TW201600023A - 益生菌與益生質的使用方法 - Google Patents
益生菌與益生質的使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201600023A TW201600023A TW104109196A TW104109196A TW201600023A TW 201600023 A TW201600023 A TW 201600023A TW 104109196 A TW104109196 A TW 104109196A TW 104109196 A TW104109196 A TW 104109196A TW 201600023 A TW201600023 A TW 201600023A
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Abstract
本揭示內容關於對個體降低內臟痛過敏風險、調節腸腦軸或減少局部發炎反應的方法。該方法包括將一種包括鼠李糖乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG;LGG)、半乳寡糖(GOS)及聚右旋糖(PDX)的營養組成物提供至個體。當食用時,該LGG、GOS、及PDX的組合可展現加合性或協同性的有益健康功效。本文之該營養組成物適用於施予至孩童或嬰兒。
Description
本揭示內容大體上關於一種藉由將包括鼠李糖乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG;LGG)、半乳寡糖(GOS)及聚右旋糖(PDX)的組合之營養組成物投予至目標個體以減少內臟痛覺過敏及減少功能性腹痛(FAP)的方法。該營養組成物適合投予至小兒個體。另外,該揭示內容提供藉由提供本文所揭示之營養組成物以調節腸腦軸、支持腸微生物相的早期調整、及減少局部發炎反應的方法。本文所提供之包括LGG、GOS及PDX之組合的該營養組成物可提供加乘性及/或協同性的有益健康效應。
新生兒早期為發育神經路徑的關鍵時間,其需要供正常發育的使用依賴性活性(use-dependent activity)。然而,在新生兒期諸如壓力、持續性疼痛或延長發炎的異常刺激可能會不利地影響發育且隨後會導致以後生活中較低的疼痛閾值。
另外,抗生素的治療性使用藉由使微生物體
頃斜、可能地改變恆定機制或導致病源體庫(pathogen reservoir)的擴展而造成異常發育。此外,在內臟的有害刺激可能導致童年時期所觀察到的長期內臟過敏。例如,以族群為基礎的研究已證實接近8%的孩童經歷復發的FAP及約61%的這些孩童持續報告腹痛或在成人期有大腸激躁症的症狀。(Chitkara,Rawat et al.,2005)。
因此,需要用於改善腸微生物相組成物及活性的方法,以使小兒個體將經歷較低的內臟痛覺過敏發生及較低的消化道感染發生,使得此較低疼痛閾值可持續至個體成年。因此,本文提供藉由將包括LGG、GOS及PDX的組合之營養組成物提供至目標個體以改善目標個體的腸微生物相的方法。另外,本文揭示藉由投予本文所述之具有LGG、GOS、及PDX之特定組合的營養組成物以降低內臟痛覺過敏發生、降低消化道感染發生、正常化結腸通透性及/或支持平衡的免疫反應之方法。
簡而言之,在一具體實例中,本揭示內容關於一種藉由提供含有碳水化合物來源、蛋白質來源、脂肪來源、及LGG、GOS和PDX的組合之營養組成物,以在目標個體中減少內臟痛過敏風險及/或降低內臟痛覺過敏發生的方法。此營養組成物可進一步減少FAP的發生。在一些具體實例中,該目標個體為小兒個體。在一些具體實例中,本文所揭示之包括LGG、GOS和PDX的組合之
營養組成物可為嬰兒配方。
在某些具體實例中,該營養組成物可任意地含有長鏈多不飽和脂肪酸(「LCPUFA」)(諸如二十二碳六烯酸(「DHA」)和/或二十碳四烯酸(「ARA」))來源、ß-聚葡萄糖(ß-glucan)、乳鐵蛋白、鐵來源及彼等之一或多種之混合物。
另外,該揭示內容關於一種藉由將具有LGG、GOS和PDX的組合之營養組成物提供至目標個體以改善腸微生物相組成物及/或功能的方法。該揭示內容另外提供一種藉由將具有LGG、GOS和PDX的組合之營養組成物提供至目標個體以降低消化道感染發生的方法。
該揭示內容另外提供一種常態化結腸通透性的方法,其係藉由將具有LGG、GOS、及PDX之組合的營養組成物提供至目標個體。另外提供支持平衡的免疫反應及/或抗發炎反應的方法,其係藉由將具有LGG、GOS、及PDX之組合的營養組成物提供至目標個體。本文另外揭示降低嬰兒腸絞痛(infantile colic)發生的方法,其係藉由將具有LGG、GOS、及PDX之組合的營養組成物提供至目標個體。
應了解本揭示內容前述的一般說明及下列具體實例的詳細描述皆是為了提供用於了解所請揭示內容之性質及特徵的概觀或架構。該描述用於解釋所請標的之原理及操作。經由閱讀下列的揭示內容,本揭示內容之其他及另外特徵及優點對於該所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者
而言將是顯而易知的。
圖1描繪PDX/GOS及PDX/GOS+LGG對於屬層次(genus level)之腸微生物相的影響。
圖2描繪PDX/GOS及PDX/GOS+LGG對於屬層次之腸微生物相的影響。
圖3描繪PDX/GOS及PDX/GOS+LGG對細菌多樣性的影響。
圖4描繪PDX/GOS及PDX/GOS+LGG對於門層次(phylum level)之腸微生物相的影響。
圖5描繪餵食PDX/GOS大鼠的新目標識別測試的結果。
圖6A描繪LGG處理對於對照組及實驗大鼠之腦幹及下皮層中神經傳導物質之水平(level)的影響。
圖6B描繪LGG處理對於對照組及實驗大鼠之腦幹及下皮層中神經傳導物質之水平(level)的影響。
圖7描繪LGG對於新生結腸炎大鼠中內臟-運動反應(“VMR”)對結腸直腸膨脹(“CRD”)於的影響。
目前將詳細做出本揭示內容之具體實例的參考內容,其一或多個實例闡述如下。各實例以說明本揭示內容之營養組成物的方式提供,且不受限制。事實上,該
所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者顯然將可對本發明所教示的內容做出多種修改及變化,而不會背離該揭示內容的範圍。例如,一個具體實例所舉例或描述之部分特徵可與另一個具體實例一起使用,以產生又另外的具體實例。
因此,本揭示內容欲涵蓋視為落在所附申請專利範圍及其均等範圍內之此種修改及變化。本揭示內容之其他目的、特徵及態樣皆揭示於下列的詳細描述中,或由下列的詳細描述可顯然得知。該所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者了解本討論僅為例示性具體實例的描述,且不欲作為本揭示內容較廣泛態樣的限制。
本揭示內容大體上係關於藉由提供包括LGG、GOS、及PDX的組合之營養組成物以改善腸微生物相組成物及/或活性、降低內臟痛覺過敏發生、降低消化道感染發生、常態化結腸通透性、及/或支持平衡之免疫反應的方法。
「營養組成物」是指滿足個體之至少一部份營養需求的物質或配方。在本揭示內容中,將術語「營養」、「營養配方」、「腸道營養」及「營養補充品」用作為營養組成物的非限制性實例。此外,「營養組成物」可指液體、粉末、膠狀物、糊狀物、固體、濃縮物、懸浮物、或即用形式的腸道配方、經口配方、嬰兒配方、小兒個體配方、孩童配方、成長乳及/或成人配方。
「小兒個體」是指年齡小於13歲的人。在一些具體實例中,小兒個體是指介於出生及小於8歲的人個
體。在其他具體實例中,小兒個體是指年齡介於約1至約6歲的人個體。如下述,該術語「小兒個體」可指嬰兒(早產或足月)及/或孩童。
「嬰兒」是指年齡介於從出生至不超過約一歲且包括從約0至約12個月矯正年齡(corrected age)之嬰兒的人個體。該用語「矯正年齡」是指嬰兒的足齡減掉嬰兒早產的時間量。因此,若嬰兒為足月兒,該矯正年齡為嬰兒的年齡。該術語嬰兒包括低出生體重嬰兒、非常低出生體重嬰兒、及早產嬰兒。「早產(preterm)」是指懷孕第37週結束前出生之嬰兒,而「足月(full term)」是指懷孕第37週結束後出生之嬰兒。
「孩童」是指年齡介於從12個月至約13歲的個體。在一些具體實例中,「孩童」是指年齡介於1至12歲的個體。在其他具體實例中,該術語「孩童(children)」或「孩童(child)」是指介於1至約6歲、或介於約7至約12歲的個體。在其他具體實例中,該術語「孩童(children)」或「孩童(child)」是指任何年齡範圍介於約12個月至約13歲的個體。
「嬰兒配方」是指滿足嬰兒至少一部分營養需求的組成物。在美國,嬰兒配方的含量由描述於21C.F.R.章節100、106及107之聯邦條約所規定。這些條約致力於定義巨量營養素、維生素、礦物質及其他成分含量以模擬人母乳的營養及其他性質。
該術語「成長奶」是指欲作為多種膳食的一
部分以支持年齡介於約1至約6歲孩童的正常生長及發育之廣泛種類的營養組成物。
「營養完整」是指可被用作為單獨營養來源的組成物,其能供應基本上所有每日所需之維生素、礦物質及/或微量元素與蛋白質、碳水化合物、和脂質組合的量。事實上,「營養完整」描述提供支持個體的正常生長及發育所需之適量碳水化合物、脂質、必需脂肪酸、蛋白質、必需胺基酸、視情況的必需胺基酸、維生素、礦物質和能量的營養組成物。
