TW201740599A - 能量儲藏裝置用電極 - Google Patents
能量儲藏裝置用電極 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201740599A TW201740599A TW105143932A TW105143932A TW201740599A TW 201740599 A TW201740599 A TW 201740599A TW 105143932 A TW105143932 A TW 105143932A TW 105143932 A TW105143932 A TW 105143932A TW 201740599 A TW201740599 A TW 201740599A
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- LWRYTNDOEJYQME-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;sulfanylideneiron Chemical compound [Li].[Fe]=S LWRYTNDOEJYQME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005004 perfluoroethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003207 poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004632 polycaprolactone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005668 polycarbonate resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004431 polycarbonate resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004633 polyglycolic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enenitrile;styrene Chemical compound C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZDYVRSLAEXCVBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1.CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 ZDYVRSLAEXCVBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- MNCGMVDMOKPCSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-phenylethenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MNCGMVDMOKPCSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000626 sulfinic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- WGHUNMFFLAMBJD-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylazanium;perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC WGHUNMFFLAMBJD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triflic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001889 triflyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本發明係提供一種能量儲藏裝置用電極,其特徵為具備集電基板、與包含形成於該集電基板之至少一側的面之碳奈米管的底塗層、與形成於該底塗層之表面上的活性物質層,活性物質層未包含導電助劑。
Description
本發明係關於能量儲藏裝置用電極,更詳述而言,係關於具備未包含導電助劑之活性物質層、與包含碳奈米管(CNT)之底塗層的能量儲藏裝置用電極。
伴隨智慧型手機、數位相機、便攜式遊戲機等之便攜式電子器材的小型輕量化或高機能化的要求,近年來正積極進展高性能電池的開發,大幅提昇藉由充電可重複使用之二次電池的需要。其中,由於鋰離子二次電池具有高能量密度、高電壓,又,無在充放電時之記憶效應等,現在最起勁的開發為進展中之二次電池。又,由於近年來對環境問題的努力,電動車的開發亦活躍進展中,作為其動力源之二次電池,逐漸成為尋求更高性能。
鋰離子二次電池係將可吸藏暨釋出鋰之正極與負極、和介在此等之間的分隔板收容在容器內,其中具有滿足電解液(鋰離子聚合物二次電池的情況下,取代液狀電解液,為凝膠狀或全固體型之電解質)之構造。
正極及負極一般而言,係將包含可吸藏暨釋
出鋰之活性物質、與主要由碳材料所構成之導電材、與進而包含聚合物黏結劑之組成物,於銅箔或鋁箔等之集電器上形成層狀而製得。此黏結劑係為了接著活性物質與導電材,進而接著此等與金屬箔而使用,市售可溶於聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)等之N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)之氟系樹脂、或烯烴系聚合物之水分散體等。
正極及負極所包含之導電材亦被稱為導電助劑,除了提高活性物質層之導電性,用以順利進行電池之充放電的重要材料之外,藉由於電極存在導電助劑,而產生幾個缺點。例如作為導電助劑使用之碳材料,雖常常使用乙炔黑等之碳黑,但碳黑體積密度較小,包含碳黑之活性物質層降低其密度的結果,導致電池之體積容量密度降低。又,碳黑中由於存在細孔,於其中導入黏結劑的結果,有降低集電器-活性物質層界面的密著性的情況。進而,由於碳黑與活性物質相比較,尺寸較小,易從電極滑落,有招致電池之內部短路的情況。
如此,於使用包含導電助劑之電極的二次電池,有發生各式各樣問題的情況。然而,為了防止這般之事態,於活性物質層不添加導電助劑的情況,活性物質層之密度雖上昇,但由於降低活性物質層之導電性,故產生無法充分進行充放電的問題。
