TW202003802A - 土壤的改良方法 - Google Patents
土壤的改良方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW202003802A TW202003802A TW108118666A TW108118666A TW202003802A TW 202003802 A TW202003802 A TW 202003802A TW 108118666 A TW108118666 A TW 108118666A TW 108118666 A TW108118666 A TW 108118666A TW 202003802 A TW202003802 A TW 202003802A
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Abstract
本發明的課題在於提供一種可藉由簡便的操作而改良土壤的土壤的改良方法。本發明的土壤的改良方法為將奈米氣泡水施用於土壤的土壤的改良方法。
Description
本發明是有關於一種土壤的改良方法。
氮、磷酸及鉀亦被稱為肥料成分的三要素,在植物體的生長過程中不可或缺。
關於此種肥料成分,已知以溶解於水中的狀態被植物體吸收,但已知如下問題:因溶解於水中而流出至植物體無法吸收的區域。
針對此種問題,例如,專利文獻1中記載有一種土壤改良方法,其中將作為對植物的培育有用的營養成分的至少一種發酵有機物附著於沸石而成的土壤改良材施用於混入有肥料的土中或與肥料一同施用於土中([請求項1][請求項12])。
[現有技術文獻]
[專利文獻]
[專利文獻1]日本專利特開2005-075848號公報
[發明所欲解決之課題]
本發明者對專利文獻1中所記載的土壤改良方法進行了研究,結果明確:使發酵有機物附著於沸石的操作繁瑣。
因此,本發明的課題在於提供一種可藉由簡便的操作而改良土壤的土壤的改良方法。
[解決課題之手段]
本發明者為了達成所述課題而進行了努力研究,結果發現:藉由對土壤施用奈米氣泡水而土壤得到改良,從而完成了本發明。
即,本發明者發現藉由以下的構成而可達成所述課題。
[1] 一種土壤的改良方法,其中將奈米氣泡水施用於土壤。
[2] 如[1]所述的土壤的改良方法,其中實施使用所述奈米氣泡水的灑水。
[3] 如[1]或[2]所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述奈米氣泡水中所含的氣泡的眾數粒徑為10 nm~500 nm。
[4] 如[1]至[3]中任一項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述奈米氣泡水中所含的氣泡包含選自由氧、氮、二氧化碳及臭氧所組成的群組中的至少一種氣體。
[5] 如[1]至[4]中任一項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述奈米氣泡水具有1×108
個/mL~1×1010
個/mL的氣泡。
[6] 如[1]至[5]中任一項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述土壤為植物體的土耕栽培或營養液土耕栽培中所使用的土壤。
[7] 如[6]所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述植物體為花卉類或葉莖菜類。
[8] 如[6]或[7]所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述植物體為百合水仙科(Alstroemeriaceae)植物或小松菜。
