷、急性呼吸窘迫症候群、全身性發炎反應症候群及腫瘤溶解症候群。其他實例包括惡病質、慢性發炎反應、敗血症、敗血性休克症候群、創傷性腦損傷、大腦細胞激素風暴、移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)、自體免疫疾病、多發性硬化症(MS)、急性胰臟炎或肝炎。又其他實例包括心肌炎、I型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、甲狀腺炎、葡萄膜炎、腦脊髓炎、關節炎(例如類風濕性)、紅斑狼瘡、肌炎、全身性硬化症、休格連氏症候群(Sjogren's syndrome)及心衰竭。患有此等病狀之個體可在症狀發作及/或異常細胞激素釋放之後,或在處於異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體中根據所揭示之方法進行治療。
在第一實施例中,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物由結構式(II-A)、(II-B)或(II-C)或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽表示,其中R為H、-(C1
-C4
)烷基、-(C1
-C4
)烷氧基、視情況經-CO2
-(C1
-C4
)烷基取代之N-哌𠯤基;R4
及R5
與其所連接之氮一起形成-N-烷基-哌𠯤基或𠰌啉基,其中哌𠯤基或𠰌啉基視情況經1至2個選自以下之基團取代:-F、-Cl、-Br、-OH、-(C1
-C4
)烷基、-(C1
-C4
)鹵烷基或-(C1
-C4
)烷氧基;且Ra
在每次出現時獨立地為-H、-(CH2
)n
-(C3
-C6
)環烷基、-(CH2
)n
-3員至6員單環雜環基,其中-(CH2
)n
-(C3
-C6
)環烷基或-(CH2
)n
-3員至6員單環雜環基視情況經1至3個選自以下之基團取代:-F、-Cl、-Br、-CN、-NH2
、-OH、-(C1
-C4
)烷基或-(C1
-C4
)烷氧基;且n為0或1。
在第二實施例中,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物由結構式(II-A)、(II-B)或(II-C)或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽表示,其中R為H;R4
及R5
與其所連接之氮一起形成-N-甲基-哌𠯤基或𠰌啉基,其兩者視情況經一個或兩個甲基取代;Ra
在每次出現時獨立地為-H;視情況經-OH取代之-(C3
-C6
)環烷基;-(CH2
)n
-四氫-2H-哌喃;𠰌啉基;視情況經-F、-OH或甲基取代之哌啶基;或四氫呋喃;且n為0或1。
「醫藥學上可接受之鹽」係指本發明之化合物的無毒鹽形式。用於所揭示之方法中之化合物的醫藥學上可接受之鹽包括衍生自適合的無機酸及有機酸之彼等鹽。醫藥學上可接受之鹽為此項技術中熟知的。適合的醫藥學上可接受之鹽為例如揭示於Berge, S.M.等人J. Pharma. Sci.
66:1-19 (1977)中之彼等鹽。揭示於該論文中之醫藥學上可接受之鹽的非限制性實例包括:乙酸鹽;苯磺酸鹽;苯甲酸酯;碳酸氫鹽;酒石酸氫鹽;溴化物;乙二胺四乙酸鈣;樟腦磺酸鹽;碳酸鹽;氯化物;檸檬酸鹽;二鹽酸鹽;乙二胺四乙酸鹽;乙二磺酸鹽;依託酸鹽(estolate);乙磺酸鹽;反丁烯二酸鹽;葡庚糖酸鹽;葡糖酸鹽;麩胺酸鹽;乙內醯胺苯胂酸鹽;己基間苯二酚酸鹽;海卓胺(hydrabamine);氫溴酸鹽;鹽酸鹽;羥基萘甲酸鹽;碘化物;羥乙磺酸鹽;乳酸鹽;乳糖酸鹽;蘋果酸鹽;順丁烯二酸鹽;杏仁酸鹽;甲磺酸鹽;甲基溴化物;甲基硝酸鹽;甲硫酸鹽;半乳糖二酸鹽(mucate);萘磺酸鹽;硝酸鹽;雙羥萘酸鹽(恩波酸鹽(embonate));泛酸鹽;磷酸鹽/二磷酸鹽;聚半乳糖醛酸鹽;水楊酸鹽;硬脂酸鹽;次乙酸鹽;丁二酸鹽;硫酸鹽;丹寧酸鹽(tannate);酒石酸鹽;茶氯酸鹽(teoclate);三乙基碘化物;苯乍生(benzathine);氯普魯卡因(chloroprocaine);膽鹼;二乙醇胺;乙二胺;葡甲胺(meglumine);普魯卡因(procaine);鋁;鈣;鋰;鎂;鉀;鈉;及鋅。
衍生自適當酸之醫藥學上可接受之鹽的非限制性實例包括:與無機酸形成之鹽,該等無機酸諸如氫氯酸、氫溴酸、磷酸、硫酸或過氯酸;與有機酸形成之鹽,該等有機酸諸如乙酸、草酸、順丁烯二酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、丁二酸或丙二酸;及藉由使用此項技術中使用之其他方法(諸如離子交換)形成的鹽。醫藥學上可接受之鹽的其他非限制性實例包括己二酸鹽、海藻酸鹽、抗壞血酸鹽、天冬胺酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽、硼酸鹽、丁酸鹽、樟腦酸鹽、樟腦磺酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、環戊烷丙酸鹽、二葡糖酸鹽、十二烷基硫酸鹽、乙磺酸鹽、甲酸鹽、反丁烯二酸鹽、葡庚糖酸鹽、甘油磷酸鹽、葡糖酸鹽、半硫酸鹽、庚酸鹽、己酸鹽、氫碘酸鹽、2-羥基-乙磺酸鹽、乳糖酸鹽、乳酸鹽、月桂酸鹽、月桂基硫酸鹽、蘋果酸鹽、順丁烯二酸鹽、丙二酸鹽、甲磺酸鹽、2-萘磺酸鹽、菸鹼酸鹽、硝酸鹽、油酸鹽、草酸鹽、棕櫚酸鹽、雙羥萘酸鹽、果膠酸鹽、過硫酸鹽、3-苯基丙酸鹽、磷酸鹽、苦味酸鹽、特戊酸鹽、丙酸鹽、硬脂酸鹽、丁二酸鹽、硫酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、硫氰酸鹽、對甲苯磺酸鹽、十一烷酸鹽及戊酸鹽。在一個實施例中,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物為化合物1之單HCl鹽。