另外,藉由提高集電器與活性物質層之間的密著性,降低接觸電阻,作為低電阻化電池之技術,正開發於集電器與活性物質層之間插入導電性之底塗層的手
法。例如於專利文獻1,已揭示將碳作為導電性填料之導電層來作為底塗層,配設在集電基板與活性物質層之間的技術,顯示藉由使用具備這般底塗層之複合集電器,可減低集電基板及活性物質層間之接觸電阻,且亦可抑制高速放電時之容量減少,進而亦可抑制電池之劣化。又,於專利文獻2及專利文獻3亦揭示同樣之技術。進而,於專利文獻4及專利文獻5,揭示將CNT作為導電性填料之底塗層。
使用此等各專利文獻之技術,雖可達成電池之低電阻化,但由於此等文獻之活性物質層包含導電助劑,有產生上述問題的可能性。
〔專利文獻1〕日本特開平9-097625號公報
〔專利文獻2〕日本特開2000-011991號公報
〔專利文獻3〕日本特開平11-149916號公報
〔專利文獻4〕國際公開第2014/042080號
〔專利文獻5〕國際公開第2015/029949號
本發明係鑑於這般之事情而完成者,即使於活性物質層未包含導電助劑,亦可防止電池之高電阻化,
作為結果,係以提供一種可提高電池之體積容量密度的能量儲藏裝置用電極作為目的。
本發明者們為了達成上述目的經努力研究的結果,發現藉由於具有包含將CNT作為導電材之底塗層的集電基板之底塗層上,使用形成未包含導電助劑之活性物質層而成之電極,與使用具有包含導電助劑之活性物質層的電極的情況相比較,得到體積容量密度較高之電池,而完成本發明。
亦即,本發明係提供下述能量儲藏裝置用電極。
1.一種能量儲藏裝置用電極,其特徵為具備集電基板、與包含形成於該集電基板之至少一側的面之碳奈米管的底塗層、與形成於該底塗層之表面上的活性物質層,前述活性物質層未包含導電助劑。
2.如1之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述底塗層係包含由於側鏈包含噁唑啉基之聚合物所構成之碳奈米管分散劑。
3.如2之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述聚合物係自由基聚合下述式(1)表示之噁唑啉單體所得者,
(式中,X係表示含有聚合性碳-碳雙鍵之基,R1~R4係彼此獨立表示氫原子、鹵素原子、碳數1~5之直鏈狀、分支狀或環狀之烷基、碳數6~20之芳基、或碳數7~20之芳烷基)。
4.如1~3中任一項之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述活性物質層作為活性物質,係包含磷酸鐵鋰、錳酸鋰、鈦酸鋰或氧化鈦。
5.如4之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述氧化鈦係具有青銅型之結晶構造的氧化鈦。
6.如1~5中任一項之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述活性物質層係包含將苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠作為黏結劑,包含將羧甲基纖維素之鹽作為增黏劑。
7.一種能量儲藏裝置,其係具備如1~6中任一項之能量儲藏裝置用電極。
8.如7之能量儲藏裝置,其係鋰離子二次電池
本發明之能量儲藏裝置用電極即使使用提高活性物質層之導電性,且未使用於電池之順利充放電為重要之材料即導電助劑的活性物質層,適用此之能量儲藏裝
置可充分充放電,較使用導電助劑的情況具有更高之體積容量密度。
本發明之能量儲藏裝置用電極由於未使用具有使電極密度降低、使活性物質層之密著性降低、從電極滑落引起內部短路等之各種問題的導電助劑,可避免起因於導電助劑之電池體積容量密度降低或內部短路等之問題。
本發明之能量儲藏裝置用電極,係具備集電基板、與包含形成於該集電基板之至少一側的面之CNT的底塗層、與形成於該底塗層的表面上之活性物質層,活性物質層未包含導電助劑。
作為在本發明之能量儲藏裝置,例如可列舉鋰二次電池、鋰離子二次電池、質子聚合物電池、鎳氫電池、雙電層電容器、鋁固體電容器、電解電容器、鉛蓄電池等之各種能量儲藏裝置。本發明之電極可特別適合使用在鋰離子二次電池或雙電層電容器。
作為前述集電基板,以往從作為能量儲藏裝置電極之集電基板使用者適當選擇即可,例如可使用鋁、銅、鎳、
金、銀及該等之合金、或碳材料、金屬氧化物、導電性聚合物等之薄膜。此等當中,從導電性、質量、成本等之點來看,較佳為使用由鋁、鋁合金等所構成之金屬箔。前述集電基板的厚度雖並未特別限定,但在本發明較佳為1~100μm。
前述底塗層係包含CNT,進而如有必要可包含CNT分散劑及/或基質聚合物。前述底塗層以使用包含CNT與溶劑、與如有必要之CNT分散劑及/或基質聚合物之含有CNT之組成物(分散液)製得較佳。
CNT一般而言,雖藉由電弧放電法、化學氣相成長法(CVD法)、雷射剝蝕法等製得,但本發明所使用之CNT可為以任一方法獲得者。又,CNT中,有1片碳膜(石墨烯片)捲成圓筒狀之單層CNT(SWCNT)、與2片石墨烯片捲成同心圓狀之2層CNT(DWCNT)、與複數石墨烯片捲成同心圓狀之多層CNT(MWCNT)。在本發明皆可使用,可將此等以1種單獨、或組合2種以上使用。
尚,以前述方法製作SWCNT、DWCNT或MWCNT時,由於亦殘存鎳、鐵、鈷、釔等之觸媒金屬,故有必要用以去除此雜質的純化。雜質去除中,藉由硝酸、硫酸等之酸處理同時進行超音波處理有效。惟,於藉由硝酸、硫酸等之酸處理,由於有破壞構成CNT之π共
軛系,損害CNT原本之特性的可能性,故期望以適當之條件進行純化使用。
CNT之平均纖維徑雖並未特別限定,但較佳為1~100nm,更佳為1~50nm。
作為可於本發明使用之CNT的具體例,可列舉超成長法(Super growth method)CNT〔國立研究開發法人新能量暨產業技術總合開發機構製〕、eDIPS-CNT〔國立研究開發法人新能量暨產業技術總合開發機構製〕、SWNT系列〔(股)名城奈米碳製:商品名〕、VGCF系列〔昭和電工(股)製:商品名〕、FloTube系列〔CNano Technology公司製:商品名〕、AMC〔宇部興產(股)製:商品名〕、NANOCYL NC7000系列〔Nanocyl S.A.公司製:商品名〕、Baytubes〔Bayer公司製:商品名〕、GRAPHISTRENGTH〔Arkema公司製:商品名〕、MWNT7〔保土谷化學工業(股)製:商品名〕、Hyperion CNT〔Hypeprion Catalysis International公司製:商品名〕等。
作為前述溶劑,若為以往使用在含有CNT之組成物的調製者,則並未特別限定。例如可列舉水;甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇等之醇類;四氫呋喃(THF)、二乙基醚、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷(DME)等之醚類;二氯甲烷、氯仿、1,2-二氯乙烷等之鹵素化烴類;N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(DMF)、N,N-二甲基乙醯胺(DMAc)、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)等之醯胺類;丙
酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基異丁基酮、環己酮等之酮類;n-庚烷、n-己烷、環己烷等之脂肪族烴類;苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯等之芳香族烴類;乙二醇單乙基醚、乙二醇單丁醚、丙二醇單甲醚等之二醇醚類;乙二醇、丙二醇等之二醇類等之有機溶劑。此等當中,從可使CNT之孤立分散的比例提昇的點來看,較佳為水、NMP、DMF、THF、甲醇、異丙醇。此等之溶劑可1種單獨、或混合2種以上使用。
前述CNT分散劑較佳為由於側鏈包含噁唑啉基之聚合物所構成者。作為前述聚合物雖並未特別限定,但較佳為於2位自由基聚合包含含有聚合性碳-碳雙鍵之基的噁唑啉單體所得到者。作為這般之噁唑啉單體,可列舉以下述式(1)表示者。
式中,X係表示含有聚合性碳-碳雙鍵之基,R1~R4係彼此獨立表示氫原子、鹵素原子、碳數1~5之直鏈狀、分支狀或環狀之烷基、碳數6~20之芳基、或碳數7~20之芳烷基。
前述含有聚合性碳-碳雙鍵之基若為包含聚合性碳-碳雙鍵者,雖並未特別限定,但較佳為包含聚合性
碳-碳雙鍵之鏈狀烴基,例如較佳為乙烯基、烯丙基、異丙烯基等之碳數2~8之烯基等。
作為前述鹵素原子,可列舉氟原子、氯原子、溴原子、碘原子等。作為前述烷基,可列舉甲基、乙基、n-丙基、異丙基、n-丁基、s-丁基、t-丁基、n-戊基等。作為前述芳基,可列舉苯基、二甲苯基、甲苯基、聯苯基、萘基等。作為前述芳烷基,可列舉苄基、苯乙基、苯環己基等。
作為式(1)表示之噁唑啉單體,可列舉2-乙烯基-2-噁唑啉、2-乙烯基-4-甲基-2-噁唑啉、2-乙烯基-4-乙基-2-噁唑啉、2-乙烯基-4-丙基-2-噁唑啉、2-乙烯基-4-丁基-2-噁唑啉、2-乙烯基-5-甲基-2-噁唑啉、2-乙烯基-5-乙基-2-噁唑啉、2-乙烯基-5-丙基-2-噁唑啉、2-乙烯基-5-丁基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-4-甲基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-4-乙基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-4-丙基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-4-丁基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-5-甲基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-5-乙基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-5-丙基-2-噁唑啉、2-異丙烯基-5-丁基-2-噁唑啉等。此等當中,從取得容易性等之點來看,較佳為2-異丙烯基-2-噁唑啉。
前述底塗層較佳為使用包含水系溶劑之含有CNT的組成物而形成。因此,噁唑啉聚合物較佳為水溶性。這般水溶性之噁唑啉聚合物可為式(1)表示之噁唑啉單體的均聚物,為了更加提高對水的溶解性,可為自由
基聚合前述噁唑啉單體與包含親水性官能基之(甲基)丙烯酸酯系單體中之至少2種的單體所得到者。
作為包含親水性官能基之(甲基)丙烯酸系單體的具體例,可列舉(甲基)丙烯酸、(甲基)丙烯酸2-羥乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸甲氧酯聚乙二醇、(甲基)丙烯酸與聚乙二醇的單酯化物、(甲基)丙烯酸2-胺基乙酯及其鹽、(甲基)丙烯酸鈉、(甲基)丙烯酸銨、(甲基)丙烯腈、(甲基)丙烯醯胺、N-羥甲基(甲基)丙烯醯胺、N-(2-羥乙基)(甲基)丙烯醯胺、苯乙烯磺酸鈉等。此等可1種單獨使用,亦可組合2種以上使用。此等當中,適合(甲基)丙烯酸甲氧基聚乙二醇、(甲基)丙烯酸與聚乙二醇的單酯化物。
又,於會對噁唑啉聚合物之CNT分散能帶來不良影響的範圍,可併用前述噁唑啉單體及包含親水性官能基之(甲基)丙烯酸系單體以外之其他單體。作為其他單體之具體例,可列舉(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸硬脂酯、(甲基)丙烯酸全氟乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸苯酯等之(甲基)丙烯酸酯單體;乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、戊烯等之α-烯烴系單體;氯乙烯、偏氯乙烯、氟化乙烯等之鹵代烯烴系單體;苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯等之苯乙烯系單體;乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯等之羧酸乙烯酯系單體;甲基乙烯醚、乙基乙烯醚等之乙烯醚系單體等。此等可1種單獨使用,亦可組合2種以上使
用。
在於本發明使用之噁唑啉聚合物的製造所使用之單體成分,噁唑啉單體的含量,從更加提高所得之噁唑啉聚合物的CNT分散能的點來看,較佳為10質量%以上,更佳為20質量%以上,再更佳為30質量%以上。尚,在單體成分之噁唑啉單體的含量之上限值為100質量%,此情況下,得到噁唑啉單體之均聚物。
另外,從更加提高所得之噁唑啉聚合物的水溶性的點來看,包含在單體成分之親水性官能基之(甲基)丙烯酸系單體的含量較佳為10質量%以上,更佳為20質量%以上,再更佳為30質量%以上,較佳為90質量%以下,更佳為80質量%以下,再更佳為70質量%以下。
又,在單體成分之其他單體的含有率係如前述,為不會對所得之噁唑啉聚合物的CNT分散能帶來影響的範圍,又,由於取決於其種類而有所不同,雖無法一概而定,但於較佳為5~95質量%,更佳為10~90質量%的範圍適當設定即可。
噁唑啉聚合物的重量平均分子量(Mw)雖並未特別限定,但較佳為1,000~2,000,000,更佳為2,000~1,000,000。尚,在本發明,Mw係藉由凝膠滲透層析之聚苯乙烯換算測定值。
可使用在本發明之噁唑啉聚合物,雖可將前述單體在以往周知之自由基聚合進行合成,但亦可作為市售品取得。作為這般之市售品,例如可列舉Epocross(註