[發明的效果]
根據本發明,可提供一種可藉由簡便的操作而改良土壤的土壤的改良方法。
以下,對本發明進行詳細說明。
以下記載的構成要件的說明有時基於本發明的代表性的實施形態而成,但本發明並不限定於此種實施形態。
再者,在本說明書中,使用「~」所表示的數值範圍是指包含「~」的前後所記載的數值作為下限值及上限值的範圍。
本發明的土壤的改良方法(以下亦簡稱為「本發明的土壤改良方法」)為將奈米氣泡水施用於土壤的土壤的改良方法。
在本發明中,如上所述,可藉由對土壤施用奈米氣泡水而實現土壤的改良。
關於所述情況,詳細而言並不明確,但本發明者推測為如下所述。
即,如後述的實施例的試驗1所示,在將奈米氣泡水施用於土壤的試驗區,即便與將井水施用於土壤,進而進行追肥的慣例區相比較,硝酸態氮的可給態的量亦增加,可知土壤得到改良。
認為其原因在於:因奈米氣泡水而土壤中的微生物的活動或數量增大,從而容易進行自基肥向可給態的變態。
以下,對本發明的土壤改良方法中所使用的奈米氣泡水及任意成分進行詳細敘述。
[奈米氣泡水]
本發明的土壤改良方法中所使用的奈米氣泡水為包含直徑未滿1 μm的氣泡的水,且為混入有所述氣泡的水。再者,所謂「混入有所述氣泡的水」,是指將因奈米氣泡水的生成中所使用的水(例如包含雜質的井水)等而不可避免地包含的含有所述氣泡的水除外。
此處,奈米氣泡水中所含的氣泡的直徑(粒徑)以及後述的氣泡的眾數粒徑及氣泡的個數為使用奈米粒子跟蹤解析法測定水中的氣泡的布朗運動移動速度而得的值,在本說明書中,採用藉由奈米粒子解析系統奈米撒伊特系列(NanoSight Series)(奈米撒伊特(NanoSight)公司製造)進行測定而得的數值。
再者,奈米粒子解析系統奈米撒伊特系列(NanoSight Series)(奈米撒伊特(NanoSight)公司製造)中,可計測粒子的布朗運動的速度,並根據其速度來算出直徑(粒徑),可根據所存在的奈米粒子的粒徑分佈而以眾數徑的形式確認眾數粒徑。
在本發明中,就土壤得到進一步改良的理由而言,所述奈米氣泡水中所含的氣泡的眾數粒徑較佳為10 nm~500 nm,更佳為30 nm~300 nm,進而佳為70 nm~130 nm。
構成所述奈米氣泡水中所含的氣泡的氣體並無特別限定,就長時間殘存於水中的觀點而言,較佳為氫以外的氣體,具體而言,例如可列舉:空氣、氧、氮、氟、二氧化碳及臭氧等。
該些中,就土壤得到進一步改良的理由而言,較佳為包含選自由氧、氮、二氧化碳及臭氧所組成的群組中的至少一種氣體,特別是,就可使氣泡殘存更長的時間的理由而言,更佳為包含氧。
此處,所謂包含氧,是指以高於空氣中的氧濃度的濃度包含。氮及二氧化碳亦相同。再者,關於氧的濃度,較佳為氣泡中的30體積%以上,較佳為超過50體積%、100體積%以下。
就土壤得到進一步改良的理由而言,所述奈米氣泡水較佳為具有1×108
個/mL~1×1010
個/mL的氣泡,特別是,就氣泡的生成時間與氣泡的殘存性的平衡良好的理由而言,更佳為具有多於1×108
個/mL且少於1×1010
個/mL的氣泡,就土壤得到進一步改良的理由而言,進而佳為具有5×108
個/mL~5×109
個/mL的氣泡。
作為所述奈米氣泡水的生成方法,例如可列舉:靜態混合機法、文丘里(Venturi)法、氣蝕(cavitation)法、蒸氣凝聚法、超音波法、旋回流法、加壓溶解法及微細孔法等。