在一個實施例中,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物為化合物1之二HCl鹽。在一個實施例中,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物為化合物1之1:1酒石酸鹽,其中化合物1與酒石酸之間的莫耳比為1:1。在一個實施例中,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物為化合物1之1:1順丁烯二酸鹽。在一個實施例中,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物為化合物1之1:1甲磺酸鹽。在一個實施例中,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物為化合物1之1:1酒石酸鹽,其中化合物1與酒石酸之間的莫耳比為1:1,且該鹽呈多晶型物之形式,該多晶型物特徵在於以2θ為單位具有11.9°、15.4°、16.9°及17.2°±0.2之XRPD峰。可藉由在乙酸水溶液與L
-(+)-酒石酸之水溶液的混合物中使化合物1結晶來製備多晶型物,此揭示於2020年5月11日申請之美國臨時申請案序列號63/022,867中,該申請案之全部教示內容以引用之方式併入本文中。
單獨或作為較大部分(諸如「烷氧基」或「鹵烷基」及其類似者)之部分使用的術語「烷基」意謂飽和脂族直鏈或分支鏈單價烴基。除非另外指定,否則烷基通常具有1至6個碳原子,亦即(C1
-C6
)烷基。如本文中所使用,「(C1
-C6
)烷基」意謂具有呈直鏈或分支鏈排列之1至6個碳原子的基團。實例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基等。
「伸烷基」係指通常具有1至6個碳原子之二價直鏈或分支鏈烷基,例如-(CH2
)n
-,其中n為1至6之整數。
「烷氧基」意謂經由氧鍵聯原子連接之烷基,其藉由-O-烷基表示。舉例而言,「(C1
-C4
)烷氧基」包括甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基及丁氧基。
術語「鹵烷基」及「鹵烷氧基」意謂視情況可經一或多個鹵素原子取代之烷基或烷氧基。術語「鹵素」意謂F、Cl、Br或I。較佳地,鹵烷基或鹵烷氧基中之鹵素為F。
「烯基」意謂含有至少一個雙鍵之分支鏈或直鏈單價烴基。烯基可為單不飽和的或多不飽和的,且可以E或Z構型存在。除非另外指定,否則烯基通常具有2至6個碳原子,亦即(C2
-C6
)烯基。舉例而言,「(C2
-C6
)烯基」意謂具有呈直鏈或分支鏈排列之2至6個碳原子的基團。
「炔基」意謂含有至少一個參鍵之分支鏈或直鏈單價烴基。除非另外指定,否則炔基通常具有2至6個碳原子,亦即(C2
-C6
)炔基。舉例而言,「(C2
-C6
)炔基」意謂具有呈直鏈或分支鏈排列之2至6個碳原子的基團。
「環烷基」意謂通常含有3至8個環碳原子之飽和脂族環烴基,亦即(C3
-C8
)環烷基。(C3
-C8
)環烷基包括(但不限於)環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環庚基及環辛基。
如本文中所使用,如在「橋連環烷基」或「橋連雜環基」中單獨或作為較大部分之部分使用的術語「橋連」係指包括共用至少三個相鄰環原子之兩個環的環系統。橋連環烷基通常含有6至12個環碳原子。橋連雜環基通常具有選自碳及至少一個(通常為1至4個,更通常為1或2個)雜原子(例如,氧、氮或硫)之6至12個環原子。
如在「芳基烷基」、「芳基烷氧基」或「芳氧基烷基」中單獨或作為較大部分之部分使用的術語「芳基」意謂碳環芳環。其亦包括與環烷基稠合之苯環。術語「芳基(aryl)」可與術語「芳環」、「碳環芳環」、「芳基(aryl group)」及「碳環芳族基」互換使用。芳基通常具有六至十四個環原子。實例包括苯基、萘基、蒽基、1,2-二氫萘基、1,2,3,4-四氫萘基、茀基、二氫茚基、茚基及其類似者。「經取代之芳基」在任何一或多個可取代環原子處經取代,該可取代環原子為鍵結至氫之環碳原子。
術語「雜芳基(heteroaryl)」、「雜芳族」、「雜芳環」、「雜芳基(heteroaryl group)」、「雜芳環」及「雜芳族基」在本文中可互換使用。當如在「雜芳基烷基」或「雜芳基烷氧基」中單獨或作為較大部分之部分使用時,「雜芳基」係指具有選自碳及至少一個(通常為1至4個,更通常為1或2個)雜原子(例如,氧、氮或硫)之五至十四個環原子的芳族環基。「雜芳基」包括單環及多環,其中單環雜芳環稠合至一或多個其他芳基、雜環基或雜芳環。因此,「5員至14員雜芳基」包括單環、雙環或三環系統。
單環5員至6員雜芳基之實例包括呋喃基(例如,2-呋喃基、3-呋喃基)、咪唑基(例如,N-咪唑基、2-咪唑基、4-咪唑基、5-咪唑基)、異㗁唑基(例如,3-異㗁唑基、4-異㗁唑基、5-異㗁唑基)、㗁二唑基(例如,2-㗁二唑基、5-㗁二唑基)、㗁唑基(例如,2-㗁唑基、4-㗁唑基、5-㗁唑基)、吡唑基(例如,3-吡唑基、4-吡唑基)、吡咯基(例如,1-吡咯基、2-吡咯基、3-吡咯基)、吡啶基(例如,2-吡啶基、3-吡啶基、4-吡啶基)、嘧啶基(例如,2-嘧啶基、4-嘧啶基、5-嘧啶基)、嗒𠯤基(例如,3-嗒𠯤基)、噻唑基(例如,2-噻唑基、4-噻唑基、5-噻唑基)、異噻唑基、三唑基(例如,2-三唑基、5-三唑基)、四唑基(例如,四唑基)及噻吩基(例如,2-噻吩基、3-噻吩基)。多環芳族雜芳基之實例包括咔唑基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻吩基、苯并呋喃基、異苯并呋喃基、吲哚基、苯并三唑基、苯并噻唑基、苯并㗁唑基、喹啉基、異喹啉基、吲唑基、異吲哚基、吖啶基或苯并異㗁唑基。「經取代之雜芳基」在任何一或多個可取代環原子處經取代,該可取代環原子為鍵結至氫之環碳或環氮原子。