冊商標)WS-300((股)日本觸媒製、固形分濃度10質量%、水溶液)、EpocrossWS-700((股)日本觸媒製、固形分濃度25質量%、水溶液)、EpocrossWS-500((股)日本觸媒製、固形分濃度39質量%、水/1-甲氧基-2-丙醇溶液)、Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)(Aldrich公司製)、Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)(AlfaAesar公司製)、Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)(VWR International公司製)等。尚,作為溶液,市售的情況下,即使直接使用,由於取代成作為目的之溶劑亦可使用。
於本發明使用之在含有CNT之組成物之CNT與分散劑的混合比率,以質量比可成為1,000:1~1:100左右。又,含有CNT之組成物中之分散劑的濃度,若為可使CNT分散在溶劑的濃度,雖並未特別限定,但組成物中較佳為0.001~30質量%左右,更佳為0.002~20質量%左右。進而,含有CNT之組成物中之CNT的濃度,係在作為目的之底塗層的單位重量、或所要求之機械性、電性、熱學特性等變化者,又,只要至少CNT之一部分進行孤立分散可製得底塗層雖可任意,但組成物中較佳為成為0.0001~30質量%左右,更佳為成為0.001~20質量%左右,再更佳為成為0.001~10質量%左右。
作為前述基質聚合物,例如可列舉聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、四氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(P(TFE-HFP))、偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(P(VDF-HFP))、偏氟乙烯-氯化三氟化乙烯共聚物
(P(VDF-CTFE))等之氟系樹脂、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)、乙烯-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物(EEA)等之聚烯烴系樹脂;聚苯乙烯(PS)、耐衝擊性聚苯乙烯(HIPS)、丙烯腈-苯乙烯共聚物(AS)、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯-苯乙烯共聚物(MS)、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(SBR)等之聚苯乙烯系樹脂;聚碳酸酯樹脂;氯乙烯樹脂;聚醯胺樹脂;聚醯亞胺樹脂;聚丙烯酸鈉、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)等之(甲基)丙烯酸樹脂;聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)、聚對苯二甲酸丁二酯、聚萘二甲酸乙二酯、聚萘二甲酸丁二酯、聚乳酸(PLA)、聚-3-羥基酪酸、聚己內酯、聚丁二酸丁二酯、聚丁二酸乙二酯/己二酸酯等之聚酯樹脂;聚伸苯醚樹脂;改質聚伸苯醚樹脂;聚乙縮醛樹脂;聚碸樹脂;聚伸苯硫化物樹脂;聚乙烯醇(PVA)樹脂;聚二醇酸;改質澱粉;乙酸纖維素、羧甲基纖維素(CMC)、三乙酸纖維素;幾丁質、殼聚醣;木質素等之熱塑性樹脂、或聚苯胺及其半氧化劑之苯胺綠(Emeraldine)基底;聚噻吩;聚吡咯;聚伸苯伸乙烯;聚伸苯;聚乙炔等之導電性聚合物、進而可列舉環氧樹脂;胺基甲酸乙酯丙烯酸酯;酚樹脂;三聚氰胺樹脂;尿素樹脂;醇酸樹脂等之熱硬化性樹脂或光硬化性樹脂等。本發明之含有CNT之組成物由於作為溶劑適合使用水,因此較佳為作為基質聚合物為水溶
性者,例如聚丙烯酸鈉、羧甲基纖維素鈉、水溶性纖維素醚、藻酸鈉、聚乙烯醇、聚苯乙烯磺酸、聚乙二醇等,特佳為聚丙烯酸鈉、羧甲基纖維素鈉等。
基質聚合物可作為市售品取得,作為這般之市售品,例如可列舉聚丙烯酸鈉(和光純藥工業(股)製、聚合度2,700~7,500)、羧甲基纖維素鈉(和光純藥工業(股)製)、藻酸鈉(關東化學(股)製、鹿1級)、Metolose(註冊商標)SH系列(羥基丙基甲基纖維素、信越化學工業(股)製)、Metolose SE系列(羥乙基甲基纖維素、信越化學工業(股)製)、JC-25(完全皂化型聚乙烯醇、JAPAN VAM & POVAL(股)製)、JM-17(中間皂化型聚乙烯醇、JAPAN VAM & POVAL(股)製)、JP-03(部分皂化型聚乙烯醇、JAPAN VAM & POVAL(股)製)、聚苯乙烯磺酸(Aldrich公司製、固形分濃度18質量%、水溶液)等。
基質聚合物的含量雖並未特別限定,但組成物中較佳為0.0001~99質量%左右,更佳為0.001~90質量%左右。
尚,於本發明使用之含有CNT之組成物中,可包含引起與使用之分散劑交聯反應的交聯劑或自我交聯的交聯劑。此等之交聯劑較佳為溶解在使用之溶劑。作為噁唑啉聚合物之交聯劑,例如若為包含2個以上具有與羧基、羥基、巰基、胺基、亞磺酸基、環氧基等之噁唑啉基的反應性之官能基的化合物,雖並未特別限定,但較佳為
包含2個以上羧基之化合物。尚,於薄膜形成時之加熱、或酸觸媒的存在下,產生前述官能基引起交聯反應的官能基,例如包含羧酸之鈉鹽、鉀鹽、鋰鹽、銨鹽等之化合物亦可作為交聯劑使用。
作為引起與噁唑啉基進行交聯反應之化合物的具體例,雖可列舉於酸觸媒的存在下發揮交聯反應性之聚丙烯酸或其寡聚物等之合成聚合物及CMC或藻酸等之天然聚合物的金屬鹽、藉由加熱發揮交聯反應性之前述合成聚合物及天然聚合物的銨鹽等,但特佳為於酸觸媒的存在下或加熱條件下發揮交聯反應性之聚丙烯酸鈉、聚丙烯酸鋰、聚丙烯酸銨、羧甲基纖維素鈉、羧甲基纖維素鋰、羧甲基纖維素銨等。
引起與這般噁唑啉基交聯反應之化合物亦可作為市售品取得,作為這般之市售品,例如可列舉聚丙烯酸鈉(和光純藥工業(股)製、聚合度2,700~7,500)、羧甲基纖維素鈉(和光純藥工業(股)製)、藻酸鈉(關東化學(股)製、鹿1級)、Aaron(註冊商標)A-30(聚丙烯酸銨、東亞合成(股)製、固形分濃度32質量%、水溶液)、DN-800H(羧甲基纖維素銨、Daicel Finechem(股)製)、藻酸銨((股)KIMICA製)等。
作為自我交聯之交聯劑,例如可列舉於同一分子內包含相對於羥基為醛基、環氧基、乙烯基、異氰酸酯基、烷氧基、相對於羧基為醛基、胺基、異氰酸酯基、環氧基、相對於胺基為異氰酸酯基、醛基等之彼此進行反
應之交聯性官能基的化合物、或包含以相同交聯性官能基彼此進行反應之羥基(脫水縮合)、巰基(二硫鍵)、酯基(克萊森縮合)、矽醇基(脫水縮合)、乙烯基、丙烯醯基等之化合物等。
作為自我交聯之交聯劑的具體例,可列舉於酸觸媒的存在下發揮交聯反應性之多官能丙烯酸酯、四烷氧基矽烷、包含嵌段異氰酸酯基之單體及包含羥基、羧酸、胺基之至少1個之單體的嵌段寡聚物等。