此處,本發明的土壤改良方法亦可包括在施用所述奈米氣泡水前生成所述奈米氣泡水的生成步驟。即,本發明的土壤改良方法例如可為如下防治方法,其包括:生成步驟,將水自貯水罐、井或農業用水等水源取入至奈米氣泡生成裝置來生成奈米氣泡水;以及施用步驟,施用所生成的奈米氣泡水。再者,作為將來自水源的水取入至奈米氣泡生成裝置的方法,例如可列舉:使用桶或泵等將自水源汲取的水供給至奈米氣泡生成裝置的方法;及將鋪設於水源與奈米氣泡生成裝置之間的流路連接至奈米氣泡生成裝置,將水自流路直接送入至奈米氣泡生成裝置的方法等。
另外,作為所述奈米氣泡水的生成方法,較佳為使用不會有意地產生自由基的裝置的生成方法,具體而言,例如可列舉使用日本專利特開2018-15715號公報的[0080]段落~[0100]段落中所記載的奈米氣泡生成裝置來生成的方法。再者,將所述內容組入至本說明書中。
作為不會有意地產生自由基的其他奈米氣泡生成裝置,例如可列舉微細氣泡生成裝置,所述微細氣泡生成裝置包括:液體噴出機,噴出水;氣體混入機,對氣體進行加壓而使其混入至自所述液體噴出機噴出的水中;以及微細氣泡生成器,藉由使混入有氣體的水在內部通過而在水中生成微細氣泡,且其特徵在於,在所述液體噴出機與所述微細氣泡生成器之間,所述氣體混入機對氣體進行加壓而使其混入至以經加壓的狀態流向所述微細氣泡生成器的液體中。具體而言,可列舉使用圖1所示的奈米氣泡生成裝置來生成的方法。
此處,圖1所示的奈米氣泡生成裝置10在其內部包括液體噴出機30、氣體混入機40以及奈米氣泡生成噴嘴50。
另外,液體噴出機30包括泵,且取入奈米氣泡水的原水(例如井水)並加以噴出。氣體混入機40具有封入有壓縮氣體的容器41及大致筒狀的氣體混入機本體42,一邊使自液體噴出機30噴出的水流入至氣體混入機本體42內,一邊將容器41內的壓縮氣體導入至氣體混入機本體42內。藉此,在氣體混入機本體42內生成混入有氣體的水。
另外,奈米氣泡生成噴嘴50藉由混入有氣體的水在其內部通過,並依據加壓溶解的原理而在混入有氣體的水中產生奈米氣泡,作為其結構,可採用與日本專利特開2018-15715號公報中所記載的奈米氣泡生成噴嘴相同的結構。奈米氣泡生成噴嘴50內所生成的奈米氣泡水自奈米氣泡生成噴嘴50的前端噴出後,自奈米氣泡生成裝置10流出,並在未圖示的流路內通過而送向規定的利用場所。
如上所述,奈米氣泡生成裝置10中,在液體噴出機30與奈米氣泡生成噴嘴50之間,氣體混入機40使壓縮氣體混入至以經加壓的狀態流向奈米氣泡生成噴嘴50的水(原水)中。藉此,可避免在液體噴出機30的吸入側(吸引側)使氣體混入至水時所產生的氣蝕等不良情況。另外,由於氣體是以經加壓(壓縮)的狀態混入至水中,因此可抵抗氣體混入部位的水的壓力而使氣體混入。因此,在氣體混入部位,即便不特別產生負壓,亦可使氣體適當地混入至水中。
進而,在液體噴出機30的吸引側連接有自井或自來水管道等水源供給的水的流路,在該流路中,自液體噴出機30的上游側流入至液體噴出機30的水的壓力(即,吸引側的水壓)為正壓即可。該情況下,所述構成變得更有意義。即,在液體噴出機30的上游側的水壓(吸引壓)為正壓的情況下,在液體噴出機30的下游側使氣體混入至水中,因此亦可在液體噴出機30的下游側使氣體適當地混入至水中的奈米氣泡生成裝置10的構成變得更顯著。
另外,所述奈米氣泡水的生成中所使用的水並無特別限定,例如可使用雨水、自來水、井水、農業用水及蒸餾水等。
此種水亦可在供於奈米氣泡水的產生前實施其他處理。作為其他處理,例如可列舉:pH調整、沈澱、過濾及滅菌(殺菌)等。具體而言,例如,在使用農業用水的情況下,典型而言,可使用實施沈澱及過濾中的至少一者後的農業用水。
在本發明中,所述奈米氣泡水對於土壤的施用形態根據使用所述土壤的植物體的栽培方法而不同,因此並無特別限定,例如可列舉:在土耕栽培中,將所述奈米氣泡水灑於土壤的形態;在營養液土耕栽培(灌水同時施肥栽培)中,將由所述奈米氣泡水稀釋的培養液供給至土壤的形態;及在營養液土耕栽培中,將所述奈米氣泡水單獨灑(灌)於土壤的形態等。