「雜環基」意謂視情況含有一或多個雙鍵之飽和或不飽和非芳族3員至12員環基。其可為單環、雙環、三環或稠合的。雜環烷基含有1至4個選自N、O或S之雜原子,其可相同或不同。雜環基環視情況含有一或多個雙鍵及/或視情況與一或多個芳環(例如苯環)稠合。術語「雜環基」意欲包括所有可能的異構形式。雜環烷基之實例包括(但不限於)吖呾基(azetidinyl)、𠰌啉基、硫代𠰌啉基、吡咯啶酮基、吡咯啶基、哌啶基、哌𠯤基、內醯脲基、戊內醯胺基、環氧乙烷基(oxiranyl)、氧呾基(oxetanyl)、二氫咪唑、二氫呋喃基、二氫哌喃基、二氫吡啶基、二氫嘧啶基、二氫噻吩基(dihydrothienyl)、二氫苯硫基(dihydrothiophenyl)、二氫硫代哌喃基、四氫咪唑、四氫呋喃基、四氫哌喃基、四氫噻吩基、四氫吡啶基、四氫嘧啶基、四氫苯硫基(tetrahydrothiophenyl)及四氫硫代哌喃基。多環雜環烷基之實例包括二氫吲哚基、二氫異吲哚基、二氫苯并咪唑基、二氫苯并噻吩基、二氫苯并呋喃基、二氫異苯并呋喃基、二氫苯并三唑基、二氫苯并噻唑基、二氫苯并㗁唑基、二氫喹啉基、四氫喹啉基、二氫異喹啉基、四氫異喹啉基、二氫吲唑基、二氫吖啶基、四氫吖啶基、二氫苯并異㗁唑基、𠳭烷、𠳭烯、異𠳭烷及異𠳭烯。
「個體」為哺乳動物,較佳為人類,但亦可為需要獸醫治療之動物,例如伴侶動物(例如,狗、貓及其類似者)、農畜(例如,奶牛、綿羊、豬、馬及其類似者)及實驗室動物(例如,大鼠、小鼠、天竺鼠及其類似者)。
當結合患有因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放的個體使用時,「治療(treat/treating/treatment)」包括改善因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放的效應或症狀,例如減輕、降低、調節、緩解及/或消除異常細胞激素釋放的效應。當結合處於因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體使用時,「治療(treat/treating/treatment)」包括降低異常細胞激素釋放之症狀(當其發展時)的嚴重程度,或延遲症狀發作。「處於罹患異常細胞激素釋放之風險下」的個體患有已知在個體亞群中罹患異常細胞激素釋放(或細胞激素釋放症候群或細胞激素風暴)之疾病或病狀。治療較佳在異常細胞激素釋放發作之前。改善或減輕病症或病狀之任何症狀的嚴重程度可易於根據此項技術中所已知的標準方法及技術評估。
「有效量」意謂當向個體投與時產生包括減輕之有益或所要結果之量,該減輕促使因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之效應或症狀得以改善。當向「處於罹患異常細胞激素釋放之風險下」的個體投與時,「有效量」意謂產生有益或所要結果之量,該等有益或所要結果包括降低異常細胞激素釋放之症狀(當其發展時)的嚴重程度,或延遲症狀發作。
為向個體提供「有效量」而投與之化合物的確切量將視投藥模式、疾病或病狀之類型及嚴重程度而定,且視個體之特徵,諸如一般健康、年齡、性別、體重及耐藥性而定。熟習此項技術者將能夠視此等及其他因素而確定適當劑量。適合劑量對於批准之治療劑為已知的,且可由熟習此項技術者根據個體之病狀、所治療之病狀之類型及藉由遵循例如文獻中所報導及Physician's Desk Reference
(第57版, 2003)中所建議之劑量而使用的本發明之化合物之量來調整。舉例而言,有效量可以單位劑型(例如,每天0.1 mg至約50 g,替代地每天1 mg至約5公克;且在另一替代方案中為每天10 mg至1公克)給出。
如熟習此項技術者將理解,可視所選投藥途徑而定以多種形式向患者投與用於所揭示之方法中之化合物。可例如藉由經口、非經腸、經頰、舌下、經鼻、經直腸、貼片、泵送或經皮投與來投與本發明教示內容之化合物,且相應地調配醫藥組合物。非經腸投與包括靜脈內、腹膜內、皮下、肌肉內、經上皮、經鼻、肺內、鞘內、經直腸及局部投藥模式。可藉由在所選時段內連續輸注來進行非經腸投與。
用於所揭示之方法中之化合物可適當調配成用於向個體投與之醫藥組合物。此等醫藥組合物視情況包括一或多種醫藥學上可接受之載劑及/或其對應的稀釋劑,諸如乳糖、澱粉、纖維素及右旋糖。亦可包括其他賦形劑,諸如調味劑;甜味劑;及防腐劑,諸如對羥苯甲酸甲酯、對羥苯甲酸乙酯、對羥苯甲酸丙酯及對羥苯甲酸丁酯。適合賦形劑之更完整清單可見於Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (第5版, Pharmaceutical Press (2005))中。熟習此項技術者將知曉如何製備適用於各種類型之投藥途徑的調配物。用於選擇及製備適合調配物之習知程序及成分描述於例如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (2003 -第20版)及1999年出版的The United States Pharmacopeia: The National Formulary (USP 24 NF19)中。載劑、稀釋劑及/或賦形劑在與醫藥組合物之其他成分相容且對其接受者無害之意義上為「可接受的」。
通常,對於經口治療性投與,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物可併入有賦形劑,且以可攝取錠劑、口頰錠劑、糖衣錠、膠囊、酏劑、懸浮液、糖漿、粉片及其類似者之形式使用。
通常對於非經腸投與,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物的溶液通常可在水中與諸如羥丙基纖維素之界面活性劑適當混合來製備。亦可在存在或不存在醇之情況下在甘油、液體聚乙二醇、DMSO及其混合物中且在油劑中製備分散液。在一般的儲存及使用條件下,此等製劑含有防腐劑以防止微生物生長。