定義上,對足月嬰兒為「營養完整」的營養組成物提供足月嬰兒生長所需之品質上及數量上適量的所有碳水化合物、脂質、必需脂肪酸、蛋白質、必需胺基酸、視情況的必需胺基酸、維生素、礦物質和能量。
定義上,對孩童為「營養完整」的營養組成物提供孩童生長所需之品質上及數量上適量的所有碳水化合物、脂質、必需脂肪酸、蛋白質、必需胺基酸、視情況地必需胺基酸、維生素、礦物質和能量。
本揭示內容之該營養組成物可實質上無任何本文所述之任意的或所選擇的成分,但其餘的營養組成物仍含有本文所述之所有所需的成分或特徵。在此情況下,且除非另有指明,該術語「實質上無」是指該所選之組成物可含有少於功能性數量之任意的成分,通常少於0.1重量%,且亦包括0重量%之此種任意的或所選擇的成分。
因此,定義上對早產嬰兒為「營養完整」的
營養組成物提供早產嬰兒生長所需之品質上及數量上適量的碳水化合物、脂質、必需脂肪酸、蛋白質、必需胺基酸、視情況的必需胺基酸、維生素、礦物質和能量。
定義上,對足月嬰兒為「營養完整」的營養組成物提供足月嬰兒生長所需之品質上及數量上適量的所有碳水化合物、脂質、必需脂肪酸、蛋白質、必需胺基酸、視情況的必需胺基酸、維生素、礦物質和能量。
定義上,對孩童為「營養完整」的營養組成物提供孩童生長所需之品質上及數量上適量的所有碳水化合物、脂質、必需脂肪酸、蛋白質、必需胺基酸、視情況地必需胺基酸、維生素、礦物質和能量。
當應用於營養素,該術語「必需」是指任何無法由身體合成對於正常生長足量且用以維持健康的營養素,且因此必須藉由膳食補充。該術語「視情況地必需」應用於營養素是指當身體無法取得適量的前驅化合物以供內生性合成並產生營養素的情況下,營養素必須藉由膳食補充。
該術語「水解度」是指肽鍵經由水解方法被打斷的程度。例如,在一些具體實例中,本揭示內容之蛋白質等效來源可包含水解度不大於40%的水解蛋白質。對於此實例,是指全部肽鍵的至少40%已藉由水解方法被切割。
該術語「部分水解」是指具有水解度大於0%但小於50%。
該術語「廣泛水解」是指具有水解度大於或等於50%。
「益生菌」是指施加至少一種有益功效於宿主健康之具有低或無致病力之微生物。益生菌的實例為LGG。
在一具體實例中,該益生菌可為存活的或非存活的。至於本文所使用之術語「存活的(viable)」是指活著的微生物。該術語「非存活的(non-viable)」或「非存活的益生菌」是指非活著的益生菌微生物、它們的細胞成分及/或其代謝物。此種非存活的益生菌可能已被加熱殺死或以其他方式去活化,但是它們保留有利於影響宿主健康的能力。可用於本揭示內容的該益生菌可為天然產生、合成或經由生物體的基因操作所開發,無論此來源為目前已知或以後所開發。
該術語「滅活(inactivated)益生菌」是指其中所引用之益生菌生物體之代謝活性或繁殖力已被降低或摧毀的益生菌。然而,該「滅活益生菌」在細胞層次上仍保有其至少部份的生物甘醇蛋白質及DNA/RNA結構。如同此處所使用的,該術語「滅活」與「非存活」同義。更具體而言,滅活益生菌的非限制性實例為滅活鼠李糖乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG)(「LGG」)或「滅活LGG」。
該術語「細胞均等」是指非存活的、非複製(non-replicating)的益生菌的量相當於存活細胞之相同數
目。該術語「非複製」可了解為由相同數量之複製細菌(cfu/g)所得之非複製微生物的數量,包括去活化益生菌、DNA片段、細胞壁或細胞質化合物。換句話說,非活著、非複製生物體的量以術語cfu表示,猶如所有的微生物是活著的,無論它們是不是死的、非複製、去活化、片段化等。
「益生質」是指藉由選擇性的地刺激一種或有限數量之在消化道中能改善宿主健康之細菌生長及/或活性而有利地影響宿主之非可消化性食物成分。益生質的實例包括PDX及GOS。
「β-聚葡萄糖(β-glucan)」是指所有的β-聚葡萄糖,包括特定類型之ß-聚葡萄糖,諸如β-1,3-聚葡萄糖或β-1,3;1,6-聚葡萄糖。此外,β-1,3;1,6-聚葡萄糖為β-1,3-聚葡萄糖的一種類型。因此,該術語「β-1,3-聚葡萄糖」包括β-1,3;1,6-聚葡萄糖。
如本文所使用者,「非人乳鐵蛋白」是指由除了人母乳之外來源所產生或得自除了人母乳之外來源的乳鐵蛋白。在一些具體實例中,非人乳鐵蛋白為具有與人乳鐵蛋白之胺基酸序列不同之胺基酸序列的乳鐵蛋白。在另一個具體實例中,用於本揭示內容之非人乳鐵蛋白包括由基因改造生物所產生的人乳鐵蛋白。本文所使用之該術語「生物」是指任何延續的生命系統,諸如動物、植物、真菌或微生物。
「先天性葉黃素」或「內生性來源葉黃素」
是指不是以此方式添加而存在於配方中,而是存在於該配方的其他組分或成分中的任何葉黃素;該葉黃素係天然存在於此種其他組分中。
除非另有指明,本文所使用之所有的百分比、份數及比例皆以組成物的總重計。
所有涉及本揭示內容之單一特性或限制應包括對應的多個特性或限制,且反之亦然,除非藉由作成文獻的情況另有指明或清楚隱含相反之意。
本文所使用之方法或處理步驟之所有組合可以任何順序實施,除非藉由作成參考組合的情況另有指明或清楚隱含相反之意。
本揭示內容之方法和組成物(包括彼等之組分)可包含本文所述具體實例的必要元件及限制、由或基本上由該必要元件及限制所組成,及任何本文所述之附加或任意的成分、組分或限制或其他可用於營養組成物者。
當用於本文,該術語「約」應被解釋為是指被指明為任何範圍之端點的兩者數字。任何參考範圍應被視為是對該範圍內的任何子集提供支持。
本揭示內容係關於一種藉由提供包括LGG、GOS、及PDX之組合的營養組成物以改善腸微生物相組成物及活性的方法。
簡而言之,在不受限於任何特定理論的情況下,乳酸桿菌品系與PDX及GOS的組合相較於當這些營養素個別投予時對於內臟痛覺過敏之功效是協同作用的。
在不受限於任何特定理論的情況下,有多種生理及生化機制,經由該些機制,該營養組成物(包括LGG)可正向地影響腸-腦軸的作用。例如,經由將細胞激素及促進傳入敏化作用的其他媒介物作為可能造成後發炎內臟過敏發展的原因,可藉由影響免疫系統及周邊神經系統影響胃腸健康。此外,該營養組成物可造成氣體產生的位移、膽鹽-非共軛細菌品系。
本文所揭示之營養組成物的可能作用機制包括(但不限於):促進微生物環境(例如酸化作用、改質乳及/或短鏈脂肪酸概廓、增加的抗菌劑),其競爭性排除能產生炎性或神經毒性物質(例如,分別為內毒素及小量毒素)的促炎性細菌(例如,腸桿菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)等)及/或細菌(例如,產氣莢膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)、困難梭狀桿菌(Clostridium difficile));減輕胃腸炎症症狀(例如,疼痛/不適、腹脹(bloating/distension)),和常態化抗發炎/促炎細胞激素(IL-10/IL-12)的比例,例如,藉由樹突和/或其他免疫細胞進行與Toll樣受體(Toll-Like Receptor)(例如TLR2)和/或其它模式識別受體(Pattern-Recognition Receptor,PRR)相互作用刺激抗發炎細胞激素(IL-10)的製造;神經傳導物質(例如,麩胺酸)及/或神經傳導物質前軀物(例如,色胺酸)的生物合成;與神經發育/過程有關之營養素/微量營養素的生物合成(例如,葉酸、膽鹼、麩胺酸、鐵、鋅等);改良神經發育/過程中壓力所誘發的改變(例如,促腎上腺皮質激素釋放因
子等);經由血清素(5-HT)受體的正常化減少炎症後超敏反應;和分泌直接改善結腸黏膜的完整性、經上皮抵抗力、減少炎症、減少甘露醇流量、及增加緊密連結蛋白質表現之因子。
因此,如本文所提供者,益生菌材料及益生質材料(組合上)的特定組合可最佳化胃腸微生物相的組成物及支持小兒個體(包括嬰兒及孩童)腸腦軸的發育。此外,當施予至小兒個體時,本文所述之益生菌及益生質的特定組合可降低小兒個體(包括嬰兒及孩童)內臟痛覺過敏及FAP。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物包含鼠李糖乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG)(ATCC號碼53103)。在一些具體實例中,本文所述之所揭示的營養組成物亦可包含除了LGG之外的益生菌來源。可包括於該營養組成物的其他益生菌包括(但不限於)雙叉桿菌(Bifidobacterium species)、長雙叉桿菌BB536(BL999,ATCC:BAA-999)、動物雙叉桿菌乳酸亞種(Bifidobacterium animalis subsp.lactis)BB-12(DSM No.10140)或任何彼等之組合。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物包括含量從約1×104cfu/100kcal至約1.5×1010cfu/100kcal的LGG。在其他具體實例中,該營養組成物包含含量從約1×106cfu/100kcal至約1×109cfu/100kcal的LGG。又在某些具體實例中,該營養組成物可包括含量從約1×107