該些中,就可藉由更簡便的操作而實現土壤的改良的理由而言,較佳為實施使用所述奈米氣泡水的灑水的形態。
再者,作為施用的一形態的「灑水」的方法並無特別限定,在栽培方法為土耕栽培的情況下,例如可列舉:對植物體的整體噴灑水的方法、對植物體的一部分(例如莖或葉等)噴灑水的方法及對種植有植物體的土壤噴灑水的方法等。另外,在栽培方法為營養液土耕栽培的情況下,如上所述,可為利用灌水的灑水。
<其他成分>
所述奈米氣泡水亦可進而包含其他成分。
作為所述其他成分,例如可列舉:農藥、肥料、界面活性劑、凍結防止劑、消泡劑、防腐劑、抗氧化劑及增黏劑等。其他成分的種類及含量並無特別限定,可根據目的來選擇。
其中,在本發明中,較佳為在所述奈米氣泡水中實質不含自由基作為所述其他成分。再者,所謂「實質不含自由基」,並非是指將因所述奈米氣泡水的生成中所使用的水(例如包含雜質的井水)等而不可避免地包含自由基的情況除外,而是指將混入因某種操作而生成的自由基的情況除外。
[土壤/植物體]
適用本發明的土壤改良方法的土壤較佳為植物體的土耕栽培或營養液土耕栽培中所使用的土壤。
另外,所述植物體並無特別限定,較佳為人為賦予肥料來栽培的植物體。
作為此種植物體,例如可列舉:薔薇、百合水仙、仙客來、鬱金香、金魚草、大理菊、菊花、非洲菊及蘭花等花卉類;
茄科植物(例如茄子、茄瓜、番茄(包括小番茄)、樹番茄、辣椒、柿子椒、哈瓦那辣椒、青椒、甜椒及有色青椒等)、五加科植物(例如新萸葉五加(學名Gamblea innovans
)等)、葫蘆科植物(例如南瓜、西葫蘆、黃瓜、刺角瓜、越瓜、苦瓜、冬瓜、佛手瓜、絲瓜、葫蘆、西瓜、哈密瓜及韓國香瓜等)、錦葵科植物(例如秋葵等)以及薔薇科植物(例如草莓等)等果菜類;
高麗菜、洋蔥、蔥、白菜、菠菜、生菜、西蘭花、小松菜、韭菜、蘆筍、芹菜、茼蒿、花椰菜、蒜及薤等葉莖菜類;
蘿蔔、胡蘿蔔、牛蒡、蕪菁及蓮藕等根菜類;
橘子、蘋果、桃子、梨、洋梨、香蕉、葡萄、櫻桃、胡頹子、木莓、藍莓、樹莓、黑莓、桑、枇杷、無花果、柿子、木通、芒果、酪梨、棗、石榴、百香果、鳳梨、香蕉、木瓜、杏、梅、李子、桃子、奇異果、榠樝、楊梅、栗子、神秘果、番石榴、楊桃及西印度櫻桃等果樹類等。
該些中,就本發明的土壤改良方法的有用性變高的理由而言,較佳為花卉類或葉莖菜類,更佳為百合水仙科植物或小松菜。
[實施例]
以下,列舉實施例對本發明進一步進行詳細說明。只要不脫離本發明的主旨,則可適宜變更以下的實施例中所示的材料、使用量、比例、處理內容及處理順序等。因此,本發明的範圍並不應由以下所示的實施例限定性解釋。
[試驗1]
<試驗1的內容>
試驗是於在千葉縣茂原市所栽培的百合水仙的農業大棚中,藉由以下的區分來實施。
試驗區:於在2017年6月~7月種植了300株百合水仙(品種:卡利奧雜交(Kariohybrid))的農業大棚中,自種植起至2018年1月末為止,對於土壤及莖葉的人工灑水使用利用下述方法而生成的奈米氣泡水。再者,在試驗區,自下述表1所示的基肥的狀態,不進行追肥地栽培。
慣例區:於在2017年6月~7月種植了300株百合水仙(品種:卡利奧雜交(Kariohybrid))的另一農業大棚中,自種植起至2018年1月末為止,對於土壤及莖葉的人工灑水使用井水而不使用奈米氣泡水。再者,在慣例區,自下述表1所示的基肥的狀態,在2017年10月14日及2018年1月5日以每8株20 g的量進行追肥[氮:磷酸:鉀=6:3:3(質量比)]來栽培。
此處,灑水的頻度及量雖依據常規方法並根據百合水仙的生長狀況及天氣等來適宜變更,但在試驗區及慣例區以成為大致相同的方式進行調整。