通常,對於注射用途,本文中所描述之化合物的無菌水溶液或分散液及無菌粉末適用於臨時製備無菌可注射溶液或分散液。
對於經鼻投與,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物可調配為噴霧劑、滴劑、凝膠及粉末。噴霧劑調配物通常包含活性物質於生理學上可接受之水性或非水性溶劑中之溶液或精細懸浮液,且通常以單劑量或多劑量的量以無菌形式存在於密封容器中,該密封容器可呈藥筒之形式或再填充以與霧化裝置一起使用。替代地,密封容器可為單式分配裝置,諸如單劑量經鼻吸入器或裝配有意欲在使用之後棄置之計量閥的噴霧劑分配器。當劑型包含噴霧劑分配器時,其將含有推進劑,該推進劑可為壓縮氣體(諸如壓縮空氣)或有機推進劑(諸如氟氯烴)。噴霧劑劑型亦可呈泵送霧化器之形式。
對於經頰或舌下投與,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物可與諸如糖、阿拉伯膠、黃蓍或明膠及甘油之載劑一起調配為錠劑、口含錠或片劑。
對於經直腸投與,用於所揭示之方法中之化合物可以含有習知栓劑基質(諸如可可脂)之栓劑形式進行調配。
實例
以下實例意欲為說明性的,且不意謂以任何方式限制本發明之範疇。
實例 1. 化合物 1 抑 制 人類免疫細胞活化及增殖。
來自健康人類供體之外周血係獲自University Health Network之血液病惡性腫瘤組織庫(Hematology Malignancy Tissue Bank)。藉由根據製造商之說明書使用Ficoll-Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare Life Sciences)進行密度梯度離心由血液製備PBMC。將PBMC以20×106
個細胞/小瓶冷凍於90%熱滅活胎牛血清(FBS)及10%二甲亞碸(DMSO)中,且儲存於液氮中直至使用。在37℃、5% CO2
及100%濕度下,在含有10%熱滅活FBS、2-巰基乙醇及青黴素-鏈黴素抗生素之RPMI 1640培養基中,用化合物1或DMSO以及抗CD3 (純系OKT3,1 ng/ml)及抗CD28 (純系CD28.2,100 ng/ml)抗體、植物血球凝集素(PHA) (3 µg/ml)或超抗原葡萄球菌腸毒素B (SEB) (1 µg/ml)處理PBMC (2×105
個細胞)。在24或48小時之後,用對所指示細胞亞群具有特異性之抗體及活化標記物對細胞染色,以藉由流式細胞量測術進行量測。結果展示於圖1A中:在頂部,曲線圖描繪閘控CD3+
CD4+
T細胞之CD25、CD69及CD62L表現。在底部,曲線圖描繪閘控CD3+
CD8+
T細胞之CD25、CD69及CD62L表現。在活化之後,T細胞調節活化標記物之細胞表面表現,快速增殖且獲得效應功能。PBMC之化合物1處理引起抗CD3及抗CD28抗體、PHA或SEB對CD4+
及CD8+
T細胞活化的可滴定抑制,如藉由CD25 (IL-2受體α鏈)及CD69 (II型C-凝集素受體)之細胞表面表現降低及CD62L (L-選擇蛋白)之排出減少所展示。資料表示利用不同PBMC樣本之若干獨立實驗,且係以兩個重複孔(duplicate well)之平均螢光強度(MFI) ±標準差(SD)出報告。
在37℃、5% CO2
及100%濕度下,在含有10%熱滅活FBS、2-巰基乙醇及青黴素-鏈黴素抗生素之RPMI 1640培養基中,用化合物1或DMSO以及抗CD3及抗CD28抗體、PHA或SEB處理PBMC (2×105
個細胞)。在24小時之後,用3
H-胸苷標記細胞持續額外18小時以藉由液體閃爍計數量測淋巴球增殖。抗CD3抗體活化及抗CD28抗體活化、PHA活化或SEB活化的淋巴球之增殖係藉由化合物1處理抑制,如圖1B中所展示。在48小時獲得類似資料(資料未展示)。資料表示利用不同PBMC樣本之若干獨立實驗,且係以兩個重複孔之每分鐘平均計數(CPM) ±標準差(SD)出報告。
實例 2. 化合物 1 在同種異體混合性淋巴球反應 (MLR) 中抑 制 淋巴球增殖。
同種異體MLR為細胞增殖檢定,其中一個淋巴球(效應細胞)群體係藉由另一基因相異性淋巴球(刺激細胞)群體(其已呈現出非增殖性)刺激以增殖。在37℃、5% CO2
及100%濕度下,在含有10%熱滅活FBS、2-巰基乙醇及青黴素-鏈黴素抗生素之RPMI 1640培養基中,用化合物1或DMSO處理PBMC [2×105
個細胞,效應子(E)群體]及經輻照(IR)的同種異體PBMC [1×105
個細胞,刺激子(S)群體]。在4天之後,用3
H-胸苷標記細胞持續額外18小時以藉由液體閃爍計數量測淋巴球增殖。兩個PBMC樣本之混合刺激淋巴球增殖,而化合物1處理導引起淋巴球增殖之劑量依賴性抑制。進行利用不同效應子/刺激子對之多個獨立實驗。參見圖2A至圖2C。資料係以三個重複孔之每分鐘平均計數(CPM) ±標準差(SD)出報告。
實例 3. 化合物 1 抑 制 效應子細胞激素分泌。
在37℃、5% CO2
及100%濕度下,在含有10%熱滅活FBS、2-巰基乙醇及青黴素-鏈黴素抗生素之RPMI 1640培養基中,用化合物1或DMSO以及抗CD3及抗CD28抗體處理PBMC (2×105
個細胞)。在24小時之後,根據製造商之說明書藉由LEGENDplex Human Th細胞激素面板(BioLegend, Inc.)測定培養物上清液中之細胞激素含量。在化合物1之存在下,全部所量測細胞激素(包括IL-2、IL-6、IFNγ及TNFα)之含量減小。參見圖3A。資料表示利用不同人類PBMC樣本之若干獨立實驗,且係以化合物1相對於兩個重複孔之DMSO對照的倍數變化出報告。