cfu/100kcal至約1×108cfu/100kcal的LGG。在一些具體實例中,LGG不包括該濃度範圍的上限,另外的益生菌可包括至所指定之上限濃度。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物包括益生菌批次培養過程之後指數生長期的培養物上清液,如同國際公開案號WO 2013/142403所揭示,特此將其以整體引用方式併入本文。不希望受限於理論,但據信,該培養物上清液的活性可歸因於當在益生菌批次培養的指數(或「對數」(log))期後階段所發現被釋放至該培養物介質之組分(包括蛋白質材料、且可能包括(胞外)多醣材料)的混合物。本文所使用之該術語「培養物上清液」包括在該培養物介質中所發現之組分的混合物。該技術之人士已知該細菌之批次培養中所識別的階段。這些階段為「遲滯(lag)」、「對數(log)」(對數(logarithmic)或指數(exponential))、「靜止」及「死亡」(或「對數遞減」)期。在存在活著的細菌之所有的期間,該細菌由該介質代謝營養素,並分泌(施加或釋放)物質至該培養物介質中。在生長階段之指定時間點所分泌物質之組成物通常為無法預測的。
在一具體實例中,培養物上清液係藉由包含以下步驟的方法所獲得:(a)使用批次方法使諸如LGG之益生菌培養在合適的培養介質中;(b)在培養步驟之後指數生長期收穫該培養物上清液,該時期係藉由參照批次培養方法之遲滯期及靜止期之間時間的第二半部所定義;
(c)任意地從該上清液移除低分子量組成,以保持分子量組成高於5-6千道爾頓(kDa);(d)從該培養物上清液移除液體含量,以獲得該組成物。
該培養物上清液可包含從後指數期所收穫之分泌物質。該後指數期發生在中指數期(其為該指數期期間的中間時間,因此參照至該後指數期則為該遲滯期與該靜止期之間時間的第二半部)之後的時間。特別地,本文所使用之該術語「後指數期」為參照至該LGG批次培養過程中該遲滯期與該靜止期之間時間的後四分之一部分。在一些具體實例中,該培養物上清液係在指數期期間75%至85%的時間點收穫,且可在該指數期經過約5/6的時間收穫。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物包含從約0.015g/100kcal至約1.5g/100kcal之培養物上清液。在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物不包括本文所揭示之濃度範圍上限的LGG,該營養組成物可進一步包含培養物上清液。
所揭示之營養組成物亦包含益生質來源,特別地為GOS及/或PDX。在一些具體實例中,在營養組成物中GOS的含量可為約0.1g/100kcal至約1.5g/100kcal。在另一個具體實例中,在營養組成物中GOS的含量可為約0.15g/100kcal至約0.5g/100kcal。
在一些具體實例中,在營養組成物中PDX的含量在介於約0.1g/100kcal至約0.5g/100kcal的範圍
內。在特定的具體實例中,GOS及PDX以約至少約0.2g/100kcal之總含量補充至該營養組成物中,且可為約0.2g/100kcal至約1.5g/100kcal。在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物可包含總含量約0.6至約0.8g/100kcal之GOS及PDX。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物可包括除了GOS和PDX之外的益生質。在一些具體實例中,另外可用於本揭示內容的益生質可包括乳酮糖、乳果寡醣(lactosucrose)、棉子糖、葡萄糖-寡醣、菊糖、果-寡醣、異麥芽-寡醣、大豆寡醣、乳果寡醣(lactosucrose)、木糖-寡醣、幾丁-寡醣(chito-oligosaccharide)、甘露-寡醣、阿拉伯-寡醣(aribino-oligosaccharide)、唾液-寡醣(siallyl-oligosaccharide)、岩藻糖-寡醣(fuco-oligosaccharide)及龍膽-寡醣(gentio-oligosaccharide)。在不包括其各自濃度範圍上限之GOS和PDX的具體實例中,可包括高達所指定的上限濃度的另外益生質。
在一個具體實例中,該營養組成物為一種嬰兒配方,可將LGG、GOS和PDX的組合添加至市售的嬰兒配方。可將例如Enfalac、Enfamil®、Enfamil®早產配方、含鐵之Enfamil®、Enfamil®LIPIL®、Lactofree®、Nutramigen®、Pregestimil®、及ProSobee®(得自美強生公司,埃文斯維爾,於美國)以LGG、GOS和PDX加以補充,並用於目前揭示內容的實務中。
本揭示內容之營養組成物亦可包含碳水化合
物來源。碳水化合物來源可為用於該技術中之任一者,例如乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖、玉米糖漿固體、麥芽糊精、蔗糖、澱粉、米糖漿固體等。在該營養組成物中碳水化合物的變化含量通常介於約5g至約25g/100kcal。在一些具體實例中,碳水化合物的含量介於約6g至約22g/100kcal。在其他具體實例中,碳水化合物的含量介於約12g至約14g/100kcal。在一些具體實例中,玉米糖漿固體是較佳的。此外,裡想中該營養組成物可包含水解、部分水解及/或廣泛水解的碳水化合物,因為其易於消化性。具體而言,水解的碳水化合物不太可能含有致敏性表位。
適用於本文之碳水化合物材料的非限制性實例包括源自糯性(waxy)或非糯性形式之玉米、樹薯、米或馬鈴薯之水解或完整、天然或化學改質的澱粉。適合之碳水化合物的非限制性實例包括多種水解的澱粉,其特徵為水解玉米澱粉、麥芽糊精、麥芽糖、玉米糖漿、右旋糖、玉米糖漿固體、葡萄糖、及其他各種葡萄糖聚合物和彼等之組合。其他適合的碳水化合物之非限制性實例包括那些通常被稱為蔗糖、乳糖、果糖、高果糖玉米糖漿、諸如寡果糖之不可消化的寡醣和彼等之組合。
所揭示的該營養組成物可包含蛋白質來源。該蛋白質來源可為該技術中所使用的任一者,例如脫脂奶粉、乳清蛋白、酪蛋白、大豆蛋白、水解蛋白、胺基酸等。可用於實施本揭示內容的牛乳蛋白質來源包括(但不限於)乳蛋白粉、乳蛋白濃縮物、乳蛋白分離物、脫脂乳
固體、脫脂乳、脫脂奶粉、乳清蛋白、乳清蛋白分離物、乳清蛋白濃縮物、甜乳清、酸乳清、酪蛋白、酸酪蛋白、酪蛋白酸鹽(例如,酪蛋白酸鈉、酪蛋白酸鈉鈣、酪蛋白酸鈣)及其任意的組合。
在一個具體實例中,將該營養組成物之蛋白質提供為完整蛋白質。在其他具體實例中,將該蛋白質提供為完整蛋白質和部分水解蛋白質兩者的組合,其具有介於約4%及10%之間的水解度。在某些其他具體實例中,該蛋白質是更完全水解的。在又其他具體實例中,該蛋白質來源包含胺基酸。在又另一個具體實例中,該蛋白質來源可以含麩醯胺酸的肽進行補充。
在該營養組成物之特定的具體實例中,蛋白質來源的乳清:酪蛋白的比例與人母乳中的比例相似。在一具體實例中,該蛋白質來源包含從約40%至約90%的乳清蛋白和從約10%至約60%的酪蛋白。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物包含每100kcal介於約1g和約7g之間的蛋白質來源。在其他具體實例中,該營養組成物包含每100kcal介於約3.5g和約4.5g之間的蛋白質。
在一些具體實例中,本文所述之營養組成物包含脂肪來源。適當的脂肪來源包括但不限於動物來源,例如乳脂、奶油、乳酪脂、蛋黃脂質;海洋來源,諸如魚油、海洋石油(marine oil)、單細胞油;蔬菜及植物油,諸如玉米油、菜籽油、葵花油、大豆油、棕櫚油、椰子
油、高油酸葵花油、月見草油、菜籽油、橄欖油、亞麻籽(亞麻仁)油、棉籽油、高油酸紅花油、棕櫚硬脂、棕櫚仁油、小麥胚芽油;中鏈三酸甘油脂油和乳液和脂肪酸酯;及彼等之任何組合。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物包含每100kcal介於約1g及約10g之間的脂肪來源。在其他具體實例中,該營養組成物包含每100kcal介於約3.5g及約7g之間的脂肪來源。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物亦可包括LCPUFA來源。在一個具體實例中,該營養組成物中LCPUFA的含量有利地為至少約5mg/100kcal,且變化可為約5mg/100kcal至約100mg/100kcal,更佳為約10mg/100kcal至約50mg/100kcal。LCPUFA的非現制性實例包括(但不限於)DHA、ARA、在n-6路徑中的亞麻油酸(18:2 n-6)、γ-次亞麻油酸(18:3 n-6)、升二(dihomo)-γ-次亞麻油酸(20:3 n-6)、α-次亞麻油酸(18:3 n-3)、十八碳四烯酸(18:4 n-3)、二十碳四烯酸(20:4 n-3)、二十碳五烯酸(20:5 n-3)及二十二碳五烯酸(22:6 n-3)。
在一些具體實例中,包括在營養組成物中的LCPUFA可包含DHA。在一個具體實例中,在營養組成物中DHA的含量從約15mg/100kcal至約75mg/100kcal。又在一些具體實例中,在營養組成物中DHA的含量從約10mg/100kcal至約50mg/100kcal。
在另一個具體實例中,特別是若該營養組成
物為嬰兒配方,該營養組成物以DHA及ARA兩者補充。在此具體實例中,ARA:DHA的重量比可介於約1:3及約9:1之間。在特定的具體實例中,ARA:DHA的比從約1:2至約4:1。
該DHA及ARA可以是天然形式,條件是其餘的LCPUFA來源不會對嬰兒造成任何實質上的有害影響。或者,該DHA及ARA可以精煉形式使用。