<奈米氣泡水的生成方法>
奈米氣泡水是藉由如下方式來生成:使用奈米氣泡生成裝置[格一(KAKUICHI)製作所股份有限公司的阿卡溶液(AQUA Solutions)事業部(現:阿卡溶液(AQUA Solutions)股份有限公司)製造,100 V、10 L/min類型]並藉由加壓溶解方式而在水中產生氣泡(奈米氣泡)。
再者,用於生成奈米氣泡水的水使用井水,構成氣泡的氣體使用氧(工業用氧,濃度:99.5體積%)。
另外,關於使用所述奈米氣泡生成裝置來產生奈米氣泡的條件,以由奈米粒子解析系統奈米撒伊特(NanoSight)LM10(奈米撒伊特(NanoSight)公司製造)所得的解析結果成為以下的條件進行。
˙每1 mL水的氣泡的數量:5×108
個/mL
˙氣泡的眾數粒徑:100 nm
<土壤改良的評價>
在試驗區及慣例區,針對種植時的土壤、2017年10月7日的土壤、2017年11月18日的土壤、2017年12月23日的土壤及2018年1月27日的土壤,使用Dr.索伊魯(SOIL)(土壤養分檢定器),以如下順序來測定硝酸態氮、磷酸及鈣的可給態的量。將結果示於下述表1中。
(測定順序)
(1)採取土壤的一部分,並向所採取的土壤中添加乙酸。
(2)使用濾紙進行過濾分離,自土壤回收利用乙酸萃取的萃取液。
(3)向所回收的萃取液中添加成分鑒別試劑。
(4)使用吸光光度計,根據色澤來測定含量。
根據表1所示的結果可知,在試驗區,關於在2017年10月7日、2017年11月18日、2017年12月23日及2018年1月27日任一天所採取的土壤,與種植時的基肥相比較,硝酸態氮的可給態的量均增大,且可知土壤得到改良。關於其效果,考慮到在慣例區且在2017年10月14日及2018年1月5日進行追肥時,可稱為意外的效果,並認為原因在於:藉由施用奈米氣泡水,土壤中的基肥中所含的氨態氮變化為硝酸態氮。
另外,對磷酸及鈣進行觀察,未進行追肥的試驗區亦保持有與進行了追肥的慣例區同等程度的含量,可知土壤得到改良。
[試驗2]
<試驗2的內容>
試驗是於在2018年8月29日(播種)~10月8日(收穫)且在長野縣小諸市所栽培的小松菜的農田中,藉由以下的區分來實施。各試驗區設定於同一塑膠大棚內。
試驗區2-1:在塑膠大棚栽培中,兩天一次的灑水使用農業用水而不使用奈米氣泡水。
試驗區2-2:在塑膠大棚栽培中,兩天一次的灑水使用每1 mL水的氣泡數調整為2×108
個/mL的奈米氣泡水。
試驗區2-3:在塑膠大棚栽培中,兩天一次的灑水使用每1 mL水的氣泡數調整為5×108
個/mL的奈米氣泡水。
再者,在各試驗區,分別栽培播種於設置於塑膠大棚內的盆中的小松菜各兩盆。
另外,灑水量雖依據常規方法並根據小松菜的生長狀況及天氣等來適宜變更,但在三個試驗區之間,以成為大致相同的方式進行調整。
另外,試驗2中,為了試驗由奈米氣泡水1 mL中的氣泡數帶來的優異性,有意地不實施農藥的噴灑。
<奈米氣泡水的生成方法>
奈米氣泡水是藉由如下方式來生成:使用奈米氣泡產生裝置(阿卡溶液(AQUA Solutions)股份有限公司製造,100 V、10 L/min類型)並藉由加壓溶解方式而在水中產生氣泡(奈米氣泡)。用於生成奈米氣泡水的水使用農業用水,構成氣泡的氣體的種類設為氧(工業用氧,濃度:99體積%)。
另外,使用所述奈米氣泡產生裝置來產生奈米氣泡的條件中,氣泡的尺寸(眾數粒徑)設為100 nm。
另外,每1 mL奈米氣泡水的氣泡數如上所述般在試驗區2-2設為2×108
個/mL,在試驗區2-3設為5×108