使用癌症相關纖維母細胞(CAF)作為模型系統以研究TGFβ細胞激素產生。C57BL/6小鼠係獲自Jackson Laboratory。University Health Network之機構動物護理及使用委員會(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University Health Network)批准了所有動物程序。藉由以習知方式皮下生長MC38-CEA小鼠結腸癌異種移植物自C57BL/6小鼠獲得CAF。當腫瘤達至大約1000 mm3
之大小時,將其切除並解聚,且用腫瘤相關纖維母細胞分離套組(Miltenyi Biotec)分離CAF。在37℃、5% CO2
、3% O2
及100%相對濕度下,用MesenCult擴增套組(STEMCELL Technologies, Inc.)使經分離CAF生長。在用化合物1或DMSO處理前24小時,在含有10% FBS之DMEM培養基中,將CAF接種至96孔盤中。在3天之後,根據製造商之說明書藉由Mouse Latent TGFβ Legend Max套組(BioLegend, Inc.)測定潛伏性TGFβ。化合物1抑制小鼠原代CAF之TGFβ產生。參見圖3B。資料表示若干獨立實驗,且係以化合物1相對於兩個重複孔之DMSO對照的倍數變化出報告。
實例 4. 化合物 1 對 T 細胞 及單核球存活率之影響
。
分別使用人類CD3微珠及人類CD14微珠(Miltenyi Biotech)自PBMC純化CD3+
T細胞及CD14+
單核球。在37℃、5% CO2
及100%濕度下,在含有10%熱滅活FBS、2-巰基乙醇及青黴素-鏈黴素抗生素之RPMI 1640培養基中,用化合物1或DMSO處理經純化CD3+
T細胞(2×105
個細胞)或CD14+
單核球(2×105
個細胞)。在48小時之後,用對所指示細胞亞群具有特異性之抗體以及磷脂結合蛋白V及7-胺基放線菌素D (7-AAD)細胞存活率染料對細胞染色,以藉由流式細胞量測術進行量測。除在高濃度(30 μM)下之外,化合物1處理對休眠CD4+
及CD8+
T細胞之存活率無顯著影響。化合物1處理導致休眠CD14+
單核球之存活率的劑量依賴性損失。參見圖4。在24及72小時處獲得類似資料(資料未展示)。資料表示利用不同人類PBMC樣本之若干獨立實驗,且係以兩個重複孔之存活率%的Δ減少[平均值±標準差(SD)]出報告。
實例 5. 化合物 2 阻斷實驗性自體免疫性腦脊髓炎 (EAE) 疾病進展。
EAE為多發性硬化症(MS)之動物模型。在EAE中,細胞激素關鍵地涉及自體抗原引導之免疫反應且涉及在中樞神經系統內產生發炎。C57BL/6小鼠係獲自Jackson Laboratory。University Health Network之機構動物護理及使用委員會批准了所有動物程序。用在補充有結核分支桿菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)之完全弗氏佐劑(Complete Freund's Adjuvant;CFA)中乳化的MOG35-55肽對小鼠進行皮下免疫接種。在免疫接種後第0天及第2天,用百日咳毒素對小鼠進行腹膜內注射。根據以下標準每日監測EAE之臨床症狀:0,無疾病;1,尾部色調減弱;2,後肢無力或部分癱瘓;3,後肢完全癱瘓;4,前肢及後肢癱瘓;5,瀕死狀態。在EAE誘導期間,每天(QD)經口(PO)給藥小鼠化合物2 50 mg/kg (n=4)或水(媒劑對照;n=5)。顯示出化合物2阻斷EAE疾病進展。參見圖5。資料係以平均分數±平均值之標準誤差(SEM)出報告。
實例 6. 化合物 1 不會造成未經刺激之全血中之細胞激素產生。
使用全血細胞激素釋放檢定(CRA)評估化合物1治療之患者之細胞激素釋放症候群的可能性。用RPMI 1640培養基對來自健康人類供體之新鮮全血進行4:1稀釋,且在化合物1或DMSO之存在下將其培養4小時。脂多醣(LPS) (1 μg/mL)用作陽性對照。根據製造商之說明書藉由LEGENDplex Human Th細胞激素面板(BioLegend, Inc.)測定血清樣本中之細胞激素含量。化合物1並不誘導將預測活體內細胞激素釋放症候群之細胞激素的含量。下表1中所列之資料表示若干獨立實驗,且係以化合物1相對於兩個重複孔之DMSO對照的平均倍數變化出報告。
表1中所列之資料顯示,化合物1不會造成細胞激素自未經刺激之全血釋放。
表1
描述 | 樣本來源 | 化合物1濃度 | 所量測之端點 | 主要發現 |
全血細胞激素釋放檢定(CRA) | 人類全血 | 0 µM、0.1 µM、0.3 µM、3 µM | 將來自健康供體之未經稀釋的新鮮全血在37℃下用化合物1培育4小時。藉由基於珠粒之免疫檢定量測血漿中之細胞激素含量。 | 在以所有劑量進行處理之後,所評估之所有細胞激素(IL-2、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-9、IL-10、IL-13、IL-17A、IL-17F、IL-21、IL-22、IFNγ及TNFα)的中值濃度低於如製造商所報導之檢定靈敏度(靈敏度範圍= 1.1 - 3.2 pg/ml)。 |
圖1A展示外周血單核細胞(PBMC)之化合物1處理引起抗CD3及抗CD28抗體、植物血球凝集素(PHA)或葡萄球菌腸毒素B (SEB)對CD4+
及CD8+
T細胞活化的可滴定抑制,如藉由CD25 (IL-2受體α鏈)及CD69 (II型C-凝集素受體)之細胞表面表現降低及CD62L (L-選擇蛋白)之排出減少所展示。圖1B展示抗CD3抗體活化及抗CD28抗體活化、PHA活化或SEB活化之淋巴球的增殖係藉由化合物1處理抑制。
圖2A、圖2B及圖2C展示化合物1以劑量依賴性方式抑制同種異體混合性淋巴球反應(MLR)中之淋巴球的增殖。