在一些具體實例中,本文所揭示之營養組成物亦可包含ß-聚葡萄糖(ß-glucan)來源。聚葡萄糖為多醣類(特別是葡萄糖的聚合物),其為天然產生且可發現於細菌、酵母菌、真菌和植物的細胞壁中。ß-聚葡萄糖本身為葡萄糖聚合物的不同子集,其係經由ß類型糖苷鍵將葡萄糖單體鏈連接在一起形成複合碳水化合物所製成。
β-1,3-聚葡萄糖為由例如酵母菌、蕈類、細菌、藻類或穀類所純化出之碳水化合物聚合物。β-1,3-聚葡萄糖之化學結構取決於β-1,3-聚葡萄糖來源。此外,多種物理化學參數(例如溶解度、一級結構、分子量及分枝)對β-1,3-聚葡萄糖的生物活性有重要的影響。(Yadomae T.,Structure and biological activities of fungal beta-1,3-glucans.Yakugaku Zasshi.2000;120:413-431.)
β-1,3-聚葡萄糖為具或不具有β-1,6-葡萄糖側鏈之天然產生的多醣類,其可發現於多種植物、酵母菌、真菌和細菌的細胞壁中。β-1,3;1,6-聚葡萄糖包含具有接附於(1,6)位置之側鏈的(1,3)連接子之葡萄糖單元。β-
1,3;1,6-聚葡萄糖為享有結構共通性的葡萄糖聚合物之非均質群組,其包括藉由β-1,3鍵所連接之直鏈葡萄糖單元骨架與由此骨架所延伸出之β-1,6-連接葡萄糖分枝。當此為本文所描述之ß-聚葡萄糖類型的基本結構,可能存在某些變體。例如,某些酵母菌ß-聚葡萄糖具有由該β(1,6)分枝所延伸出之另外區域的β(1,3)分枝,該分枝會使其個別結構增加更多的複雜性。
衍生自麵包酵母(啤酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae))之ß-聚葡萄糖由連接於該1及3位置的D-葡萄糖分子鏈構成,其具有附接於該1及6位置之葡萄糖側鏈。衍生自酵母菌的ß-聚葡萄糖為具有包含穿插有β-1,6側鏈之β-1,3骨架的葡萄糖單元直鏈(長度通常為6-8個葡萄糖單元)之一般結構的不可溶纖維狀複合物糖。更具體而言,衍生自麵包酵母之ß-聚葡萄糖為聚-(1,6)-β-D-葡萄呱喃糖基-(1,3)-β-D-葡萄呱喃糖。
此外,ß-聚葡萄糖具有良好耐受性且不會產生或導致小兒個體有過多氣體、腹脹、氣脹或腹瀉。添加ß-聚葡萄糖至針對小兒個體的營養組成物(諸如嬰兒配方、成長乳或其他孩童的營養產品)會藉由增加抵抗入侵病原體的抗性而增進該個體的免疫反應,且因此維持或改善總體健康。
在一些具體實例中,該ß-聚葡萄糖為β-1,3;1,6-聚葡萄糖。在一些具體實例中,該β-1,3;1,6-聚葡萄糖衍生自麵包酵母。該營養組成物可包含整個聚葡萄糖
顆粒ß-聚葡萄糖、顆粒的ß-聚葡萄糖、PGG-聚葡萄糖(聚-1,6-ß-D-葡萄呱喃糖基-1,3-ß-D-葡萄呱喃糖)或彼等之任何混合物。
在一些具體實例中,在營養組成物中ß-聚葡萄糖的含量為每100kcal介於約3mg至約17mg。在另一個具體實例中,ß-聚葡萄糖的含量為每100kcal介於約6mg至約17mg。
本揭示內容的營養組成物可包含乳鐵蛋白。取決於物種,乳鐵蛋白為含有1-4個聚醣(glycan)之約80kD的單鏈多肽。不同物種之乳鐵蛋白的3-D結構非常相似,但不相同。各個乳鐵蛋白包含兩個同源瓣(homologous lobe),稱為N-及C-瓣,分別參見該分子的N-端及C-端部分。各個瓣進一步由兩個子瓣(sub-lobe)或區域所組成,其形成一個裂口,其中鐵離子(Fe3+)與(雙)碳酸鹽陰離子以協同作用的方式緊密結合。這些區域分別稱為N1、N2、C1及C2。乳鐵蛋白的N-端具有負責若干重要結合特徵的強陽離子胜肽區域。乳鐵蛋白具有非常高的等電點(~pI 9),且其陽離子性質對於對抗細菌、病毒及真菌病源的防禦能力有重要的作用。在乳鐵蛋白的N-端區域內有多群的陽離子胺基酸殘基,其能調解乳鐵蛋白抵抗廣泛微生物的生物活性。
用於本揭示內容之乳鐵蛋白可為例如由非人動物或藉由基因改造生物所產生的乳所分離出。在一些具體實例中,本文所述之營養組成物包含非人乳鐵蛋白、由
基因改造生物所產生的非人乳鐵蛋白和/或由基因改造生物所產生的人乳鐵蛋白。
用於本揭示內容之合適的非人乳鐵蛋白包括(但不限於)與人乳鐵蛋白之胺基酸序列具有至少48%同源性之非人乳鐵蛋白。譬如,牛乳鐵蛋白(“bLF”)具有與人乳鐵蛋白約70%序列同源性之胺基酸組成。在一些具體實例中,該非人乳鐵蛋白與人乳鐵蛋白具有至少65%同源性,且在一些具體實例中,具有至少75%同源性。用於本揭示內容之可接受的非人乳鐵蛋白包括(但不限於)bLF、豬乳鐵蛋白、馬乳鐵蛋白、水牛乳鐵蛋白、山羊乳鐵蛋白、鼠乳鐵蛋白及駱駝乳鐵蛋白。
適用於本揭示內容之bLF可藉由該技術中已知的任何方法製造。例如,在美國專利編號4,791,193中(將其以整體引用方式併入本文),Okonogi等人揭示一種用於製造高純度牛乳鐵蛋白的方法。通常,所揭示的方法包括三個步驟。首先將乳原料與弱酸性陽離子交換器接觸以吸附乳鐵蛋白,接著第二步驟為清洗以移除未吸附的物質。接著為去吸附步驟,其中移除乳鐵蛋白以製造純化的牛乳鐵蛋白。其他的方法可包括如美國專利編號7,368,141、5,849,885、5,919,913及5,861,491中所述的步驟,將其全部揭示內容以整體引用方式併入本文。
在某些具體實例中,可藉由用於從乳源分離蛋白質之膨脹床吸附(expanded bed absorption,“EBA”)方法提供用於本揭示內容的乳鐵蛋白。EBA(有時亦稱為穩
定流體床吸附)為用於從乳源分離諸如乳鐵蛋白之乳蛋白的方法,EBA包含建立包含微粒基質之膨脹床吸附管柱、施加乳源至該基質、及以包含約0.3至約2.0M氯化鈉之沖提緩衝液由基質沖提乳鐵蛋白。任何哺乳類乳源可用於本方法中,雖然在特定的具體實例中,該乳源為牛乳源。在一些具體實例中,該乳源包含全脂乳、低脂乳、脫脂乳、乳清、酪蛋白或彼等之混合物。
在特定的具體實例中,該標的蛋白為乳鐵蛋白,雖然亦可分離出諸如乳過氧化酶或乳白蛋白之其他乳蛋白質。在一些具體實例中,該方法包含以下步驟:建立包含微粒基質之膨脹床吸附管柱、施加乳源至該基質、及以約0.3至約2.0M氯化鈉由基質沖提乳鐵蛋白。在其他具體實例中,該乳鐵蛋白以約0.5至約1.0M氯化鈉沖提,又在另外的具體實例中,該乳鐵蛋白以約0.7至約0.9M氯化鈉沖提。
該膨脹床吸附管柱可為該技術中已知的任一者,諸如美國專利編號7,812,138、6,620,326及6,977,046中所述者,在此將其揭示內容以引用方式併入本文。在一些具體實例中,將乳源施加至膨脹模式之管柱,且該沖提以膨脹或緊密模式進行。在特定的具體實例中,該沖提以膨脹模式進行。例如,該膨脹模式之該膨脹比可為約1至約3、或約1.3至約1.7。EBA技術進一步描述於國際公開申請案號WO 92/00799、WO 02/18237、WO 97/17132,在此將其以整體引用方式併入本文。
該乳鐵蛋白的等電點約為8.9。先前分離乳鐵蛋白的EBA方法使用200mM之氫氧化鈉作為沖提緩衝液。因此,系統之pH上升至超過12,且可藉由不可逆的結構改變包含乳鐵蛋白之結構及生物活性。目前已發現氯化鈉溶液可用作為從EBA基質分離乳鐵蛋白的沖提緩衝液。在某些具體實例中,該氯化鈉具有約0.3M至約2.0M的濃度。在其他具體實例中,該乳鐵蛋白沖提緩衝液具有約0.3M至約1.5M、或約0.5M至約1.0M的氯化鈉濃度。
用在某些具體實例中的乳鐵蛋白可為分離自全脂乳及/或具有低體細胞數之任何乳鐵蛋白,其中「低體細胞數」是指體細胞數少於200,000細胞/mL。舉例來說,適合的乳鐵蛋白可得自紐西蘭莫林斯維爾(Morrinsville)之Tatua Co-operative Dairy Co.Ltd.、自荷蘭(Netherlands)阿默斯福特(Amersfoort)之FrieslandCampina Domo或自紐西蘭奧克蘭(Auckland)之Fonterra Co-Operative Group Limited。
令人驚訝地,即使暴露在低pH(即,低於約7,且甚至低至約4.6或以下)及/或高溫(即,高於約65℃、及高達約120℃)(預期會破壞或嚴重限制人乳鐵蛋白的穩定性或活性的條件),本文所包括之乳鐵蛋白會維持某種殺菌活性。可預期在用於本文所述類型之營養組成物的某種處理方法期間的這些低pH及/或高溫條件,諸如低溫殺菌。因此,即使在處理方法之後,乳鐵蛋白具有對抗
人腸道中不欲之細菌病源的殺菌活性。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物可包含從約10mg/100kcal至約250mg/100kcal的量之乳鐵蛋白。在一些具體實例中,乳鐵蛋白的含量為從約50mg/100kcal至約175mg/100kcal。在又一些具體實例中,乳鐵蛋白的含量從約100mg/100kcal至約150mg/100kcal。
在一些具體實例中,本文所揭示之營養組成物亦包含有效量的鐵。該鐵可包含包封的鐵形式,諸如包封反丁烯二酸亞鐵或包封硫酸亞鐵或反應性較低的鐵的形式,諸如焦磷酸鐵或正磷酸鐵。
一或多種維生素及/或礦物質亦可以足量添加至該營養組成物以供應個體的每日營養需求。該所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者可了解維生素及礦物質需求將會改變,例如,基於孩童的年齡。舉例而言,嬰兒與年齡介於一至十三歲的孩童可具有不同的維生素及礦物質需求。因此,該具體實例不欲限制該營養組成物至特定年齡族群,但反而提供可接受之維生素及礦物質成分的範圍。