個/mL。每1 mL奈米氣泡水的氣泡數例如可藉由如下方式來調整:在所述奈米氣泡產生裝置的下游側設置奈米氣泡水的貯存槽,將貯存槽內的奈米氣泡水返送至奈米氣泡產生裝置而使奈米氣泡水在系統內循環,並改變其循環時間。
<土壤改良的評價>
在試驗區2-1~試驗區2-3,針對播種時(2018年8月29日)的土壤及收穫時(2018年10月8日)的土壤,以與所述試驗1相同的順序來測定硝酸態氮、磷酸及鉀的可給態的量。將結果示於下述表2中。
再者,關於所栽培的小松菜,在各試驗區,基本未觀察到成長程度差,因此下述表2中的收穫時的值可稱為未受到各試驗區所栽培的小松菜的肥料的吸收率的影響的值。
根據表2所示的結果可知,將奈米氣泡水施用於土壤的試驗區2-2及試驗區2-3與不將奈米氣泡水施用於土壤的試驗區2-1相比較,硝酸態氮的可給態、磷酸及鉀的任一者均增大,且可知土壤得到改良。
特別是,奈米氣泡水1 mL中的氣泡數為5×108
個/mL的試驗區2-3中,不僅與氣泡數為2×108
個/mL的試驗區2-2相比,而且與播種時的土壤相比,鉀的含量亦增大,且可知土壤得到進一步改良。
如以上所說明般,根據試驗1及試驗2的試驗結果,明確了由奈米氣泡水帶來的土壤的改良效果。
10‧‧‧奈米氣泡生成裝置
30‧‧‧液體噴出機
40‧‧‧氣體混入機
41‧‧‧容器
42‧‧‧氣體混入機本體
50‧‧‧奈米氣泡生成噴嘴
圖1是表示奈米氣泡生成裝置的一例的示意圖。
10‧‧‧奈米氣泡生成裝置
30‧‧‧液體噴出機
40‧‧‧氣體混入機
41‧‧‧容器
42‧‧‧氣體混入機本體
50‧‧‧奈米氣泡生成噴嘴
Claims (8)
- 一種土壤的改良方法,其中將奈米氣泡水施用於土壤。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中實施使用所述奈米氣泡水的灑水。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項或第2項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述奈米氣泡水中所含的氣泡的眾數粒徑為10 nm~500 nm。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項至第3項中任一項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述奈米氣泡水中所含的氣泡包含選自由氧、氮、二氧化碳及臭氧所組成的群組中的至少一種氣體。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項至第4項中任一項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述奈米氣泡水具有1×108 個/mL~1×1010 個/mL的氣泡。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項至第5項中任一項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述土壤為植物體的土耕栽培或營養液土耕栽培中所使用的土壤。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述植物體為花卉類或葉莖菜類。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項或第7項所述的土壤的改良方法,其中所述植物體為百合水仙科植物或小松菜。
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