圖3A展示在化合物1之存在下,全部所量測細胞激素(包括IL-2、IL-6、IFNγ及TNFα)之含量在抗CD3抗體及抗CD28抗體活化的PBMC中減少。圖3B展示化合物1抑制小鼠原發性癌症相關纖維母細胞(CAF)之TGFβ細胞激素產生。
圖4展示化合物1處理導致休眠CD14+
單核球之細胞存活率的劑量依賴性損失,但除在高濃度(30 μM)下之外,對休眠CD4+
及CD8+
T細胞的細胞存活率無顯著影響。
圖5展示化合物2阻斷小鼠之實驗性自體免疫性腦脊髓炎(EAE)疾病進展。
Claims (37)
- 一種治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放之風險下的個體之方法,其包含向該個體投與有效量的由以下結構式表示之化合物: 或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其中: X1 、X2 及X3 中之一者為S,另兩者各自獨立地為CR; R為H、-F、-Cl、-Br、-OH、-(C1 -C4 )烷基、-(C1 -C4 )鹵烷基、-(C1 -C4 )烷氧基、-(C1 -C4 )伸烷基-OH或視情況經1至3個選自以下之基團取代的4員至7員單環雜環基:-F、-Cl、-Br、-OH、-(C1 -C4 )烷基、-(C1 -C4 )鹵烷基、-(C1 -C4 )烷氧基或-CO2 -(C1 -C4 )烷基; R1 為-NRa Rb 或-ORa1 ; Ra 在每次出現時獨立地為-H、-(C1 -C6 )烷基、-(CH2 )n -(C3 -C7 )環烷基、-(CH2 )n -3員至7員單環雜環基、-(CH2 )n -橋連(C6 -C12 )環烷基、視情況經取代之-(CH2 )n -5員至10員雜芳基;或-(CH2 )n -6員至12員橋連雜環基,其中-(C1 -C6 )烷基、-(CH2 )n -(C3 -C7 )環烷基、-(CH2 )n -3員至7員單環雜環基、-(CH2 )n -橋連(C6 -C12 )環烷基、-(CH2 )n -5員至10員雜芳基或-(CH2 )n -6員至12員橋連雜環基視情況經1至3個選自以下之基團取代:-F、-Cl、-Br、-CN、-NH2 、-OH、側氧基、-(C1 -C4 )烷基、-(C1 -C4 )鹵烷基、-(C1 -C4 )烷氧基、-(C1 -C4 )鹵烷氧基、-(C1 -C4 )伸烷基-OH或-(C1 -C4 )伸烷基-NH2 ; Rb 在每次出現時獨立地為-H或-(C1 -C6 )烷基;或 Ra 及Rb 與其所連接之氮一起形成-(C3 -C10 )雜環基; Ra1 在每次出現時獨立地為-H、(C1 -C6 )烷基、(C3 -C10 )環烷基、3員至10員雜環基、(C6 -C10 )芳基或3員至10員雜芳基; R2 及R3 獨立地為H或-(C1 -C4 )烷基; R4 及R5 與其所連接之氮一起形成4員至7員單環雜環基或6員至12員橋連雜環基,其中該4員至7員單環雜環基或6員至12員橋連雜環基視情況經1至3個選自以下之基團取代:-F、-Cl、-Br、-CN、-NH2 、-OH、側氧基、-(C1 -C4 )烷基、-(C1 -C4 )鹵烷基、-(C1 -C4 )烷氧基、-(C1 -C4 )鹵烷氧基、-(C1 -C4 )伸烷基-OH或-(C1 -C4 )伸烷基-NH2 ; R6 在每次出現時獨立地為-F、-Cl、-Br、-CN、-NH2 、-OH、-(C1 -C6 )烷基、-(C1 -C6 )鹵烷基、-(C2 -C6 )烯基、-(C2 -C6 )炔基、(C3 -C6 )環烷基、-(C1 -C6 )烷氧基、-(C1 -C6 )鹵烷氧基、-(C1 -C6 )伸烷基-OH或-(C1 -C6 )伸烷基-NH2 ; m為0、1、2或3;且 n為0、1或2。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該個體患有因該疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該個體處於罹患因該疾病或病狀引起之異常細胞激素釋放的風險下。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法,其中該異常細胞激素釋放為細胞激素釋放症候群或細胞激素風暴症候群。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該個體患有因以下引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患該異常細胞激素釋放的風險下:經活化T細胞、經活化自然殺手(natural killer;NK)細胞、經活化樹突狀細胞、經活化巨噬細胞、經活化B細胞或抗腫瘤細胞療法。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該個體患有使用因以下療法引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患該異常細胞激素釋放的風險下:腫瘤浸潤性淋巴球(tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte;TIL)療法之過繼細胞療法、經工程改造之T細胞受體(engineered T cell receptor;TCR)療法、嵌合抗原受體(chimeric antigen receptor;CAR) T細胞療法及併入諸如NK細胞之其他免疫細胞的療法。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該個體患有因嵌合抗原受體(CAR) T細胞療法引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患該異常細胞激素釋放的風險下。