在針對孩童提供營養組成物的具體實例中,該組成物可任意地包括(但不限於)一或多種下述的維生素或其衍生物:維生素B1(噻胺、焦磷酸噻胺、TPP、三磷酸噻胺、TTP、鹽酸噻胺、噻胺硝酸鹽)、維生素B2(核糖黃素、黃素單核苷酸、FMN、黃素腺雙核苷酸、FAD、乳黃素、卵核黃素)、維生素B3(菸鹼、菸鹼酸、菸鹼醯
胺、3-吡啶甲醯胺、菸鹼醯胺腺二核苷酸、NAD、菸鹼酸單核苷酸、NicMN、吡啶-3-羧酸)、維生素B3-前驅物色胺酸、他命B6(吡哆醇、吡哆醛、吡哆胺、鹽酸吡哆醇)、泛酸(泛酸鹽、泛醇)、葉酸鹽(葉酸、葉酸素、喋醯麩胺酸)、維生素B12(鈷胺素、甲基鈷胺素、脫氧腺苷鈷胺素、氰鈷銨素、羥基鈷胺素、腺苷鈷銨素)、生物素、維生素C(抗壞血酸)、維生素A(視黃醇、乙酸視黃酯、軟脂酸視網酯、具有其他長鏈脂肪酸之視網酯類、視黃醛、視黃酸、視黃醇酯類)、維生素D(鈣化醇、膽鈣化醇、維生素D3、1,25,-二羥維生素D)、維生素E(α-生育酚、α-生育酚乙酸鹽、α-生育酚琥珀酸鹽、α-生育酚菸酸鹽、α-生育酚)、維生素K(維生素K1、葉醌、萘醌、維生素K2、甲萘醌-7、維生素K3、甲萘醌-4、甲萘醌、甲萘醌-8、甲萘醌-8H、甲萘醌-9、甲萘醌-9H、甲萘醌-10、甲萘醌-11、甲萘醌-12、甲萘醌-13)、膽鹼、肌醇、β-胡蘿蔔素及彼等之任何組合。
在提供孩童之營養產品(諸如,成長乳)的具體實例中,該組成物可任意地包括(但不限於)一或多種以下的礦物質或其衍生物:硼、鈣、乙酸鈣、葡萄糖酸鈣、氯化鈣、乳酸鈣、磷酸鈣、硫酸鈣、氯、鉻、氯化鉻、吡啶甲酸鉻(chromium picolonate)、銅、硫酸銅、葡萄糖酸銅、硫酸銅(II)、氟、鐵、羰基鐵、三價鐵(ferric iron)、反丁烯二酸亞鐵、正磷酸鐵、研製鐵(iron trituration)、多醣鐵、碘化物、碘、鎂、碳酸鎂、氫氧化鎂、氧化鎂、硬
脂酸鎂、硫酸鎂、錳、鉬、磷、鉀、磷酸鉀、碘化鉀、氯化鉀、乙酸鉀、硒、硫、鈉、琥珀酸辛酯磺酸鈉、氯化鈉、硒酸鈉、鉬酸鈉、鋅、氧化鋅、硫酸鋅及彼等之混合物。礦物質化合物之非限制例示性衍生物包括任何礦物質化合物之鹽類、鹼性鹽類、酯類及螯合物。
該些礦物質可以鹽類形式(諸如磷酸鈣、甘油磷酸鈣、檸檬酸鈉、氯化鉀、磷酸鉀、磷酸鎂、硫酸亞鐵、硫酸鋅、硫酸銅(II)、硫酸錳及亞硒酸鈉)添加至成長乳或至其他孩童之營養組成物。另外的維生素及礦物質可以該技術領域中已知的方式添加。
本揭示內容之孩童營養組成物可任意地包括一或多種以下的調味劑,包括但不限於調味精、揮發性油、可可或巧克力調味料、花生醬調味料、餅乾屑、香草或任何市售調味料。可使用之調味料的實例包括但不限於純茴香萃取物、人造香蕉萃取物、人造櫻桃萃取物、巧克力萃取物、純檸檬萃取物、純柑橘萃取物、純薄荷萃取物、蜂蜜、人造鳳梨萃取物、人造糖蜜酒萃取物、人造草莓萃取物、或香草萃取物;或諸如香水薄荷油(balm oil)、月桂油(bay oil)、香柑油、雪松木油、櫻桃油、肉桂油、丁香油、或薄荷油之揮發性油;花生醬、巧克力調味料、香草餅乾屑、白脫糖、太妃糖、及彼等之混合物。調味劑的用量變化極度取決於所使用之調味劑。可以該技術領域中已知的方式選擇調味劑的類型及用量。
本揭示內容之營養組成物可任意地包括一或
多種乳化劑,可添加該乳化劑以提供最終產物之穩定性。適合的乳化劑實例包括(但不限於)卵磷脂(例如,從蛋或大豆)、α-乳清蛋白及/或單及雙甘油酯、及其混合物。其他的乳化劑對於該技術領域人士而言為顯而易知的,且選擇適合的乳化劑將(部分)取決於最終產物的配方。
本揭示內容之營養組成物可任意地包括一或多種防腐劑,可添加該防腐劑以延長產品保存期間。合適的防腐劑包括但不限於已二烯酸鉀、已二烯酸鈉、苯甲酸鉀、苯甲酸鈉、乙二胺四乙酸二鈉鈣及彼等之混合物。
本揭示內容之營養組成物可任意地包括一或多種穩定劑。適用於實施本揭示內容之營養組成物的穩定劑包括但不限於阿拉伯膠、印度膠、加拉亞膠、龍鬚膠、洋菜膠、叉紅藻膠、瓜爾膠、結冷膠、刺槐豆膠、果膠、低甲氧基果膠、明膠、微晶纖維素、CMC(羧甲基纖維素鈉)、甲基纖維素、羥丙基甲纖維素、羥丙基纖維素、DATEM(單-及雙甘油酯之雙乙醯酒石酸酯)、葡聚糖(dextran)、紅藻膠及彼等之混合物。
本揭示內容之營養組成物可提供最小、部份或全部的營養供給。該組成物可為營養補充品或代餐。該組成物可(但不限於)為營養完整的。在一具體實例中,本揭示內容之營養組成物為營養完整的且含有適當種類及含量的脂質、碳水化合物、蛋白質、維生素及礦物質。該脂質或脂肪的含量變化典型地從約1至約25g/100kcal。該蛋白質的含量變化典型地從約1至約7g/100
kcal。該碳水化合物的含量變化典型地從約6至約22g/100kcal。
在一具體實例中,每次服用維生素A、C及E、鋅、鐵、碘、硒及膽鹼,針對任何特定國家,該孩童的營養組成物可含有介於約10至約50%的最大飲食建議量,或針對一群國家介於約10至約50%的平均飲食建議量。在另一個具體實例中,每次服用B-維生素,針對任何特定國家,該孩童的營養組成物可供應約10-30%的最大飲食建議量,或針對一群國家約10-30%的平均飲食建議量。在又另一個具體實例中,在孩童之營養產品中維生素D、鈣、鎂、磷及鉀的含量可對應於在乳品中的平均含量。在其他具體實例中,針對任何特定國家,孩童之營養組成物中每次服用的其他營養素可存在約20%的最大飲食建議量、或針對一群國家約20%的平均飲食建議量。
在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物為嬰兒配方。嬰兒配方為針對嬰兒的強化營養組成物。嬰兒配方的含量由聯邦條約所規定,這些條約致力於定義巨量營養素、維生素、礦物質及其他成分含量以模擬人母乳的營養及其他性質。將嬰兒配方設計為支持人類小兒個體(諸如嬰兒或孩童)之總體健康及發育。
在一些具體實例中,本揭示內容之營養組成物為成長乳。成長乳為針對年齡超過1歲之孩童(典型為年齡1-3歲、年齡4-6歲或年齡1-6歲)的以強化乳為底質之飲料。它們不是醫療食品,且也不打算被用作為解決特
定營養缺乏的代餐或補充品。反而,設計成長乳的目的是作為多種飲食的補品(completment),以另外保證提供孩童達到持續每天攝取所有必需維生素及礦物質、巨量營養素加上另外的功能性飲食成分(諸如聲稱具有促進健康特性之非必需營養素)。
根據本揭示內容之成長乳或其他營養組成物的萃取組成物按市場會有所不同,其取決於所關注群體之當地規範及飲食攝取資訊。在一些具體實例中,根據本揭示內容之營養組成物由乳蛋白來源(諸如全脂或脫脂乳)加上所添加之用以達成所欲感官性質之糖及甜味劑,及所添加的維生素及礦物質所組成。在一些具體實例中,該脂肪組成物可包括衍生自乳品的富含脂質部分。可將總蛋白質定訂為符合人乳、牛乳或較低數值之總蛋白質。通常將總碳水化合物訂定為提供小量添加的糖(諸如蔗糖或果糖),以達到可能可接受的味道。典型地,維生素A、鈣及維生素D的添加量符合區域性牛乳的營養貢獻。另外,在一些具體實例中,維生素及礦物質所添加的量可提供每次服用大約20%的飲食參考攝取量(dietary reference intake,DRI)或20%的每日所需(Daily Value(DV))。此外,在不同市場間之營養素數值可有所不同,取決於所欲群體所認定之營養需求、原料貢獻及區域規範。
可以任何該技術領域中已知形式提供所揭示之營養組成物,諸如粉末、膠狀、懸浮物、糊狀、固體、液體、液體濃縮物、可復水粉末代乳品(reconstitutable
powdered milk substitute)或即用產品。在某些具體實例中,該營養組成物可包含營養補充品、孩童的營養產品、嬰兒配方、人乳強化劑、成長乳或任合其他針對嬰兒或小兒個體所設計之營養組成物。本揭示內容的營養組成物包括例如口服攝取、促進健康的物質,其包括例如食品,飲料,片劑,膠囊和粉末。此外,可將本揭示內容的營養組成物標準化為特定的卡路里含量,可將其提供為即用產品,或可將其以濃縮形式提供。在一些具體實例中,該營養組成物為粒子尺寸在5μm至1500μm之範圍內的粉末形式,更佳為在10μm至300μm之範圍內。
本文所使用之方法或處理步驟之所有組合可以任何順序實施,除非另有說明或藉由作成參考組合的情況清楚隱含相反之意。
本揭示內容之方法和組成物(包括彼等之組分)可包含本文所述具體實例的必要元件及限制、由或基本上由該必要元件及限制所組成,及任何本文所述之附加或任意的成分、組分或限制或其他可用於營養組成物者。
實例
實例1
實例1描述相較於對照組,餵食PDX和GOS、LGG、及PDX、GOS兩者和LGG之實驗室大鼠的糞便中的微生物群(microbiome)改變。
簡而言之,將離乳(出生後第21天)之Long
Evans(LE)大鼠餵食對照組或PDX/GOS飼料(GOS 7g/kg+PDX 7g/kg)四週。將益生菌LGG以1x108CFU/ml的濃度還原在飲用水中。根據每籠動物的體型及數目,使每籠每天接受80-150mL。使每隻大鼠隨機分配於處理組別中。使動物保持在12/12的光/暗週期。在動物的光循環階段進行記憶測試(使用時間相依性版本的新目標辨識進行評估)。在研究期間一周測量體重三次。注意觀察任何疾病的臨床症狀。在研究期間每隔一天測量食物消耗。在三個時間點(基線、處裡採用當天及實驗結束時)收集糞便樣本。經過該些時間點,在大約相同時間收集樣本。小心以避免在處理組間交叉汙染樣本。