這般自我交聯之交聯劑亦可作為市售品取得。例如作為多官能丙烯酸酯,可列舉A-9300(乙氧基化異氰脲酸三丙烯酸酯、新中村化學工業(股)製)、A-GLY-9E(Ethoxylated glycerine triacrylate(EO 9 mol)、新中村化學工業(股)製)、A-TMMT(季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、新中村化學工業(股)製)等,作為四烷氧基矽烷,可列舉四甲氧基矽烷(東京化成工業(股)製)、四乙氧基矽烷(東橫化學(股)製),作為包含嵌段異氰酸酯基之聚合物,可列舉Elastron(註冊商標)系列E-37、H-3、H38、BAP、NEW BAP-15、C-52、F-29、W-11P、MF-9、MF-25K(第一工業製藥(股)製)等。
此等交聯劑的添加量雖因使用之溶劑、使用之基材、所要求之黏度、所要求之膜形狀等而變動,但相對於分散劑為0.001~80質量%,較佳為0.01~50質量%,更佳為0.05~40質量%。此等交聯劑雖亦有引起因自我縮合導致之交聯反應的情況,但為引起與分散劑交聯反
應者,於分散劑中存在交聯性取代基的情況下,藉由該等之交聯性取代基促進交聯反應。
前述含有CNT之組成物中,作為用以促進交聯反應之觸媒,可添加p-甲苯磺酸、三氟甲烷磺酸、吡啶鎓p-甲苯磺酸、水楊酸、磺基水楊酸、檸檬酸、苯甲酸、羥基苯甲酸、萘羧酸等之酸性化合物、及/或2,4,4,6-四溴環己二烯酮、甲苯磺酸安息香酯(benzoin tosylate)、2-甲苯磺酸硝基苄酯(nitrobenzyl tosylate)、有機磺酸烷酯等之熱酸產生劑。觸媒的添加量相對於CNT分散劑,較佳為0.0001~20質量%,更佳為0.0005~10質量%,再更佳為0.001~3質量%。
前述含有CNT之組成物的調製法並未特別限定,將CNT及溶劑、以及如有必要而使用之分散劑、基質聚合物及交聯劑以任意順序混合來調製分散液即可。此時,較佳為分散處理混合物,藉由此處理,可更加提昇CNT之分散比例。作為分散處理,雖可列舉使用機械處理之球磨機、珠磨機、噴射研磨機等之濕式處理、或使用匯流排型(Bus type)或探針型之音波振盪器之超音波處理等,但特別適合使用噴射研磨機之濕式處理或超音波處理。分散處理的時間雖為任意,但較佳為從1分鐘至10小時左右,更佳為從5分鐘至5小時左右。此時,如有必要實施加熱處理亦無妨。尚,使用交聯劑及/或基質聚合物的情況下,此等可於調製由分散劑、CNT及溶劑所構成之混合物後加入。
將前述含有CNT之組成物塗佈在集電基板之至少一側的面,可藉由將此進行自然或加熱乾燥,形成底塗層。底塗層可形成於集電基板面的一部分,亦可形成於全面。
於本發明,較佳為將集電基板每一面之底塗層的單位重量通常定為1.5g/m2以下,即使單位重量縮小亦可達成本發明的效果。因此,單位重量更佳為可成為0.7g/m2以下,再更佳為成為0.5g/m2以下,又再更佳為成為未滿0.4g/m2。另外,由於擔保底塗層之機能,可再現性良好地得到優異特性的電池,故將集電基板每一面之底塗層的單位重量較佳為定為0.001g/m2以上,更佳為0.005g/m2以上,再更佳為0.01g/m2以上。
底塗層之厚度只要滿足前述單位重量雖並未特別限定,但考量抑制因所得裝置之底塗層的適用導致容量降低時,較佳為0.01~10μm。
在本發明之底塗層的單位重量係相對於底塗層之面積(m2)之底塗層之質量(g)的比例,底塗層形成成圖型狀的情況下,該面積為僅底塗層之面積,未包含露出於形成圖型狀之底塗層之間的集電基板的面積。
底塗層之質量例如從底塗箔切出適當大小之試驗片,測定其質量W0,然後,從底塗箔剝離底塗層,測定剝離底塗層後之質量W1,由其差(W0-W1)算出、或預先測定集電基板之質量W2,然後,測定形成底塗層之底塗箔的質量W3,可由其差(W3-W2)算出。作為剝
離底塗層之方法,例如可列舉於溶解或膨潤底塗層之溶劑使底塗層浸漬,再以布等擦拭底塗層等之方法。
單位重量可用周知之方法調整。例如藉由塗佈形成底塗層的情況下,可藉由變更用以形成底塗層之塗佈液(含有CNT之組成物)的固形分濃度、塗佈次數、塗佈機之塗佈液投入口的清除率等來調整。欲增多單位重量的情況下,提高固形分濃度、或增加塗佈次數、或擴大清除率。欲減少單位重量的情況下,降低固形分濃度、減少塗佈次數、或縮小清除率。
作為含有CNT之組成物的塗佈方法,例如雖可列舉旋塗法、浸塗法、流塗法、噴墨法、噴塗法、棒塗法、凹印塗佈法、狹縫塗佈法、滾塗法、柔板印刷法、轉印印刷法、刷毛塗佈、刮刀塗佈法、氣刀塗佈法等,但從作業效率等之點來看,適合噴墨法、鑄造法、浸塗法、棒塗法、刮刀塗佈法、滾塗法、凹印塗佈法、柔板印刷法、噴塗法。
加熱乾燥時之溫度雖為任意,但較佳為50~200℃左右,更佳為80~180℃左右。
本發明之能量儲藏裝置用電極係於前述底塗層之表面上具備活性物質層。前述活性物質層可將包含活性物質與黏結劑聚合物、與如有必要之增黏劑或溶劑的電極漿料,塗佈在底塗層上,進行自然或加熱乾燥而形成。活性物質
層之形成部位因應所用之裝置的電池形態等適當設定即可,雖可為底塗層之表面全部亦可為其一部分,但以使用在層合電池等為目的,將金屬片與電極作為藉由超音波熔接等之熔接接合之電極構造體使用的情況下,為了殘留熔接部較佳為於底塗層之表面的一部分塗佈電極漿料,形成活性物質層。尤其是於層合電池用途,適合於殘留底塗層之邊緣以外的部分,塗佈電極漿料而形成活性物質層。
於此,作為活性物質,可使用以往使用在能量儲藏裝置電極之各種活性物質。
作為正極活性物質,例如可使用可吸附暨脫離鋰離子之硫屬化合物或含有鋰離子之硫屬化合物、聚陰離子系化合物、硫單體及其化合物等。
作為可吸附暨脫離這般之鋰離子的硫屬化合物,例如可列舉FeS2、TiS2、MoS2、V2O6、V6O13、MnO2等。
作為含有鋰離子之硫屬化合物,例如可列舉LiCoO2、LiMnO2、LiMn2O4、LiMo2O4、LiV3O8、LiNiO2、LixNiyM1-yO2(惟,M係表示選自Co、Mn、Ti、Cr、V、Al、Sn、Pb、及Zn中之至少1種以上的金屬元素,0.05≦x≦1.10、0.5≦y≦1.0)等。
作為聚陰離子系化合物,例如可列舉磷酸鐵鋰(LiFePO4)等。
作為硫化合物,例如可列舉Li2S、紅胺酸等。
此等當中,作為於本發明使用之正極活性物質,較佳為使用包含LiMn2O4、LiFePO4者。
另外,作為構成負極電極之負極活性物質,例如可使用選自吸藏暨釋出鹼金屬、鹼合金、鋰離子之周期表4~15族的元素中之至少1種的單體、氧化物、硫化物、氮化物、或可以可逆性吸藏暨釋出鋰離子之碳材料。
作為鹼金屬,可列舉Li、Na、K等,作為鹼金屬合金,例如可列舉金屬Li、Li-Al、Li-Mg、Li-Al-Ni、Na、Na-Hg、Na-Zn等。
作為選自吸藏釋出鋰離子之周期表4~15族之元素中之至少1種元素的單體,例如可列舉矽或錫、鋁、鋅、砷等。