- 如請求項7之方法,其中該CAR T細胞療法為替沙津魯(tisagenlecleucel)或阿基侖賽(axicabtagene ciloleucel)。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該個體患有因使用抗體之療法引起的異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患該異常細胞激素釋放之風險下。
- 如請求項9之方法,其中該抗體為單株抗體、抗體片段、Fc融合蛋白或雙特異性抗體(例如,雙特異性T細胞接合子或BiTE)。
- 如請求項9之方法,其中該抗體為單株抗體。
- 如請求項9之方法,其中該抗體為選自以下之單株抗體:抗PD-L1抗體、抗CTLA-4抗體、抗PD-1抗體、抗CD3抗體、抗CD20抗體、抗CD28抗體、抗CD52抗體及抗胸腺細胞球蛋白(anti-thymocyte globulin;ATG)。
- 如請求項9之方法,其中該抗體為選自以下之單株抗體:納武單抗(Nivolumab)、莫羅莫那(Muromonab)、利妥昔單抗(Rituximab)、本妥昔單抗(Brentuximab)、瑟拉珠單抗(Theralizumab)、阿侖珠單抗(Alemtuzumab)、奧濱尤妥珠單抗(Obinutuzumab)、達西珠單抗(Dacetuzumab)、帕博利珠單抗(Pembrolizumab)、西米普利單抗(Cemiplimab)、阿特珠單抗(Atezolizumab)、阿維魯單抗(Avelumab)、德瓦魯單抗(Durvalumab)及伊派利單抗(Ipilimumab);或該抗體為選自博納吐單抗(Blinatumomab) (博啉妥(Blincyto))之雙特異性T細胞接合子。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該個體患有因使用非蛋白類癌症藥物(諸如奧沙利鉑(oxaliplatin)及來那度胺(lenalidomide))之療法引起的異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患該異常細胞激素釋放之風險下。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該疾病或病狀為感染性疾病。
- 如請求項15之方法,其中該感染性疾病為病毒性、細菌性、真菌性、蠕蟲性、原蟲性或出血性。
- 如請求項15之方法,其中該感染性疾病為選自以下之病毒感染:流感病毒、沙狀病毒科(Arenaviridae)、絲狀病毒科(Filoviridae)、布尼亞病毒科(Bunyaviridae)、黃病毒科(Flaviviridae)、彈狀病毒科(Rhabdoviridae)及冠狀病毒科(Cornaviridae)。
- 如請求項15之方法,其中該感染性疾病為選自以下之病毒感染:埃-巴二氏病毒(Epstein Barr virus)、天花病毒、伊波拉(Ebola)病毒、馬堡(Marburg)病毒、克里米亞-岡果出血熱(Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever;CCHF)病毒、南美出血熱(South American hemorrhagic fever)病毒、登革熱(dengue)病毒、黃熱病(yellow fever)病毒、里夫特谷熱(Rift Valley fever)病毒、鄂木斯克出血熱病毒(Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus)、凱氏森林(Kyasanur Forest)病毒、胡寧(Junin)病毒、馬丘波(Machupo)病毒、薩比亞(Sabia)病毒、瓜納里托(Guanarito)病毒、加里薩(Garissa)病毒、伊萊沙(Ilesha)病毒及拉沙(Lassa)病毒。
- 如請求項17之方法,其中該病毒感染為冠狀病毒科。
- 如請求項19之方法,其中該冠狀病毒科感染係來自選自以下之病毒:SARS、SARS-CoV-2、MERS、229E、NL63、OC43及HKUl。
- 如請求項19之方法,其中該冠狀病毒科感染為SARS病毒感染。
- 如請求項19之方法,其中該冠狀病毒科感染為SARS-CoV-2病毒感染。
- 如請求項19之方法,其中該冠狀病毒科感染為MERS病毒感染。
- 如請求項15之方法,其中該感染性疾病為流感病毒感染。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該疾病或病狀為自體發炎疾病或自體免疫疾病。
- 如請求項25之方法,其中該自體免疫疾病或自體發炎疾病係選自1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、類風濕性關節炎(rheumatoid arthritis;RA)、全身性紅斑狼瘡(systemic lupus erythematosus;SLE)、多發性硬化症(multiple sclerosis;MS)、發炎性腸病(克羅恩氏病(Crohn's disease)及潰瘍性結腸炎)、牛皮癬、哮喘、家族性地中海熱(familial Mediterranean fever;FMF)、腫瘤壞死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor;TNF)受體相關週期性症候群(Tumor Necrosis Factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome;TRAPS)、甲羥戊酸激酶缺乏/高免疫球蛋白D症候群(mevalonate kinase deficiency/hyperimmunoglobulin D syndrome;MKD/HIDS)、穆-韋二氏症候群(Muckle-Wells