糞便樣本的微生物群分析包括從兩個面向檢查的多樣性。首先,將整體豐富度(overall richness)(即,不同的生物體存在的微生物群數量)表示為操作分類單元(OTU)的數量,將OTU定義為97%相似的序列簇(sequence cluster)。第二,整體多樣性(其是由豐富性和均勻度兩者所決定、不同類群間的豐度分佈)以香農多樣性(Shannon Diversity)表示。香農多樣性(H’)係經由下列所計算:
其中R為豐富度(richness),且pi為第i個OTU的相對豐度(relative abundance)。對於該兩者,稀疏化(rarefaction)被用來表示採樣深度對多樣性的影響。
使用混合效應的ANOVA篩選個別細菌類群的群組間差異(該隨機效果是用於解釋來自同一個體的多個觀察)。在分析之前,使用反正弦變換轉化相對豐度。將P-值進行調整以維持5%之錯誤發現率(FDR)。
作為一個更直接的分析,亦檢查個別OTU隨時間的顯著變化。在此,將每一個處理組分別考慮,且將OTU計數數據進行分析。在測試隨時間的顯著變化之前,去除個體內的變異性。
將組間的多變差異以「使用距離矩陣變異之排列多變量分析(Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance Using Distance Matrices)」函數adonis求值。針對該ADONIS分析,首先使用UniFrac或Bray-Curtis距離計算樣本之間的距離,然後進行ANOVA樣模擬(ANOVA-like simulation)以檢驗群組差異。
我們的研究結果顯示在第35天餵食PDX/GOS飲食的大鼠有減少的梭狀芽孢桿菌(Clostridia)(圖1)。通常,餵養母乳的嬰兒比餵養配方的嬰兒具有較低比例的梭狀芽孢桿菌(Azad 2013)。因此,在PDX/GOS動物中所見之較低量的梭狀芽孢桿菌有益於動物的總體健康。
在屬層次,如圖2所示,PDX/GOS及PDX/GOS+LGG處理會增加支原體(Allobacullum)屬,其為乳酸及酪酸生產者(Greetham 2004)。這些產物可以降低糞便的pH,如見於餵養母乳的嬰兒。總體而言,餵養
配方的嬰兒比餵養母乳的嬰兒具有較高的糞便pH。另外,支原體可經由腸腦軸(gut-brain-axis)路徑提供另外的認知助益。
此外,微生物群分析顯示PDX/GOS及PDX/GOS+LGG處理會隨著時間減少細菌多樣性(圖3)。相較於餵養配方的嬰兒,通常可觀察到餵養母乳的嬰兒具有較低的細菌多樣性。例如,在Azad等人(2013)的研究中,餵養配方的嬰兒具有增加的物種豐富度。因此,與餵養母乳的嬰兒類似,PDX/GOS飲食可減少物種豐富度。
如圖4所示,在PDX/GOS+LGG組別中有增加的放線菌門(phylum Actinobacteria)。先前的研究已證明餵養母乳的嬰兒比餵養配方的嬰兒有較高的放線菌(Harmsen 2000)。因此,放線菌的增加量可能有益於餵養配方的嬰兒。
該新目標辨識試驗顯示餵食PDX/GOS的LE大鼠相較於餵食對照組飲食的大鼠有顯著較高的辨識指數(recognition index)(P<0.05)。體重、水及食物攝取在該些飲食組別間沒有不同(FIG 5)。
因此,隨著時間改變對照組的糞便微生物相。該PDX/GOS組別導致驅動囓齒目動物微生物相的顯著調整。此外,微生物相組成的改變可能有表現上的功效,如增加支原體,其為短鏈脂肪酸生產者。
實例2
此實例描述LGG對於腦中神經傳導物質水平的功效。簡而言之,藉由在出生後14-16天(P14-P16)投予腸內酵母聚醣(intracolonic zymosan)(或對照組的生理食鹽水)連續三天以誘發大鼠之慢性內臟痛覺過敏。在離乳後(P21)開始LGG處理且持續到P60。將額葉皮質、皮質下、腦幹及小腦中的神經傳導物質及胺基酸的水平加以定量。
使用基於HPLC的分離進行神經傳導物質的定量評估,接著進行螢光及/或電化學偵測。簡而言之,將腦切片於100-750ul之0.1M TCA均質化(使用組織破碎儀(tissue dismembrator)),該TCA含有10-2M醋酸鈉、10-4M EDTA、5ng/ml異丙基腎上腺素(視為內標)及10.5%甲醇(pH 3.8)。使樣本於離心機中以10000g旋轉20分鐘。分析上清液樣本中的神經傳導物質(生物源單胺類(biogenic monoamines))。藉由使用在33℃操作之Antec Decade II(氧化:0.4)(3mm GC WE,HYREF)電化學偵測器的特定HPLC試驗測定生物源胺類。使用Water 2707自動進樣器(autosampler)將20個上清液樣本注入至Phenomenex Kintex(2.6u,100A)C18 HPLC管柱(100×4.60mm)。以移動相沖提生物源胺類,該移動相由89.5% 0.1M TCA、10-2M醋酸鈉、10-4M EDTA及10.5%甲醇(pH 3.8)所組成。使用Waters 515 HPLC幫浦以0.6ml/min輸送溶劑。使用此HPLC溶劑以下列順序沖提下列的生物源胺類:正腎上腺素、腎上腺素、DOPAC、多巴胺、5-
HIAA、HVA、5-HT、和3-MT。以Empower軟體處理HPLC對照組及數據之取得。
圖6A及6B說明LGG處理對於對照組及實驗組大鼠之腦幹及下皮質中神經傳導物質水平的影響。在腦幹中(圖6A),相較於非LGG處理的大鼠,LGG處理造成顯著增加量的血清素(5-HT)、5-羥基吲哚乙酸(5-HIAA)、正腎上腺素(NA)和金屬硫蛋白(metallothionin)(3-MT)。在以LGG處理大鼠的下皮質中可觀察到對於神經傳導物質水平的類似影響(圖6B)。5-HT及NA能對於脊髓向下抑制疼痛發揮作用。5-HT存在於中樞及周邊的血清素神經元,其是在組織損傷後由血小板及肥大細胞所釋放,且其依據作用部位和受體亞型發揮致痛及止痛功效(Sommer,2004)。同樣地,公認NA能藉由其對脊柱α2-腎上腺素受體的作用改變疼痛表現。然而,有證據顯示藉由作用在包括在藍斑核的脊柱和上脊柱部位兩者經由α2-腎上腺素受體的NA作用具有抗傷害性作用(anti-nociceptive effect)(Pertovaara et al.,1991)。總體而言,LGG對於在腦中的神經傳導物質水平有深度的影響,其可能反而負責使經酵母聚醣-處理之新生大鼠在LGG處理後不會顯現出內臟痛覺過敏。
這些結果強調LGG對於腸-腦軸雙向通信的可能作用,並建議LGG可能為治療嬰兒慢性內臟疼痛有用的治療選擇。
此研究結果首次顯示LGG經由改變CNS中涉
及痛覺之多種關鍵性神經傳導物質水平對於調節內臟痛覺的直接影響。
實例3
實例3顯示LGG處理對於減低內臟痛敏感性的功效。
實例3利用經大鼠結腸酵母聚醣處理之痛覺過敏模式(即,炎症後內臟疼痛敏感的模式)。在產生短期發炎及後續長期結腸過敏的新生期間將酵母聚醣注入結腸。數據證明LGG減弱內臟過敏。
如見圖7,當相較於結腸內經鹽水處理之大鼠(對照組)之結直腸膨脹(CRD),藉由內臟運動反應(VMR)的顯著增加觀察成年大鼠中由新生結腸內酵母聚醣滴注所產生之內臟痛覺過敏。如進一步見於圖7,以LGG處理顯著減弱內臟運動反應。因此,如圖7所示,LGG、GOS、及PDX對於酵母聚醣所引發的結腸炎具有顯著的內臟止痛作用。成年大鼠中所採用之由酵母聚醣所產生的內臟痛覺過敏藉由顯著增加肌電圖(electromyography;EMG)記錄(*p<0.05 vs對照組)所觀察。以益生菌LGG或GOS/PDX處理顯著減弱對於疼痛的敏感度(p<0.05 vs對照組+酵母聚醣;n=10)。
在此實驗中,將離乳大鼠餵食對照組飲食或對照組飲食加上LGG及/或PDX/GOS經40天。使用記錄所有組別中作為內臟感覺之目標測量的腹部外斜肌之肌電
圖(EMG)以量化該VMR至CRD。建構對於分級CRD之刺激-反應功能以測試外斜肌的EMG活動變化之結腸強度相依性增加。
提供配方實例以說明本揭示內容之營養組成物的一些具體實例,但不應解釋為加諸於其之任何限制。基於考慮本文所揭示之營養組成物或方法的說明書或實施方式,在本文申請專利範圍內的其他具體實例對於該技術領域人士將為顯而易知的。欲使本文所揭示之說明書、與所有實例僅視為具有例示性,所揭示內容的範圍及精神由實例之後的申請專利範圍所指明。
配方實例
本說明書中所引用的所有文獻(包括但不限於)、所有的論文、出版物、專利、專利申請案、演講、教科書、報告、手稿、小冊子、書、網路貼文、期刊論文、期刊等,在此將其整體以引用方式併入本說明書。本文所的文獻討論僅欲概述其作者的主張,不認為任何參考文獻構成先前技術。申請人保留質疑所引用參考文獻的準確性和相關性的權利。
雖然揭示內容的具體實例已使用特定術語、裝置及方法所描述,但此種描述僅供解釋性目的。所使用的文字為描述的文字而非限制。應了解在不背離本揭示內容之精神或範圍的情況下,該所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者可做出改變及變異,其描述於下列的申請專利範圍中。另外,應了解不同的具體實例的態樣可全部或部分互換。因此,所附之申請專利範圍的精神及範圍不應限於其中所含的形式描述。
Claims (20)
- 一種用於小兒個體中降低內臟痛過敏風險及降低功能性腹痛及嬰兒腸絞痛(infantile colic)的營養組成物,其包含碳水化合物來源、蛋白質來源、脂肪來源、從約1×104CFU/100kcal至約1.5×1010CFU/100kcal的鼠李糖乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG)、從約0.1g/100kcal至約0.5g/100kcal的聚右旋糖及從約0.1g/100kcal至約1.0g/100kcal的半乳寡糖。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其另外包含乳鐵蛋白。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其另外包含二十二碳六烯酸。