作為相同氧化物,例如可列舉氧化鈦(TiO4)、錫矽氧化物(SnSiO3)、鋰氧化鉍(Li3BiO4)、鋰氧化鋅(Li2ZnO2)、鈦酸鋰(鋰氧化鈦)(Li4Ti5O12)等。
作為同樣之硫化物,可列舉鋰硫化鐵(LixFes2(0≦x≦3))、鋰硫化銅(LixCuS(0≦x≦3))等。
作為同樣之氮化物,可列舉含有鋰之過渡金屬氮化物,具體而言,可列舉LixMyN(M=Co、Ni、Cu、o≦x≦3、0≦y≦0.5)、鋰鐵氮化物(Li3FeN4)等。
作為可可逆性吸藏暨釋出鋰離子之碳材料,可列舉石墨、碳黑、焦炭、玻璃狀碳、碳纖維、CNT、或此等之燒結體等。
此等當中,作為前述負極活性物質,較佳為包含氧化鈦、鈦酸鋰等之含有鈦之氧化物者,尤其是從所得之裝置的容量或壽命、電壓等之點來看,較佳為氧化鈦,更佳為
具有青銅型之結晶構造的氧化鈦(TiO2(B))。
作為前述黏結劑聚合物,可從周知之材料適當選擇使用,例如可列舉PVDF、PVP、PTFE、P(TFE-HFP)、P(VDF-HFP)、P(VDF-CTFE)、PVA、聚醯亞胺、EPDM、SBR、CMC、聚丙烯酸(PAA)、聚苯胺等之導電性聚合物等。黏結劑聚合物的添加量相對於活性物質100質量份,較佳為0.1~20質量份,更佳為1~10質量份。
電極漿料的黏度低且塗佈困難的情況下,如有必要可使用增黏劑。作為增黏劑,可從周知之材料適當選擇使用,例如可列舉CMC之鈉鹽、銨鹽等。此等亦可作為市售品取得,作為其具體例,可列舉與以引起和前述噁唑啉基交聯反應之化合物例示者相同者。增黏劑的添加量雖適當選擇成為適於塗佈之電極漿料的量即可,但相對於活性物質100質量份,較佳為0.1~20質量份,更佳為0.5~10質量份。
作為前述溶劑,可列舉以前述含有CNT之組成物例示之溶劑,由該等當中,雖因應黏結劑的種類適當選擇即可,但PVDF等之非水溶性黏結劑的情況下,適合NMP,SBR等之水溶性或水分散性黏結劑的情況下,適合水。
作為電極漿料之塗佈方法,可列舉與前述含有CNT之組成物的塗佈方法相同之方法。又,加熱乾燥時之溫度雖為任意,但較佳為50~400℃左右,更佳為80
~150℃左右。
前述活性物質層之厚度考量電池之容量與電阻的平衡時,較佳為10~500μm,更佳為10~300μm,再更佳為20~100μm。
本發明之能量儲藏裝置用電極如有必要可進行沖壓。沖壓法雖可使用一般所採用之方法,但特佳為模具沖壓法或輥壓法。於輥壓法之沖壓雖並未特別限定,但較佳為0.2~3ton/cm。
本發明之能量儲藏裝置係具備前述能量儲藏裝置用電極者,具體而言,係具備至少一對正極及負極、與介在此等各極間之分隔板、與電解質而構成。此等正極及負極之至少一者係使用本發明之能量儲藏裝置用電極。前述能量儲藏裝置用電極以外之裝置構成構件即分隔板、電解質等可從周知之材料適當選擇使用。
又,於正極及負極之任一者使用周知電極的情況下,作為如此之電極,可使用從上述之能量儲藏裝置用電極排除底塗層之構造者。
作為分隔板,例如可列舉纖維素系分隔板、聚烯烴系分隔板等。
作為電解質,可為液體、固體之任一種,又雖可為水系、非水系之任一種,但本發明之能量儲藏裝置電極,適用在使用非水系電解質之裝置的情況下,實用上
亦可發揮充分之性能。
作為非水系電解質,可列舉將電解質鹽溶在非水系有機溶劑而成之非水系電解液。作為前述電解質鹽,可列舉四氟化硼酸鋰、六氟化磷酸鋰、過氯酸鋰、三氟甲烷磺酸鋰等之鋰鹽;四甲基銨六氟磷酸酯、四乙基銨六氟磷酸酯、四丙基銨六氟磷酸酯、甲基三乙基銨六氟磷酸酯、四乙基銨四氟硼酸酯、四乙基銨高氯酸鹽等之4級銨鹽;鋰雙(三氟甲烷磺醯基)醯亞胺、鋰雙(氟磺醯基)醯亞胺等之鋰醯亞胺等。作為非水系有機溶劑,可列舉碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯等之碳酸伸烷酯;碳酸二甲酯、碳酸甲基乙酯、碳酸二乙酯等之碳酸二烷酯;乙腈等之腈類;二甲基甲醯胺等之醯胺類等。
能量儲藏裝置之形態並未特別限定,可採用圓筒型、扁平纏繞角型、層合角型、硬幣型、扁平纏繞層合型、層合層合型等之以往周知之各種形態的電池。
適用在硬幣型的情況下,將本發明之能量儲藏裝置電極沖孔成預定之圓盤狀使用即可。例如,鋰離子二次電池,於熔接硬幣電池之墊圈與間隔件的蓋子,設置沖孔成預定形狀之另一個電極,於其上,重疊含浸電解液之同形狀分隔板,進而從上將活性物質層置於下來重疊本發明之能量儲藏裝置電極,附載外殼與密封墊,可以硬幣電池鉚接機密封製得。
適用在層合層合型的情況下,使用活性物質層形成於底塗層表面的一部分或全面之電極中,以未形成
活性物質層的部分(熔接部)與金屬片熔接所得之電極構造體即可。此情況下,構成電極構造體之電極雖可為一片亦可為複數片,但一般而言是正負極皆使用複數片。尚,以形成底塗層,且未形成活性物質層的部分進行熔接的情況下,將集電基板每一面之底塗層的單位重量定為0.1g/m2以下,較佳為0.09g/m2以下,更佳為未滿0.05g/m2。
較佳為用以形成正極之複數片電極、與用以形成負極之複數片電極板每一片交互重疊,此時,以正極與負極之間介在前述之分隔板較佳。
金屬片即使以複數片電極最外側之電極的熔接部進行熔接,複數片電極當中,亦可用任意相鄰之2片電極的熔接部間挾持金屬片進行熔接。金屬片的材質一般而言若為使用在能量儲藏裝置者,則並未特別限定,例如雖可列舉鎳、鋁、鈦、銅等之金屬;不銹鋼、鎳合金、鋁合金、鈦合金、銅合金等之合金等,但考量熔接效率時,較佳為以包含選自鋁、銅及鎳中之至少1種的金屬構成。金屬片的形狀較佳為箔狀,其厚度較佳為0.05~1mm左右。
熔接方法可使用用在金屬彼此之熔接的周知之方法,作為其具體例,雖可列舉TIG熔接、點焊、雷射熔接、超音波熔接等,但以形成底塗層,且未形成活性物質層的部分進行熔接的情況下,本發明之底塗層由於亦有特別適合於超音波熔接之單位重量,故較佳為以超音波熔
接接合電極與金屬片。
作為超音波熔接之手法,例如可列舉將複數片之電極配置在砧座與操縱桿(Horn)之間,於熔接部配置金屬片施加超音波,一同進行熔接之手法、或先將電極彼此進行熔接,然後再熔接金屬片之手法等。於本發明,任何手法,皆變成不僅金屬片與電極於前述熔接部進行熔接,而且複數片之電極彼此亦互相進行超音波熔接。熔接時之壓力、頻率、輸出、處理時間等並未特別限定,考量所用之材料或在熔接部之底塗層的有無、單位重量等適當設定即可。
藉由將如以上般進行所製得之電極構造體收納在層合組件,注入前述之電解液後,進行熱封而得到層合電池。
以下,雖列舉調製例、實施例及比較例更具體說明本發明,但本發明並非被限定於下述實施例。尚,在下述例,使用在試料之調製及物性之分析的裝置及條件係如以下。
(1)探針型超音波照射裝置
裝置:Hielscher Ultrasonics公司製、UIP1000
(2)線棒塗佈機
裝置:(股)SMT製、PM-9050MC
(3)充放電測定裝置
裝置:東洋系統(股)製、TOSCAT 3100
(4)均勻分散機