syndrome;MWS)、家族性冷因性自體發炎症候群(familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome;FCAS)、新生兒發作性多系統發炎疾病(neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease;NOMID)、週期性發熱、口瘡性口炎、咽炎及腺炎(PFAPA症候群)、化膿性無菌性關節炎、壞疽性膿皮病、痤瘡(PAPA)、介白素-1受體拮抗劑缺乏(DIRA)、白塞氏病(Behcet's disease)、瑪吉德症候群(Majeed Syndrome)、慢性復發性多灶性骨髓炎(Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis;CRMO)、施尼茲勒症候群(Schnitzler syndrome)及布勞症候群(Blau syndrome)。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該疾病或病狀係選自噬血細胞性淋巴組織細胞增生症(hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;HLH)、家族性(原發性)噬血細胞性淋巴組織細胞增生症(familial (primary) hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;FHL)、偶發性HLH、巨噬細胞活化症候群(macrophage activation syndrome;MAS)、慢性關節炎、全身性幼年特發性關節炎(systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis;sJIA)、斯蒂爾氏病(Still's Disease)、隱熱蛋白相關週期性症候群(Cryopyrin-associated Periodic Syndrome;CAPS)、家族性冷因性自體發炎症候群(Familial Cold Auto-inflammatory Syndrome;FCAS)、家族性冷因性風疹(Familial Cold Urticaria ;FCU)、穆-韋二氏症候群(Muckle-Well Syndrome;MWS)、慢性嬰兒神經性皮膚及關節(Chronic Infantile Neurological Cutaneous and Articular;CINCA)症候群、包含遺傳性或新生功能獲得性NLRP3基因突變之冷炎素病變(cryopyrinopathy)、遺傳性自體發炎病症、急性胰臟炎、嚴重燒傷、急性輻射症候群、創傷、急性呼吸窘迫症候群、全身性發炎反應症候群及腫瘤溶解症候群。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該疾病或病狀係選自惡病質、慢性發炎反應、敗血症、敗血性休克症候群、創傷性腦損傷、大腦細胞激素風暴、移植物抗宿主病(graft versus host disease;GVHD)、自體免疫疾病、多發性硬化症、急性胰臟炎或肝炎。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該疾病或病狀係選自心肌炎、1型糖尿病、2型糖尿病、甲狀腺炎、葡萄膜炎、腦脊髓炎、關節炎(例如類風濕性)、紅斑狼瘡、肌炎、全身性硬化症、休格連氏症候群(Sjogren's syndrome)及心衰竭。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該個體患有因半相合供體幹細胞移植引起之異常細胞激素釋放或處於罹患該異常細胞激素釋放之風險下。
- 如請求項1至31中任一項之方法,其中: R為H、-(C1 -C4 )烷基、-(C1 -C4 )烷氧基、視情況經-CO2 -(C1 -C4 )烷基取代之N-哌𠯤基; R4 及R5 與其所連接之氮一起形成-N-烷基-哌𠯤基或𠰌啉基,其中該哌𠯤基或𠰌啉基視情況經1至2個選自以下之基團取代:-F、-Cl、-Br、-OH、-(C1 -C4 )烷基、-(C1 -C4 )鹵烷基或-(C1 -C4 )烷氧基; Ra 在每次出現時獨立地為-H、-(CH2 )n -(C3 -C6 )環烷基、-(CH2 )n -3員至6員單環雜環基,其中該-(CH2 )n -(C3 -C6 )環烷基或-(CH2 )n -3員至6員單環雜環基視情況經1至3個選自以下之基團取代:-F、-Cl、-Br、-CN、-NH2 、-OH、-(C1 -C4 )烷基或-(C1 -C4 )烷氧基;且 n為0或1。
- 如請求項1至32中任一項之方法,其中: R為H; R4 及R5 與其所連接之氮一起形成-N-甲基-哌𠯤基或𠰌啉基,其兩者視情況經一個或兩個甲基取代; Ra 在每次出現時獨立地為-H;視情況經-OH取代之-(C3 -C6 )環烷基;-(CH2 )n -四氫-2H-哌喃;𠰌啉基;視情況經-F、-OH或甲基取代之哌啶基;或四氫呋喃基;且 n為0或1。
- 一種治療患有因疾病或病狀引起之全身性發炎反應的個體或處於罹患因疾病或病狀引起之全身性發炎反應的風險下之個體的方法,其包含向該個體投與如請求項1或31至35中任一項之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
- 如請求項36之方法,其中該疾病或病狀如請求項5至30中任一項中所敍述。
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KR20230092863A (ko) | 2020-06-11 | 2023-06-26 | 프로벤션 바이오, 인코포레이티드 | 제1형 당뇨병을 예방하기 위한 방법 및 조성물 |
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