- 如請求項3之組成物,其另外包含二十碳四烯酸。
- 如請求項4之組成物,其中二十二碳六烯酸對二十碳四烯酸的重量比為從約1:3至約9:1。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其包含從約1×105cfu/100kcals至約1.5×109cfu/100kcals的鼠李糖乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG)。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其另外包含ß-聚葡萄糖(ß-glucan)。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其另外包含鐵來源。
- 如請求項1之組成物,其為嬰兒配方。
- 一種用於修改小兒個體中腸腦軸的營養組成物,其每100kcal包含: (i)介於約6g及約22g之間的碳水化合物來源;(ii)介於約1g及約7g之間的蛋白質來源;(iii)介於約1g及約10.3g之間的脂肪來源;(iv)介於約1×104CFU及1.5×1010CFU之間的鼠李糖乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG);(v)介於約0.1g及1.0g之間的半乳寡糖;及(vi)介於約0.1g及0.5g之間的聚右旋糖。
- 如請求項10之組成物,其中該小兒個體為嬰兒。
- 如請求項10之組成物,其為嬰兒配方。
- 如請求項10之組成物,其進一步包含培養物上清液。
- 如請求項10之組成物,其進一步包含ß-聚葡萄糖(ß-glucan)。
- 如請求項10之組成物,其進一步包含鐵來源。
- 一種用於降低小兒個體中功能性腹痛的營養組成物,其包含碳水化合物來源、蛋白質來源、脂肪來源、從約1×104CFU/100kcal至約1.5×1010CFU/100kcal的鼠李糖乳酸桿菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG)、從約0.1g/100kcal至約0.5g/100kcal的聚右旋糖及從約0.015g/100kcal至約1.5g/100kcal的半乳寡糖。
- 如請求項16之組成物,其進一步包含膽固醇。
- 如請求項16之組成物,其進一步包含DHA。
- 如請求項16之組成物,其進一步包含ARA。
- 如請求項16之組成物,其為嬰兒配方。
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US14/249,548 US20150290260A1 (en) | 2014-04-10 | 2014-04-10 | Methods of use for probiotics and prebiotics |
US14/503,930 US20150290261A1 (en) | 2014-04-10 | 2014-10-01 | Methods of use for probiotics and prebiotics |
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TW201600023A true TW201600023A (zh) | 2016-01-01 |
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TW104109196A TW201600023A (zh) | 2014-04-10 | 2015-03-23 | 益生菌與益生質的使用方法 |
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US (1) | US20150290261A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3139772A1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN106455660A (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2015244355A1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2945025A1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MX2016012247A (zh) |
PH (1) | PH12016501954A1 (zh) |
SG (1) | SG11201606747TA (zh) |
TW (1) | TW201600023A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2015156942A1 (zh) |
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US11179427B2 (en) | 2013-01-21 | 2021-11-23 | Eth Zurich | Baby food composition comprising viable propionic acid-producing bacteria |
EP3294308A4 (en) | 2015-05-14 | 2019-03-06 | University of Puerto Rico | PROCESS FOR RECOVERING THE BIOZOOSE OF NEWBORN |
US9730969B2 (en) | 2015-11-06 | 2017-08-15 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions for promoting gut barrier function and ameliorating visceral pain |
US11564667B2 (en) | 2015-12-28 | 2023-01-31 | New York University | Device and method of restoring microbiota of newborns |
US20180064739A1 (en) * | 2016-09-06 | 2018-03-08 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional composition with human milk oligosaccharides and uses thereof |
US20180133287A1 (en) * | 2016-11-14 | 2018-05-17 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions providing dietary management of colic |
CN107114794A (zh) * | 2017-06-06 | 2017-09-01 | 上海真合生物技术有限公司 | 用于增强抗过敏能力的益生菌组合物 |
KR101953375B1 (ko) | 2017-11-20 | 2019-02-28 | 고려대학교 산학협력단 | 다양하고 신규한 퓨코실 올리고당의 제조법 및 이의 용도 |
US11197917B2 (en) | 2017-12-01 | 2021-12-14 | ByHeart, Inc. | Formulations for nutritional support in subjects in need thereof |
WO2019145570A1 (en) * | 2018-01-29 | 2019-08-01 | Alimentary Health Limited | A combination product for prophylaxis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome |
US20210100831A1 (en) * | 2018-02-14 | 2021-04-08 | INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) | Polydextrose for the treatment of inflammatory diseases |
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IE61701B1 (en) | 1986-07-17 | 1994-11-30 | Morinaga Milk Industry Co Ltd | Process for producing bovine lactoferrin in high purity |