裝置:PRIMIX(股)製、T.K.ROBOMICS(附均勻分散機2.5型(32))
(5)薄膜旋回型高速混合機
裝置:PRIMIX(股)製、Filmics40型
(6)自轉暨公轉混合機
裝置:(股)THINKY製、泡取練太郎ARE-310
(7)輥壓機
裝置:寶泉(股)製、超小型桌上熱輥壓機HSR-60150H
(8)硬幣電池鉚接機
裝置:寶泉(股)製、手動硬幣鉚接機CR2032
〔1〕底塗箔的製造
〔調製例1〕
係混合作為分散劑之包含噁唑啉聚合物之水溶液即EpocrossWS-700((股)日本觸媒製、固形分濃度25質量%、Mw=4×104、噁唑啉基量4.5mmol/g)2.0g、與蒸餾水47.5g,進而對其混合MWCNT(Nanocyl公司製NC7000、外徑10nm)0.5g。對於所得之混合物,使用探針型超音波照射裝置於室溫進行30分鐘超音波處理,而得到無沉澱物且MWCNT均勻分散之黑色含有MWCNT之
分散液。
於所得之含有MWCNT之分散液50g加入包含聚丙烯酸銨之水溶液即Aaron A-30(東亞合成(股)製、固形分濃度31.6質量%)0.7g、與藻酸鈉(關東化學(股)製、鹿1級)0.2g、與蒸餾水49.1g進行攪拌,而得到底塗液A1。
將所得之底塗液A1於集電基板之鋁箔(厚度15μm)以線棒塗佈機(OSP30、濕膜厚30μm)均勻展開後,以150℃乾燥20分鐘,而形成底塗層,製作底塗箔B1。準備20片將底塗箔切出5×10cm者,測定質量後,以浸漬0.5mol/L之鹽酸之紙測定刮淨底塗層之金屬箔的質量,從刮淨前後之質量差算出底塗層之單位重量的結果為0.302g/m2。
〔調製例2〕
除了取代MWCNT改使用乙炔黑(AB)(電氣化學工業(股)製、Denka Black)之外,其他與調製例1同樣進行,來製作底塗箔B2。算出底塗箔B2之單位重量時為0.329g/m2。
〔2〕將磷酸鐵鋰(LFP)用在活性物質之電極及鋰離子電池的製造
〔實施例1〕
將作為活性物質之LFP(TATUNG FINE CHEMICALS
CO.)13.9g、作為黏結劑之苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(SBR)之水分散液(48.5質量%、JSR(股)製TRD2001)0.550g、作為增黏劑之羧甲基纖維素銨鹽(NH4CMC、(股)Daicel製、DN-800H)0.267g及純水15.3g在均勻分散機以8,000rpm混合5分鐘。其次,藉由使用薄膜旋回型高速混合機以周速25m/秒進行60秒之混合處理,進而在自轉暨公轉混合機以2,200rpm進行脫泡30秒,而製得電極漿料(固形分濃度48質量%、LFP:SBR:NH4CMC=104:2:2(質量比))。
藉由將所得之電極漿料於調製例1所製作之底塗箔B1均勻(濕膜厚200μm)展開後,於80℃乾燥30分鐘,其次再於120℃乾燥30分鐘,於底塗層上形成活性物質層,進而以輥壓機進行壓著,而製得活性物質層之厚度70μm、密度1.86g/cm3之電極C1。
將所得之電極C1沖孔成直徑10mm之圓盤狀,測定質量後,於100℃真空乾燥15小時,轉移至以氬充滿之手套箱。
於熔接2032型之硬幣電池(寶泉(股)製)的墊圈與間隔件的蓋子,設置重疊6片沖孔成直徑14mm之鋰箔(本莊化學(股)製、厚度0.17mm)者,於其上重疊浸漬電解液(岸田化學(股)製、碳酸乙烯酯:二乙基碳酸酯=1:1(體積比),包含1mol/L電解質之鋰六氟磷酸酯)24小時以上之沖孔成直徑16mm之一片分隔板(Celgard(股)製、2400)。進而從上,將塗佈活性物
質的面成為下來重疊電極C1。滴下1滴電解液後,附載外殼與密封墊,以硬幣電池鉚接機密封。然後靜置24小時作為試驗用之二次電池。
〔比較例1〕
將作為活性物質之LFP11.1g、作為黏結劑之SBR之水分散液(48.5質量%)0.458g、作為增黏劑之NH4CMC0.222g、作為導電助劑之AB(電氣化學工業(股)製、Denka Black)0.444g、及純水17.8g在均勻分散機以8,000rpm混合5分鐘。其次,藉由使用薄膜旋回型高速混合機以周速25m/秒進行60秒之混合處理,進而在自轉暨公轉混合機以2,200rpm進行脫泡30秒,而製得電極漿料(固形分濃度40質量%、LFP:SBR:NH4CMC:AB=100:2:2:4(質量比))。
藉由將所得之電極漿料於實心之鋁箔均勻(濕膜厚200μm)展開後,於80℃乾燥30分鐘,其次再於120℃乾燥30分鐘,於鋁箔上形成活性物質層,進而以輥壓機進行壓著,而製得活性物質層之厚度52μm、密度1.76g/cm3之電極C2。
使用所得之電極C2,與實施例1同樣進行來製作試驗用之二次電池。
〔比較例2〕
除了取代底塗箔B1之外,改使用調製例2所製作之
底塗箔B2之外,其他與實施例1同樣進行,來製作電極C3,製作試驗用之二次電池。電極C3之厚度為71μm,密度為1.85g/cm3。
〔比較例3〕
除了取代底塗箔B1改使用實心之鋁箔之外,其他與實施例1同樣進行,來製作電極C4,製作試驗用之二次電池。電極C4的厚度為69μm,密度為1.86g/cm3。
針對於前述實施例1及比較例1~3所製作之鋰離子二次電池,使用充放電測定裝置,將電極之物性以下述的條件評估。將在實施例1及比較例1~3之電極密度、理論體積容量密度、3C放電時之體積容量密度示於表1。
‧電流:0.5C定電流充電、3C定電流放電(將LFP的容量定為170mAh/g)
‧截止電壓:4.50V-2.00V
‧溫度:室溫
如表1所示,比較比較例1與比較例3的情況下,於活性物質層導入導電助劑之AB時,由於AB的體積高度,電極密度會降低,作為結果,理論體積容量密度會降低。然而,於活性物質層未包含導電助劑的情況下,於實心之鋁箔,幾乎未進行放電,作為結果,於3C放電時之體積容量密度與理論體積容量密度相反,反而降低。於此,如實施例1所示,瞭解到導入包含CNT之底塗層時,由於於活性物質層未包含導電助劑,故顯示與比較例3同等之理論體積容量密度,進而,由於存在底塗層,集電器-活性物質層界面的電阻會降低,即使於3C放電時之體積容量密度,相較於活性物質層包含導電錠劑之比較例1成為更高之值。進而,於比較例2所示,瞭解到包含AB之底塗層的情況下,雖較實心之鋁箔性能更加提昇,但於3C放電時之體積容量密度,不及於活性物質層包含導電錠劑之比較例1。由此,藉由組合未包含導電助劑之活性物質層與包含CNT之底塗層,可製作具有最大體積容量密度的二次電池。
〔3〕將TiO2(B)用在活性物質之電極及鋰離子電池的製造
〔實施例2〕
將作為活性物質之以J.Electrochem.Soc.,159(1),A49-A54(2012)所記載之方法合成之TiO2(B)9.53g、作為黏結劑之SBR之水分散液(48.5質量%)0.378g、作為增黏劑之NH4CMC0.183g及純水19.9g在均勻分散機以6,000rpm混合5分鐘。其次,藉由使用薄膜旋回型高速混合機以周速25m/秒進行60秒之混合處理,進而在自轉暨公轉混合機以2,200rpm進行脫泡30秒,而製得電極漿料(固形分濃度33質量%、TiO2(B):SBR:NH4CMC=104:2:2(質量比))。