DK165090D0 (da) | 1990-07-09 | 1990-07-09 | Kem En Tec As | Konglomererede partikler |
EP0744901B1 (en) | 1994-02-16 | 2001-12-05 | Pharming Intellectual Property BV | Isolation of lactoferrin from milk |
SE9503926D0 (sv) | 1995-11-07 | 1995-11-07 | Pharmacia Biotech Ab | Adsorptionsförfarande och separationsmedium |
EP1087828B1 (en) | 1998-06-18 | 2008-09-17 | Upfront Chromatography A/S | Expanded bed adsorption system |
WO2001085329A2 (en) | 2000-05-12 | 2001-11-15 | Upfront Chromatography A/S | A bed adsorption system |
US6332533B1 (en) | 2000-08-29 | 2001-12-25 | H.H.H. Incorprorated | Media holder mouse pad |
EP1584242B1 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2010-01-20 | Upfront Chromatography A/S | Fractionation of protein containing mixtures |
EP1480524B1 (en) | 2002-03-07 | 2013-04-17 | Upfront Chromatography A/S | A process of isolating lactoferrin |
US7572474B2 (en) * | 2005-06-01 | 2009-08-11 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Method for simulating the functional attributes of human milk oligosaccharides in formula-fed infants |
US20140093614A1 (en) * | 2009-09-20 | 2014-04-03 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Probiotic stabilization |
AU2010311325B2 (en) * | 2009-10-29 | 2014-11-20 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Nutritional compositions comprising lactoferrin and probiotics and kits of parts thereof |
US8968722B2 (en) * | 2010-12-29 | 2015-03-03 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Milk-based nutritional compositions containing lactoferrin and uses thereof |
MX2011007872A (es) * | 2011-07-26 | 2013-01-29 | Nucitec Sa De Cv | Composicion nutrimental para niños que presentan reflujo, colico y/o estreñimiento. |
US20130251829A1 (en) | 2012-03-23 | 2013-09-26 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Probiotic derived non-viable material for infection prevention and treatment |
US9345741B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-05-24 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional composition containing a peptide component with adiponectin simulating properties and uses thereof |
US9226914B2 (en) * | 2013-07-16 | 2016-01-05 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Methods for promoting neuronal development and/or health |
US9609888B2 (en) * | 2013-07-31 | 2017-04-04 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing synergistic combination and uses thereof |
US10709770B2 (en) * | 2013-07-31 | 2020-07-14 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing a prebiotic and lactoferrin and uses thereof |
US20150157048A1 (en) * | 2013-12-11 | 2015-06-11 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Nutritional compositions containing stearidonic acid and uses thereof |
-
2014
- 2014-10-01 US US14/503,930 patent/US20150290261A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2015
- 2015-03-10 WO PCT/US2015/019618 patent/WO2015156942A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-03-10 AU AU2015244355A patent/AU2015244355A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-03-10 SG SG11201606747TA patent/SG11201606747TA/en unknown
- 2015-03-10 EP EP15713270.5A patent/EP3139772A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-03-10 CA CA2945025A patent/CA2945025A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-03-10 CN CN201580019123.2A patent/CN106455660A/zh active Pending
- 2015-03-10 MX MX2016012247A patent/MX2016012247A/es unknown
- 2015-03-23 TW TW104109196A patent/TW201600023A/zh unknown
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2016
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PH12016501954A1 (en) | 2017-01-09 |
AU2015244355A1 (en) | 2016-09-01 |
CA2945025A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
SG11201606747TA (en) | 2016-09-29 |
EP3139772A1 (en) | 2017-03-15 |
US20150290261A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
WO2015156942A1 (en) | 2015-10-15 |
MX2016012247A (es) | 2017-01-19 |
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