藉由將所得之電極漿料於調製例1所製作之底塗箔B1均勻(濕膜厚200μm)展開後,於80℃乾燥30分鐘,其次再於120℃乾燥30分鐘,於底塗層上形成活性物質層,進而以輥壓機進行壓著,而製得活性物質層之厚度45μm、密度1.63g/cm3之電極C5。
使用所得之電極C5,與實施例1同樣進行來製作試驗用之二次電池。
〔比較例4〕
除了取代底塗箔B1之外,改使用實心之鋁箔之外,其他與實施例2同樣進行,來製作電極C6,製作試驗用
之二次電池。電極C6之厚度為48μm,密度為1.56g/cm3。
針對於前述實施例2及比較例4所製作之鋰離子二次電池,使用充放電測定裝置,將電極之物性以下述的條件評估。將在實施例2及比較例4之電極密度、理論體積容量密度、0.5C放電時之體積容量密度示於表2。
‧電流:0.5C定電流充放電(將TiO2(B)之容量定為336mAh/g)
‧截止電壓:3.00V-1.00V
‧溫度:室溫
如表2所示,瞭解到作為活性物質即使使用TiO2(B)的情況下,藉由組合未包含導電助劑之活性物質層、與包含CNT之底塗層,亦可提昇電池的性能。
〔4〕將鈦酸鋰(LTO)用在活性物質之電極及鋰離子電池的製造
〔實施例3〕
將作為活性物質之LTO((股)豐島製作所製)10.7g、作為黏結劑之SBR之水分散液(48.5質量%)0.424g、作為增黏劑之NH4CMC0.206g及純水18.7g在均勻分散機以6,000rpm混合5分鐘。其次,藉由使用薄膜旋回型高速混合機以周速25m/秒進行60秒之混合處理,進而在自轉暨公轉混合機以2,200rpm進行脫泡30秒,而製得電極漿料(固形分濃度37質量%、LTO:SBR:NH4CMC=104:2:2(質量比))。
藉由將所得之電極漿料於調製例1所製作之底塗箔B1均勻(濕膜厚200μm)展開後,於80℃乾燥30分鐘,其次再於120℃乾燥30分鐘,於底塗層上形成活性物質層,進而以輥壓機進行壓著,而製得活性物質層之厚度44μm、密度1.86g/cm3之電極C7。
使用所得之電極C7,與實施例1同樣進行來製作試驗用之二次電池。
〔比較例5〕
除了取代底塗箔B1之外,改使用實心之鋁箔之外,其他與實施例3同樣進行,來製作電極C8,製作試驗用之二次電池。電極C8之厚度為44μm、密度1.85g/cm3。
針對於前述實施例3及比較例5所製作之鋰離子二次電池,使用充放電測定裝置,將電極之物性以下述的條件評估。將在實施例3及比較例5之電極密度、理論體積容量密度、5C放電時之體積容量密度示於表3。
‧電流:0.5C定電流充電、5C定電流放電(將LTO的容量定為175mAh/g)
‧截止電壓:3.00V-1.00V
‧溫度:室溫
如表3所示,瞭解到作為活性物質即使使用LTO的情況下,藉由組合未包含導電助劑之活性物質層、與包含CNT之底塗層,亦可提昇電池的性能。
〔5〕將錳酸鋰(LMO)用在活性物質之電極及鋰離子電池的製造
〔實施例4〕
將作為活性物質之LMO((股)豐島製作所製)13.9g、作為黏結劑之SBR之水分散液(48.5質量%)0.550g、作為增黏劑之NH4CMC0.267g及純水15.3g在均勻分散機以8,000rpm混合5分鐘。其次,藉由使用薄膜旋回型高速混合機以周速25m/秒進行60秒之混合處理,
進而在自轉暨公轉混合機以2,200rpm進行脫泡30秒,而製得電極漿料(固形分濃度48質量%、LMO:SBR:NH4CMC=104:2:2(質量比))。
藉由將所得之電極漿料於調製例1所製作之底塗箔B1均勻(濕膜厚100μm)展開後,於80℃乾燥30分鐘,其次再於120℃乾燥30分鐘,於底塗層上形成活性物質層,進而以輥壓機進行壓著,而製得活性物質層之厚度26μm、密度2.13g/cm3之電極C9。
使用所得之電極C9,與實施例1同樣進行來製作試驗用之二次電池。
〔比較例6〕
除了取代底塗箔B1之外,改使用實心之鋁箔之外,其他與實施例4同樣進行,來製作電極C9,製作試驗用之二次電池。電極C9之厚度為25μm、密度2.22g/cm3。
針對於前述實施例4及比較例6所製作之鋰離子二次電池,使用充放電測定裝置,將電極之物性以下述的條件評估。將在實施例4及比較例6之電極密度、理論體積容量密度、5C放電時之體積容量密度示於表4。
‧電流:0.05C定電流充放電(將LMO的容量定為148mAh/g)
‧截止電壓:4.50V-3.00V
‧溫度:室溫
如表4所示,瞭解到作為活性物質即使使用LMO的情況下,藉由組合未包含導電助劑之活性物質層、與包含CNT之底塗層,亦可提昇電池的性能。
Claims (8)
- 一種能量儲藏裝置用電極,其特徵為具備集電基板、與包含形成於該集電基板之至少一側的面之碳奈米管的底塗層、與形成於該底塗層之表面上的活性物質層,前述活性物質層未包含導電助劑。
- 如請求項1之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述底塗層係包含由於側鏈包含噁唑啉基之聚合物所構成之碳奈米管分散劑。
- 如請求項2之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述聚合物係自由基聚合下述式(1)表示之噁唑啉單體所得者,
- 如請求項1~3中任一項之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述活性物質層作為活性物質,係包含磷酸鐵鋰、錳酸鋰、鈦酸鋰或氧化鈦。
- 如請求項4之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述氧化鈦係具有青銅型之結晶構造的氧化鈦。
- 如請求項1~5中任一項之能量儲藏裝置用電極,其中,前述活性物質層係包含將苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠作為黏結劑,包含將羧甲基纖維素之鹽作為增黏劑。
- 一種能量儲藏裝置,其係具備如請求項1~6中任一項之能量儲藏裝置用電極。
- 如請求項7之能量儲藏裝置,其係鋰離子二次電池。
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US20190288292A1 (en) * | 2016-12-02 | 2019-09-19 | Nissan Chemical Corporation | Undercoat layer for energy storage device, and undercoat foil for energy storage device electrode |
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